world bank document · the vertical shaft brick kiln ... the document further elaborates the roles...

December 30, 2005

ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL REPORT FOR

VSBK

A Guidance document for Entrepreneurs and Project Auditors

Prepared by

Environment Systems Branch

Development Alternatives 111/9-Z, Kishan Garh, Vasant Kunj,

New Delhi – 110 070, INDIA Ph : 91 11 26134103, 26890380,

Fax : 91 11 26130817 Email : [email protected]

Website : www.devatl.org

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Development Alternatives

Content

Sections Title Page number

Section I Brick Manufacturing in India – Environment and Social issues

1

Section II The VSBK approach – an effort towards greening the brick industry

5

Section III Managing possible issues in VSBK – that still needs to be considered

7

Section IV The proposed Environmental and Social Management Plans 9

Section V Cash flow structure 12

Section VI Monitoring mechanism and Reporting format 13

Section VII Environment and Social Reporting format 15

Section VIII Laws Applicable to VSBK 18

Annexure I Exhaustive list of environmental and social issues in VSBK

Annexure II Issues that needs to be managed in VSBK

Annexure III Community Benefit plan

Annexure IV Environment and Social Reporting form for VSBK entrepreneur

December 30, 2005

Development Alternatives 1

BBRRIICCKK MMAANNUUFFAACCTTUURRIINNGG IINN IINNDDIIAA- Environmental & Social issues

Section I

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT

Burnt bricks are the most popular building material in India. However the conventional brick making practices in India, including clamps and Bull Trench Kilns are highly energy inefficient and therefore polluting. The search for cleaner brick production technologies has led to the identification of Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln technology. The Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln (VSBK) was originally developed in China and is an energy efficient technology for fired clay brick production economizing on fuel consumption by between 30-50%. The brick industry thus offered a large potential of reduction of Greenhouse Gases through this alternative brick production technology known as VSBK. Realising the potential for accrual of carbon credits, the World Bank Community Development Carbon Fund (CDCF) is supporting Technology and Action for Rural Advancement (TARA) for propagation of this technology on a large scale. In this project, TARA will facilitate the setting up of 126 VSBKs by private entrepreneurs in the states of Chattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Orissa in India. The emission reductions generated therefrom will be purchased by the CDCF as Certified Emission Reductions (VERs) at an agreed price. The participants in the project will be TARA (as the technology provider), entrepreneurs (as project owners), brick workers (as beneficiaries) and CDCF (as buyer of VERs through TARA). For entrepreneurs to be eligible to earn VER benefits under this project, certain non-negotiable and desirable conditions will have to be complied with. These conditions are elaborated in Section IV. The various sections in this document provide an overview of the environmental and social benefits in case of VSBK as compared to the traditional brick sector in India. It also identifies the environmental and social issues that may still need to be addressed in VSBK and provides a management plan for priority issues. The document provides the Community Benefit Plan (CBP) besides providing the format for reporting on environment and social performance by the entrepreneurs. The document further elaborates the roles and responsibilities of various participants in the project including the mechanism for flow of funds.

1.2 INTRODUCTION TO BRICK MANUFACTURING IN INDIA

The present demand is estimated as 120 billion bricks per year. There are two categories of issues in brick making industry: environmental and social. To see the exhaustive list of issues in brick manufacturing refer to annexure I.

The choice of technology for firing of bricks depends generally on factors such as scale of production, soil and fuel availability, availability of skilled manpower and business considerations such as profitability and availability of finance. The popular brick making technologies are clamps, movable chimney and more recently fixed chimney kilns. The small scale brick entrepreneurs are confronted with environmental regulation and face numerous challenges for survival, considering the situation that there are very limited options for them to adopt for their brick business.

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The workers in the brick industry are subject to extreme working conditions and poor remuneration. The brick moulder families are contracted through middlemen and usually belong to poor districts of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Chattisgarh and Orissa. Both male and female member of the families are engaged in brick making. Children are not employed as such, but usually they accompany their parents to the work place. There is seldom any arrangement for toilets or drinking water facilities. The work force is paid on basis of quantum of work and against completion of certain tasks. Operations are mostly manual and under present conditions 100 to 150 days of employment is available.

1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN BRICK MAKING

Brick making is recognized as a resource intensive and highly polluting industry by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). This industry is currently based on decentralized production activity while using energy intensive, resource depleting and highly polluting technologies and production methods. In India, most of the processes deployed in brick making are with low inputs of technology and archaic techniques.

1.3.1 Extensive energy usage

Indian brick industry is unorganized with small scale production units, the numbers in the range of more than 100,000 clusters spread across rural and peri-urban areas in the country. With an average consumption of 18 tonnes of coal per lakh bricks, it consumes about 24 million tones of coal per year which is about 8% of the total coal consumption of the country. In addition it also consumes several million tones of biomass fuels. The share of energy in total cost of brick production is 35%-50%.

1.3.2 Inefficient resource utilisation

The environmental problems in the brick industry have been exacerbated by cheap access to resources such as soil, water, coal, biomass and labour. This results in irreversible environmental damage in terms of depletion of top soil, water and coal.

Soil Soil being the raw material for brick making, is being consumed in huge amount by the brick industry. The kiln itself occupies considerable land which is subjected to high temperature making it unfit for agriculture in future (after the site is abandoned). The fast depletion of arable land thus caused due to brick making is a matter of grave concern to India. Addressing this issue, utilization of fly ash by all kilns within 100 km radius from thermal power plants has been made mandatory.

Water Brick industry also consumes considerable amount of water. Most of the brick kilns are therefore sited along the Gangetic belt. However water utilization is generally regulated by local Govt. authorities. In advent of water scarcity, water intensive industries are temporarily closed down by the authorities to preserve water for drinking and other necessary usages.

Coal The wasteful utilisation of coal by the brick sector accelerates the depletion of this valuable national resource.

1.3.3 High Air Pollution

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With unabated increase in the price of coal and higher costs of transportation, the brick industry is not left with much choice but to opt for poor grade coal. The poor quality of coal (low calorific value) increases the consumption rate. This factor added with the inefficient combustion technologies cause high level of air pollution. While the emission standard for Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) is 750 mg/Nm3 to 1000 mg/Nm3, the actual emissions from existing technologies range from 600 mg/Nm3 to 1770 mg/Nm3. The high level of suspended particulate matter thrown out by the kilns causes damage to property and crops.

COMPARISON OF VARIOUS TRADITIONAL BRICK MAKING TECHNOLOGIES

High usage of coal as a fuel also leads to considerable amount of Greenhouse Gas (GHG ) emissions. Considering the average specific energy consumption is 4.5x10-6 Tj/ brick, multiplying by 18,44,000 bricks per unit, the CO2 emissions contributed by 100,000 brick kilns is 78 tonnes/annum.

1.3.4 Significant generation of Bottom Ash

As shown in the table above comparing various brick making technologies, large amount of coal is used for firing of bricks. The bottom ash obtained as a residue from combustion of coal causes air pollution. Some part of this bottom ash is used as an insulation material for the firing chamber, while the rest gets dispersed by wind and rain.

1.4 SOCIAL ISSUES IN BRICK KILNS

The social issues of brick making are mostly related to workforce. They can be looked as two different categories based on the scale of operation: kiln owned by the brick making community and community engaged as laborers.

Kiln type Typical production capacity

(lakh bricks / year)

Approx no. of kilns

Coal consumption (tones per lakh bricks)

Stack emission

(mg/Nm3)

BTK-fixed chimney 30-100 25000 18 600

BTK-moving chimney 20-80 8000 18 1770

High draft or zig-zag firing or down draft

kiln

30-50 200 <18 850

Clamps 0.5-10 >60,000 >18

Similar to movable

chimney (not monitored)

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Clamps (small production capacity) are owned and operated by brick making communities as a traditional occupation. These communities live in permanent settlements and earn their living through selling bricks.

On the other hand, the large producers (BTKs) employ labour on contract. They are paid against completion of specific tasks such as moulding of 1000 bricks, transportation of 1000 green bricks etc. The workers are generally migratory population moving in families. They live in make shift shelters in the vicinity of the kiln. Generally shelter is provided by the entrepreneur.

1.4.1 Occupational hazards

Brick making involves crude techniques causing considerable worker drudgery. Brick workers, especially moulders are exposed to the sun for long hours. They are exposed to high concentration of dust while manual breaking of coal. There is also the risk of exposure to dust (from bottom ash spread on the kin) and open fire during manual coal feeding. The workers have to walk on hot surface (top of the furnace) while monitoring and regulating the fire.

They are also exposed to high concentrations of respirable suspended particulate matters (RSPM), during monitoring and regulating the fire, as the furnace chamber is covered with ash (ash acts as insulator). After the Government notification making fly ash utilisation mandatory by law, the work force are at the risk of exposure to high concentration of RSPM as the general practice is to mix fly ash and clay manually. Similar exposure also occurs due to open dumping and storage of fly ash.

Transportation of green and red bricks is done by head load. Generally 9 to 12 bricks are carried at a time as head load. Carrying head loads on a regular basis causes health problems, especially in women.

Even though the brick workers are exposed to these occupational hazards, coverage under any sort of insurance or medical facilities is virtually unheard of.

1.4.2 Living conditions

The tight margins in the brick market coupled with rising costs of energy result in poor remuneration for majority of brick workers and deterioration in the quality of life. The firemen and ‘mistries’ receive better remuneration but are forced to work under severe conditions of heat, dust and pollution. There are no avenues for brick workers to acquire new and upgraded skills for running and managing their own brick enterprises.

Most of the times, children accompany their parents to the work place instead of attending school. One reason for this being the isolated location of brick kilns from human settlements.

In rural India, it is a common practice to defecate in the open, which is a major environmental and health concern. Though the Government of India has been running extensive programmes for provision of free toilets, it is seen that these toilets are largely left unused. The reason for this being that the lack of change in behavioral patterns in favour of using enclosed spaces for defecation. Similar is the case with brick workers. Consequently, there is no provision of toilet facilities at the kiln sites, even though this is mandatory by law.

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1.4.3 Periodic (seasonal) employment

Due to the seasonal nature of brick industry, the workforce gets employment for a limited period of six months per annum. It closes down in peak summer and monsoons. During this period, the workforce has to look for alternate options of earnings. Generally they move out to agricultural fields and get engaged as agricultural labourers. But on the advent of the next brick making season, there is no guarantee to get employment in the same kiln. Therefore this community has to undergo a job hunt twice every year.

1.4.4 Payment Mechanism

In the brick sector, labour is brought in through a contractor (from distant places). Since they are not on the payrolls of the kiln owner, they are not covered under the current labour laws, e.g. Minimum Wages Act. For jobs such as transportation of green bricks which are done by individuals, both males and females are paid separately and at equal rates.

Brick making jobs are performed by the husband - wife couple. However, there are no separate wages for women labour for jobs such as brick moulding (which are performed together by several members of a family) and payments are made on piece rate to a family. There is no practice of systematic spending or savings. The male member holds the power of spending at his will thus remaining in the vicious cycle of poverty for ever.

December 30, 2005


TTHHEE VVSSBBKK AAPPPPRROOAACCHH–– aann eeffffoorrtt ttoowwaarrddss ggrreeeenniinngg tthhee bbrriicckk iinndduussttrryy

Section II

2.1 THE VSBK APPROACH

The primary problem that will be addressed by VSBK is the environmental degradation caused through unorganized and wide scale brick production activities. The VSBK technology has demonstrated an environment friendly and commercially viable solution, specifically suited for producing 15 to 20 lakh bricks per annum. Salient features of VSBK technology are: energy efficiency, lower GHG emissions, lower dust emissions, reduced worker drudgery and potential to enhance operator skill through training. Mitigation / management of negative environmental and social impacts that are already achieved through the VSBK approach are discussed below (refer annexure I).

2.2 MANAGING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

The Central Pollution Control Board has issued a voluntary endorsement of the VSBK technology. This note has been directed to all the state pollution control boards and regulatory bodies to consider VSBK technology as a viable alternative.

2.2.1 Energy efficiency

VSBK is 30% energy efficient when compared to traditional kilns by technological design. Therefore, it requires less fuel. Moreover it allows use of low grade fuels such as lignite and industrial waste with residual calorific value such as sponge iron waste, rice husk, boiler ash etc.

2.2.2 Optimal resource utilisation

VSBK takes less space than other kilns, thus preserving land and vegetation. The usage of soil is reduced by utilizing various industrial wastes such as fly ash, stone dust etc. The inherent property of less resource use for VSBK directly contributes to the socio-economic and environmental benefits.

2.2.3 Lower Air Pollution

Being an energy efficient kiln, VSBK reduces air pollution by a factor of 3. SPM emission from VSBK is as low as 250 mg/Nm3, lower than any other existing kilns. GHG emission is also reduced by the virtue of increased energy efficiency.

2.3 BRINGING IN POSITIVE SOCIAL CHANGES

Several measures are designed to ensure sustainable livelihoods for the brick worker communities.

2.3.1 Minimised occupational hazards

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Probability of accident and malfunction is very low in VSBK because of the very design of the kiln. More over skill up gradation trainings are offered to ensure safer and better operation.

Occupational hazards during loading-unloading are also lower in VSBK. Green bricks are arranged on the top of the stack manually. There is arrangement for smoke control during loading by using dampers. Unloading is done through trolleys and crow bars. Tongs are used to handle hot bricks. Transportation of burned bricks to the storage area is done by trolleys.

The concern of exposure to fly ash and other industrial waste, while manual mixing, is addressed by allowing mechanical mixing.

2.3.2 Improvement in Living conditions

Through the trainings (offered by TARA) VSBK offers opportunity for higher number of skill based livelihoods for moulders, fire-masters and supervisors. This is likely to result in higher remuneration for the brick worker community. The VSBK production system closely approaches rural industrial activity which can be used to improve working conditions for the families of the brick workers.

2.3.3 Year long employment

By design, the number of days of operation per annum can be extended to 225 days ensuring livelihood security for the brick workers. The kiln can be covered with low cost roof which will allow operations even during monsoons. Therefore the number of days of operations per annum can be therefore extended to 225 days ensuring assured employment.

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MMAANNAAGGIINNGG PPOOSSSSIIBBLLEE IISSSSUUEESS IINN VVSSBBKK- that still needs to be considered

SECTION III

3.1 ISSUES IN VSBK

From the previous chapter it has become very clear that VSBK technology has multiple benefits in addressing issues concerning resource extraction and use, occupational health and safety, pollution problems and compliance to legal requirements and in contributing to providing clean/ healthy/ and dignified employment opportunities. It is also seen that due to decentralised production systems it can contribute to enhancement of the local economy.

The purpose of this Environment & Social Report is to provide guidelines in order to enhance the above stated benefits of VSBK. Implementation of these guidelines will lead to:

� Improved environmental performance � Improved product quality � Higher profits � Skill development

3.2 CRITERIA FOR SELECTING ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES

An exhaustive list of probable issues in brick making has been shown in annexure I.the list shows activity, aspect, impact and action needed to be taken to manage the impact (if any). The impacts are colour coded as follows:

� for negative impact that need to be addressed urgently

� for adverse impacts that may not be attended immediately but have to be considered latter

� for positive impacts of VSBK

� for issues that has been already managed by VSBK by design

The list also contains justification for the actions, if required or not, against each impacts with respect to issues which are already managed in VSBK by design, and those which demand further attention (refer annexure I, column ‘Action required or not with justification’).

The selection of the issues, which demand further attention (red category), is based on the extent and severity of impact, regulatory requirements and feasibility of implementation.

The impacts which have severe consequences may pose threat to the business. Such as harsh working conditions may reduce worker productivity leading to monetary loss for the business. Coal use is another example which is directly

Red

Orange

Green

Blue

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proportional to GHG emissions. Substituting coal by industrial waste (containing residual calorific value) can reduce both expenditure on fuel and GHG emissions dramatically.

Regulatory compliance, such as meeting the lower emission standards of VSBK, can only happen when the kiln operates under optimal conditions. Such a situation will not only lead to environmental conservation but also will ensure operational efficiency.

VSBK being a new technology, comes in a package with technical back up support. The package includes training and capacity building, selective mechanisation, operational protocol etc. Therefore it is feasible to do things such as training in VSBK which might not be possible in other types of kilns.

3.3 POSSIBLE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN VSBK

As already discussed brick making is associated with excavation of soil. The top soil containing humus, roots etc. is not used in brick making industry and is rejected. However, this portion of the soil is vital for vegetation growth. In the absence of proper top soil conservation practices, the excavated top soil is lost either by run off or dispersion by wind. Thus, continual loss of this valuable top soil may render the soil infertile.

In addition, approximately 20 tonnes of bottom ash is generated annually from each VSBK operations. Majority of this bottom ash is used in brick making wherever soil mixing is done mechanically. It is anonymously used as insulator or as water proof material to cover green bricks. Traditionally, this bottom ash is also used as a padding material for storage of red bricks to avoid breakage while stacking.

3.4 POSSIBLE SOCIAL ISSUES IN VSBK

The traditional brick moulding practices are followed in VSBK as well. Manual mixing and preparation of soil is a general practice. The workers are exposed to high level of respirable dust while doing so, especially while handling fine particles such as fly ash. Open transportation and on-site storage of such materials also pose health risk to the workers. Exposure to fine particles lead to pulmonary and skin diseases.

In addition, as at other brick kiln sites, there are no toilet facilities in VSBK units as well and worker’s insurance facilities too are unheard of.

Moulders spend long hours under the sun in uncomfortable working postures (ergonomics) on a daily basis. This may lead to adverse health impacts deteriorating the productivity of workers.

As stated earlier, children often accompany their parents to the workplace. As a result they are exposed to dust, heat and sun. Exposures to these kinds of extremities, in tender age, may lead to severe impairments.

It has been seen that it is the women, who are most concerned to feed the family and arrange for other basic requirements. On achieving financial independence, women are able to bring in well being through systematic spending and savings. On the contrary, men of labour communities often end up spending on addiction, gambling etc., leaving little or nothing for the family. Therefore, the prevailing practice of delivering the family income to the male member prohibits the family to break the vicious cycle of poverty.

December 30, 2005


TTHHEE PPRROOPPOOSSEEDD EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTTAALL AANNDD

SSOOCCIIAALL MMAANNAAGGEEMMEENNTT PPLLAANNSS

SECTION IV

4.1 THE DRIVING FORCE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT IN VSBK

VSBKs are largely owned by entrepreneurs who are already in brick making business with other types of kilns. As already stated in section 1, in traditional brick making practice the management of environmental and social issues are grossly neglected. Therefore the driving force of the environment and social management plan for VSBK is to influence the behavioural pattern of the entrepreneurs. The focus will be on trust building, improve kiln performance and demonstrate enhanced profitability.

The management of environment and social issues will incur additional cost to the entrepreneur. In order to keep parity between the benefit received from CDCF project and the cost incurred to meet the project requirements, the issues that needs to be managed in VSBK are classified into two categories: non-negotiable, and desirable. It should be noted that the cost of land required for setting up VSBK has been included in the profitability ratios and calculation of IRR.

4.2 ENSURING IMPLEMENTATION OF ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT

The responsibility of ensuring the management of issues which are non-negotiable will be taken by TARA. The non-negotiable environmental and legal issues associated with VSBK will be implemented on the condition that if the entrepreneur wishes to avail the CER benefits, the conditions have to be met and only then will the kiln be stabilised by TARA as the Technology provider.

For management of desirable issues, capacity building of entrepreneurs will be undertaken. The focus will be to demonstrate the benefits of doing so in terms of financial bottom-line for the entrepreneur, and associated environmental and social benefits to the VSBK entrepreneur.

To ensure improvements in the living conditions of worker community, several measures will be undertaken in this project. Toilet facilities for the brick workers will be constructed in consultation with the community with financial contributions from the entrepreneur and CDCF. In addition, insurance schemes covering health and accidental risks will be introduced, the premiums for which will be paid out of community’s share of the carbon revenues.

As regards the cultural property, it will be ensured that required care is taken from the crew to not damage the nearby cultural properties like temples/shrines in the first instance. If during excavation, some relics or remains or locally important cultural property like idol are found, the local authority would be notified and work will progress only after the directions issued by such authority have been implemented. This aspects will be taken care of by incorporating it in the sub-project agreement with the entrepreneur.

The management of these issues, however, require considerable costs to be incurred. Keeping in view the funds available for carrying out such work, issues to be managed have been prioritised. Besides ensuring mechanisation of unloading of fired bricks and required training for efficient operations, provision of toilet facilities and insurance schemes have been included in the list of non-negotiables.

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4.3 MANAGEMENT OF ISSUES: NON-NEGOTIABLE

4.3.1 Environmental � All applicable environmental regulations applicable to VSBK such as:

- No objection certificate (NOC) from pollution control board - Height of chimney: pollution control norms (6.5m – 8.5 m from the

loading platform)

� Use of internal fuel: increases energy efficiency and reduces emissions �� Proper storage of fly ash (only in those kilns which fall within 100 km. radius of

thermal power plants).

�� Analysing calorific value of fuel in 6 kilns, environment monitoring in 6 kilns, monitoring environment practices in14 kilns, and monitoring of drinking water in 14 kilns to be organised by TARA.

4.3.2 Social � Mechanisation of unloading of fired bricks � On site training of fire crew � Training of moulders on material handling and preparation � First aid box available on site � Covering of face with a clean cloth during manual mixing of soil, coal

breaking and unloading � Provision of helmets while lowering trolley � Health and Accidental insurance for brick workers at kiln sites � Provision of toilet facilites for brick workers at kiln sites

� Compliance with Cultural Property Safeguards Policy (OPN 11.03 of the World Bank - under revision)

4.4 MANAGEMENT OF ISSUES: DESIRABLE

4.4.1 Environmental � Utilisation of industrial waste: to conserve soil � Restoration of top soil � Bottom ash (generated from VSBK) put back in green bricks, wherever

possible, especially in mechanised mixing

4.4.2 Social � Adoption of selective mechanisation to overcome drudgery � Posters of Dos’ and Don’ts and safety measures displayed at VSBK site � Training of moulders on mechanised mixing � Use of shaft lid cover for improving work conditions at loading area � Provision of clean drinking water on premises � Provision of clean cooking devices

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Table 4.1: Responsibility and cost chart for management of environment and social issues

Responsibility Cost (in Rs.) forCategory Issues

TARA Owner Workers CDCF Entrepreneur

Remarks

NOC from pollution control board, regulatory agencies 9 0 Legal Requirement, not attributable toparticipation in CDCF project

Use of internal fuel 9 0 No additional cost

Height of chimney 9 0

Mechanisation of unloading 9 0

Part of capital cost already included inBOM. Therefore no additional cost

Provision of First Aid Box 400

Training of fire crew 9 0

Training of moulders 9 0

Included in TARA service charges

Proper storage of fly ash 9 2000 For sheeting, bricks to be provided byentrepreneur (recurrent cost, twice duringthe project time)

Covering of face with clean cloth during breaking of coaland unloading

9 500 20 m*Rs 25/m (recurrent cost, once abrick season)

Provision of shoes to firing crew (12) 9 5400 Rs 450/pair (recurrent cost, twice duringthe project time)

Provision of helmets to unloaders (4) 9 1000 Rs 250/helmet

Health and accident insurance 9 0 No additional cost

Non-negotiable

Provision of toilet facilities 9 25,000 25,000

Compliance with Cultural Property Safeguards Policy 9 No additional cost

Total ( One time cost) 26,400

Total (Recurring cost) 18,800

Utilisation of industrial waste 9 0 No additional cost

Restoration of top soil 9 9 0 No additional cost

Selective mechanisation (pug mill and hoist) 9 1,25,000

Posters of Dos’ and Don’ts 9 0 No additional cost

Training of moulders 9 0 Included in TARA service charges

Use of shaft lid cover 9 15,000

Provision of clean drinking water 9 15,000

Desirable

Provision of clean cooking devices to worker community 9 9 6,000

Total (One time cost) 161,000

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CCAASSHH FFLLOOWW SSTTRRUUCCTTUURREE

SECTION V

TARA, on behalf of the project, is the common focal point and organisation that has the responsibility of servicing the VSBK enterprises and the World Bank. This relationship is reflected in the arrangements. TARA has a contractual agreement with VSBK entrepreneurs as a technology provider for delivery of services. Within this agreement, additional clauses for transfer of CARBON RIGHTS to TARA will be in introduced. The project team has worked out “Non–Negotiable” conditions pertaining to Environmental and social performance that will be applicable to VSBK entrepreneurs desirous of availing carbon benefits.

On the other hand, TARA will have an agreement with the World Bank to encash the carbon benefits and apportion them between the VSBK entrepreneurs, brick worker communities and TARA itself based on VSBK performance alone.

The VSBK entrepreneur will have additional reporting requirements to furnish information to TARA. TARA will compile the information, verify the records and performance and arrive at a figure for “Certified Emission Reduction (CER)” for each VSBK. The cumulative CERs will be reported to the World Bank on an annual basis by October each year. TARA will encash the CERs reported and receive the money; which will be accounted for as a separate TARA – CDCF account. The transfer of carbon benefits to the VSBK entrepreneur will be done through bank drafts or cheques. TARA will also receive its share from the TARA-CDCF account; an annual utilisation certificate will be provided to the World Bank.

World Bank

TARA

VSBK 1 VSBK 1 VSBK 1 VSBK 1

� Information � Log book � E&S Reporting

� CERs � Information � E&S Reporting

CER benefits

Worker community

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MMOONNIITTOORRIINNGG MMEECCHHAANNIISSMMSSAANNDD

RREEPPOORRTTIINNGG FFOORRMMAATT

SECTION VI

This Section provides the background of disclosure and reporting requirements along with formats for Environmental and social performance reporting by the entrepreneurs.

6.1 DISCLOSURE OF ESR IN PUBLIC DOMAIN

The Environment and Social Management plan is required to be disclosed and kept in public domain, for 60 days, in order to receive public comments. Accordingly, TARA will display printed information (in local language) in KVICs, District Collectors office and State Pollution Control Board. TARA will also host it in VSBK website.

6.2 OVERALL REPORTING FORMATS FOR ENTREPRENEURS ON ENVIRONMENT & SOCIAL

PERFORMANCE

The reporting formats are prepared in a way enabling better understanding and monitoring of implementation of the ESMP (refer Annexure IV for detailed reporting format for entrepreneurs). The reporting format requires the entrepreneur to fill general information about the kiln, various legal obligations relating to environment and social issues in operating the kiln including the siting of the unit, selective mechanisation options adopted, workers skill development measures taken, actions undertaken to provide job security for various categories of workers, measures adopted to enhance the self help capacity of the workers.

6.3 MONITORING MECHANISMS & PROCEDURES

Progress of the set environment and social plans, benefiting the workers and the communities, shall be monitored at two distinct tiers. At the first tier, the entrepreneur accounts for how the environmental and social concerns are addressed at the plant level, using the ESR reporting formats as provided in Annex IV

Based on the above reports TARA will arrange for analysis of calorific value in 6 kilns, environment monitoring in 6 kilns, monitoring of environmental practices in 14 kilns and water monitoring in 14 kilns, on an annual basis. The proposed parameters are as follows:

The information obtained from the entire exercise, from various sites across the state, shall be analysed and complied in the form of a Status Update Report by TARA. This report shall be submitted as a feedback to the district collector, state authorities i.e. Department of Environment and Department of Industries.

Energy Environment� Calorific value of coal � RSPM at workplace (loading and unloading area) � CO and SPM at stack

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At the second tier, intermittent checking is carried out by independent third party verifiers engaged by either the financers or the state pollution control boards.

A schematic diagram below depicts the proposed reporting and monitoring mechanisms.

Schematic diagram depicting reporting and monitoring mechanisms

Environmental & Social Sustainabilit

y

Status Update

SPCB, DoI, DoEObtaining NOC

Operational

Entrepreneur Reporting

Third Party Verification

Community Benefits

ESMP

Worker Benefits

Enhanced Performance & Visibility

AAAttt PPPlllaaannnttt LLLeeevvveeelll

AAAttt CCCooommmmmmuuunnniiitttyyyLLLeeevvveeelll

December 30, 2005


EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT AANNDD SSOOCCIIAALL RREEPPOORRTTIINNGG

FFOORRMMAATT

SECTION VII

The environment and social reporting format for the entrepreneur is given in annexure IV. The purpose is two fold: documentation for TARA, and risk minimizing checklist for entrepreneurs.

There are three categories of risk to VSBK entrepreneurs: financial loss by attracting legal penalty, reduced profit due to sub-optimal kiln operations by untrained workers and productivity loss due to absenteeism resulting from unhealthy working conditions. The ESR provides a checklist of all requirements that minimize the above stated risks.

It also looks at the issues of worker community benefits such as children education, improvement of standard of living etc.

The ESR Format

The ESR format has five sections: General details, Risk minimization by averting penalty, Waste utilization, Maximize productivity by Skill development and retention, and Worker health & safety. Following are the explanations for each question with corresponding numbers.

General detail (point 1,2,3,4,5,7,8) is the identity of the kiln. It includes the name of owner, ownership type (entrepreneur/ community based), geographic location of kiln, and size. It also asks for the year of commissioning, to capture the years of successful operation of VSBK.

(point 6) In a typical kiln, there are two types of labour who earn their livelihood from the kiln operation. Most of them are full time workers performing the task of moulding, firing, loading, unloading, brick transportation etc., whereas there are others who work part time for loading and unloading operations on truck or tractor. Since the extent of employment generated due to any industrial activity is an important contribution to economic growth of community, these points are also included in the ESR.

Section two

� (point 9,10) No Objection Certificate (NOC) from State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) is necessary by law to build a VSBK. If the land falls under village Panchayat, an NOC from it is also required. This is to ensure an environment friendly operation.

� (point 11) VSBK is 30% energy efficient to traditional kilns and reduces air pollution by a factor of two. SPM emission from VSBK has been tested and found (by CPCB) to be very low, following which the allowable limit of emission for VSBK was set to 250 mg/m3 by CPCB.

� (point 12,13, 14) Brick making involves soil excavation, therefore soil mining lease is necessary. Further, top soil is not suitable for brick making as it contains root stock, humus and coarse matter and other impurities. Also, if a kiln is within 100km of any thermal power plant, it needs to partially substitute soil with fly ash.

� (Point 15,16) The owner is required to provide toilet facility and first aid box at the premises for the workforce.

December 30, 2005


Section three

� (Point 17) VSBK allows utilization of various industrial wastes such as fly ash, stone dust, rice husk ash, boiler ash etc. Section three captures the use of industrial waste as a valuable resource. Wastes with high calorific value are used as internal fuel to increase combustion efficiency hence reduces emissions. Others are soil substitutes to conserve topsoil. There is a considerable amount of regulatory pressure for utilization of industrial wastes especially fly ash.

Section four

� (Point 18) Selective mechanization has been incorporated in VSBK to enhance productivity and minimize risks resulting from occupational health and safety hazards. Loading hoist/ conveyer belt, unloading screw and trolley also minimize drudgery. The mechanized mixing of industrial waste has a positive effect on occupational health and safety. Very fine particles of wastes such as stone dust and fly ash can be inhaled when handled manually, resulting in respiratory problems. Other wastes such as rice husk ash are coarse substances and may cause skin aberrations on regular manual mixing.

� (Point 19) TARA has identified need of training and capacity building of workers for enhancing productivity and maximizing resource efficiency. Course material for construction, commissioning, firing and trouble shooting has been developed in Hindi. On site training for masons, contractors and brick moulders will be conducted. It will include proper handling of auxiliary utilities such as unloading screw, pug mill, lifts and hoist etc. Certification system for fire masters will be established. Audits and third party verification systems will be put in place. Such training will also help avoid malfunctioning and accidents.

� (Point 20) Though access to workers’ children education is desirable for social development, most of the times either schools are too far or the parents are indifferent to children education. This point is included to capture the extent of need for an educational institution so that efforts could be made in this direction in future.

Section five Worker health and safety is an important factor to operate without hazards, section five deals with these issues. It is aimed to capture the efforts taken to minimize the risk of accidents and work place injury.

� (Point21,22,23) Though probability of accident and malfunction is very low in VSBK, simple measures like loading hoist within safe limits is encouraged. In VSBK head load is typically 12 bricks for men and 9 bricks for women. TARA is however, working towards minimizing the need for workers to carry loads manually through hoists, trolleys and other equipment.

� (Point 24,25) it is desirable that drinking water is available at premises.

� (Point 26) Plantation around VSBK is encouraged for dust suppression, shady workplace etc.

December 30, 2005


LLAAWWSS AAPPPPLLIICCAABBLLEE TTOO VVSSBBKK

SECTION VIII

7.1 Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970

Applicability: It applies to every establishment in which 20 or more workers are employed as contract labour. Registration: Since the labour employed in brick kilns is generally engaged through the contractors, the brick kiln owners are obliged to comply with the provisions of this Act. The law obliges every principal employer of contract labour to get his establishment registered with the specified authority. Appropriate Governance: It provides for prohibition of employment of contract labour in certain occupations in consultation with the Tripartite Advisory Board. Regulation of employment: The various obligations of employers are:

1. Provision of canteens, restrooms, supply of whole some drinking water, washing facilities, public conveniences and first aid facilities.

2. Payment of wages to the contract labour and so as to ensure this payment he is obliged to nominate a representative in whose presence the contractor shall pay to the workers employed. In case the contractor fails to make the payment of wages within the prescribed period or makes short payment, then the principal employer is liable to make the payment of wages in full or unpaid balance due. He is, however, authorised to recover the amount so paid from the contractor’s bill.

3. Contract labour shall be paid equal to the wages paid to a regular employee for the similar work.

7.2 Emission Standards and Stack Height Regulation

S. No.

Kiln Capacity Stack Height in metres (from ground level)

Particulate matter (mg/Nm3)

1. Less than 15000 bricks per day (1-3 shafts)

11.0 (Minimum 6.5 m from loading platform) 250

2. 15,000-30,000 bricks per day (4-6 shafts)


3 More than 30000 bricks per day ( 7shafts or more)


December 30, 2005


7.3 NOTIFICATION FOR USAGE OF FLY ASH IN BRICKS

The original notification S.0.763(E), published in Gazette of India, as required by subrule (3) of rule 5 of the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986, states that “No person shall within a radius of fifty kilometers from coal or lignite based thermal power plants, manufacture clay bricks or tiles or blocks for use in construction activities without mixing at least 25 per cent of ash (fly ash, bottom ash or pond ash) with soil on weight to weight basis.”

Amendment was done in Notification S.O. 979 (E) published in 27th August, 2005, where in the word "fifty kilometers”, was substituted by the words "one hundred kilometres”.

December 30, 2005


ANNEXURE I : EXHAUSTIVE LIST OF ENVIRONMNETAL & SOCIAL ISSUES IN VSBK

Possible ImpactsAction required, if any, with justification

for Environmet Impacts for Social ImpactsProcessSteps/Activities Aspects Category

Environmental Social Yes No Yes No

Excavation of soil Environmentfastconsumption ofsoil

Safety of miningworkers

Soilconsumptionneeds to beregulated

As no blastingoperations arecarried out,therefore thereis no risk toworkersSoil Mining

Semi-skilledlabourersrequired foroperation

SocialEmployement ofthe localcommunities

Enhancesdevelopmentof localeconomy

Water withdrawl Water withdrawal EnvironmentDepletion ofwaterresources

Unavailibility ofwater for thelocalcommunities

The NOCobtained from thestate largelytakes care of thisissue

All waterintensiveactivities areusually bannedduring phasesof waterscarcity

Transportation ofraw materials

Vehicularmovement

Environment

1) Fugitivedustemmission dueto vehicularmovement inunmetalledroad; 2)Emissions dueto exhaustfumes

Vehicularaccidents

Exposure todust emissionsimplies illimpact on thehealth ofcommunities

Followingrationale trafficrules will helpavoid suchsituations

Transportation &storage of fly ash,fuel and otherfriable material

Handling of fineparticles

Environmnet

Air pollutiondue tocontaminationwith particulatematter

Exposure to dustby worker andnon-workercommunities

Exposure torespirableparticlescauses bothpulmonary andskin damages


December 30, 2005


Soil Preparation

Manual handlingof fine particles(fly ash, stonedust)

Environmnet

Emission ofrespirableparticles (i.e.fly ash)

Exposure ofworkers to highconcentration ofrespirableparticles

Settling downof fine particleson nearbyvegetation


Uncomfortableposture ofworkers(ergonomic)

Changes intraditionalpractices areoften resistedlong duration of

work, usuallydirectly under thesun

Social

Fatigue ofworkers

Comfortableworkingconditions ispropotional toworkerproductivity

Moulding

Training andcapacity building

Resourceeffeciency dueto lessrejection ofgreen bricks;use of wastematerials

Better control ongreen brickmouldingpractices

Use of wastematerialsenhancesenvironmentalsustainability

Trainedworkforceenhancesworkerproductivity

Drying of greenbricks

Rejection ofgreen bricks dueto crack andbreakages duringdrying

Environmnet Wastage ofsoil

Guidance isprovided toenhace qualityand reduceswastage

Social

unsafe liftingoperation byexceeding safeload limit in hoistand for headloaders

Although headloading is acommonpractice, loadinglimits are max of9-12 bricks arecarried by femaleand malerespectively

Loading of brick toplatform andarranging in stacks

Manual loadingand arranging ofbricks in stacks

Socialexposure tosmoke whileloading

Smoke controlis prevalent byusing dampers

December 30, 2005


Possible Impacts Action required, if any, with justification

for Environmet Impacts for Social ImpactsProcessSteps/Activities Aspects Category

Environmental Social Yes No Yes No

Coal breaking (intosmall lumps)

Highconcentration ofSPM in coalbreaking area

SocialExposure to coaldust (inhalation)


Consumption ofcoal

EnvironmnetDepletion ofnon-renewableresources

Retarding fastrate ofdepletion ofcoal resource

Fuelconsumption islower by designin VSBK

Burning ofcoal/fuel

Environmnet

Emmission ofGHG andparticulatematter

Exposure toharmful gasesand particulatematter to workersand nearbycommunities

VSBK being anenergy efficientkiln GHG anddust emmissionsare minimal.

Risk to workeris nullified byuse of lid onstack andguiding fluegas throughchimney

generation of ash Environmnet

improperdisposal maycause air andland pollution

exposure toRSPM

Use of coal isreduceddrastically inVSBK therefore,amount of ashgeneration isinsignificant

Reduced coalusage willmean lowergeneration ofsuspendedparticulatematter

Brick Firing

Training Social

Higher localemployment withskilled jobs inbrick sector

Enhancesdevelopmentof localeconomy

December 30, 2005


Social

likelihood ofaccidents orinjuries due tored hot particles

Tongs andcrow bars arealready usedthusmaintainingsafe distancefrom the stackmouthreducingchances ofaccidents

Social exposure to dustemission

Inhalation ofdust causesrespiratoryproblems.Settling of duston body andcloths causesirritation

Unloading Unloading ofbricks

SocialChances ofmechanical injury

Accidentswhile loweringtrolley maycause headinjury

Storage of bakedbricks

rejection ofbroken bricks Environmnet

Improperdisposal ofwaste causeslanddegradation

Likelihood ofworkeraccidents/injurydue to stackedbricks and dumpof broken bricks

Broken bricks arealso sold at alesser price andhence not leftscattered allaround

Less wastagewill reduce thechances ofaccidents/worker injury

Living conditionsfor laboureres

Absence oftoilets in thepremises

Social

Hygiene relatedhealth problemsespecially inwomen

Increaseschances ofillness

Overall

childrenaccompaningparent toworkplace

SocialExposure toemissions, sunand fire

exposure toharsh at tenderage conditionmay causepermanentimpairment

December 30, 2005


Payment of thecouple handedover to the malemember

Social

Denial offinancialindependence offemale workers

Such denialmay triggerimbalances inthecommunities/families

LegendspositiveImpact

InsignificantImpacts

effect nullifiedby design

negativeimpact

December 30, 2005


Annexure II : Issues that needs to be managed in VSBK

Processsteps/Activities

Aspect AspectCategory

Mandatory bylaw

PossibleImpacts

MitigationPlan

OperationalProcedure Implemented by

DailyCheckingrequired: ifyes who isresponsible

IntermittentChecking; ifYes who isresponsible

Soil miningExcavationof soil

Environment

Yes (refersection 3.3 forexplanation)

Fastconsumption ofsoil

minimise soiluse by addingsubstitutes

Utilisation ofindustrial wastesuch as fly ash,stone dust etc.

Entrepreneur - Financers/Third Party

Social No Exposure to flyash (inhalation)

Prevent openstorage andavoid manualmixing

transport in closedcontainers, coverwith polythine atsite

Entrepreneur EntrepreneurTransportation & storageof fly ash,fuel andother friablematerial

Improperstorage ofrawmaterials atplant level Environme

ntalNo

increasedconcentration ofSPM in air

Prevent openstorage andavoid manualmixing

store in enclosureor cover withplastic/ tarpaulinesheet

Entrepreneur Entrepreneur Third party/Financiers

adoption ofselectivemechanisation,training of workers

Entrepreneur - Third Party/Financers

Soil mixing Soilpreparation

Social No

Exposure ofworkers to highconcentration ofrespirableparticles

Replacemanulal mixingby mechanicaloperation suchas pugmill

In case of manualmixing provideclean cloth to coverface/nose

Entrepreneur Entrepreneur Third Party/Financers

MouldingHarshworkingconditions

Social YesMore incidenceof workersfatigue

Ensureprovisions ofwash rooms,rest rooms /sheds for theworkers

Check foravailability of spaceaway from theworkplace andprovide forappropriateinfrastructure suchas clean drinkingwater, toilet

Enterpreneur - Enterpreneurs/ Financers

December 30, 2005


facilities

Coalbreaking(into smalllumps)

Highconcentration of SPM incoalbreakingarea

Social

No

Exposure to coaldust (inhalation) Prevent worker

exposure tocoal dust

Provide boots andclean cloth to coverface/nose whilecoal breaking

Enterpreneur Entrepreneur Enterpreneurs/ Financers

Firing Consumption of coal

Environmental

NoDepletion of non-renewableresources

usage ofindustrialwaste whichhas residualcalorific value

use sponge ironwaste, boiler ashetc. as internal fuel

Enterpreneur - Financers/Third Party

Social No Exposure to dustProvision ofpersonalprotection gear

cover nose andmouth with cloth

Enterpreneur Entrepreneur Financers/Third Party

Unloading Unloading ofbrick

Social Yes Chances ofmechanical injury

Provision ofpersonalprotection gear

Provide shoes tofiring crew andhelmets tounloading crew

EnterpreneurFinancers/Third Party

Livingconditionsforlaboureres

Absence oftoilets in thepremises

Social No

Hygiene relatedhealth problemsespecially inwomen

Provision ofHygenicsanitationfacilities inadequatenumbers

Build toilets in thepremises

Enterpreneur - Financers/Third Party

Overall

Childrenaccompaning parent toworkplace

Social No

Hindrance toeducation forlabour childrendue to distancefrom school andmigration

Creation ofalternativefacilities tokeep childrenaway from kilnsite

Schools/Aganwaris/creshes have to beset up in to avoidchildren interveningin the work place

Enterpreneur &SHG SHGs Financers

/Third Party

December 30, 2005


Involvementof womenand childrenas part ofthe workercommunity

Social No

Female workersdenied financialindependence astraditionally thepayment for thecouple is madeto the malemember

Ensuresavingsthroughformation ofSHGs

Mobilisation haveto be carried outamong the workersand communitiesliving in the vicinityand formation ofSHGs have to bepromoted;

SHG & Financer Entrepreneur SHGs/Finamcers

December 30, 2005


Annex-III : Community Benefit Plan

CDCF Community Benefits Plan

1. List the community / social benefits the project will provide and include details such as the number of beneficiaries, their location and the time period during which each benefit will be implemented.

Benefit Beneficiaries Locations

Time Period (Project Start & Finish Dates)

i. Provision of health insurance and accident cover

Brick Workers

At CDCF supported kiln sites

March 2006 - December 2015

ii. Provision of basic sanitation facilities; for men and women

Brick Workers At CDCF supported kiln sites

March 2006-December 2015

iii. Employment for a longer period (upto 220 days/ year). Thus the need for alternative employment is minimized.

Brick Workers

Cluster/ Villages near the VSBK sites

January 2005 –December 2015

iv. Skill upgradation (brick making techniques with pugged clay and advanced firing techniques and management)

Brick Workers (Firemen)

Brick Workers

At TARA’s service center

At CDCF supported kiln sites

March 2006 – December 2007

March 2006 onwards

2. Please describe how these benefits will be provided. This should include who will do what during the planning, implementation, and operational phases of the project. Please include the roles and responsibilities of all participants in each phase.

Phase Activity Participants

Entrepreneur TARA Brick Workers Provision of health insurance and accident cover

Dialogue and Agreement

Planning Provision of basic sanitation facilities; for men and women Dialogue and Agreement

December 30, 2005


Provision of health insurance and accident cover

Compilation of list of workers

1. Aggregation of lists of operational VSBKs

2. Health and

Accident Insurance Policy finalized

Provision of basic sanitation facilities; for men and women

Construction of toilets

Implementation

Skill upgradation (brick making techniques with pugged clay and advanced firing techniques and management)

To depute persons for training at VSBK Service Centre, Datia

Training of Firing crew at VSBK Service

Centre, Datia

Firing crew to get trained.

Provision of health insurance and accident cover

Responsible for filing of insurance claims

• Payment of insurance premium

• Sensitisation of workers about insurance benefits

Employment for a longer period (upto 220 days/ year).

Operating the kiln for longer period

Technology support

Support to the

entrepreneur for longer operations.

Operations


Investing in selective mechanisation

Technology support

3. Please provide a summary budget that indicates the major cost items and amounts for each project phase: planning, implementation, operations. These cost items could include: personnel, labor, materials, equipment. Please identify any other cost items and amounts, and the funding sources.

Budget Responsibilities

Amounts (USD) Cost Items

Entrepreneur TARA/CDCF Brick Workers Remarks Provision of health insurance and accident cover

Nil 218,909 Nil

Rs. 200 per worker, 40 workers per site, 10 years for 70 kilns and 9 years for 56 kilns

Provision of basic sanitation facilities; for men and women

71,591 71,591 Nil

Rs. 25,000 share for each per VSBK, 126 kilns

December 30, 2005



Nil

715909 (Optional)

44615

Nil

Nil

Nil

Training on firing techniques by TARA Investment in mechanization @ Rs.250,000 per plant for 126 plants. This is not mandatory.

4. For each benefit, please indicate the number of individuals, households or other units that will benefit per year.

Unit: Number: Period:

Individuals

560 (Jan 2004 – Dec 2005) 14 VSBKs

Individuals

2800 (Jan 2006 – Dec 2006): 70 VSBKs (cumulative)

i. Benefit: Employment for a longer period (upto220 days). Thus the need for alternative employment is minimized.

Individuals 5040 (Jan 2007 onwards): 126 VSBKs (cumulative)

Unit: Number: Period:

Individuals 2800 (Jan 2006 – Dec 2006) 70 VSBKs

ii. Benefit: Provision of health insurance and accident cover

Individuals 5040

(Jan 2007 onwards): 126 VSBKs (cumulative)

iii. Benefit: Provision of basic sanitation facilities; for men and women

Unit: Individuals

Number: 2800

5040

Period: (Jan 2006 – Dec 2006) 70 VSBKs

(Jan 2007 onwards): 126 VSBKs (cumulative)

iv. Benefits: Skill upgradation (at the end of implementation phase)

Unit: Individuals

Number: 840 1512

Period: (Jan 2006 – Dec 2006) 70 VSBKs (Jan 2007 – Dec 2007): 126 VSBKs (cumulative)

December 30, 2005


4. Indicate the actual or estimated costs of providing each benefit during the duration of the project. (This should include all phases – preparation, implementation and operations.) Please also indicate in percentages the funding sources.

i. Provision of health insurance and accident cover

Planning / Programming & Implementation:NIL Operations: US $ 218,909 (Cost of policy) US $ 22,849 (50% of TARA recurring costs)

i. Carbon Finance: 100 % ii. Entrepreneur : 0%

ii. Provision of basic sanitation facilities; for men and women

Planning / Programming:Nil Implementation: US $ 143,182 Operations: Nil

i. Carbon Finance: 50 % ii. Entrepreneur: 50%

iii. Employment for a longer period 220 days / year). Thus the need for alternative employment is minimized.

Planning / Programming:** Nil Implementation: Nil Operations: Nil

i. Carbon Finance: 0 % ii. Entrepreneur: 0%

iv. Skill upgradation

Planning / Programming:Nil Implementation: US $ 44615 Operations: 715909 (Optional)

i. Carbon Finance: 100% ii. Entrepreneur: 0%

i. Carbon Finance 0% ii. Entrepreneur : 100% (optional)

December 30, 2005


6. Who is responsible for gathering this information and reporting it to the CDCF? Name: Technology and Action for Rural Advancement India Address: Village Sultanpur, Ghitorni, Mehrauli - Gurgaon Road New Delhi - 110 030 Phone: 91 11 2680-5826 91 11 2680-1521, 2680-4482

Email: [email protected]

7. When will reports be provided to the CDCF? The reports will be provided to the CDCF by November 1 each year

8. Who prepared this document? Name: Dr. K. Vijayalakshmi, Environment Systems Branch, Development Alternatives Date: December 29, 2005

December 30, 2005


ANNEXURE IV: Environment and Social Reporting Form for VSBK Entrepreneurs

Please refer to the Note (attached with the form) for explanation

Date:

I. General details

1. Type of VSBK:

Community owned Entrepreneur owned

2. Name of the owner:

3. Telephone number:

4. Geographical location:

Name of the Place:

District:

State: Type of area: Urban Peri-urban Rural Remote

5. Year of kiln commissioning

6. Number of workers Full Time Part Time

7. No. of shafts

8. No. of months of operation per year

II. Risk minimization for averting penalty

9. NOC from SPCB received Yes No

10. NOC from gram panchayat * NA Yes No * Applicable on taking loan from KVIC If applicable

11. SPM level within 250mg/m3 Yes No

12. Existence of valid soil mining lease Yes No

13. Utilisation of fly ash % by weight Yes No

14. Is top soil used in brick making? Yes No

D D M M Y Y Y Y

December 30, 2005


15. Proper toilet facility in premises Yes No

16. Provision of rest room Yes No

17. First aid box available on site Yes No

III. Utilisation of Industrial Waste

18. Type of waste utilised

IV. Maximise productivity by skill development, worker benefits and retention

19. Any efforts to improve productivity and reduce Yes No drudgery through selective mechanisation

Available Utilised Industrial waste

Y N Y N% by weight

Stone dust

Rice husk ash

Biomass char

Sponge iron waste

Fly ash

Boiler ash

Machine For full capacity of Kiln

For partial capacity of Kiln

Pug mill

Extruder

Lift and hoist

Conveyor belt

Unloading screw

Unloading Trolley

Transportation trolley

Lifting Tongs

December 30, 2005


20. Efforts to develop skill and ensure safety through training of workers

21. Worker retention:

22. Common interest saving groups encouraged? Yes No

23. Institutions for workers’ children education accessible? Yes No

V. Worker health and safety

24. Safe loading limit is maintained in hoisting machines Yes No NA

25. Maximum weight carried by adult male is 55 kg Yes No NA As per Factories Act, 1948

26. Maximum weight carried by adult female is 30 kg Yes No NA As per Factories Act, 1948

27. Source of water present near the kiln Yes No Type

28. Clean drinking water facility in premises Yes No

29. Presence of trouble shooting posters Yes No

30. Plantation around VSBK Yes Nofor dust suppression, shady workplace, and carbon sequestration

Number of Trainings Category

of workers Suggested by TARA

Allowed by owner

Ratio of workers trained: total

Type of training

Fire masters

Munshi

Firemen

Moulders

Loaders

%

December 30, 2005


Notes on Environment and Social Reporting Format

VSBK and Sustainable Development

VSBK has potential for creating sustainable development. Salient features of VSBK are: higher energy efficiency, lower GHG emission, lower dust emission, reduced worker drudgery, and potential to enhance operator skills through training. Unlike other kilns, VSBK can operate 12 months a year. As a result it might encourage migratory worker community to settle down for a longer time period.

Environment and Social Review of VSBK

VSBK is designed to limit the adverse impacts on environment and society. In order to record the practices to minimize negative effects arising from pollution and to maximize social benefits, the Environment and Social Review (ESR) format has been designed. The purpose is two fold: documentation for TARA, and risk minimizing checklist for entrepreneurs.

There are three categories of risk to VSBK entrepreneurs: financial loss by attracting legal penalty, reduced profit due to sub-optimal kiln operations by untrained workers and productivity loss due to absenteeism resulting from unhealthy working conditions. The ESR provides a checklist of all requirements that minimize the above stated risks.

It also looks at the issues of worker community benefits such as children education, improvement of standard of living etc.

The ESR Format

The ESR format has five sections: General details, Risk minimization by averting penalty, waste utilization, Maximize productivity by skill development and retention, and Worker health & safety. Following are the explanation for each question with corresponding numbers.

General detail (point 1,2,3,4,5,7,8) is the identity of the kiln. It includes the name of owner, ownership type (entrepreneur/ community based), geographic location of kiln, and size. It also asks for the year of commissioning, to capture the years of successful operation of VSBK.

(point 6) In a typical kiln, there are two types of labour who earn their livelihood from the kiln operation. Most of them are full time workers performing the task of moulding, firing, loading, unloading, brick transportation etc. whereas there are others who work part time for loading and unloading operations on truck or tractor. Since the extent of employment generated due to any industrial activity is an important contribution to economic growth of community, these points are also included in the ESR.

Section two looks at the legal requirements which can attract penalty and closure resulting in financial losses.

� (point 9,10) No Objection Certificate (NOC) from State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) is necessary by law to build a VSBK. If the land falls under village Panchayat, an NOC from it is also required. This is to ensure an environment friendly operation.

� (point 11) VSBK is 30% energy efficient to traditional kilns and reduces air pollution by a factor of two. SPM emission from VSBK has been tested and found (by CPCB) to be very low, following which the allowable limit of emission for VSBK was set to 250 mg/m3 by CPCB.

� (point 12,13) Brick making involve soil excavation, therefore soil mining lease is necessary. Also, if a kiln is within 100km of any thermal power plant, it needs to partially substitute soil with fly ash.

December 30, 2005


� (point 14) Soil excavation for brick making needs to conserve top soil. Further, top soil is not suitable for brick making as it contains root stock, humus and coarse matter and other impurities. In VSBK, preservation of top soil is encouraged owing to the fact that it can support vegetation along the periphery of the kiln site.

(Point 15) VSBK allows utilization of various industrial wastes such as fly ash, stone dust, rice husk ash, boiler ash etc. Section three captures the use of industrial waste as a valuable resource. Wastes with high calorific value are used as internal fuel to increase combustion efficiency hence reducing emission. Others are soil substitutes to conserve topsoil. There is a considerable amount of regulatory pressure for utilization of industrial wastes especially fly ash.

As stated earlier, that for maximum productivity VSBK must be operated under optimum conditions. Section four spells out the measures that can enhance productivity. They are as follows:

� (Point 16) Selective mechanization has been incorporated in VSBK to enhance productivity and minimize risk resulting from occupational health and safety hazards. Loading hoist/ conveyer belt, unloading screw and trolley also minimize drudgery. The mechanized mixing of industrial waste has a positive effect on occupational health and safety. Very fine particles of wastes such as stone dust and fly ash can be inhaled when handled manually, resulting in respiratory problems. Other wastes such as rice husk ash are coarse substances and may cause skin aberration on regular manual mixing.

� (Point 17) TARA has identified need of training and capacity building of workers for enhancing productivity and maximizing resource efficiency. Course material for construction, commissioning, firing and trouble shooting has been developed in Hindi. On site training for masons, contractors and brick moulders will be conducted. It will include proper handling of auxiliary utilities such as unloading screw, pug mill, lifts and hoist etc. Certification system for fire masters will be established. Audits and third party verification systems will be put in place. Such training will also help avoid malfunctioning and accidents.

� (Point 18,19) As VSBK needs skilled manpower to maintain optimum conditions, retention of workforce becomes a crucial factor. Generally the workforce of brick kilns is contractual. Payment is task based. It is usually a husband-wife couple who migrates from other places to woks in kilns. Therefore the employment is for the whole family, and not individuals. Wage rate is an indicator of the willingness of the workers to return to the same site year after year. Timely payment and behavior of the entrepreneur is also important. However, money is not the only governing factor to retain workforce. TARA has introduced the concept of “encouraging formation of common interest groups” by the VSBK entrepreneurs. The objective is to improve their living conditions by encouraging savings.

� (Point 20) Though access to workers’ children education is desirable for social development, most of the times either schools are too far or the parents are indifferent to children education. This point is included to capture the extent of need for an educational institution so that the money for community development may be utilized for such cause.

Worker health and safety is an important factor to operate without hazards, section five deals with these issues. It is aimed to capture the efforts taken to minimize the risk of accidents and work place injury.

December 30, 2005


� (Point 23,24) In Factories Act, 1948, Section 67, Chapter VII, the maximum allowable carrying loads are 55kgs and 30 kgs respectively for men and women. Therefore these values are given in the form. TARA is however, working towards minimizing the need for workers to carry loads manually through hoists, trolleys and other equipment.

� (Point 25,26,27) Though probability of accident and malfunction is very low in VSBK,

simple measures like loading hoist within safe limits, availability of clean drinking water, restrooms etc. is encouraged. These are also required as per Section 18, Drinking water, Chapter III; Section 19, Latrine and Urinals, Chapter III; and Section 28, Hoists and Lifts, Chapter IV of Factories Act, 1948.

� (Point 29) stresses the availability of first aid box within easy reach

� (Point 30) emphasizes the visual documentation of correct operating practices and

procedures to avoid mishaps.

Benefits of ESR

The ESR is a part of technical back up support provided by TARA along with the VSBK technology. The purpose is to document the risks that can be minimized by complying with several simple measures suggested in the document.

The extended part of the support service is the benchmarking system to ensure resource efficiency and optimal operating conditions in the kiln. Training and capacity building sessions for workers, fire masters and masons are been conducted to ensure maintenance of optimum performance of VSBK.

December 30, 2005


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