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Quantitative Data Analysis

using SPSS



Research

?



Source: Punch (2011)



Types of ResearchObjective

• Exploratory

• Explanatory

• Descriptive

Application

• Basic• Applied



Types of Research (Cont.)Methodology

• Quantitative

• Qualitative

• Mixed Method Approach

Time

• Cross Sectional• Time Series/Longitudinal



Research Problem• Research problem is a statement that asks

about the relationships between two or more

variablesMorgan et. al (2004)



Variable• A variable is defined as a characteristic of

the participants or situation for a given study

that has different values in that studMorgan et. al (2004)

• Base of Research => Variable• Gender: Study 1: Variable Study 2: Constant



Types of Variable• Dependant Variable

• Independent Variable

•

• Mediating Variable

• Moderating Variable

A B

A BC

A B

C



Operationalization• Operationalization is the process of defining

a concept so that it becomes measurable

variable, which is achieved by looking atbehavioral dimensions and categorizing

them into observable and measurable

elements.



Steps of Operationalization



11



Reliability• Does the instrument measure things

consistently?

• Ways to establish reliability – Test-retest

– Internal consistency for multiple measures for

the same construct

• Cronbach’s alpha (Overall .70)



Reliability

• .7 = Good

• .8 = Very good, strong

• .9 = or greater -> Excellent



Validity

Validity = does thetest measure what its

meant to measure?



Construct validity



Reliability vs. validity



Hypothesis

• Types of Hypothesis

– Differential Hypothesis – Associational Hypothesis



Recommended Statistics for Different Types of Hypothesis



Kinds of Variable->Scale in SPSS• Categorical

– Nominal

– Ordinal• Scale



Nominal

Gender



Ordinal

• Conveys order



Scale• Directly Measureable

– GPA, Age, Height, Weight, Temperature,

Salary, Job Experience



Steps for Data Handling in SPSS• Instrument Development

• Complete Data Collection

• Coding• Check and Correct Errors

• Define Variable Name

• Labeling• Define Different Values

• Set Missing Value (if any)

• Define Measures



Mean and Standard Deviation

The heights (at the shoulders) are: 600mm, 470mm, 170mm, 430mm and 300mm.



Normal Distribution of the data



Skewed Data



Correlation• Correlation is Positive when the values increase together, and

• Correlation is Negative when one value decreases as the

other increases

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