workshop on the preparation of the fourth national communications by parties included in annex i to...
TRANSCRIPT
Workshop on the preparation of the fourth national communications by Parties included in Annex I to the Convention
30 September - 1 October 2004, Dublin, Ireland
Impact of national circumstances on policy-making process
&
Key drivers underlying emission trends in Belgium
Etienne HannonFederal DG Environment Belgium
Belgian federal structure
equal from the legal point of view
but
powers and responsibilities for
different fields
Flemishregion Flemish
community
Brussels-Capital region
Walloonregion
Frenchcommunity
Germancommunity
1 Federal State
3 Communities
3 Regions
Overview of competences
Transport National airport & Railways
Taxes on vehicles and fuels
Technical standards for vehicles
Highways , waterways, seaports, regional airports
Public transport
School transport
Energy Major infrastructure & planning in electricity and gas sectors
Tariffs & taxes
Nuclear
Off-shore wind energy
Local distribution and transport of gas & electricity
RUE & energy efficiency
RES+ heat networks, energy recovery, …
Federal State Regions
Environment Coordination of the international environmental policy
Regulating marketing of products (standards, labels,…) + waste transit, marine environment, radioactive waste
Environmental policy (air, water, soil, forest)
Waste management + dangerous installations, nature and hunting conservation,…
The challenge of climate policy
Climate policy = complex issue: energy, transport, fiscality, agriculture, waste, …
Belgian federal structure adds extra dimension to complexity:
- Federal and regional competencies in most cc-related policy domains
- Federal and regional levels are sovereign regarding their competences
=> Need for extensive coordination
Cooperation agreement for climate policy
Parties : Federal State, Flemish region, Walloon region, Brussels-Capital region
Main objective : reduce GHG emissions, as determined by KP and decision 2002/358/EC (EU burden sharing) (-7.5%)
Specific objectives :
- implementation and follow-up of the National Climate Plan
- ensure compliance with reporting obligations (UNFCCC, KP & Mechanism for monitoring EC GHG emissions (decision 280/2004/EC)
Executive body : National Climate Commission
Provisions related to reporting :- to make sure that methodologies, procedures, data analysis,
projections used by the Parties to the agreement are compatible and, if possible, harmonised
- Regions are committed to deliver yearly to the NCC a report containing the relevant information allowing the federal government to report data in accordance with the UNFCCC guidelines, and decision 280/2004/EC
Cooperation agreement for climate policy
National Burden Sharing agreement
1. Regions are assigned a target
2. Regions are each responsable for closing the difference between emissions and Assigned Amount on their territory, through:
Fl.
Wa.
Br.
reducing their emissions
Belgian Assigned Amount under K.P.
using flexibility mechanisms
National Burden Sharing agreement
Regional Assigned Amounts under the burden sharing
• Walloon Region: 1990 emissions minus 7,5 %
• Flemish Region: 1990 emissions minus 5,2 %
• Brussels Capital Region: 1990 emissions plus 3,475 %
Total exceeds Belgian Assigned Amount under the Kyoto Protocol
Federal Government will cover the difference through use of the Kyoto Flexibility Mechanisms
2,46 Mton CO2-eq/yr.in 2008-2012
Financed by 25 M€/yr. Kyoto Fund (operational since 2003)
Greenhouse gas emission in Belgium (2002)
Energy Ind.17,9%
Manuf. Ind. & Constr.23,0%
Transport17,3%
Other (energy)20,3%
Waste 2,0%
Agriculture 8,2%
Industrial Processes
10,5%
Other0,7%
Sectoral contributions:
Total GHG emissions = 150.3 Mt CO2 eq
CO2 emissions = 84.2% of total emissions
Belgian emission trends (1990-2002)
-5,7%
1,9% 0,9% 2,9%0,8%
-10,6%
-1,8%
-18,4%
-8,5%
-2,5%
-20,0%
-10,1%
-2,7%
8,4%
27,2%
-27,5%
-8,7%
21,8%
-30%
-20%
-10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
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uf. I
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Indu
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& O
ther
Pro
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Agr
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Was
te
Tota
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BE EU15
In-depth review of the 3rd Nat. Com.
“The review team [..] noted the following trends: a substantial increase in the emissions from transport, an increase in the “other” emissions [..]”
“The emission trends are presented well in the NC3 but not all factors leading to these trends are clearly explained.”
[..] no data to support explanations [that freight transport by road grew faster than GDP] were available at the time of the review; [..]. The review team encouraged Belgian experts to continue studies in this area”
“The review team identified some areas for further improvement: identification of key drivers for emissions growth”
“The Belgian NC3 is, in general, in compliance with the UNFCCC reporting guidelines”
How to improve the reporting of information on key drivers ?
Solution = development of indicators
Criteria for the selection of indicators:
- clear definition & common understanding
- be policy relevant
- soundly founded
- transparent (well documented and of known quality)
- comparable
- easily available (cf. data & resource demand)
Indicators : developments within the EU
European Energy Agency : « core set of indicators »
- 37 indicators on 11 topics, among which energy (5) & CC (4)
- Basis for EEA reports (« Environment signals »)
Eurostat : « structural indicators » on environment
- 15 indicators, based on latest national statistics, available on the web
Mechanism for monitoring EC GHG emissions (decision 280/2004/EC)
- 15 (+13) indicators to be reported annually (CO2 intensities)
ODYSSEE-SAVE European project on energy efficiency indicators
- Objective: to review national achievements in energy efficiency and CO2 emissions at a sectoral level
- Network of 15 national Agencies
- Products : common database on energy efficiency indicators, workshops, annual reports
Energy intensity of GDP
before climate correctionafter climate correction
Source : ECONOTEC (The ODYSSEE Project Results for Belgium)
toe / M EUR 95 (1990 = 100)
Final energy intensity by sector *
Source : ECONOTEC (The ODYSSEE Project Results for Belgium)
industrytransporttertiaryresidential
* Final energy use (toe) / activity variable (M EUR 95)
(1990 = 100)
value added (industry, tertiary)private consumption (households)GDP (transport)
Energy intensity : a good proxy for energy efficiency ?
Not appropriate to identify and assess the contributions of the main factors responsible for the changes in energy consumption
Energy (CO2) intensity :
- consumption (CO2 emissions) / GDP (or value added)
- « economic approach »
- easily available but encompass other effects than energy efficiency (structure)
Contributions to changes in energy intensities
Evolution of the energy intensity can be expressed as the sum of two different contributions:
structural effect: effect of a change in the structure of the consumption sector
e.g. shift of industrial output from energy intensive industries to less energy intensive industries
unit consumption effect: change in consumption per unit of activity (proxy for the energy efficiency)
Unit consumption effect = EIt - EI0 - SEt
Structural effect =
Key drivers of the energy consumption in road transport (passenger)
Source : NIS, ODYSSEE (calculations by ECONOTEC)
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
activity effect
structural effect
energy efficiency
consumption
(% of the consumption in 1990)
Key drivers of the energy consumption in road transport (freight)*
* Wallonia
Source : NIS, ODYSSEE (calculations by ECONOTEC)
(% of the consumption in 1990)
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
activity effect
structural effect
energy efficiency
consumption
Conclusions
Institutional complexity is not an obstacle to the implementation of climate policies or the compliance with reporting obligations but need for extensive cooperation and institutional arrangements
Analysis of key drivers of emission trends allows for identifying problems, highlighting good practices and tuning PAMs
Sets of widely used indicators are currently available, which allow for a thorough analysis of key drivers
Thank you !