workshop facilitation guide - childrightstoolkit.com · 1. review the contents of module 1 of the...

Workshop Facilitation Guide

Module 1: Overview of Child Rights in Development Cooperation page 2

Contents

Contents of this training package: TRAINING PLAN ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Objectives ............................................................................................................................................................. 3 Training methodology ........................................................................................................................................... 3 Advance preparation ............................................................................................................................................ 3

Session outline ...................................................................................................................................................... 4 PARTICIPANT HANDOUTS ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Blank Analysis forms ............................................................................................................................................ 5 1. Causality Analysis ............................................................................................................................................ 6 2. Role Pattern & Capacity Gap Analysis ............................................................................................................. 7 3. Analysis of the Enabling Environment .............................................................................................................. 8

Case Studies .......................................................................................................................................................... 9 Case 1. Effects of increased export of quinoa in Bolivia .................................................................................... 10 Case 2. Inequality and violence in Latin America and the Caribbean ................................................................ 11 Case 3. Maternal mortality in Namibia ............................................................................................................... 13 Case 4. Egyptian cotton ..................................................................................................................................... 15

FACILITATOR NOTES ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Country Context Analysis Small-Group Exercise ............................................................................................. 17

Advance preparation .......................................................................................................................................... 17 Steps of performing the exercise ........................................................................................................................ 17 Case for Modelling ............................................................................................................................................. 17

Answer keys for small-group case studies ....................................................................................................... 20 Case 1. Effects of increased export of quinoa in Bolivia – Answer Key ............................................................. 20 Case 2. Inequality and violence in Latin America and the Caribbean – Answer Key ......................................... 23 Case 3. Maternal mortality in Namibia – Answer Key ........................................................................................ 26 Case 4. Egyptian cotton – Answer Key .............................................................................................................. 30


Training plan This training plan is for Toolkit module 1, which introduces readers to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, defines key terms and concepts, and provides a framework for analysing and putting into effect the international legal and political commitments to child rights within a country context. Objectives 1. Define what is meant by child rights 2. List 3 reasons why taking a child rights approach to development

cooperation is both an obligation and opportunity. 3. Identify the purpose, challenges, and components of a child rights-

based Country Context Analysis. 4. Given a case situation, perform key steps of a child rights-based

Country Context Analysis

Training methodology

Overview of session & priorities/challenges (slides 1-4) 5 mins.

Presentation of content (slides 5-11) 20 mins.

Large-group open discussion 10 mins.

Presentation of analysis content and modelling of analyses to be performed (slides 12-20) 15 mins.

Case study. Buzz groups in plenary session 15 mins.

Presentation of content for small group work (slides 21-27) 10 mins

Case study. Small independent group work 1 hour

Small groups present findings to plenary session 30 mins.

Session close 5 mins

Advance preparation 1. Review the contents of Module 1 of the Child Rights Toolkit 2. Review slides for this session & facilitation notes in slides 3. Review & become familiar with the case for modelling and the

answer keys showing the problem statements and case solutions for each case from Facilitator’s Notes

4. Prepare a 5-minute overview presentation on priorities and challenges for children in the region. You may choose to arrange in advance for a local representative to make this presentation for you.

5. Copy case background materials from the Participant Handouts section for Session I. Each participant should have one copy of the background case to be used by his or her group. You may: • Have all groups work on one case that you feel is particularly

relevant to the region • Have each group work on a different case

6. Copy one blank analysis form for each group from Participant Handouts

Training Tips Session opening: To ensure a focus on applicability, we recommend opening with an overview of regional priorities. It is a good idea to arrange for this presentation to be made by local regional experts. Slide presentations: The slides for each session contain detailed notes on content and facilitation notes. Case studies: You may have each group work on all of the different case studies, or alternatively, have groups work on filling out different forms from the same case. The full text of the sample case included for modelling purposes in the slide presentation is presented in the facilitator’s notes. Buzz groups: Be sure to allow adequate time for groups to read the case and identify the problem statement in buzz groups before breaking up the session into small groups. Facilitate these discussions to ensure that groups select an appropriate problem statement. Small group work and presentation to plenary: There are a number of options for how groups can conduct their work and present their findings. The simplest is for each group to designate a presenter to present the group’s findings; another option is to have each group post its findings and to move among the posted presentations requesting details from group members. Adjust the session time dedicated to these presentation based on reporting method selected and number of participants in the plenary. Optional activities/icebreakers: The Resources section contains suggestions for additional activities, such as the Power Walk exercise


Session outline Time Content & Activity Training Materials & Notes

5 mins

Content/Activity 1 Overview Presentation Overview on priorities and challenges for children in the region

Facilitator materials: • Slide presentation: Session 1,

slides 1- 4 30 mins (20 mins) (10 mins)

Content/Activity 2 Objective & contents: Define what is meant by child rights • A set of legally binding norms and standards for the care

and protection of children • Identify the following treaties (CRC, CEDAW, CPRD) • Definition of the child • Identify the key categories of rights under the CRC • Explain what the measures of implementation are and why

they important as a basis for programming Methodology: 1. Slide presentation 2. Open discussion


slides 5-11 Facilitation notes: • See detailed notes on contents

within the slide presentation • Pause the presentation at Slide

9 for a brief group discussion to gauge participant understanding and level of interest

40 mins (15 mins) (15 mins) (5 mins) (5 mins)

Content/Activity 3 Objective & contents: • Identify the purpose, key steps (methodology) and key

challenges of implementing a child rights-based Country Context Analysis

• Given a case situation, perform key steps of the CR Country Context Analysis

. Methodology: 1. Slide presentation (slides 12-19) • Present content on CR Country Context Analysis • Model causal analysis process to be performed in small

groups

2. Buzz group in plenary session (slide 20) • Break into groups • Distribute background cases & blank forms • Have participants review their case, then agree on a

problem statement • Move among groups ensuring that participants understand

the exercise and select an appropriate problem statement . Slide presentation (slides 21-25) • Present content on the other steps of the analysis • Model analysis process to be performed in small groups 3. Prepare for small group work (slides 26-27) • Prepare participants to continue work in small groups filling

out blank analysis forms • Explain that each group will be asked to present their

findings during the plenary session


slides 12-27 Facilitation notes: • Before conducting this session,

become familiar with the modelling case scenario and the answer keys in the Facilitator’s Notes

Participant handouts: 1. Background cases for analysis in

small groups • Effects of increased export of

quinoa in Bolivia • Inequality and violence in

Latin America and the Caribbean

• Maternal mortality in Nambia • Egyptian cotton

2. Blank analysis forms

15 mins Break 1 hour

Content/Activity 4 Methodology: Small group work.

Facilitation notes: Facilitator should move among groups ensuring that participants understand the exercise

30 mins

Content/Activity 5 Methodology: Small group presentation to plenary.

15 mins Session close


Participant Handouts Blank Analysis forms These forms appear on the three pages that follow: 1. Causality Analysis 2. Role Pattern & Capacity Gap Analysis 3. Analysis of the Enabling Environment Please copy and distribute at least one set of forms per group for Part I of the small-group exercise.


Child Rights Toolkit Workshop: Session 1 analysis forms

1. Causality Analysis Causality analysis examines the causes of shortfalls and inequities within a conceptual framework, probing beyond the immediate causes to determine the underlying and structural ones. This analysis identifies the bottlenecks and barriers that prevent women and children accessing and benefiting from essential interventions and services in order to support the establishment of a baseline for action in reducing inequities. A causal analysis should help answer the following questions: ! What are the shortfalls and inequities in the achievement of rights and how are these manifested through key

indicators? ! What are the key drivers of inequities and shortfalls for particular population groups and/or geographic regions? ! What are the macro-level determinants for these inequities, such as legislation, policies, budgets and other

factors such as patterns of migration, dependency on remittances and the aid environment? Problem statement

Immediate Causes

Underlying Causes

Root/structural Causes


2. Role Pattern & Capacity Gap Analysis The role pattern analysis involves understanding who is responsible for the various rights not being respected, protected or fulfilled. It is important to clearly define the rights-holders and duty-bearers (which may include family members, community leaders and important cultural or social actors, such as midwives) and their respective roles and relationships in each context. A role pattern analysis should help answer the following questions:

o Who are the rights-holders? o Who are the duty-bearers and what obligations are they supposed to meet? o What is the relationship between the rights-holders and duty-bearers?

In parallel, examining the capacity gaps among duty-bearers can help development cooperation actors to address those gaps and achieve child-focused development results. Completing the columns under role pattern analysis and ‘capacity analysis’ in the chart below should help guide this process. Level/type of duty Role-pattern

analysis Capacity analysis

As defined in relation to the issue at hand and local situation

Who is supposed to do what to help solve the problem?

Motivation Does the duty-bearer accept the responsibility? If not, why not?

Authority Does the duty-bearer have the authority to carry out the role? If not, who does?

Resources Does the duty-bearer have knowledge, skills and organizational, human and materials resources? If not, what is missing?

Immediate care giver

Household

Community group

Local government

National government

International


3. Analysis of the Enabling Environment An analysis of the enabling environment permits an in-depth examination of the strengths and weakness of national institutions, social policies and legislative and budgetary systems that influence the realization of the rights of children and women. An examination of social norms, a policy-gap analysis, a legislative analysis, a budget analysis and an institutional analysis are important analytical components in understanding the shortfalls related to the fulfilment of child rights for all children.

Guide for analysis of enabling environment Social norms analysis

" What are some of the prevalent negative social norms affecting children? " Who are the key actors in country perpetuating these norms? " What is the degree to which these negative norms influence disadvantaged groups within the

country? Policy-gap analysis

Address questions such as the following: " To what extent do other social and development policies – including national development plans,

poverty reduction strategies, urban development plans, employment and agricultural policies, etc. – affect access to quality social services?

" What are the administrative, political and fiscal decentralization arrangements and the balance of responsibilities between the different administrative tiers of government (national, regional/provincial and local) and how do they affect the realization of child rights?

" Are there opportunities for the engagement of children, including adolescents, in policy formulation and implementation responsive to child rights-related concerns?

Legislative analysis

Degree to which the national legislative framework is compatible with the provisions of the CRC, CEDAW and the CRPD.

Analysis of budget allocations and disbursements

Analyse the share of resources allocated to government functions related to the realization of children’s rights and the overall distribution of public investments.

Institutional analysis: structures, capacities and mechanisms

The form and function that public institutions and structures take are a crucial determinant in ensuring a legitimate, effective and efficient framework for the formulation and conduct of public policy in support of child rights.


Case Studies These cases appear on the pages that follow. Please copy and distribute at least one case per group for the small-group exercise.

Case 1. Effects of increased export of quinoa in Bolivia Case 2. Inequality and violence in Latin America and the Caribbean Case 3. Maternal mortality in Namibia Case 4. Egyptian cotton

Please copy and distribute at least one set of forms to each group for the small-group exercise. You may choose to either: • Have all groups work on one case that you feel is particularly relevant to the region • Have each group work on a different case


Child Rights Toolkit Workshop: Case Scenario

Case 1. Effects of increased export of quinoa in Bolivia With assistance from international development agencies, Bolivian farmers have dramatically increased production of quinoa (pronounced KEE-no-ah) for export. The demand for this exceptionally nutritious food continues to increase in Europe and North America driving up the price to the point where it is out reach for the families in the region. In Bolivia, it is traditionally the “lower stratum that eats quinoa” according to FAO; however, areas which produce quinoa for sale present a clear downward trend in consumption due to the prioritization of exports and the difficulty of the milling process for household consumption.1 Although Bolivia has succeeded in reducing child malnutrition nationally, the nutrition status of children in the impoverished quinoa growing regions continues to deteriorate. At the same time, agricultural leaders, including the director of the National Association of Quinoa Producers claim that the rise in exports has elevated living standards. In addition, the dietary habits of young people are being influenced by global marketing of non-traditional foods such as noodles and other processed foods. In order to reach national child nutrition goals with equity, and prevent under-nutrition and obesity, efforts will need to be made to make nutritious traditional foods available and encourage health eating habits among young people. The year 2013 has been declared "The International Year of the Quinoa" (IYQ), recognizing the Andean indigenous peoples and the importance of quinoa to their culture, its exceptional nutritional qualities, its adaptability to different agro-ecological floors and its potential contribution in the fight against hunger and malnutrition. The International Year of the Quinoa (IYQ) was proposed by the government of Bolivia and approved by the United Nations General Assembly in December 2011. Bolivia is close to attaining the target of reducing the prevalence of child malnutrition of children under three to 19% by 2015. Progress in improving community infrastructure and development of sound public health systems has been slow, thwarting efforts to reduce undernutrition. Barriers to implementing programmes aimed at improving the nutritional status of children also include a lack of sanitation specifically in rural areas where only 5 per cent have access have access to safe water and sanitation (UNICEF COR 2011). Indeed, there are sharp disparities in the country concentrated mainly by region, ethnicity and gender. Infant mortality in rural areas is almost double than that of urban areas. For indigenous girls the rate is four times higher than that for non-indigenous children. Chronic malnutrition in indigenous children under 3 years is twice that of non-indigenous children. Children who are undernourished between conception and age two are at high risk for impaired physical and cognitive development. Bolivia is trying to address the nutrition issue though its Zero Malnutrition Program (ZM), a multisectoral initiative undertaken by the Bolivian Ministry of Health and Sports which aims to reduce malnutrition through a range of measures including education on nutrition—necessary nutrients, appropriate food preparation and sanitation—and the distribution of food supplements. Additional Notes: 1. The agriculture sector in importing countries is looking into ways of growing quinoa locally; Bolivia may not be

able to withstand competition; need to diversify food exports. 2. Quinoa was “discovered” by NASA during its search for highly nutritious foods for space travel. 3. EU Support to the National School Feeding Programme (within the Zero-Malnutrition Programme): The Bolivia

school feeding programme will promote the use of traditional foods and the establishment of local food markets. WFP will advocate for the establishment of gardens and small livestock development projects in school. Most of these complementary activities will be carried out by the sustainable school feeding project funded by the European Union.

1 FAO Latin America Regional Office (2011). "Quinoa, an ancient crop to contribute to world food security", p. 44.


Child Rights Toolkit Workshop: Background Case Scenario

Case 2. Inequality and violence in Latin America and the Caribbean The Latin America region is characterized by “significant and persistent inequality, accompanied by low social mobility” that has led to an “inequality trap”.2 Inequality within countries is also apparent through a range of indicators ranging from income and education to life expectancy and employment. For example, while Guatemala is the biggest economy in Central America it is among the Latin American countries with the highest levels of inequality, with poverty indicators -especially in rural and indigenous areas- among the highest in the region.At the same time, while there has been significant progress, a recent review of legislation affecting children and adolescents in the region by UNICEF (2012) shows persistent gaps in implementation of international standards at the national level.3 An estimated 6 million people have migrated within the region and an additional 25 million to destinations outside the region.4 Girls and female adolescents outnumber boys in this migratory flow.5 Children who are left behind often do not have their protection or development needs met and are thus at risk, of neglect, exploitation and violence, while those who migrate on their own either with the intention of reuniting with their parents or for other purposes risk exploitation and abuse both on route and at their destination points.6 The region as a whole has the highest rate of armed violence in the world and accounts for 42 per cent of homicides globally.7 Drug trafficking, youth violence and gangs, and the availability of small arms, and light weapons are the main drivers.8 The sub region of Central America has a homicide rate of 35.4/100,000 inhabitants, compared to an estimated 20/100,000 for all of Latin America.9 Young men between the ages of 15 and 34 comprise an estimated 60 per cent of all homicide victims. Guatemala and Honduras have homicide rates of 45 and 43 per 100,000 inhabitants. There are more than 900 gangs or maras operating in Central America today, with an estimated 70,000 members. In Central American capitals and their surrounding areas in 2008, between 16 and 36 percent of the population felt that their neighborhoods were greatly affected by gangs.10 The amount of actual violence perpetrated by adolescents is unclear as there is a lack of availability of quality data (some data show that the percentage of crimes committed by children and adolescents is comparably low, around 5% to 12% compared to that of adults), and qualitative studies have suggested that media coverage of high profile cases may serve to reinforce fear within communities and also undermine public trust of the justice system. A 2011 National Survey of Living Conditions in Guatemala, which included three departments (the department of Guatemala, as well as the department of Totonicapán and Chimaltenango with large indigenous populations), reveals gang culture is the main reason for insecurity. Furthermore, the region presents an environment where traditional notions of masculinity, "machismo" and deep rooted cultural beliefs sustain many aspects of gender inequality and serve to downplay the importance of addressing violence in general and violence against women and girls in particular. In Central America, criminal justice institutions are weak resulting in a low percentage of crimes being solved and the perpetrator being punished. For example, in Honduras 63,537 criminal complaints were filed in 2006; of these, 49,198 were referred for investigation and only 1,015 ended in a conviction.11 The impact of crime and violence on the legitimacy of state institutions is particularly relevant in the Central America and underreporting of crime is thought to be a major issue in Central America due to citizens’ low level of trust in justice sector institutions. In El Salvador, Honduras and Guatemala, crime victims are 6.5 percent more likely to approve of taking the law into their own hands and are 9 per cent less likely to believe that the rule of law should always be respected (World Bank, p.10). 2 United Nations Development Programme, ‘Human Development Report for Latin America & the Caribbean’, Costa Rica, 2010. 3 See UNICEF TACRO, 2012. Application of a Human Rights Based Approach and a Gender Mainstreaming Strategy to Programming for Work with Adolescents in Latin America and the Caribbean. Panama City, Panama. Pp-38-39. 4 Fuek, R., Perrault, N., Delamonica, E. 2010. Children and International Migration in Latin America and the Caribbean. In Challenges. Children and International Migration in Latin America and the Caribbean. No. 11, November 2010. UNICEF TACRO and ECLAC. Panama City, Panama. P. 6. 5 Ibid. 6 Ibid. 7 See World Bank, Crime and Violence in Central America: A Development Challenge, Washington D.C.: World Bank, Sustainable Development Department and Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit Latin America and the Caribbean Region, 2011, p. 18 available at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTLAC/Resources/FINAL_VOLUME_I_ENGLISH_CrimeAndViolence.pdf. Also see UNICEF TACRO, 2007. The Impact of Small Arms on Children and Adolescents in Central America and the Caribbean: A Case Study of El Salvador, Guatemala, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago. Panama City, Republic of Panama. 8 Ibid., p. 11 and p. 4 respectively. 9 World Bank 2011, p. 1. 10 World Bank, 2011, p. 17. 11 World Bank, p. 11.


Recently high-profile acts of violence brought gangs into the public view although governments responded by implementing a variety of “mano dura policies” that emphasized repression and law enforcement and minimized prevention, rehabilitation and social reintegration of gang members. One measure to deal with the culture of impunity and weak institutions in Guatemala was the government’s establishment of the Guatemala International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala (Comisión Internacional Contra la Impunidad en Guatemala, CICIG) headed by a commissioner appointed by the UN Secretary-General. The CICIG, which started functioning in 2008, works with the Public Ministry and other justice-sector institutions to “investigate and dismantle violent criminal organizations believed responsible for the widespread crime and the paralysis in the country’s justice system.”(World Bank 2011, p. 33). The World Bank report Crime and Violence in Central America: A Development Challenge estimates that crime and violence represent staggering economic costs for Guatemala, equivalent to 7.7 percent of its GDP.

0.00%

50.00%

100.00%

Reasons for insecurity inside the communi;es: Guatemala, Chimaltenango and Totonicapán percep;ons.

Guatemala Men

Guatemala Women

Chimaltenango Men

Chimaltenango Women

Totonicapán Men

Totonicapán Women

Source: Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Vida (ENCOVI), 2011. www.ine.gob.gt



Case 3. Maternal mortality in Namibia Namibia is not on track to achieve MDGs 5 and achieve the goal of reducing maternal mortality ratio by 75%. Maternal mortality has been on a rising trend since the beginning of the 1990s. It is unlikely that the target of 337 deaths in 100,000 live births will be met. At the same time, the proportion of births attended by trained health personnel is steadily increasing and is around 80%. Reproductive health indicators have improved across the board, and reaching the set targets is likely for most of the indicators. The contraceptive prevalence rate for married women is on a steady increase from 38% in 2000 to currently 47%. The adolescent birth rate is still high, currently at 15%, but is steadily decreasing on a national level. Antenatal care is increasing and at present covers 70% of all births. It is possible that the target of 80% will be met. Only 7% of families in need of family planning have not received assistance. An explanation for the rise in maternal mortality may be partially traced to the combined effects of limited access to emergency obstetric care, HIV/AIDS as well as poverty. Dr Magda Robalo, WHO Representative in Namibia recently noted that most Namibian women deliver in health facilities, but when complications develop and they need skilled attention, they often lack it: "Namibia as a country lacks adequate and well distributed numbers of skilled health workers and adequately equipped health facilities to provide quality care to pregnant and delivering mothers." She further added that the budget allocation to reproductive health is far from being adequate, expressing her hope that with the newly unveiled budget, and the 32% increase of the health budget, significant funding will be allocated to life-saving interventions, to materials and supplies including ambulances and equipment, and to training health workers to deliver essential emergency obstetric care and provide better antenatal care. Systems issues and communities’ attitude, knowledge and practices also contribute to challenges to reversing the current trends in maternal mortality in Namibia. Furthermore, there is a need to disseminate information on maternal and child health services; discourage harmful cultural practices; and contribute to the construction and maintenance of maternal waiting homes as they are in great and urgent demand across the country. According to the former health director of the Oshana Region, most lives lost of delivering mothers and newborns in 2012 was in the Oshana Region. This region is responsible for 28.8 percent of maternal deaths - almost a third of the mothers who died countrywide - despite the fact that only 9.4 percent of mothers deliver here. (source: http://allafrica.com/stories/201306031744.html ) Disparities in the country are driven by a number of factors, including the high levels of poverty and inequality as well as the very low population density – in the sparsely populated regions Karas and Kunene about a third of the population has to travel more than 40 km to reach any health facility and for about a fifth the next primary school is more than 50 km away. (UNICEF COR) Namibia is a “middle income” country with per capita GDP of around US$3,000. This classification is however simplistic and misleading, because income and wealth are very unevenly distributed in Namibia; Namibia’s income distribution is among the most unequal in the world. A sizable proportion (28%) of the population is poor and about 4% are severely poor. At the same time, a segment of the society is very wealthy even by international standards. The consumption of the richest 10% of households is more than 20 times higher than that of the poorest 10%. High unemployment rates, strikes in 2012 and the risk of spillover from South Africa’s economic disruptions may disrupt Namibia’s own economic stability (UNICEF COR). Namibia is vulnerable to short- and long-term environmental shocks as all major sources of growth depend heavily on Namibia’s fragile ecosystem. Job creation is a national priority but remains difficult, and poverty and inequality remain unacceptably high. The informal sector remains large in Namibia. The major source of income for more than 40% of households is subsistence agriculture, a social grant, or other source outside of formal sector employment. Labor force participation is relatively low at 60%. Women face higher unemployment and lower labor force participation rates than men. There are large groups of discouraged workers in younger cohorts of the population, particularly among women, which poses a risk for the country’s long-term growth prospects. (World Bank Country Assistance Overview)


In July 2012, the Government of Namibia launched the Fourth National Development Plan (NDP4), to guide policies through 2017. Economic growth, job creation, and increased income equality are the three overarching objectives. NDP4 proposes to achieve these objectives through industrial policies to stimulate growth in tourism, regional trade logistics, agriculture and manufacturing. Reducing extreme poverty and improving education, health, infrastructure, and the business environment enter into NDP4 as “basic enablers” that support the economic priorities. (World Bank Country Assistance Overview) During an October 2012 mission, the Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights identified implementation gaps in many aspects of poverty reduction and development strategies. She noted that an absence of time-bound benchmarks, effective accountability and monitoring mechanisms, and a substantial skills gap in service provision have resulted in inefficient government spending, limited implementation and unsatisfactory results in the key areas for the enjoyment of rights such as education, health, housing and land reform and social protection strategies. She also noted that despite several positive initiatives (such as the consultation on the Child Protection Bill and the Participatory Poverty Assessment (2003-2006)) and an ongoing but slow decentralization process, the concentration of decision-making and resources rests in the capital as Namibia has not put in place the necessary structures to facilitate meaningful participation by people living in poverty in decision-making processes for the monitoring of the implementation of public policies and programmes. Namibia – MDG 5 Namibia Baseline

1990/1993 2008 Target 2015

Maternal mortality rate, deaths per 100,000 live births

225 449 337

Sources: Government of Namibia, 2ND MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS REPORT NAMIBIA (2009), http://allafrica.com/stories/201306031744.html, http://www.economist.com.na/27-health/2730-eu-funds-to-reduce-mother-and-child-mortality, UNICEF Country Office Report, World Bank Country Assistance Overview, Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty, 17 May 2013 (A/HRC/23/36/Add.1, para 15)



Case 4. Egyptian cotton

'Egyptian cotton is synonymous with luxury, yet the reality behind its production is endemic child labour – up to 1m children are working in the cotton fields each year.” - Environmental Justice Foundation

Like hundreds of thousands of other people across Egypt’s Nile Valley, Shaban Abdulal and his family are bonded to their fields in Zawyat Al Kardsha, the farming community in the oasis that they call home. Shaban's youngest son, seven-year-old Abdul Rachman is exhausted and drenched in sweat and dirt. “It is my job to take the worms off the cotton leaves,” he says. “But it is hard. The worms that eat the cotton are difficult to spot and the earth is dry and dusty. I feel sick in the heat but I must work. My family needs bread.'

For the children here, education is a luxury their parents cannot afford. In the next month the fields that cling to the banks of the Nile will be full of children working the cotton for up to 11 hours a day. Perhaps most alarming is the nature of their work – removing the leafworm/bollworm, the cotton farmers' nemesis, and handling plants drenched in pesticides. Even though the Agriculture ministry had made significant strides in recent years to reduce the volume of pesticides applied on cotton, and had banned the use of several categories of hazardous pesticides, research conducted by Human Rights Watch found that children resumed work on cotton fields either immediately after pesticide spraying or after twenty-four to forty-eight hours, a period that falls short of the recommended intervals for reentry after the use of certain pesticides registered for use in Egypt. Accurate health studies are thin, but many of the children complain of breathing difficulties at the height of summer.

An estimated 2.7 million children work across the country, the majority in agriculture, with more than 1million hired each year for the cotton harvest, during which they work long hours in 40C heat. A majority of the children working for cotton co-operatives are between the ages of seven and twelve. The children's working hours far exceed the maximum six hours per day for which they may be employed under the Child Law. They earn on average about one U.S. dollar each day. In a recent UNICEF survey, nearly all children asked reported beatings by foremen in the fields.

According to most NGOs, eradicating child labour in agriculture in Egypt would be impossible, as it is traditionally an issue between families. But today many children in the Nile Valley are found to be victims of modern-day gangmasters, who recruit them from impoverished families to work the fields from dawn until dusk.

In the west, Egyptian cotton has become a byword for luxury. In terms of prestige nothing comes close to Egyptian cotton. The US and the UK are Egypt's biggest customers, but India, once a major client, stopped importing in the 70s, when it attained self-sufficiency. India now grows and exports its own 'Egyptian cotton'.

Egypt's cotton exports are worth £150m, a business that should be securing the livelihoods of the farmers. Egypt is a nation of thousands of Shaban Abdulals, trying to survive amid inflation, corruption, dwindling water resources, high fuel prices and a government that has yet to ease their burden. Now, the farmers feel besieged on all sides. Their decrepit irrigation systems, which pump waters from the increasingly depleted Nile, are rusting. The cost of seeds and fertiliser has soared. Many pay rich landowners ever higher rents for the right to work their modest lands. Those who own their own simple farms end up with smaller and smaller plots as each generation's inheritance subdivides farms among several sons.

Like countless other farmers across Egypt, Shaban Abdulal and his friends planted the land with hybrid cotton seeds fifteen years ago, joining the tail-end of the country's agricultural evolution, growing a high-yield cash crop destined for world markets. The cotton seeds, unofficially supplied by a western agricultural giant, were initially a success, but the amount of cotton they were able to produce kept falling.

Cotton prices have plunged, and the cost of starting each year's crop has jumped. Shaban Abdulal says the biggest victims of the crisis are his children and his neighbours' children, who, instead of going to school, now work the fields, on his own smallholding and that of other landowners. He says he can no longer send his children to school as they must work in the fields and he was compelled to borrow money from his brother to feed the children for the winter. While the Egypt Child Law of 1996 bans the employment of children under 14, and regulates the hours and conditions of those between 15 and 17, it remains largely unenforced. More importantly, it does nothing to address the root causes propelling youngsters into this line of work. The essential reason is poverty. According to the UN 2005 Egypt Common Country Assessment, almost 17 per cent of Egypt's 77.5 million people were living below the


poverty line in 2007. The situation is much worse in Upper Egypt, especially in rural areas where the cotton fields lie. The Land Centre for Human Rights believes the cotton farmers' intensive farming methods are coming back to haunt them, exhausting their soil and polluting the irrigated Nile channel waters that feed it, reducing their annual yields, in many cases, to one-tenth the level they saw a decade ago. Larger farms can afford to regenerate soil by leaving a third of their fields fallow for long periods, but this is impossible for tiny family farms. Farmers are yet to shift from the mindset that cotton is a good economical cash crop.

It is also hurting the environment as the Nile's decline has had a severe impact on farming. According to Maged George, Egypt's Minister of State for Environmental Affairs, the effects of global warming will threaten 15 per cent of the land in the Nile Delta by as early as 2020.

“Now, with climate change, we are losing what we have gained over the last many thousand years, and the livelihoods of millions of farmers are under threat,” says Dr Salah Soliman, a professor at the Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Toxicology at Alexandria University. “Grim forecasts are being made about how long they can sustain large-scale irrigation.”

Sources: -The Observer, Working flat out - the child labour behind your Egyptian cotton sheets, 8 June 2008. By Dan McDougall -Human Rights Watch, 2001. Egypt: Cotton Co-Ops Violate Child Labor Laws [1] Children overworked, mistreated, exposed to pesticides


Child Rights Toolkit Workshop: Module 1 exercise – Facilitator’s Notes

Facilitator Notes Country Context Analysis Small-Group Exercise Time: 1 hour Purpose: Given a case situation, perform key steps of a child rights-based Country Context Analysis

Advance preparation 1. Review & become familiar with the case for modelling and the answer keys showing the problem statements

and case solutions for each case from the Facilitator’s Notes 2. Copy case background materials from the Participant Handouts section for Session I. Each participant should

have one copy of the background case to be used by his or her group. You may: • Have all groups work on one case that you feel is particularly relevant to the region • Have each group work on a different case

3. Copy one set of the blank analysis form for each group the from Participant Handouts

Steps of performing the exercise Part I: Content Presentation & Buzz groups in plenary session 1. During the content presentation, present a summary of the facts for the case presented in the slides (see the

Case for Modelling, Generation left behind by Filipino migrant workers, below) 2. Step through the analysis process (causality analysis) with a focus on how to conduct the analysis and

construct a problem statement 3. Break participants into groups within the plenary session 4. Distribute the following background cases (at least one case per group) from the Participants Handouts:

• Effects of increased export of quinoa in Bolivia • Inequality and violence in Latin America and the Caribbean • Maternal mortality in Namibia • Egyptian cotton

5. Have participants review their case, then agree on a problem statement 6. The facilitator should move among groups during this activity ensuring that participants understand the exercise

and that they select an appropriate problem statement Part II: Small group work 1. Model the rest of the analyses for the case presented in the slides (Generation left behind by Filipino migrant

workers, included below) 2. Distribute one set of the blank analysis forms to the same groups used for buzz groups

• Causality analysis form • Role Pattern & Capacity Gap Analysis form • Analysis of the Enabling Environment fom

3. Explain that each group will be asked to do a full analysis of their case from the buzz group during the independent small group exercise

4. Explain that each group will be asked to present their findings during the plenary session

Case for Modelling The following case presents background information needed to complete the case for modelling included in the slide presentation, Generation left behind by Filipino migrant workers. Read and become familiar with the basic facts of this case before conducting this session. You need not distribute this case during your modelling of the problem statement or analyses, but you should summarize the key facts of the case for participants before working through the analysis. Case Summary: Children of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) are now more often raised by one parent or by relatives, as both parents work abroad. Their moral/cognitive development is not supported adequately, exposing them to dangerous behaviour, and endangering their lives, future and the very basis of economic sustainability of their country. Key facts and issues:


• Nearly nine million people (10 per cent of the population) have left to take jobs overseas. These migrants endure separation, sometimes for years, to help support families back home.

• Economic migration has negatively impacted adolescent well-being, causing a lack of consistent health care, a lack of trusted parental guidance, and social stigmatization. One study found that children aged 13-16 are the most affected, with many dropping out of school, experimenting with drugs or getting pregnant

• Underlying causes include: lack of employment opportunities, feminization of migration, household income needs, lack of support from family and community, lack of special needs programmes in schools, and financial crisis (lower remittances). Root causes include reliance on remittances for national income, economic growth based on export of labour, and the social status of women (labour seen as exportable)

• There are government programs for OFWs, however there is low awareness and even lower utilization. There is also no systematic data on the number of children left behind, and no comprehensive study has been undertaken to assess their situation or the impact of the increasing feminization of migration

• In 2009 the Committee on the Rights of the Child noted the need to increase budgetary allocations for children, making particular reference to vulnerable groups, including those affected by migration.

• Institutional mechanisms to deliver social services are in place though not always with adequate funds. The policy environment is amenable to influence by civil society, which is represented by a rich mix of NGOs. The private sector is strong, and social responsibility and individual giving are significant strengths.

• The economy has grown; however, serious structural problems threaten its sustainability. Regional disparities have increased due mainly to growth led by the private sector, bias towards the rich in budget allocations, low revenue base, corruption and low investment in social sectors.

Background case: Generation left behind by Filipino migrant workers Nearly two years ago, Dolores Gerong left her country to work as a maid in Hong Kong, becoming one of the millions of Filipino migrant workers scattered around the globe. The three teenage daughters she left behind need her, she says. Her husband cannot help: He has been working as a driver in Saudi Arabia for the past 14 years. "I'm worried each time my sister, who lives with them, tells me they often stay out late at night, spending money that I worked hard to earn on frivolous things, and not performing as well as they used to in school," Gerong, 35, said by telephone from Hong Kong. "I need a serious talk with my children." Gerong's anguish is a familiar refrain in the Philippines, where nearly nine million people - 10 percent of the country's population - have left to take jobs overseas. These industrious migrants are willing to endure separation, sometimes for years at a time, to help support families back home. Their contribution is also appreciated by their government. Migrants' remittances, valued by the World Bank at $17 billion last year, are credited for keeping the fragile Philippine economy afloat. In recognition of their value, the government has stepped up vocational training and other programs to enhance Filipino workers' attractiveness on the global market. Concerns have been voiced over how the current financial crisis could affect overseas employment. But questions are increasingly being raised about the social costs of this heavy dependence on absent workers, especially now that the majority are women, most of whom are mothers who have left their children behind. According to several recent studies, the "feminization of migration" is exacting a steep toll. Filipino men have long gone abroad for jobs. But in the past two decades the ever-rising demand in the developed world for English-speaking caretakers - nurses, nannies and domestic servants - has opened the door wide for Filipino women. They are increasingly less likely to be found back home in the Philippines, caring for their own families. An estimated six million Philippine children are growing up now with at least one parent absent because of migration. That the absent parent is now usually the mother has resulted in "displacement, disruptions and changes in care-giving arrangements," Vanessa Tobin, deputy director for programs at UNICEF, said at a conference on migration in Manila in September. Adolescents seem especially hard hit. A study released this year by the non-profit Asia-Pacific Policy Center in Manila indicated that children between 13 and 16 are the most affected, with many dropping out of school, experimenting with drugs or getting pregnant. Furthermore, a recent UNCIEF study also finds mixed effects of having an Overseas Filipino Worker (OFW) parent on meeting the rights of the child. In terms of survival, the economic advantage resulting from the presence of an OFW parent does not seem to have altered health-seeking behavior, which is generally poor. The number of visits


to medical personnel decreases as the older children are considered. There are also indications of a high incidence of hygiene-related health problems. An overwhelming majority of OFW children are not protected against economic shocks. Very few of the families have liquid assets, since they prefer to invest in new houses and only a few have private insurance coverage. They also appear to be more vulnerable to psycho-social shocks brought about by the splitting-up of families. Moreover, most children of OFWs do not feel that they have active participation in family decision-making. Compared to children of non-OFW parents, participation in community and civic organizations is lower. Rosemarie Edillon, executive director of the Asia-Pacific Policy Center, said, "It is worrisome that children in this age group, which requires the most adult attention, are actually the ones being neglected." In its study of 120 households in several villages in the northern province of Ilocos Norte, the group's researchers found that children with at least one migrant parent had a higher incidence of common health problems like ear infections or scabies. "You would expect that they would have the money to buy medicines, but there's only so much a grandmother can do," Edillon said. Many children of migrants are left in the care of a grandparent or other relatives who may require more support to provide a supportive environment for children. There are government programs for OFWs, however there is low awareness and even lower utilization of the benefits perhaps indicating a disconnect between intended objectives of the programs and the needs of the OFWs and their families. There is also no systematic data on the number of children left behind and that no comprehensive study has been undertaken to assess their situation or the impact of the increasing feminization of migration. Nimfa Melegrito, 62, is herself a former migrant worker who runs Sammaka - a Tagalog-language acronym for the Organization of Migrant Workers and Their Families - from her home in a slum area of Quezon City. Melegrito and her organization are trying to help migrants' families cope with their many problems. "Teenage pregnancy, drug abuse, poor grades - name it, and we've faced it," she said. They have been cooperating with groups like the private, nonprofit Kanlungan Center for Migrant Workers to provide counseling and other support services to these families. A top goal is to provide training and placement for better-paying jobs in the Philippines, to wean migrants' families from their heavy dependence on remittances from migrant relatives, Melegrito said. Her group has also enlisted the participation of migrants' teenage children. One of them is Rommel Miñoza, 14, who has been living with his grandmother since he was 2 while his mother works as a beautician in Saudi Arabia. Overseas work will likely persist over the medium to long term. With changing family norms, more should be done to adjust and recognize the special circumstances of the migrants' families with their missing parents. In 2009 the Committee on the Rights of the Child noted the need to coordinate and increase budgetary allocations for children and made particular reference to vulnerable groups of children including those affected by migration. The Constitution and the Local Government Unit (LGU) Code of 1991 provide for a highly decentralized LGU system consisting of provinces, cities, municipalities and barangays. Thus institutional mechanisms to deliver social services and address inequity are in place though not always with adequate funds. The policy environment is amenable to influence by civil society, which is represented by a rich mix of non-governmental organizations, including faith-based institutions. The private sector is strong, and social responsibility and individual giving are significant strengths that could be harnessed to realize child rights. The economy has grown at an average of 6 per cent per year since 2005; however, serious structural problems threaten the sustainability of these gains. Regional disparities have increased due mainly to the pattern of growth led by the private sector, a bias towards the rich in budget allocations, low revenue base, corruption and low investment in social sectors (less than 4 per cent of gross domestic product, or GDP).

Source: New York Times. 23 December 2008 by Carlos H. Conde http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/23/world/asia/23ihtmigrants.1.18889081.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0


Answer keys for small-group case studies The following pages contain filled-out forms constituting an answer key for the three types of analysis to be performed for each of the case studies. This answer key is designed to aid you in facilitating small group discussions on each case. Child Rights Toolkit Workshop: Module 1 small group exercise – Facilitator’s Notes Case 1. Effects of increased export of quinoa in Bolivia – Answer Key 1. Causality Analysis Problem statement Malnutrition among children in Quinoa –growing region of Bolivia

Immediate Causes • Reduced access to nutritious staple food – quinoa – because of increased prices • Changes in dietary habits due to global influences (preference for imported foods such as

noodles that are less nutritious)

Underlying Causes • Household and regional poverty • Demand of export market • Globalization of youth consumption market (aggressive marketing of Coca Cola etc. • There is a large quantity of arable land devoted to the production of biofuels, a situation which

affects the availability of food for human consumption and leads to price increases.


• Globalization of food production and dietary habits/interests • Importance of agricultural exports to national and sub-regional poverty reduction strategies

2. Capacity Gap Analysis Level/type of

duty Role-pattern analysis Capacity and gap analysis





Resources Does the duty-bearer have knowledge, skills and organizational, human, financial and materials resources? If not, what is missing?

Knowledge and skills

Organizational and human resources

Financial Resources


Parents: provide most nutritious foods available.

Yes yes No. Mothers and grandmothers may not be able to detect signs of under-nutrition

-------- No. subsistence farm families may not be able to retain sufficient crops and town families may not be able to purchase quinoa.

Household All members make traditional nutritious foods desirable

yes yes Same as above

------- No. Same as above.

Religious, social and cultural leaders

Promote pride in local nutritious dietary habits

No. because they do not know what to do about changing eating habits among

Yes. Cultural leaders have influence on the practices in households.

No. They may not know what is the nutritional status of the children in the community

Yes. They have the means to organize and meet community members.

No. They may not have the financial resources to organize discussions with the community.


young people

Community group

----- ----- ------ ------- ------- -------

Local government

Possibly depending on the level of decentralization/ devolution of authority, local health workers monitor the situation of children, advise households of feeding practices and provide therapeutic treatment.

Yes. Local health authorities monitor the nutritional status of children and report to national level.

Yes. Local health authorities have the obligation to monitor, advise and provide treatment.

Yes. They have been trained to monitor child malnutrition.

Yes. They are part of the national health system and have the possibility to request technical assistance.

No. Local services are poorly staffed and poorly equipped. They cannot monitor or provide services in a timely manner

National government

1.Enable household level access to nutritious foods – 2 tier pricing or add quinoa to subsidy /social protection scheme. 2. Support C4D and media campaigns to encourage young people to value nutritious traditional dietary practices and make healthy choices.

Yes – action on this issue is consistent with national nutrition plans

Yes. National Health system is accountable for monitoring child malnutrition and taking direct action together with Min of Agriculture and others.

Yes. Same as above

Yes. Same as above

Yes. National budgetary expenditures on child health could be increased through child –friendly budgeting strategies.

International Support child impact assessment on agriculture and trade policies and programmes to determine what mitigation actions need to be taken to prevent adverse impact on vulnerable populations(including subsistence farm families)

Yes – action would be consistent with sector programme support for nutrition

Yes. Intl cooperation can be called upon to support govt in realizing the right to food.

Yes. Intl actors can mobilize technical assistance to advise govt and communities on the most effective response.

Yes. Intl actors can call up on global networks to support govt in carrying out child impact assessments and designing an appropriate response such as 2 tiered pricing policies and public education activities.

Yes. Intl actors can provide budget support as well as region-specific project support on child nutrition.

3. Analysis Of The Enabling Environment Guide for analysis of enabling environment Social norms analysis

A social norm is a rule or behaviour that members of a community follow because there are positive social rewards or negative sanctions attached to it.

• Change in food culture • Women’s care burdens do not permit time for making or cultivating nutritious food (time consuming milling process

for domestic consumption of quinoa). • Social norms related to child feeding practices leading to higher rates of chronic malnutrition among indigenous

girls. Policy-gap analysis

Examines the principles and long-term goals that form the basis for making rules and guidelines, giving overall direction to planning and development.

• Policy to export Quinoa and visibility of Bolivia in the context of IYQ. • Deep socioeconomic inequalities that have marked the history of Bolivia, and the consequent exclusion of the poor

indigenous and mixed race (mestizo) population from the benefits of development, have led to a situation of chronic poverty.

• High potential for conflict due to unresolved social and political concerns including land reform and regional autonomy.

• Policy in place to reduce nutrition (Zero Malnutrition)


• There is a large quantity of arable land devoted to the production of biofuels, a situation which affects the availability of food for human consumption and leads to price increases.


Should examine and highlight the degree to which the national legislative framework is compatible with the provisions of the CRC, CEDAW and the CRPD.

• Bolivia has elevated the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples to the status of law by means of Act No. 3760 of 5 November 2007.



• There is a need to define strategic budgetary lines for those situations that may require affirmative social measures

(such as chronic malnutrition and indigenous children) and make sure that those budgetary lines are protected even in situations of economic crisis, natural disasters or other emergencies (CRC/C/BOL/CO/4)



• Poor community infrastructure and slow progress in developing sound public health systems. • Deep-seated institutional weakness and consequent lack of instruments to cope with crisis or shock. • Fragmented and challenged civil society.


Child Rights Toolkit Workshop: Session 1 small group exercise – Facilitator’s Notes

Case 2. Inequality and violence in Latin America and the Caribbean – Answer Key 1. Causality Analysis Problem statement Adolescent Violence in Central America

Immediate Causes • Gunshots, knife wounds, lynching, torture, beatings • Vehicle accidents • Alcohol and drug abuse • Peer pressure

Underlying Causes • Household income poverty

• Organized gang activity • Availability of salw • Lack of meaningful employment, • Lack of relevant and accessible education and training, • Weak family and community ties • Lack of protective environment (police protection of neighborhoods, appropriate medical

care, livelihood support, political and civil society leadership)


• Transnational crime networks (fed by gang activity) • Stereotypes and gender socialization • Corruption among law enforcement • Weak political commitment • Insufficient regional cooperation at all levels • Poor data collection for monitoring (necessary to ensure timely interventions) • Culture of machismo

Discrimination and social exclusion


duty Role-pattern analysis Capacity and gap analysis



Motivation Does the duty-bearer accept the responsibility? If not, why?


Resources Does the duty-bearer have knowledge, skills and organizational, human, financial and materials resources? If not, what is missing? Knowledge and skills


Financial Resources


1. Parents educate children about dangers of participation in gangs 2. Ensure access to education and training for meaningful employment

Yes however parents feel helpless in the face of complex set of risk factors.

Yes but parents need support of local authorities and strong community leaders.

No. Parents do not know about the most effective strategies for protecting adolescents from gang involvement.

No. Parents need to be supported to advocate for effective intervention on the part of the govt.

No. Most At Risk Adols come from poor families.

Household All members of the household have a role in helping adolescents make critical decisions that affect their lives and the lives of the whole family.

Yes Same as above.

Yes Same as above

No Same as above

No Same as above

No Same as above


1.Create opportunities for adols to develop strong bonds with their communities and build self-esteem through community based , youth-led activities and support of caring adults. 2. Advocate for adol

Yes. Leaders are motivated and taking action to help adols feel connected to their communities.

Yes Leaders have the moral authority and access to adols.

Yes. Many have a good understanding of the factors that put adols at risk.

Yes. Many have substantial organizational capacity for advocacy and to provide services to at risk adols.

No. Limited financial resources affect possible outreach and outcomes.


participation in all aspects of government and civil society efforts to reduce gang violence.

Community group

Same as above plus create opportunities for adol girls and boys to build social assets and marketable skills.

Yes Same as above

Yes Same as above

Yes Same as above

Yes Same as above

No Same as above

Local government

1.Monitor the situation and make timely analytical reports to national , regional and international authorities 2.Take all necessary action to prevent the availability of SALW. 3. Ensure fair and appropriate treatment of adols in contact with the justice system

Yes. LG is highly motivated and expectations for results are also high. However law enforcement may be implicated in the gang activities.

Yes LG has the access and influence but may lack the consistent leadership.

Yes LG is well aware of the situation and the impact on children, particularly health, education and social protection program managers; however, they may not have access to good practice models from other regions.

Yes LG has the organizational capacity but may need more systematic human resource development.

No Funding shortages also create enabling environment for corruption.

National government

Same as above plus, 4.work closely with regional land international partners to prevent interaction between young people and transnational crime organizations. 5. Develop youth employment strategies that would produce high value and meaningful employment opportunities. 6. Ensure the health system is capable of providing effective emergency treatment for adols affected by violence and substance abuse , counselling, group therapy and other forms of psychosocial and mental health care. 7. Build capacity of education system to address the underlying factors related to poor performance of marginalized children and young people.

Yes Same as above.

Yes Same as above

Yes Same as above

Yes Same as above plus Natl Gov needs to manage regional and international cooperation mechanisms effectively.

Yes Financial resources may be available, however govts are completely out-spent by gangs and transnational crime syndicates.

International 1. Support national and regional efforts to create alternatives for adolescents including relevant available training programmes aimed at life-long employment. 2. Share best practices

Yes Same as above

Yes Same as above plus Intl partners can call on intl organizational capacity such as Interpol and UNODC

Yes Same as above

Yes Same as above

Yes Same as above plus access to resources from a wide range of actors


in reducing gang formation and violence. 3. Ensure equal attention to the protective needs of girls and boys involved or at risk of involvement with gang activity.

to provide technical assistance.

3. Analysis of the Enabling Environment Guide for analysis of enabling environment

Social norms analysis


• Traditional notions of masculinity, "machismo" and deep rooted cultural beliefs sustain many aspects of gender inequality and serve to downplay the importance of addressing violence.

• While gang problem is real, it has led to the stigmatization of adolescents as violent. Policy-gap analysis


• Most governments in the region are taking approaches based on a public security agenda, adopting repressive juvenile justice and police enforcement systems aimed to respond to the widespread and very visible juvenile gang phenomenon.

• Low levels of confidence in public institutions especially in justice sector. • Low technical capacity to implement policies to reach marginalized children at the local level.



• New policies to address violence threaten past gains in the field of juvenile justice. Analysis of budget allocations and disbursements


• Inequality in access to services especially in rural areas. Institutional analysis: structures, capacities and mechanisms


• Little quality data available on adolescents and crime. • Weak criminal justice institutions resulting in a low percentage of crimes being solved and the perpetrator being

punished



Case 3. Maternal mortality in Namibia – Answer Key Causality Analysis Problem statement Persistently High Maternal Mortality in Namibia

Immediate Causes • Obstructed labour • Eclampsia • Hemorraging • Aenemia • Gestational diabetes • Infection • Age • Number and spacing of previous pregnancies • Household poverty/ access to economic resources • Traditional birthing practices

Underlying Causes • Inability of family members or health care workers to detect and treat health problems related

to pregnancy in timely manner • Lack of access to quality health care including facilities with water and sanitation • Lack of access to quality education • Delays in access to effective ante-natal care • Limited access to emergency obstetric care • Failure to attend prenatal clinics among young pregnant women/girls • Lack of transport • Distance to health services • Shortage of equipment and supplies • Lack of “maternal waiting homes” • Lack of Information / education on sexual health • Lack of trained, skilled health professionals • Inadequately equipped health facilities to provide quality care to pregnant and delivering

mothers


• Regional inequality • Harmful cultural practices including child marriage, birthing practices and dietary restrictions • Ineffective decentralization and local budgets

Attitudes , knowledge and practices in communities with maternal mortality rates


duty Role-pattern

analysis Capacity and gap analysis







Financial Resources


1. Husband, in-laws and parents should ensure access to effective ante-natal care. 2. Provide nutritious foods and appropriate workload.

No. Traditional beliefs among indigenous populations and illegal status of some migrant and immigrant communities constrain families from taking action.

Not in all circumstances. Traditional healers provide advice and guidance on pregnancy and birthing practices

No. Traditional knowledge does not include being able to detect complications in a timely manner

No. Capacity of traditional immediate family birth attendants is inadequate to provide emergency obstetric care or detect complications.

No. Indigenous and illegal migrant families do not have resources to pay for transport or clinic deliveries

Household Key duty-bearers in the household should

No because they are not

Same as above

No Same as above

No Same as above

No Same as above


advise on appropriate actions and support, including regular ante-natal clinic visits. Household members should be able to detect health problems related to pregnancy

sufficiently informed about the risks of pregnancy and how to prevent health problems related to pregnancy.


1.Should ensure that the community values and protects pregnant women. 2.Should advocate against child marriage and early pregnancy . 3. Advocate for improved dietary practices and appropriate workload.

Same as above

Same as above

No Same as above

No Same as above

No Same as above

Community group

Same as above plus for groups like the local child rights orgs or Red Cross or traditional healer networks 4.Provide psychosocial support to the pregnant woman and her family. 5. With support of government , the private sector and international partners, undertake public information campaign about the causes and treatments of health problems related to pregnancy.

In larger communities these groups are motivated to advocate and provide services.

Yes they have the access and influence in the community and are registered with government.

No They may not have sufficient information about the underlying and structural factors that contribute to MMR.

No They may not have sufficient organizational capacity to advocate with the appropriate authorities within the community and the government.

No They would not have access to sufficient financial resources to provide protective services and knowledgeable advice

Local government

1. Together with national govt and intl partners, ensure effective services are available to the most at-risk populations. 2. Remove barriers including restrictive administrative arrangements. (such as needing official identification or husband or father’s permission to provide services ).

Not for the most marginalized groups – mainly indigenous populations and illegal economic immigrants

Yes LG is responsible for monitoring the situation of all of the families within its jurisdiction without exception.

Yes Local health authorities would have appropriate training on MMR prevention and communication skills to convey key health messages re impact of nutrition and workload on pregnancy.

Yes Local health systems have capacity however the governance of the health sector is poor in some regions.

Yes Local health systems have access to sufficient financial resources.

National government

1. Ensure capacity of health system to deliver effective services in accordance with the highest standards. 2. Monitor and report on the situation of MMR among all communities,

Same as above, however GON is aware of their accountability under international law.

Yes Same as above

Yes Same as above

Yes however the public administration capacities of the health sector could be strengthened to ensure effective use of technical and

Yes Govt spending on health has increased over the years, however performance of the sector in the most at- risk regions


particularly marginalized geographically, socially or legally (racial , ethnic and linguistic minorities) illegal migrants, squatters) in timely manner. 3. Target marginalized populations for services that take into account the constraints and barriers they face .

financial resources in the country.

remains poort.

International 1. Support creation of strong monitoring and reporting system that captures accurate data on marginalized populations. 2. Support analysis of public policy environment and capacity of public administration within all relevant sectors (transportation education, WASH, etc. ,

Yes Intl partners are committed to ensuring that UMIC countries have the possibility to accelerate progress toward achievement of health and nutrition goals as an essential part of national economic and social development plans.

Yes Intl partners have the authority to support accelerated programming toward MDG 5 and other global and regional goals related to the health of vulnerable populations.

Yes However implementation of programmes that are proven to be effective remains a concern.

Yes However system strengthening is a priority and intl partners may not have sufficient technical capacity in this area.

Yes However funding is not the main issue in Namibia

2. Analysis of the Enabling Environment Guide for analysis of enabling environment Social norms analysis


• Widespread discrimination against children from indigenous communities, in particular the Ovahimba and San, where there are high rates of maternal mortality.

• Patriarchal attitudes and deep-rooted norms and customs that discriminate against women and girls and place severe restrictions on their human rights.

Policy-gap analysis


• Inadequate access to sexual and reproductive health care and information for adolescents. • Strategic Plan (2009-2013)for health • Child Protection Bill and the Participatory Poverty Assessment (2003-2006))



• 1997 National Gender Policy outlines the framework and sets out principles for the implementation and coordination of activities on gender equality.

• The Traditional Authorities Act (Act No. 25 of 2000) that gives traditional authorities the right to supervise and ensure the observance of customary law may have a negative impact on women in cases where such laws perpetuate the use of customs and cultural and traditional practices that are harmful to and discriminate against women and have an adverse effect on their health.



• Spending on health has increased over the years, however performance of the sector in the most at- risk regions remains poor and the higher level of spending has not necessarily resulted in improved outcomes.




• Gaps in human resources in the health sector • Lack of a children’s rights division within the Office of the Ombudsman that is accessible to all children (staff have

not been trained on child rights) • Lack of structures to facilitate meaningful participation by people living in poverty in decision-making processes

(decision making is still very centralized) • Women in rural areas, especially women from ethnic minorities, are underrepresented in the regional councils.



Case 4. Egyptian cotton – Answer Key 1. Causality Analysis Problem statement Child labour and poor health of children working in cotton production in Upper Egypt

Immediate Causes • Impacts on health from exposure to pesticides, heat, lack of food and water • Household poverty • Lack of access to quality health care • Lack of access to quality education

Underlying Causes • Costs of education • Ag production financing (requires high front end out of pocket expenditures ) • Management of agricultural inputs ( non-‐reusable seed) • International demand for product • Tradition of cotton farming (honorable respected work in the region) • Agricultural inputs


• Unenforced child labour laws and conditions of work • Lack of Education For All policy framework (free and eventually compulsory) • Lack of leadership in agriculture and health sectors to protect children from exposure to

harmful agricultural inputs • Pressure on agricultural sector to achieve export – led economic growth strategy • Inadequately negotiated trade agreements (both importers and exporters have a role to

play) • Intergenerational poverty in Upper Egypt


duty Role-pattern

analysis Capacity and gap analysis



Motivation Does the duty-bearer accept the responsibility? If not, why?




Financial Resources


1. Make sure that the children are protected from impact of exposure to harmful substances. 2. Take all necessary action to enroll children in school support their effective participation. 3. Report impact of working in cotton production to the relevant authorities.

Yes Parents in UE are committed to their children’s education and working in cotton production interferes with enrolment and completion.

Yes Parents are responsible for enrolling their children in school and providing all support materials.

No Parents may not be sufficiently knowledgeable about the harmful impacts of exposure to pesticides to be able to advocate effectively.

No The administrative and financing arrangements are a barrier to effective parental advocacy with authorities.

No Farm families do not have access to funds necessary to advocate or access health care for affected children.

Household All members of the household should care for the health needs children and support access to education.

Yes Same as above

Yes Same as above

Yes Same as above

No Same as above

No Same as above


Monitor the situation of children working in cotton production and advocate for action

Yes Same as above

Yes Same as above

Yes Same as above

Yes Leaders have access to political leaders and possibly

No however leaders may not need significant financial


by the government and international partners

business leaders as well to advocate for mitigation actions and adherence to child labour laws.

resources to be effective advocates.

Community group

Same as above Yes Same as above

TBD - Yes Same as above

Yes Same as above

No Same as above

Local government

1.Monitor the situation of children and produce timely and accurate analytical reports to national and international authorities 2. Ensure that the voices of child advocates are heard and their views included in monitoring and reporting.

Yes, depending on level of decentralization

Yes, Depending on the level of decentralization local education and health managers could advocate for modifications in the treatment of child workers and for adherence to child labour laws and workplace health and safety standards

Yes however LG may need additional information about good practice in other cotton growing countries.

Yes however LG may need technical assistance to manage the monitoring and evaluation systems.

No Same as above

National government

Undertake a child impact assessment in conjunction with policy dialogue on the role of cotton exports in national growth strategies. 2. Together with the private sector producers of ag inputs (seed and fertilizer) consider technical adjustments to the products used by children 3. Together with private sector and labour organizations consider alternatives to involvement of young children in cotton production. 3. Train education and heatlh sector on impacts of participation in cotton production on children’s health and readiness for school.

Yes. Govt is committed to achieving sustained economic growth with equity, based in part on ag exports.

Yes Govt has ratified all relevant international treaties that protect children from harmful practices, including in traditional labour settings.

Yes Govt has wealth of technical expertise in the ag sector.

Yes Govt has a strong agriculture extension and outreach capability.

Yes Govt has access to resources to acquire knowledge and technology that could be helpful in mitigating the impact of child labour in sthe Upper Nile region.

International 1.Use outcome of child impact assessments in determining support for the child- and family-friendly economic growth strategies

Yes However intl partners are also supportive of ag export market and its role in

Yes Intl multilateral agencies are committed to upholding the commitments around child labour and

Yes Intl partners – public and private – have he technical knowledge required to mitigate the

Yes Intl partners have the capacity to train ag workers and their families on strategies for protecting

Yes Intl partners have financial resources to reduce the incidence of child labour


consistent with the principle of the best interest of the child . 2. Insist on respect for international standards on child labour and workplace health and safety for all workers. 3. Ensure that private sector actors recognize their accountability under international law , standards and practice.

economic growth

universal access to education and health.

impact of cotton production in children.

children from harm and to reduce the reliance on child labour in cotton production.

in cotton production.

3. Analysis of the Enabling Environment Guide for analysis of enabling environment Social norms analysis


• Social acceptability of child labour Policy-gap analysis


• Few services available to working children and their families aimed at reducing child labour • No child specific policy for “reentry intervals" that reflect children's greater susceptibility to pesticide absorption and

retention • Lack of Education For All policy framework (free and eventually compulsory) • National Strategy for the Elimination of Child Labour and its action plan (2006) • National plan to combat violence against children (2007-2012)



• Egypt Child Law of 1996 bans the employment of children under 14, and regulates the hours and conditions of those between 15 and 17, but it remains largely unenforced

• Egypt has ratified all relevant international treaties that protect children from harmful practices, including in traditional labour settings.

• Child Law (2008) allows seasonal employment of children of 12-14 years of age • The Labour Code does not cover agriculture or domestic work and other forms of work in the informal sector.



• Low public spending on the education sector (2,5 per cent of GDP) perpetuates obstacles to achieving effective and equal implementation of article 28 of the Convention

• Sufficient resources not allocated for free/compulsory education • In 2006, government of Egypt conducted a rights-based tracking of public budgeting for children.



• Lack of infrastructure to monitor the conditions of children engaged in leafworm control operations • No oversight body to examine or hear complaints about the actions of foremen • Low capacity to take disciplinary action against foremen found to have mistreated children in their care. • Limited capacity of individual ministries to evaluate the effectiveness of activities for the realization of children’s

rights.

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