world bank research program on medical brain drain Çaglar Özden senior economist development...
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WORLD BANK RESEARCH PROGRAM
onMEDICAL BRAIN DRAIN
Çaglar Özden
Senior EconomistDevelopment Research Group Development Research Group
Brain Drain
The Benefits Remittances Diaspora effects Incentives for higher
levels of education Brain Circulation
The Costs The Cost of Education Loss of Positive
Spillovers – benefits to people other than the migrant Productivity spillovers Services to population
– education and healthcare
Innovation and creativity
Institution building
Skilled MigrationSkilled Migration
Skilled Migration - AfricaSkilled Migration - Africa
Share of Migrants by Education Attainment: 2000
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Africa Ghana Coted'Ivoire
Togo Benin BurkinaFaso
Nigeria Niger SierraLeone
Guinea
secondary tertiary
Skilled Migration - AfricaSkilled Migration - Africa
Share of Labor Force by Education Attainment: 2000
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
Africa Ghana Coted'Ivoire
Togo Benin BurkinaFaso
Nigeria Niger SierraLeone
Guinea
secondary tertiary
Physician Migration Dataset
What do we actually know??
MigrationSoccer Players vs Doctors
Total Number by Origin
0
250
500
750
1000
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Rest of Africa Nigeria Cameroon Ghana Senegal South Africa Ivory Coast
MigrationSoccer Players vs Doctors
Total Number By Origin
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Others Nigeria Sudan Ghana Ethiopia Zimbabwe Kenya
MigrationSoccer Players vs Doctors
Total Number By Destination
0
250
500
750
1000
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Rest of Europe France Belgium Portugal
England Turkey Netherlands
MigrationSoccer Players vs Doctors
Total Number by Destination
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003
Rest UK USA Australia Canada France
MigrationSoccer Players vs Doctors
Migration Rate
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Ethiopia Ghana Liberia Malawi Somalia Zimbabwe
MigrationSoccer Player vs Doctors
What are the differences between Soccer players and Doctors?
MigrationSoccer Players vs Doctors
What are the differences between Soccer players and Doctors?
Salaries?
Social Externalities?
Lifestyle?
Talent?
Looks?
MigrationSoccer Players vs Doctors
Senegal vs. France
2002World Cup
MigrationSoccer Players vs Doctors
What are the differences between Soccer players and Doctors?
Opportunity Cost of Production/Replacement
Migration
Migration of Doctors is not the ‘disease’
It is the
‘symptom’
Migration
Skilled people leave because of
- Professional opportunities- Income gain
- Political Instability- Under-appreciation
Migration
Who Leaves?
Preliminary Data from Ghana
It is not a recent issue!
Age Range
40
56
18
3
30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69
Gender Dimension
Gender distribution
0
20
40
60
80
100
Female Male
Role of Networks??
Siblings abroad
62
1321
13 14
No sibling 1 2 3 4+
Social Status
Education level of Father
19 20 22
51
3
No education
Primary school
Secondary school
bachelor's degree
professional degree
Remittances
Remittances- Average: $6,800
4
24
18
1412
>$1 $1-$5 $5-$9 $9-$15 $15+
$ Thousands
Migration
What should we do?
Treat the symptom or cure the disease?
Migration
What should we do?
Treat the symptom or cure the disease?
Take away Passports Punish the recruiters
Pay Higher salaries back at home Make migrants pay for their education
Make migrants feel guilty
Migration
…or is High Level of
Skilled Migration
a result of wrong
education and health policies?
Migration
What is equitable, economically efficient and pro-development?
Two–tiered education system? One for the Global Market, one for the local
market where the first finances the latter? Migrant tax – coordinated w/ Destination
countries? Recruitment Tax? Brain Circulation?
Migration
No Easy Answers!!
Ask The British!!
UK is the country with the Highest level of skilled
migration today!