Workshop 2 – Inclusive development

ITAN project – Lessons learnt from the European Neighbour Regions (ENRs)

Pierre BECKOUCHE (CIST)

ESPON Open Seminar 2014

“Opportunities and threats for territorial cohesion: Blue Growth and Urban Poverty”

Neighbourhoods: a attempt to ‘EU compatible’ indicators

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Inclusive development

basic data on the Neighbour regions (Similiar to NUTS 2 or 3)

harmonised data so as to compare them to the Espon territories

a few composite indicators compatible with EU indicators of territorial development:

a “local HDI” a “international

openness” indicator (← ports’ international maritime traffic)

The ITAN database sets up:

Local HDI: national and regional territorial discrepancies

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National disparities, e.g. Ukraine v. Russia; Israel v. rest of near East

Regional disparities, e.g. Mediterranean Western Balkans v.

hinterlands Western Turkey v. rest of country Greater Tunis v. rest of country Northern & central Algeria v. South

Classic littoral / hinterland issue

Inclusive development

All Neighbouring countries have opened their economy, especially since the 1990s

In their national territory, the role of their gateway cities (international ports, airports, business services) has been rising

Deepening trade deficit & lower tariffs decline of financial resources

for the State

not a clear benefit for the major part of population and

territories of the Neighbour countries

A rising international openness…

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Merchandise trade 1960-2012 % imports + exports / GDP

Opportunities & challenges

Baltic region very much polarised by EU countries

Ukraine exports more and more to the CIS and not to EU

Maghreb’s international maritime flows are focused on EU but less and less

Black Sea and Eastern Mediterranean less and less polarised by the EU

Did EU benefit from the Neighbour countries’ international openness?

as for EU’s trade balance: YES as for EU’s share in these countries’

foreign trade: NO

A rising international openness… but not always with the EU

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Opportunities & challenges

% of Europe in the international port traffic

Transports: a broader vision of the region EU + ENRs…

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Demographic density &main transport network Connexity

Opportunities & challenges

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In the Neighbourhoods, high potential markets in the dense coastal areas (e.g. Egyptian delta)

High accessibility in the costal Maghreb, namely thanks to the proximity of the European shore

The Black Sea area as a quite high accessibility spot (from Istanbul region to South Ukraine)

Possible to build the ”international openness territorial indicator”

Accessible population within 3 hours

Opportunities & challenges

… & a possible calculation of accessibility thus openness

Building a composite indicator of “international openness”

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Goal: addressing the crucial issue of international connection (in particular to EU) of local territories of the Neighbourhoods

Three components: number of air seats available in international flights (2012), volume of international maritime flows by port (2011), FDI (average 2008-2012)

Two methods: non-weighted / and weighted by time-distance accessibility

Foreign direct investment International air traffic International port traffic

Additional evidence needed

International openness (non weighted approach)

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Non weighted approach:highlights the agglomeration effects: the areas where airports and ports are located benefit from these infrastructures as a motor to participate in the global economyResult: impressive position of North-Western TurkeyResult: international openness of Israeli territoriesResult: low international openness of the Maghreban territories despite their high potential accessibility to the European territory

important avenues for territorial development there

Geography of international opennessSNUTS 2 level, around 2010

Additional evidence needed

International openness (weighted approach, case of ports)

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International Port traffic, 2012 Values weighted by the time-distance to Ports

Additional evidence needed

Weighted by time-distance to international transport facilities (including EU) approach:highlights accessibility: territories can benefit from large infrastructures if they have a short time-distance access to it (real networks speeds have been considered as well as border delays)

Result: except Croatia, the Western Balkans are poorly connected to international maritime trafficResult: the long distances penalise the Russian territoriesResult: strong position of the major part of Turkey except the EasternResult: large relegated territories in Maghreb except Northern Morocco

avenues for better logistic connection ports / hinterlands

European’s interest is that the whole map turns into red!

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Connexity

As a conclusion