workplace drug & alcohol testing ... - .net framework
TRANSCRIPT
Workplace Drug amp Alcohol Testing
Management Awareness Training
1
Overview bull Why Implement Workplace Drug amp Alcohol Testing
bull Categories of Drugs
bull Corporate Impact
bull Types of Testing ndash Detection Windows
bull Management Awareness ndash Signs amp Symptoms
bull Methods of Testing amp Chain of Custody
bull European Workplace Drug Testing Society Guidelines
bull Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis
bull Medical Review amp Expert Witness Reporting
bull Summary
bull Questions amp Answers
Drug Misuse
Includes the misuse of legal or illegal substances with the intent to
alter some aspect of the users experience May include
medications illicit drugs and legal substances with potential mood-
altering effects such as alcohol
3
Why Implement Workplace Drug
amp Alcohol Testing
Statistics
bull ldquoMore than 1 in 6 people in the prime recruiting pool aged 16 ndash 24
take drugs regularlyrdquo
bull ldquo1 in 12 (82) adults aged 16 ndash 59 have taken an illicit drug in the
last year (around 27 million people)rdquo
bull ldquo74 of substance abusers are in full time employmentrdquo
bull ldquoAmong 25-34 year olds cocaine use increased over 20 in 12
monthsrdquo
bull ldquoIt has been reported that alcohol is implicated in 60 of all
workplace accidents with a total of 25 contributed to drug and
alcohol abuse collectivelyrdquo
5
Statistics bull ldquoNearly 1 in 5 drivers killed in Road Traffic Accidents had illicit drugs
in their systemrdquo
bull ldquoAlmost 17 million working days are lost each year in the UK due to
alcohol misuse alonerdquo
bull ldquoIt is estimated in the last month 93 million full time employees have
abused drugsrdquo
bull ldquoThe European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction
reported in 2013 that it detected 73 new substances in 2012
compared with 49 in 2011rdquo
bull ldquoDrugs account for as much as 80 of losses due to theft in the
Workplacerdquo
Legislation bull Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act (2007)
bull Misuse of Drugs Act (1971)
bull Road Traffic Act (1988)
bull Transport and Works Act (1992)
bull Health amp Safety at Work etc Act (1974)
bull The Health and Safety at Work (NI) 1978
bull The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations (1999)
Misuse or Just One
8
Main Categories of Drugs
1 STIMULANTS ndash Amphetamine Cocaine Ecstasy Alcohol etc
2 SEDATIVESDEPRESSANTS ndash Benzodiazepines Barbiturates
Alcohol etc
3 HALLUCINOGENS ndash Cannabis LSD Magic Mushrooms etc
4 ANALGESICSPAINKILLERS ndash Opiates Heroin Morphine
Codeine etc
9
Amphetamine
10
Cocaine
11
Ecstasy
12
Heroin
13
Benzodiazepines
14
LSD
15
Cannabis
16
Alcohol
17
The Impact
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible impact drug or alcohol misuse
could have in your workplace
18
Corporate Impact
bull Lower productivity
bull Lower profit margins
bull Poor discipline
bull Increased staff turnover
bull Increased absenteeismlateness
bull Loss of clients
bull Damage to the organisationrsquos reputation and community relations
bull Accidents and other breaches of health and safety requirements
bull Employee protectionsafety and health concernsinsurance costs
bull Employee theft
bull Lower staff morale
bull Workplace bullying
bull Increased stress levels
bull Recruitment costs
bull Security issues
bull Impaired decision-making 19
Types of Testing
Pre-Employment
Random
With-Cause
Post-Accident
Abstinence MonitoringReturn to Work
20
Detection Windows
21
Pre-Employment Testing
As part of the recruitment process stating the companyrsquos attitude to
drug and alcohol abuse from the beginning
Frequently included as part of a pre-employment medical a test can be carried out to ascertain whether the potential employee has consumed drugs over a certain period
The organisation can choose the types of sample they wish to test but consideration should be given for detection windows for each sample type
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Hair or Urine
Random Testing Testing all or part of the workforce on a random basis This works as a
deterrent to drug and alcohol abuse Random dates employee list
prepared and testing conducted by Randox Testing Services
Used for monitoring the culture within the employees and ascertain what level of drug amp alcohol issues there may be
Used as a deterrent as each employee will know that there is potential that they could be asked to undertake a test at any given time
Refusal to test would be classed as a positive sample
The organisation will agree to what percentage of the company will be tested and how many times a year testing should be carried out
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Oral Fluid
With-Cause Testing
Testing can be performed when drugalcohol abuse is suspected
Randox Testing Services can attend site and conduct testing
This is where an organisation has a suspicion that someone maybe
under the influence of drugs andor alcohol
This suspicion could come from rumours observed behaviour or if the
person is acting strangely
In this instance we would be called out to perform a breathalyser test
and collect an oral fluidurine sample from the employee and take
back to the laboratory
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
24
Post-Accident Testing
Screening of employee after an accidentincident to determine if drugs
or alcohol may have contributed Testing conducted on site
Post accident testing can be a very effective tool in accident investigations and it is our recommendation that should an incident occur all people involved should be tested
This can and may include sub-contractors or visitors to the site
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
RehabilitationMonitoring Testing
Follow up on previous confirmed positive drug alcohol test
Return to Work or Abstinence Monitoring Testing
This type of testing maybe used whenever an employee has presented with a problem and the organisation offers them support and perhaps helps them with rehabilitation
In this instance part of the contract that you put in place for the employee is the potential to be tested at any stage during the rehabilitation process to ensure that they are fulfilling their contract
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Hair
Management Awareness
Managers must be aware of the following
bull Contents of the company Workplace Drug amp Alcohol Testing policy
bull All employees have been informed of the policy and training given as part of the implementation of the policy
bull Signs and symptoms of misuse
bull Legal implications ie Health amp Safety Regulations Drugs Offences Road Traffic Offences Corporate Manslaughter Legislation
bull Methods of testing
27
Management Awareness It is advised that managers
bull Conduct an interview in private with subject accompanied by another manager ndash there may be some other cause of suspicions
bull Have two managers conduct an independent assessment of the employee
bull Document suspicions and decision to require testing ndash a prepared form with indicators such as signs of drug misuse may assist
bull Make request to provide a sample prior to contacting Randox Testing Services
bull Confirm procedure to detain individual prior to testing
bull Brief Collections Officer and agree type of testing to be undertaken
28
Possible Signs
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible signs of drug misuse
29
Possible Signs
bull Sudden mood changes
bull Erratic or atypical behaviour
bull Impaired reaction time
bull Slurred speech
bull Impaired awareness
bull Sudden incapacity
bull Altered ability to carry out everyday tasks successfully
bull Decreased perception and coordination
bull Restricted mobility
bull Distorted vision or hearing
bull Abnormal fluctuations in concentration and energy
bull Lack of reasoning
bull Smellodour of alcohol
bull Changes in physical appearance
bull Lack of memory
bull Limited judgement
bull Unusual irritability or aggression
bull A tendency to become confused
bull Impaired job performance
bull Poor time-keeping
bull Increased short-term sickness absence
bull Deterioration in relationships with colleagues customers or management
bull Dishonesty and theft (arising from the
need to maintain an expensive habit)
30
Effect of Drugs on Pupils
bull Dilated ndash Cannabis Cocaine Ecstasy Amphetamine LSD
bull Constricted ndash Opiates
31
Specimen Collection Methods
Urine Collection
Breath Analysis
Oral Fluid Collection Hair Collection
Instant Urine Test Cup
Urine The most common sample type used in workplace testing Urine will give a detection
window of around 5 days this is extended for regular cannabis users to around 30
days
Due to the nature of providing a urine sample certain criteria need to be fulfilled to try
and ensure that the sample has not been tampered with or that it may have been
supplied by someone other than the person who is being tested
These safeguards include removing any potential chance for ldquowateringrdquo the sample
down
This is done by securing the toilet area that is used as well as checking the
temperature to ensure that the sample has been freshly voided
Randox will carryout further validity tests in the laboratory to ascertain whether the
sample has been tampered with These include tests for pH Level Specific Gravity
and Creatinine
The sample is split in to two referred to as A amp B samples
Oral Fluid
Sample collection is non-invasive and no special arrangements are required The detection window for drugs will typically be up to 48 hours
Two swabs (A amp B samples) are placed under the tongue and removed once it is indicated that there is enough sample
Each swab is then securely put into a tube and transported back to the laboratory for testing
Oral fluid can have many advantages for the organisation due to the speed and ease of collecting the sample
Breathalyser This is used for Alcohol only
Randox Testing Services use Intoximeters Breathalysers which are both Home Office approved and also used by a number of police forces across the country
When we are called out we will perform a breath test and print out the results immediately
The employee will then be asked to sign the result report which will be retained by us and included in our final report
Hair Can be analysed for drug consumption and alcohol use It will give the longest detection window of all samples (90 days+)
It can take 1 ndash 2 weeks for a drug to enter the hair but will remain almost permanently
Hair grows at an approximate rate of 1cm per month so a 3cm section
provides a profile of drug use over a 3 month period
A hair sample can identify trends of long term drug use and provide a detailed month-on-month view or overall picture of historic drug use
Our collection officer will collect 2 hair samples (A amp B) at approx 90-120 strands per sample
Chain of Custody bull The movement and location of physical evidence from the time it is
obtained until the time it is presented in courttribunal
bull It refers to the system of controls governing the collection processing
and storage of samples
bull We collect samples under strict chain of custody criteria which
removes the potential that the sample has had the opportunity to be
accidentally or maliciously adulterated or tampered with
bull This is essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a
test outcome
Collection Officers bull Experienced Collectors
bull Ex-Police Officers amp Ex-Prison Guards
bull Strict Dress Code
bull Trained to DATIA Standard
bull Security Vetted to NPPV3 Level
bull State of the Art Equipment
bull Monitored TrainingCollectors Dip Sampled
bull Impairment Trained
Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing (2002) Peer
reviewed and prepared by a Steering Group of toxicology practitioners
to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual
countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and
legislation wwwewdtsorg-
bull Specimen Collection Guidelines bull Chain of Custody
bull Urine Oral Fluid amp Hair Samples
bull Laboratory Guidelines ndash Concentration Cut-Offs Levels
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
Analysis Type Screening Method to identify the presence of a substance in a sample above a
defined concentration
EWDTS guidelines Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opiates
Methadone
Barbiturates
Phencyclidine
Analysis Type Confirmation Method to confirm the identity and exact concentration of substances
detected at defined cut-off levels
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
Overview bull Why Implement Workplace Drug amp Alcohol Testing
bull Categories of Drugs
bull Corporate Impact
bull Types of Testing ndash Detection Windows
bull Management Awareness ndash Signs amp Symptoms
bull Methods of Testing amp Chain of Custody
bull European Workplace Drug Testing Society Guidelines
bull Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis
bull Medical Review amp Expert Witness Reporting
bull Summary
bull Questions amp Answers
Drug Misuse
Includes the misuse of legal or illegal substances with the intent to
alter some aspect of the users experience May include
medications illicit drugs and legal substances with potential mood-
altering effects such as alcohol
3
Why Implement Workplace Drug
amp Alcohol Testing
Statistics
bull ldquoMore than 1 in 6 people in the prime recruiting pool aged 16 ndash 24
take drugs regularlyrdquo
bull ldquo1 in 12 (82) adults aged 16 ndash 59 have taken an illicit drug in the
last year (around 27 million people)rdquo
bull ldquo74 of substance abusers are in full time employmentrdquo
bull ldquoAmong 25-34 year olds cocaine use increased over 20 in 12
monthsrdquo
bull ldquoIt has been reported that alcohol is implicated in 60 of all
workplace accidents with a total of 25 contributed to drug and
alcohol abuse collectivelyrdquo
5
Statistics bull ldquoNearly 1 in 5 drivers killed in Road Traffic Accidents had illicit drugs
in their systemrdquo
bull ldquoAlmost 17 million working days are lost each year in the UK due to
alcohol misuse alonerdquo
bull ldquoIt is estimated in the last month 93 million full time employees have
abused drugsrdquo
bull ldquoThe European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction
reported in 2013 that it detected 73 new substances in 2012
compared with 49 in 2011rdquo
bull ldquoDrugs account for as much as 80 of losses due to theft in the
Workplacerdquo
Legislation bull Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act (2007)
bull Misuse of Drugs Act (1971)
bull Road Traffic Act (1988)
bull Transport and Works Act (1992)
bull Health amp Safety at Work etc Act (1974)
bull The Health and Safety at Work (NI) 1978
bull The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations (1999)
Misuse or Just One
8
Main Categories of Drugs
1 STIMULANTS ndash Amphetamine Cocaine Ecstasy Alcohol etc
2 SEDATIVESDEPRESSANTS ndash Benzodiazepines Barbiturates
Alcohol etc
3 HALLUCINOGENS ndash Cannabis LSD Magic Mushrooms etc
4 ANALGESICSPAINKILLERS ndash Opiates Heroin Morphine
Codeine etc
9
Amphetamine
10
Cocaine
11
Ecstasy
12
Heroin
13
Benzodiazepines
14
LSD
15
Cannabis
16
Alcohol
17
The Impact
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible impact drug or alcohol misuse
could have in your workplace
18
Corporate Impact
bull Lower productivity
bull Lower profit margins
bull Poor discipline
bull Increased staff turnover
bull Increased absenteeismlateness
bull Loss of clients
bull Damage to the organisationrsquos reputation and community relations
bull Accidents and other breaches of health and safety requirements
bull Employee protectionsafety and health concernsinsurance costs
bull Employee theft
bull Lower staff morale
bull Workplace bullying
bull Increased stress levels
bull Recruitment costs
bull Security issues
bull Impaired decision-making 19
Types of Testing
Pre-Employment
Random
With-Cause
Post-Accident
Abstinence MonitoringReturn to Work
20
Detection Windows
21
Pre-Employment Testing
As part of the recruitment process stating the companyrsquos attitude to
drug and alcohol abuse from the beginning
Frequently included as part of a pre-employment medical a test can be carried out to ascertain whether the potential employee has consumed drugs over a certain period
The organisation can choose the types of sample they wish to test but consideration should be given for detection windows for each sample type
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Hair or Urine
Random Testing Testing all or part of the workforce on a random basis This works as a
deterrent to drug and alcohol abuse Random dates employee list
prepared and testing conducted by Randox Testing Services
Used for monitoring the culture within the employees and ascertain what level of drug amp alcohol issues there may be
Used as a deterrent as each employee will know that there is potential that they could be asked to undertake a test at any given time
Refusal to test would be classed as a positive sample
The organisation will agree to what percentage of the company will be tested and how many times a year testing should be carried out
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Oral Fluid
With-Cause Testing
Testing can be performed when drugalcohol abuse is suspected
Randox Testing Services can attend site and conduct testing
This is where an organisation has a suspicion that someone maybe
under the influence of drugs andor alcohol
This suspicion could come from rumours observed behaviour or if the
person is acting strangely
In this instance we would be called out to perform a breathalyser test
and collect an oral fluidurine sample from the employee and take
back to the laboratory
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
24
Post-Accident Testing
Screening of employee after an accidentincident to determine if drugs
or alcohol may have contributed Testing conducted on site
Post accident testing can be a very effective tool in accident investigations and it is our recommendation that should an incident occur all people involved should be tested
This can and may include sub-contractors or visitors to the site
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
RehabilitationMonitoring Testing
Follow up on previous confirmed positive drug alcohol test
Return to Work or Abstinence Monitoring Testing
This type of testing maybe used whenever an employee has presented with a problem and the organisation offers them support and perhaps helps them with rehabilitation
In this instance part of the contract that you put in place for the employee is the potential to be tested at any stage during the rehabilitation process to ensure that they are fulfilling their contract
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Hair
Management Awareness
Managers must be aware of the following
bull Contents of the company Workplace Drug amp Alcohol Testing policy
bull All employees have been informed of the policy and training given as part of the implementation of the policy
bull Signs and symptoms of misuse
bull Legal implications ie Health amp Safety Regulations Drugs Offences Road Traffic Offences Corporate Manslaughter Legislation
bull Methods of testing
27
Management Awareness It is advised that managers
bull Conduct an interview in private with subject accompanied by another manager ndash there may be some other cause of suspicions
bull Have two managers conduct an independent assessment of the employee
bull Document suspicions and decision to require testing ndash a prepared form with indicators such as signs of drug misuse may assist
bull Make request to provide a sample prior to contacting Randox Testing Services
bull Confirm procedure to detain individual prior to testing
bull Brief Collections Officer and agree type of testing to be undertaken
28
Possible Signs
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible signs of drug misuse
29
Possible Signs
bull Sudden mood changes
bull Erratic or atypical behaviour
bull Impaired reaction time
bull Slurred speech
bull Impaired awareness
bull Sudden incapacity
bull Altered ability to carry out everyday tasks successfully
bull Decreased perception and coordination
bull Restricted mobility
bull Distorted vision or hearing
bull Abnormal fluctuations in concentration and energy
bull Lack of reasoning
bull Smellodour of alcohol
bull Changes in physical appearance
bull Lack of memory
bull Limited judgement
bull Unusual irritability or aggression
bull A tendency to become confused
bull Impaired job performance
bull Poor time-keeping
bull Increased short-term sickness absence
bull Deterioration in relationships with colleagues customers or management
bull Dishonesty and theft (arising from the
need to maintain an expensive habit)
30
Effect of Drugs on Pupils
bull Dilated ndash Cannabis Cocaine Ecstasy Amphetamine LSD
bull Constricted ndash Opiates
31
Specimen Collection Methods
Urine Collection
Breath Analysis
Oral Fluid Collection Hair Collection
Instant Urine Test Cup
Urine The most common sample type used in workplace testing Urine will give a detection
window of around 5 days this is extended for regular cannabis users to around 30
days
Due to the nature of providing a urine sample certain criteria need to be fulfilled to try
and ensure that the sample has not been tampered with or that it may have been
supplied by someone other than the person who is being tested
These safeguards include removing any potential chance for ldquowateringrdquo the sample
down
This is done by securing the toilet area that is used as well as checking the
temperature to ensure that the sample has been freshly voided
Randox will carryout further validity tests in the laboratory to ascertain whether the
sample has been tampered with These include tests for pH Level Specific Gravity
and Creatinine
The sample is split in to two referred to as A amp B samples
Oral Fluid
Sample collection is non-invasive and no special arrangements are required The detection window for drugs will typically be up to 48 hours
Two swabs (A amp B samples) are placed under the tongue and removed once it is indicated that there is enough sample
Each swab is then securely put into a tube and transported back to the laboratory for testing
Oral fluid can have many advantages for the organisation due to the speed and ease of collecting the sample
Breathalyser This is used for Alcohol only
Randox Testing Services use Intoximeters Breathalysers which are both Home Office approved and also used by a number of police forces across the country
When we are called out we will perform a breath test and print out the results immediately
The employee will then be asked to sign the result report which will be retained by us and included in our final report
Hair Can be analysed for drug consumption and alcohol use It will give the longest detection window of all samples (90 days+)
It can take 1 ndash 2 weeks for a drug to enter the hair but will remain almost permanently
Hair grows at an approximate rate of 1cm per month so a 3cm section
provides a profile of drug use over a 3 month period
A hair sample can identify trends of long term drug use and provide a detailed month-on-month view or overall picture of historic drug use
Our collection officer will collect 2 hair samples (A amp B) at approx 90-120 strands per sample
Chain of Custody bull The movement and location of physical evidence from the time it is
obtained until the time it is presented in courttribunal
bull It refers to the system of controls governing the collection processing
and storage of samples
bull We collect samples under strict chain of custody criteria which
removes the potential that the sample has had the opportunity to be
accidentally or maliciously adulterated or tampered with
bull This is essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a
test outcome
Collection Officers bull Experienced Collectors
bull Ex-Police Officers amp Ex-Prison Guards
bull Strict Dress Code
bull Trained to DATIA Standard
bull Security Vetted to NPPV3 Level
bull State of the Art Equipment
bull Monitored TrainingCollectors Dip Sampled
bull Impairment Trained
Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing (2002) Peer
reviewed and prepared by a Steering Group of toxicology practitioners
to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual
countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and
legislation wwwewdtsorg-
bull Specimen Collection Guidelines bull Chain of Custody
bull Urine Oral Fluid amp Hair Samples
bull Laboratory Guidelines ndash Concentration Cut-Offs Levels
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
Analysis Type Screening Method to identify the presence of a substance in a sample above a
defined concentration
EWDTS guidelines Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opiates
Methadone
Barbiturates
Phencyclidine
Analysis Type Confirmation Method to confirm the identity and exact concentration of substances
detected at defined cut-off levels
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
Drug Misuse
Includes the misuse of legal or illegal substances with the intent to
alter some aspect of the users experience May include
medications illicit drugs and legal substances with potential mood-
altering effects such as alcohol
3
Why Implement Workplace Drug
amp Alcohol Testing
Statistics
bull ldquoMore than 1 in 6 people in the prime recruiting pool aged 16 ndash 24
take drugs regularlyrdquo
bull ldquo1 in 12 (82) adults aged 16 ndash 59 have taken an illicit drug in the
last year (around 27 million people)rdquo
bull ldquo74 of substance abusers are in full time employmentrdquo
bull ldquoAmong 25-34 year olds cocaine use increased over 20 in 12
monthsrdquo
bull ldquoIt has been reported that alcohol is implicated in 60 of all
workplace accidents with a total of 25 contributed to drug and
alcohol abuse collectivelyrdquo
5
Statistics bull ldquoNearly 1 in 5 drivers killed in Road Traffic Accidents had illicit drugs
in their systemrdquo
bull ldquoAlmost 17 million working days are lost each year in the UK due to
alcohol misuse alonerdquo
bull ldquoIt is estimated in the last month 93 million full time employees have
abused drugsrdquo
bull ldquoThe European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction
reported in 2013 that it detected 73 new substances in 2012
compared with 49 in 2011rdquo
bull ldquoDrugs account for as much as 80 of losses due to theft in the
Workplacerdquo
Legislation bull Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act (2007)
bull Misuse of Drugs Act (1971)
bull Road Traffic Act (1988)
bull Transport and Works Act (1992)
bull Health amp Safety at Work etc Act (1974)
bull The Health and Safety at Work (NI) 1978
bull The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations (1999)
Misuse or Just One
8
Main Categories of Drugs
1 STIMULANTS ndash Amphetamine Cocaine Ecstasy Alcohol etc
2 SEDATIVESDEPRESSANTS ndash Benzodiazepines Barbiturates
Alcohol etc
3 HALLUCINOGENS ndash Cannabis LSD Magic Mushrooms etc
4 ANALGESICSPAINKILLERS ndash Opiates Heroin Morphine
Codeine etc
9
Amphetamine
10
Cocaine
11
Ecstasy
12
Heroin
13
Benzodiazepines
14
LSD
15
Cannabis
16
Alcohol
17
The Impact
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible impact drug or alcohol misuse
could have in your workplace
18
Corporate Impact
bull Lower productivity
bull Lower profit margins
bull Poor discipline
bull Increased staff turnover
bull Increased absenteeismlateness
bull Loss of clients
bull Damage to the organisationrsquos reputation and community relations
bull Accidents and other breaches of health and safety requirements
bull Employee protectionsafety and health concernsinsurance costs
bull Employee theft
bull Lower staff morale
bull Workplace bullying
bull Increased stress levels
bull Recruitment costs
bull Security issues
bull Impaired decision-making 19
Types of Testing
Pre-Employment
Random
With-Cause
Post-Accident
Abstinence MonitoringReturn to Work
20
Detection Windows
21
Pre-Employment Testing
As part of the recruitment process stating the companyrsquos attitude to
drug and alcohol abuse from the beginning
Frequently included as part of a pre-employment medical a test can be carried out to ascertain whether the potential employee has consumed drugs over a certain period
The organisation can choose the types of sample they wish to test but consideration should be given for detection windows for each sample type
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Hair or Urine
Random Testing Testing all or part of the workforce on a random basis This works as a
deterrent to drug and alcohol abuse Random dates employee list
prepared and testing conducted by Randox Testing Services
Used for monitoring the culture within the employees and ascertain what level of drug amp alcohol issues there may be
Used as a deterrent as each employee will know that there is potential that they could be asked to undertake a test at any given time
Refusal to test would be classed as a positive sample
The organisation will agree to what percentage of the company will be tested and how many times a year testing should be carried out
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Oral Fluid
With-Cause Testing
Testing can be performed when drugalcohol abuse is suspected
Randox Testing Services can attend site and conduct testing
This is where an organisation has a suspicion that someone maybe
under the influence of drugs andor alcohol
This suspicion could come from rumours observed behaviour or if the
person is acting strangely
In this instance we would be called out to perform a breathalyser test
and collect an oral fluidurine sample from the employee and take
back to the laboratory
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
24
Post-Accident Testing
Screening of employee after an accidentincident to determine if drugs
or alcohol may have contributed Testing conducted on site
Post accident testing can be a very effective tool in accident investigations and it is our recommendation that should an incident occur all people involved should be tested
This can and may include sub-contractors or visitors to the site
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
RehabilitationMonitoring Testing
Follow up on previous confirmed positive drug alcohol test
Return to Work or Abstinence Monitoring Testing
This type of testing maybe used whenever an employee has presented with a problem and the organisation offers them support and perhaps helps them with rehabilitation
In this instance part of the contract that you put in place for the employee is the potential to be tested at any stage during the rehabilitation process to ensure that they are fulfilling their contract
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Hair
Management Awareness
Managers must be aware of the following
bull Contents of the company Workplace Drug amp Alcohol Testing policy
bull All employees have been informed of the policy and training given as part of the implementation of the policy
bull Signs and symptoms of misuse
bull Legal implications ie Health amp Safety Regulations Drugs Offences Road Traffic Offences Corporate Manslaughter Legislation
bull Methods of testing
27
Management Awareness It is advised that managers
bull Conduct an interview in private with subject accompanied by another manager ndash there may be some other cause of suspicions
bull Have two managers conduct an independent assessment of the employee
bull Document suspicions and decision to require testing ndash a prepared form with indicators such as signs of drug misuse may assist
bull Make request to provide a sample prior to contacting Randox Testing Services
bull Confirm procedure to detain individual prior to testing
bull Brief Collections Officer and agree type of testing to be undertaken
28
Possible Signs
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible signs of drug misuse
29
Possible Signs
bull Sudden mood changes
bull Erratic or atypical behaviour
bull Impaired reaction time
bull Slurred speech
bull Impaired awareness
bull Sudden incapacity
bull Altered ability to carry out everyday tasks successfully
bull Decreased perception and coordination
bull Restricted mobility
bull Distorted vision or hearing
bull Abnormal fluctuations in concentration and energy
bull Lack of reasoning
bull Smellodour of alcohol
bull Changes in physical appearance
bull Lack of memory
bull Limited judgement
bull Unusual irritability or aggression
bull A tendency to become confused
bull Impaired job performance
bull Poor time-keeping
bull Increased short-term sickness absence
bull Deterioration in relationships with colleagues customers or management
bull Dishonesty and theft (arising from the
need to maintain an expensive habit)
30
Effect of Drugs on Pupils
bull Dilated ndash Cannabis Cocaine Ecstasy Amphetamine LSD
bull Constricted ndash Opiates
31
Specimen Collection Methods
Urine Collection
Breath Analysis
Oral Fluid Collection Hair Collection
Instant Urine Test Cup
Urine The most common sample type used in workplace testing Urine will give a detection
window of around 5 days this is extended for regular cannabis users to around 30
days
Due to the nature of providing a urine sample certain criteria need to be fulfilled to try
and ensure that the sample has not been tampered with or that it may have been
supplied by someone other than the person who is being tested
These safeguards include removing any potential chance for ldquowateringrdquo the sample
down
This is done by securing the toilet area that is used as well as checking the
temperature to ensure that the sample has been freshly voided
Randox will carryout further validity tests in the laboratory to ascertain whether the
sample has been tampered with These include tests for pH Level Specific Gravity
and Creatinine
The sample is split in to two referred to as A amp B samples
Oral Fluid
Sample collection is non-invasive and no special arrangements are required The detection window for drugs will typically be up to 48 hours
Two swabs (A amp B samples) are placed under the tongue and removed once it is indicated that there is enough sample
Each swab is then securely put into a tube and transported back to the laboratory for testing
Oral fluid can have many advantages for the organisation due to the speed and ease of collecting the sample
Breathalyser This is used for Alcohol only
Randox Testing Services use Intoximeters Breathalysers which are both Home Office approved and also used by a number of police forces across the country
When we are called out we will perform a breath test and print out the results immediately
The employee will then be asked to sign the result report which will be retained by us and included in our final report
Hair Can be analysed for drug consumption and alcohol use It will give the longest detection window of all samples (90 days+)
It can take 1 ndash 2 weeks for a drug to enter the hair but will remain almost permanently
Hair grows at an approximate rate of 1cm per month so a 3cm section
provides a profile of drug use over a 3 month period
A hair sample can identify trends of long term drug use and provide a detailed month-on-month view or overall picture of historic drug use
Our collection officer will collect 2 hair samples (A amp B) at approx 90-120 strands per sample
Chain of Custody bull The movement and location of physical evidence from the time it is
obtained until the time it is presented in courttribunal
bull It refers to the system of controls governing the collection processing
and storage of samples
bull We collect samples under strict chain of custody criteria which
removes the potential that the sample has had the opportunity to be
accidentally or maliciously adulterated or tampered with
bull This is essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a
test outcome
Collection Officers bull Experienced Collectors
bull Ex-Police Officers amp Ex-Prison Guards
bull Strict Dress Code
bull Trained to DATIA Standard
bull Security Vetted to NPPV3 Level
bull State of the Art Equipment
bull Monitored TrainingCollectors Dip Sampled
bull Impairment Trained
Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing (2002) Peer
reviewed and prepared by a Steering Group of toxicology practitioners
to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual
countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and
legislation wwwewdtsorg-
bull Specimen Collection Guidelines bull Chain of Custody
bull Urine Oral Fluid amp Hair Samples
bull Laboratory Guidelines ndash Concentration Cut-Offs Levels
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
Analysis Type Screening Method to identify the presence of a substance in a sample above a
defined concentration
EWDTS guidelines Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opiates
Methadone
Barbiturates
Phencyclidine
Analysis Type Confirmation Method to confirm the identity and exact concentration of substances
detected at defined cut-off levels
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
Why Implement Workplace Drug
amp Alcohol Testing
Statistics
bull ldquoMore than 1 in 6 people in the prime recruiting pool aged 16 ndash 24
take drugs regularlyrdquo
bull ldquo1 in 12 (82) adults aged 16 ndash 59 have taken an illicit drug in the
last year (around 27 million people)rdquo
bull ldquo74 of substance abusers are in full time employmentrdquo
bull ldquoAmong 25-34 year olds cocaine use increased over 20 in 12
monthsrdquo
bull ldquoIt has been reported that alcohol is implicated in 60 of all
workplace accidents with a total of 25 contributed to drug and
alcohol abuse collectivelyrdquo
5
Statistics bull ldquoNearly 1 in 5 drivers killed in Road Traffic Accidents had illicit drugs
in their systemrdquo
bull ldquoAlmost 17 million working days are lost each year in the UK due to
alcohol misuse alonerdquo
bull ldquoIt is estimated in the last month 93 million full time employees have
abused drugsrdquo
bull ldquoThe European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction
reported in 2013 that it detected 73 new substances in 2012
compared with 49 in 2011rdquo
bull ldquoDrugs account for as much as 80 of losses due to theft in the
Workplacerdquo
Legislation bull Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act (2007)
bull Misuse of Drugs Act (1971)
bull Road Traffic Act (1988)
bull Transport and Works Act (1992)
bull Health amp Safety at Work etc Act (1974)
bull The Health and Safety at Work (NI) 1978
bull The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations (1999)
Misuse or Just One
8
Main Categories of Drugs
1 STIMULANTS ndash Amphetamine Cocaine Ecstasy Alcohol etc
2 SEDATIVESDEPRESSANTS ndash Benzodiazepines Barbiturates
Alcohol etc
3 HALLUCINOGENS ndash Cannabis LSD Magic Mushrooms etc
4 ANALGESICSPAINKILLERS ndash Opiates Heroin Morphine
Codeine etc
9
Amphetamine
10
Cocaine
11
Ecstasy
12
Heroin
13
Benzodiazepines
14
LSD
15
Cannabis
16
Alcohol
17
The Impact
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible impact drug or alcohol misuse
could have in your workplace
18
Corporate Impact
bull Lower productivity
bull Lower profit margins
bull Poor discipline
bull Increased staff turnover
bull Increased absenteeismlateness
bull Loss of clients
bull Damage to the organisationrsquos reputation and community relations
bull Accidents and other breaches of health and safety requirements
bull Employee protectionsafety and health concernsinsurance costs
bull Employee theft
bull Lower staff morale
bull Workplace bullying
bull Increased stress levels
bull Recruitment costs
bull Security issues
bull Impaired decision-making 19
Types of Testing
Pre-Employment
Random
With-Cause
Post-Accident
Abstinence MonitoringReturn to Work
20
Detection Windows
21
Pre-Employment Testing
As part of the recruitment process stating the companyrsquos attitude to
drug and alcohol abuse from the beginning
Frequently included as part of a pre-employment medical a test can be carried out to ascertain whether the potential employee has consumed drugs over a certain period
The organisation can choose the types of sample they wish to test but consideration should be given for detection windows for each sample type
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Hair or Urine
Random Testing Testing all or part of the workforce on a random basis This works as a
deterrent to drug and alcohol abuse Random dates employee list
prepared and testing conducted by Randox Testing Services
Used for monitoring the culture within the employees and ascertain what level of drug amp alcohol issues there may be
Used as a deterrent as each employee will know that there is potential that they could be asked to undertake a test at any given time
Refusal to test would be classed as a positive sample
The organisation will agree to what percentage of the company will be tested and how many times a year testing should be carried out
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Oral Fluid
With-Cause Testing
Testing can be performed when drugalcohol abuse is suspected
Randox Testing Services can attend site and conduct testing
This is where an organisation has a suspicion that someone maybe
under the influence of drugs andor alcohol
This suspicion could come from rumours observed behaviour or if the
person is acting strangely
In this instance we would be called out to perform a breathalyser test
and collect an oral fluidurine sample from the employee and take
back to the laboratory
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
24
Post-Accident Testing
Screening of employee after an accidentincident to determine if drugs
or alcohol may have contributed Testing conducted on site
Post accident testing can be a very effective tool in accident investigations and it is our recommendation that should an incident occur all people involved should be tested
This can and may include sub-contractors or visitors to the site
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
RehabilitationMonitoring Testing
Follow up on previous confirmed positive drug alcohol test
Return to Work or Abstinence Monitoring Testing
This type of testing maybe used whenever an employee has presented with a problem and the organisation offers them support and perhaps helps them with rehabilitation
In this instance part of the contract that you put in place for the employee is the potential to be tested at any stage during the rehabilitation process to ensure that they are fulfilling their contract
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Hair
Management Awareness
Managers must be aware of the following
bull Contents of the company Workplace Drug amp Alcohol Testing policy
bull All employees have been informed of the policy and training given as part of the implementation of the policy
bull Signs and symptoms of misuse
bull Legal implications ie Health amp Safety Regulations Drugs Offences Road Traffic Offences Corporate Manslaughter Legislation
bull Methods of testing
27
Management Awareness It is advised that managers
bull Conduct an interview in private with subject accompanied by another manager ndash there may be some other cause of suspicions
bull Have two managers conduct an independent assessment of the employee
bull Document suspicions and decision to require testing ndash a prepared form with indicators such as signs of drug misuse may assist
bull Make request to provide a sample prior to contacting Randox Testing Services
bull Confirm procedure to detain individual prior to testing
bull Brief Collections Officer and agree type of testing to be undertaken
28
Possible Signs
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible signs of drug misuse
29
Possible Signs
bull Sudden mood changes
bull Erratic or atypical behaviour
bull Impaired reaction time
bull Slurred speech
bull Impaired awareness
bull Sudden incapacity
bull Altered ability to carry out everyday tasks successfully
bull Decreased perception and coordination
bull Restricted mobility
bull Distorted vision or hearing
bull Abnormal fluctuations in concentration and energy
bull Lack of reasoning
bull Smellodour of alcohol
bull Changes in physical appearance
bull Lack of memory
bull Limited judgement
bull Unusual irritability or aggression
bull A tendency to become confused
bull Impaired job performance
bull Poor time-keeping
bull Increased short-term sickness absence
bull Deterioration in relationships with colleagues customers or management
bull Dishonesty and theft (arising from the
need to maintain an expensive habit)
30
Effect of Drugs on Pupils
bull Dilated ndash Cannabis Cocaine Ecstasy Amphetamine LSD
bull Constricted ndash Opiates
31
Specimen Collection Methods
Urine Collection
Breath Analysis
Oral Fluid Collection Hair Collection
Instant Urine Test Cup
Urine The most common sample type used in workplace testing Urine will give a detection
window of around 5 days this is extended for regular cannabis users to around 30
days
Due to the nature of providing a urine sample certain criteria need to be fulfilled to try
and ensure that the sample has not been tampered with or that it may have been
supplied by someone other than the person who is being tested
These safeguards include removing any potential chance for ldquowateringrdquo the sample
down
This is done by securing the toilet area that is used as well as checking the
temperature to ensure that the sample has been freshly voided
Randox will carryout further validity tests in the laboratory to ascertain whether the
sample has been tampered with These include tests for pH Level Specific Gravity
and Creatinine
The sample is split in to two referred to as A amp B samples
Oral Fluid
Sample collection is non-invasive and no special arrangements are required The detection window for drugs will typically be up to 48 hours
Two swabs (A amp B samples) are placed under the tongue and removed once it is indicated that there is enough sample
Each swab is then securely put into a tube and transported back to the laboratory for testing
Oral fluid can have many advantages for the organisation due to the speed and ease of collecting the sample
Breathalyser This is used for Alcohol only
Randox Testing Services use Intoximeters Breathalysers which are both Home Office approved and also used by a number of police forces across the country
When we are called out we will perform a breath test and print out the results immediately
The employee will then be asked to sign the result report which will be retained by us and included in our final report
Hair Can be analysed for drug consumption and alcohol use It will give the longest detection window of all samples (90 days+)
It can take 1 ndash 2 weeks for a drug to enter the hair but will remain almost permanently
Hair grows at an approximate rate of 1cm per month so a 3cm section
provides a profile of drug use over a 3 month period
A hair sample can identify trends of long term drug use and provide a detailed month-on-month view or overall picture of historic drug use
Our collection officer will collect 2 hair samples (A amp B) at approx 90-120 strands per sample
Chain of Custody bull The movement and location of physical evidence from the time it is
obtained until the time it is presented in courttribunal
bull It refers to the system of controls governing the collection processing
and storage of samples
bull We collect samples under strict chain of custody criteria which
removes the potential that the sample has had the opportunity to be
accidentally or maliciously adulterated or tampered with
bull This is essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a
test outcome
Collection Officers bull Experienced Collectors
bull Ex-Police Officers amp Ex-Prison Guards
bull Strict Dress Code
bull Trained to DATIA Standard
bull Security Vetted to NPPV3 Level
bull State of the Art Equipment
bull Monitored TrainingCollectors Dip Sampled
bull Impairment Trained
Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing (2002) Peer
reviewed and prepared by a Steering Group of toxicology practitioners
to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual
countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and
legislation wwwewdtsorg-
bull Specimen Collection Guidelines bull Chain of Custody
bull Urine Oral Fluid amp Hair Samples
bull Laboratory Guidelines ndash Concentration Cut-Offs Levels
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
Analysis Type Screening Method to identify the presence of a substance in a sample above a
defined concentration
EWDTS guidelines Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opiates
Methadone
Barbiturates
Phencyclidine
Analysis Type Confirmation Method to confirm the identity and exact concentration of substances
detected at defined cut-off levels
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
Statistics
bull ldquoMore than 1 in 6 people in the prime recruiting pool aged 16 ndash 24
take drugs regularlyrdquo
bull ldquo1 in 12 (82) adults aged 16 ndash 59 have taken an illicit drug in the
last year (around 27 million people)rdquo
bull ldquo74 of substance abusers are in full time employmentrdquo
bull ldquoAmong 25-34 year olds cocaine use increased over 20 in 12
monthsrdquo
bull ldquoIt has been reported that alcohol is implicated in 60 of all
workplace accidents with a total of 25 contributed to drug and
alcohol abuse collectivelyrdquo
5
Statistics bull ldquoNearly 1 in 5 drivers killed in Road Traffic Accidents had illicit drugs
in their systemrdquo
bull ldquoAlmost 17 million working days are lost each year in the UK due to
alcohol misuse alonerdquo
bull ldquoIt is estimated in the last month 93 million full time employees have
abused drugsrdquo
bull ldquoThe European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction
reported in 2013 that it detected 73 new substances in 2012
compared with 49 in 2011rdquo
bull ldquoDrugs account for as much as 80 of losses due to theft in the
Workplacerdquo
Legislation bull Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act (2007)
bull Misuse of Drugs Act (1971)
bull Road Traffic Act (1988)
bull Transport and Works Act (1992)
bull Health amp Safety at Work etc Act (1974)
bull The Health and Safety at Work (NI) 1978
bull The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations (1999)
Misuse or Just One
8
Main Categories of Drugs
1 STIMULANTS ndash Amphetamine Cocaine Ecstasy Alcohol etc
2 SEDATIVESDEPRESSANTS ndash Benzodiazepines Barbiturates
Alcohol etc
3 HALLUCINOGENS ndash Cannabis LSD Magic Mushrooms etc
4 ANALGESICSPAINKILLERS ndash Opiates Heroin Morphine
Codeine etc
9
Amphetamine
10
Cocaine
11
Ecstasy
12
Heroin
13
Benzodiazepines
14
LSD
15
Cannabis
16
Alcohol
17
The Impact
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible impact drug or alcohol misuse
could have in your workplace
18
Corporate Impact
bull Lower productivity
bull Lower profit margins
bull Poor discipline
bull Increased staff turnover
bull Increased absenteeismlateness
bull Loss of clients
bull Damage to the organisationrsquos reputation and community relations
bull Accidents and other breaches of health and safety requirements
bull Employee protectionsafety and health concernsinsurance costs
bull Employee theft
bull Lower staff morale
bull Workplace bullying
bull Increased stress levels
bull Recruitment costs
bull Security issues
bull Impaired decision-making 19
Types of Testing
Pre-Employment
Random
With-Cause
Post-Accident
Abstinence MonitoringReturn to Work
20
Detection Windows
21
Pre-Employment Testing
As part of the recruitment process stating the companyrsquos attitude to
drug and alcohol abuse from the beginning
Frequently included as part of a pre-employment medical a test can be carried out to ascertain whether the potential employee has consumed drugs over a certain period
The organisation can choose the types of sample they wish to test but consideration should be given for detection windows for each sample type
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Hair or Urine
Random Testing Testing all or part of the workforce on a random basis This works as a
deterrent to drug and alcohol abuse Random dates employee list
prepared and testing conducted by Randox Testing Services
Used for monitoring the culture within the employees and ascertain what level of drug amp alcohol issues there may be
Used as a deterrent as each employee will know that there is potential that they could be asked to undertake a test at any given time
Refusal to test would be classed as a positive sample
The organisation will agree to what percentage of the company will be tested and how many times a year testing should be carried out
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Oral Fluid
With-Cause Testing
Testing can be performed when drugalcohol abuse is suspected
Randox Testing Services can attend site and conduct testing
This is where an organisation has a suspicion that someone maybe
under the influence of drugs andor alcohol
This suspicion could come from rumours observed behaviour or if the
person is acting strangely
In this instance we would be called out to perform a breathalyser test
and collect an oral fluidurine sample from the employee and take
back to the laboratory
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
24
Post-Accident Testing
Screening of employee after an accidentincident to determine if drugs
or alcohol may have contributed Testing conducted on site
Post accident testing can be a very effective tool in accident investigations and it is our recommendation that should an incident occur all people involved should be tested
This can and may include sub-contractors or visitors to the site
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
RehabilitationMonitoring Testing
Follow up on previous confirmed positive drug alcohol test
Return to Work or Abstinence Monitoring Testing
This type of testing maybe used whenever an employee has presented with a problem and the organisation offers them support and perhaps helps them with rehabilitation
In this instance part of the contract that you put in place for the employee is the potential to be tested at any stage during the rehabilitation process to ensure that they are fulfilling their contract
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Hair
Management Awareness
Managers must be aware of the following
bull Contents of the company Workplace Drug amp Alcohol Testing policy
bull All employees have been informed of the policy and training given as part of the implementation of the policy
bull Signs and symptoms of misuse
bull Legal implications ie Health amp Safety Regulations Drugs Offences Road Traffic Offences Corporate Manslaughter Legislation
bull Methods of testing
27
Management Awareness It is advised that managers
bull Conduct an interview in private with subject accompanied by another manager ndash there may be some other cause of suspicions
bull Have two managers conduct an independent assessment of the employee
bull Document suspicions and decision to require testing ndash a prepared form with indicators such as signs of drug misuse may assist
bull Make request to provide a sample prior to contacting Randox Testing Services
bull Confirm procedure to detain individual prior to testing
bull Brief Collections Officer and agree type of testing to be undertaken
28
Possible Signs
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible signs of drug misuse
29
Possible Signs
bull Sudden mood changes
bull Erratic or atypical behaviour
bull Impaired reaction time
bull Slurred speech
bull Impaired awareness
bull Sudden incapacity
bull Altered ability to carry out everyday tasks successfully
bull Decreased perception and coordination
bull Restricted mobility
bull Distorted vision or hearing
bull Abnormal fluctuations in concentration and energy
bull Lack of reasoning
bull Smellodour of alcohol
bull Changes in physical appearance
bull Lack of memory
bull Limited judgement
bull Unusual irritability or aggression
bull A tendency to become confused
bull Impaired job performance
bull Poor time-keeping
bull Increased short-term sickness absence
bull Deterioration in relationships with colleagues customers or management
bull Dishonesty and theft (arising from the
need to maintain an expensive habit)
30
Effect of Drugs on Pupils
bull Dilated ndash Cannabis Cocaine Ecstasy Amphetamine LSD
bull Constricted ndash Opiates
31
Specimen Collection Methods
Urine Collection
Breath Analysis
Oral Fluid Collection Hair Collection
Instant Urine Test Cup
Urine The most common sample type used in workplace testing Urine will give a detection
window of around 5 days this is extended for regular cannabis users to around 30
days
Due to the nature of providing a urine sample certain criteria need to be fulfilled to try
and ensure that the sample has not been tampered with or that it may have been
supplied by someone other than the person who is being tested
These safeguards include removing any potential chance for ldquowateringrdquo the sample
down
This is done by securing the toilet area that is used as well as checking the
temperature to ensure that the sample has been freshly voided
Randox will carryout further validity tests in the laboratory to ascertain whether the
sample has been tampered with These include tests for pH Level Specific Gravity
and Creatinine
The sample is split in to two referred to as A amp B samples
Oral Fluid
Sample collection is non-invasive and no special arrangements are required The detection window for drugs will typically be up to 48 hours
Two swabs (A amp B samples) are placed under the tongue and removed once it is indicated that there is enough sample
Each swab is then securely put into a tube and transported back to the laboratory for testing
Oral fluid can have many advantages for the organisation due to the speed and ease of collecting the sample
Breathalyser This is used for Alcohol only
Randox Testing Services use Intoximeters Breathalysers which are both Home Office approved and also used by a number of police forces across the country
When we are called out we will perform a breath test and print out the results immediately
The employee will then be asked to sign the result report which will be retained by us and included in our final report
Hair Can be analysed for drug consumption and alcohol use It will give the longest detection window of all samples (90 days+)
It can take 1 ndash 2 weeks for a drug to enter the hair but will remain almost permanently
Hair grows at an approximate rate of 1cm per month so a 3cm section
provides a profile of drug use over a 3 month period
A hair sample can identify trends of long term drug use and provide a detailed month-on-month view or overall picture of historic drug use
Our collection officer will collect 2 hair samples (A amp B) at approx 90-120 strands per sample
Chain of Custody bull The movement and location of physical evidence from the time it is
obtained until the time it is presented in courttribunal
bull It refers to the system of controls governing the collection processing
and storage of samples
bull We collect samples under strict chain of custody criteria which
removes the potential that the sample has had the opportunity to be
accidentally or maliciously adulterated or tampered with
bull This is essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a
test outcome
Collection Officers bull Experienced Collectors
bull Ex-Police Officers amp Ex-Prison Guards
bull Strict Dress Code
bull Trained to DATIA Standard
bull Security Vetted to NPPV3 Level
bull State of the Art Equipment
bull Monitored TrainingCollectors Dip Sampled
bull Impairment Trained
Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing (2002) Peer
reviewed and prepared by a Steering Group of toxicology practitioners
to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual
countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and
legislation wwwewdtsorg-
bull Specimen Collection Guidelines bull Chain of Custody
bull Urine Oral Fluid amp Hair Samples
bull Laboratory Guidelines ndash Concentration Cut-Offs Levels
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
Analysis Type Screening Method to identify the presence of a substance in a sample above a
defined concentration
EWDTS guidelines Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opiates
Methadone
Barbiturates
Phencyclidine
Analysis Type Confirmation Method to confirm the identity and exact concentration of substances
detected at defined cut-off levels
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
Statistics bull ldquoNearly 1 in 5 drivers killed in Road Traffic Accidents had illicit drugs
in their systemrdquo
bull ldquoAlmost 17 million working days are lost each year in the UK due to
alcohol misuse alonerdquo
bull ldquoIt is estimated in the last month 93 million full time employees have
abused drugsrdquo
bull ldquoThe European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction
reported in 2013 that it detected 73 new substances in 2012
compared with 49 in 2011rdquo
bull ldquoDrugs account for as much as 80 of losses due to theft in the
Workplacerdquo
Legislation bull Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act (2007)
bull Misuse of Drugs Act (1971)
bull Road Traffic Act (1988)
bull Transport and Works Act (1992)
bull Health amp Safety at Work etc Act (1974)
bull The Health and Safety at Work (NI) 1978
bull The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations (1999)
Misuse or Just One
8
Main Categories of Drugs
1 STIMULANTS ndash Amphetamine Cocaine Ecstasy Alcohol etc
2 SEDATIVESDEPRESSANTS ndash Benzodiazepines Barbiturates
Alcohol etc
3 HALLUCINOGENS ndash Cannabis LSD Magic Mushrooms etc
4 ANALGESICSPAINKILLERS ndash Opiates Heroin Morphine
Codeine etc
9
Amphetamine
10
Cocaine
11
Ecstasy
12
Heroin
13
Benzodiazepines
14
LSD
15
Cannabis
16
Alcohol
17
The Impact
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible impact drug or alcohol misuse
could have in your workplace
18
Corporate Impact
bull Lower productivity
bull Lower profit margins
bull Poor discipline
bull Increased staff turnover
bull Increased absenteeismlateness
bull Loss of clients
bull Damage to the organisationrsquos reputation and community relations
bull Accidents and other breaches of health and safety requirements
bull Employee protectionsafety and health concernsinsurance costs
bull Employee theft
bull Lower staff morale
bull Workplace bullying
bull Increased stress levels
bull Recruitment costs
bull Security issues
bull Impaired decision-making 19
Types of Testing
Pre-Employment
Random
With-Cause
Post-Accident
Abstinence MonitoringReturn to Work
20
Detection Windows
21
Pre-Employment Testing
As part of the recruitment process stating the companyrsquos attitude to
drug and alcohol abuse from the beginning
Frequently included as part of a pre-employment medical a test can be carried out to ascertain whether the potential employee has consumed drugs over a certain period
The organisation can choose the types of sample they wish to test but consideration should be given for detection windows for each sample type
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Hair or Urine
Random Testing Testing all or part of the workforce on a random basis This works as a
deterrent to drug and alcohol abuse Random dates employee list
prepared and testing conducted by Randox Testing Services
Used for monitoring the culture within the employees and ascertain what level of drug amp alcohol issues there may be
Used as a deterrent as each employee will know that there is potential that they could be asked to undertake a test at any given time
Refusal to test would be classed as a positive sample
The organisation will agree to what percentage of the company will be tested and how many times a year testing should be carried out
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Oral Fluid
With-Cause Testing
Testing can be performed when drugalcohol abuse is suspected
Randox Testing Services can attend site and conduct testing
This is where an organisation has a suspicion that someone maybe
under the influence of drugs andor alcohol
This suspicion could come from rumours observed behaviour or if the
person is acting strangely
In this instance we would be called out to perform a breathalyser test
and collect an oral fluidurine sample from the employee and take
back to the laboratory
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
24
Post-Accident Testing
Screening of employee after an accidentincident to determine if drugs
or alcohol may have contributed Testing conducted on site
Post accident testing can be a very effective tool in accident investigations and it is our recommendation that should an incident occur all people involved should be tested
This can and may include sub-contractors or visitors to the site
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
RehabilitationMonitoring Testing
Follow up on previous confirmed positive drug alcohol test
Return to Work or Abstinence Monitoring Testing
This type of testing maybe used whenever an employee has presented with a problem and the organisation offers them support and perhaps helps them with rehabilitation
In this instance part of the contract that you put in place for the employee is the potential to be tested at any stage during the rehabilitation process to ensure that they are fulfilling their contract
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Hair
Management Awareness
Managers must be aware of the following
bull Contents of the company Workplace Drug amp Alcohol Testing policy
bull All employees have been informed of the policy and training given as part of the implementation of the policy
bull Signs and symptoms of misuse
bull Legal implications ie Health amp Safety Regulations Drugs Offences Road Traffic Offences Corporate Manslaughter Legislation
bull Methods of testing
27
Management Awareness It is advised that managers
bull Conduct an interview in private with subject accompanied by another manager ndash there may be some other cause of suspicions
bull Have two managers conduct an independent assessment of the employee
bull Document suspicions and decision to require testing ndash a prepared form with indicators such as signs of drug misuse may assist
bull Make request to provide a sample prior to contacting Randox Testing Services
bull Confirm procedure to detain individual prior to testing
bull Brief Collections Officer and agree type of testing to be undertaken
28
Possible Signs
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible signs of drug misuse
29
Possible Signs
bull Sudden mood changes
bull Erratic or atypical behaviour
bull Impaired reaction time
bull Slurred speech
bull Impaired awareness
bull Sudden incapacity
bull Altered ability to carry out everyday tasks successfully
bull Decreased perception and coordination
bull Restricted mobility
bull Distorted vision or hearing
bull Abnormal fluctuations in concentration and energy
bull Lack of reasoning
bull Smellodour of alcohol
bull Changes in physical appearance
bull Lack of memory
bull Limited judgement
bull Unusual irritability or aggression
bull A tendency to become confused
bull Impaired job performance
bull Poor time-keeping
bull Increased short-term sickness absence
bull Deterioration in relationships with colleagues customers or management
bull Dishonesty and theft (arising from the
need to maintain an expensive habit)
30
Effect of Drugs on Pupils
bull Dilated ndash Cannabis Cocaine Ecstasy Amphetamine LSD
bull Constricted ndash Opiates
31
Specimen Collection Methods
Urine Collection
Breath Analysis
Oral Fluid Collection Hair Collection
Instant Urine Test Cup
Urine The most common sample type used in workplace testing Urine will give a detection
window of around 5 days this is extended for regular cannabis users to around 30
days
Due to the nature of providing a urine sample certain criteria need to be fulfilled to try
and ensure that the sample has not been tampered with or that it may have been
supplied by someone other than the person who is being tested
These safeguards include removing any potential chance for ldquowateringrdquo the sample
down
This is done by securing the toilet area that is used as well as checking the
temperature to ensure that the sample has been freshly voided
Randox will carryout further validity tests in the laboratory to ascertain whether the
sample has been tampered with These include tests for pH Level Specific Gravity
and Creatinine
The sample is split in to two referred to as A amp B samples
Oral Fluid
Sample collection is non-invasive and no special arrangements are required The detection window for drugs will typically be up to 48 hours
Two swabs (A amp B samples) are placed under the tongue and removed once it is indicated that there is enough sample
Each swab is then securely put into a tube and transported back to the laboratory for testing
Oral fluid can have many advantages for the organisation due to the speed and ease of collecting the sample
Breathalyser This is used for Alcohol only
Randox Testing Services use Intoximeters Breathalysers which are both Home Office approved and also used by a number of police forces across the country
When we are called out we will perform a breath test and print out the results immediately
The employee will then be asked to sign the result report which will be retained by us and included in our final report
Hair Can be analysed for drug consumption and alcohol use It will give the longest detection window of all samples (90 days+)
It can take 1 ndash 2 weeks for a drug to enter the hair but will remain almost permanently
Hair grows at an approximate rate of 1cm per month so a 3cm section
provides a profile of drug use over a 3 month period
A hair sample can identify trends of long term drug use and provide a detailed month-on-month view or overall picture of historic drug use
Our collection officer will collect 2 hair samples (A amp B) at approx 90-120 strands per sample
Chain of Custody bull The movement and location of physical evidence from the time it is
obtained until the time it is presented in courttribunal
bull It refers to the system of controls governing the collection processing
and storage of samples
bull We collect samples under strict chain of custody criteria which
removes the potential that the sample has had the opportunity to be
accidentally or maliciously adulterated or tampered with
bull This is essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a
test outcome
Collection Officers bull Experienced Collectors
bull Ex-Police Officers amp Ex-Prison Guards
bull Strict Dress Code
bull Trained to DATIA Standard
bull Security Vetted to NPPV3 Level
bull State of the Art Equipment
bull Monitored TrainingCollectors Dip Sampled
bull Impairment Trained
Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing (2002) Peer
reviewed and prepared by a Steering Group of toxicology practitioners
to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual
countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and
legislation wwwewdtsorg-
bull Specimen Collection Guidelines bull Chain of Custody
bull Urine Oral Fluid amp Hair Samples
bull Laboratory Guidelines ndash Concentration Cut-Offs Levels
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
Analysis Type Screening Method to identify the presence of a substance in a sample above a
defined concentration
EWDTS guidelines Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opiates
Methadone
Barbiturates
Phencyclidine
Analysis Type Confirmation Method to confirm the identity and exact concentration of substances
detected at defined cut-off levels
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
Legislation bull Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act (2007)
bull Misuse of Drugs Act (1971)
bull Road Traffic Act (1988)
bull Transport and Works Act (1992)
bull Health amp Safety at Work etc Act (1974)
bull The Health and Safety at Work (NI) 1978
bull The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations (1999)
Misuse or Just One
8
Main Categories of Drugs
1 STIMULANTS ndash Amphetamine Cocaine Ecstasy Alcohol etc
2 SEDATIVESDEPRESSANTS ndash Benzodiazepines Barbiturates
Alcohol etc
3 HALLUCINOGENS ndash Cannabis LSD Magic Mushrooms etc
4 ANALGESICSPAINKILLERS ndash Opiates Heroin Morphine
Codeine etc
9
Amphetamine
10
Cocaine
11
Ecstasy
12
Heroin
13
Benzodiazepines
14
LSD
15
Cannabis
16
Alcohol
17
The Impact
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible impact drug or alcohol misuse
could have in your workplace
18
Corporate Impact
bull Lower productivity
bull Lower profit margins
bull Poor discipline
bull Increased staff turnover
bull Increased absenteeismlateness
bull Loss of clients
bull Damage to the organisationrsquos reputation and community relations
bull Accidents and other breaches of health and safety requirements
bull Employee protectionsafety and health concernsinsurance costs
bull Employee theft
bull Lower staff morale
bull Workplace bullying
bull Increased stress levels
bull Recruitment costs
bull Security issues
bull Impaired decision-making 19
Types of Testing
Pre-Employment
Random
With-Cause
Post-Accident
Abstinence MonitoringReturn to Work
20
Detection Windows
21
Pre-Employment Testing
As part of the recruitment process stating the companyrsquos attitude to
drug and alcohol abuse from the beginning
Frequently included as part of a pre-employment medical a test can be carried out to ascertain whether the potential employee has consumed drugs over a certain period
The organisation can choose the types of sample they wish to test but consideration should be given for detection windows for each sample type
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Hair or Urine
Random Testing Testing all or part of the workforce on a random basis This works as a
deterrent to drug and alcohol abuse Random dates employee list
prepared and testing conducted by Randox Testing Services
Used for monitoring the culture within the employees and ascertain what level of drug amp alcohol issues there may be
Used as a deterrent as each employee will know that there is potential that they could be asked to undertake a test at any given time
Refusal to test would be classed as a positive sample
The organisation will agree to what percentage of the company will be tested and how many times a year testing should be carried out
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Oral Fluid
With-Cause Testing
Testing can be performed when drugalcohol abuse is suspected
Randox Testing Services can attend site and conduct testing
This is where an organisation has a suspicion that someone maybe
under the influence of drugs andor alcohol
This suspicion could come from rumours observed behaviour or if the
person is acting strangely
In this instance we would be called out to perform a breathalyser test
and collect an oral fluidurine sample from the employee and take
back to the laboratory
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
24
Post-Accident Testing
Screening of employee after an accidentincident to determine if drugs
or alcohol may have contributed Testing conducted on site
Post accident testing can be a very effective tool in accident investigations and it is our recommendation that should an incident occur all people involved should be tested
This can and may include sub-contractors or visitors to the site
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
RehabilitationMonitoring Testing
Follow up on previous confirmed positive drug alcohol test
Return to Work or Abstinence Monitoring Testing
This type of testing maybe used whenever an employee has presented with a problem and the organisation offers them support and perhaps helps them with rehabilitation
In this instance part of the contract that you put in place for the employee is the potential to be tested at any stage during the rehabilitation process to ensure that they are fulfilling their contract
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Hair
Management Awareness
Managers must be aware of the following
bull Contents of the company Workplace Drug amp Alcohol Testing policy
bull All employees have been informed of the policy and training given as part of the implementation of the policy
bull Signs and symptoms of misuse
bull Legal implications ie Health amp Safety Regulations Drugs Offences Road Traffic Offences Corporate Manslaughter Legislation
bull Methods of testing
27
Management Awareness It is advised that managers
bull Conduct an interview in private with subject accompanied by another manager ndash there may be some other cause of suspicions
bull Have two managers conduct an independent assessment of the employee
bull Document suspicions and decision to require testing ndash a prepared form with indicators such as signs of drug misuse may assist
bull Make request to provide a sample prior to contacting Randox Testing Services
bull Confirm procedure to detain individual prior to testing
bull Brief Collections Officer and agree type of testing to be undertaken
28
Possible Signs
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible signs of drug misuse
29
Possible Signs
bull Sudden mood changes
bull Erratic or atypical behaviour
bull Impaired reaction time
bull Slurred speech
bull Impaired awareness
bull Sudden incapacity
bull Altered ability to carry out everyday tasks successfully
bull Decreased perception and coordination
bull Restricted mobility
bull Distorted vision or hearing
bull Abnormal fluctuations in concentration and energy
bull Lack of reasoning
bull Smellodour of alcohol
bull Changes in physical appearance
bull Lack of memory
bull Limited judgement
bull Unusual irritability or aggression
bull A tendency to become confused
bull Impaired job performance
bull Poor time-keeping
bull Increased short-term sickness absence
bull Deterioration in relationships with colleagues customers or management
bull Dishonesty and theft (arising from the
need to maintain an expensive habit)
30
Effect of Drugs on Pupils
bull Dilated ndash Cannabis Cocaine Ecstasy Amphetamine LSD
bull Constricted ndash Opiates
31
Specimen Collection Methods
Urine Collection
Breath Analysis
Oral Fluid Collection Hair Collection
Instant Urine Test Cup
Urine The most common sample type used in workplace testing Urine will give a detection
window of around 5 days this is extended for regular cannabis users to around 30
days
Due to the nature of providing a urine sample certain criteria need to be fulfilled to try
and ensure that the sample has not been tampered with or that it may have been
supplied by someone other than the person who is being tested
These safeguards include removing any potential chance for ldquowateringrdquo the sample
down
This is done by securing the toilet area that is used as well as checking the
temperature to ensure that the sample has been freshly voided
Randox will carryout further validity tests in the laboratory to ascertain whether the
sample has been tampered with These include tests for pH Level Specific Gravity
and Creatinine
The sample is split in to two referred to as A amp B samples
Oral Fluid
Sample collection is non-invasive and no special arrangements are required The detection window for drugs will typically be up to 48 hours
Two swabs (A amp B samples) are placed under the tongue and removed once it is indicated that there is enough sample
Each swab is then securely put into a tube and transported back to the laboratory for testing
Oral fluid can have many advantages for the organisation due to the speed and ease of collecting the sample
Breathalyser This is used for Alcohol only
Randox Testing Services use Intoximeters Breathalysers which are both Home Office approved and also used by a number of police forces across the country
When we are called out we will perform a breath test and print out the results immediately
The employee will then be asked to sign the result report which will be retained by us and included in our final report
Hair Can be analysed for drug consumption and alcohol use It will give the longest detection window of all samples (90 days+)
It can take 1 ndash 2 weeks for a drug to enter the hair but will remain almost permanently
Hair grows at an approximate rate of 1cm per month so a 3cm section
provides a profile of drug use over a 3 month period
A hair sample can identify trends of long term drug use and provide a detailed month-on-month view or overall picture of historic drug use
Our collection officer will collect 2 hair samples (A amp B) at approx 90-120 strands per sample
Chain of Custody bull The movement and location of physical evidence from the time it is
obtained until the time it is presented in courttribunal
bull It refers to the system of controls governing the collection processing
and storage of samples
bull We collect samples under strict chain of custody criteria which
removes the potential that the sample has had the opportunity to be
accidentally or maliciously adulterated or tampered with
bull This is essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a
test outcome
Collection Officers bull Experienced Collectors
bull Ex-Police Officers amp Ex-Prison Guards
bull Strict Dress Code
bull Trained to DATIA Standard
bull Security Vetted to NPPV3 Level
bull State of the Art Equipment
bull Monitored TrainingCollectors Dip Sampled
bull Impairment Trained
Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing (2002) Peer
reviewed and prepared by a Steering Group of toxicology practitioners
to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual
countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and
legislation wwwewdtsorg-
bull Specimen Collection Guidelines bull Chain of Custody
bull Urine Oral Fluid amp Hair Samples
bull Laboratory Guidelines ndash Concentration Cut-Offs Levels
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
Analysis Type Screening Method to identify the presence of a substance in a sample above a
defined concentration
EWDTS guidelines Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opiates
Methadone
Barbiturates
Phencyclidine
Analysis Type Confirmation Method to confirm the identity and exact concentration of substances
detected at defined cut-off levels
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
Misuse or Just One
8
Main Categories of Drugs
1 STIMULANTS ndash Amphetamine Cocaine Ecstasy Alcohol etc
2 SEDATIVESDEPRESSANTS ndash Benzodiazepines Barbiturates
Alcohol etc
3 HALLUCINOGENS ndash Cannabis LSD Magic Mushrooms etc
4 ANALGESICSPAINKILLERS ndash Opiates Heroin Morphine
Codeine etc
9
Amphetamine
10
Cocaine
11
Ecstasy
12
Heroin
13
Benzodiazepines
14
LSD
15
Cannabis
16
Alcohol
17
The Impact
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible impact drug or alcohol misuse
could have in your workplace
18
Corporate Impact
bull Lower productivity
bull Lower profit margins
bull Poor discipline
bull Increased staff turnover
bull Increased absenteeismlateness
bull Loss of clients
bull Damage to the organisationrsquos reputation and community relations
bull Accidents and other breaches of health and safety requirements
bull Employee protectionsafety and health concernsinsurance costs
bull Employee theft
bull Lower staff morale
bull Workplace bullying
bull Increased stress levels
bull Recruitment costs
bull Security issues
bull Impaired decision-making 19
Types of Testing
Pre-Employment
Random
With-Cause
Post-Accident
Abstinence MonitoringReturn to Work
20
Detection Windows
21
Pre-Employment Testing
As part of the recruitment process stating the companyrsquos attitude to
drug and alcohol abuse from the beginning
Frequently included as part of a pre-employment medical a test can be carried out to ascertain whether the potential employee has consumed drugs over a certain period
The organisation can choose the types of sample they wish to test but consideration should be given for detection windows for each sample type
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Hair or Urine
Random Testing Testing all or part of the workforce on a random basis This works as a
deterrent to drug and alcohol abuse Random dates employee list
prepared and testing conducted by Randox Testing Services
Used for monitoring the culture within the employees and ascertain what level of drug amp alcohol issues there may be
Used as a deterrent as each employee will know that there is potential that they could be asked to undertake a test at any given time
Refusal to test would be classed as a positive sample
The organisation will agree to what percentage of the company will be tested and how many times a year testing should be carried out
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Oral Fluid
With-Cause Testing
Testing can be performed when drugalcohol abuse is suspected
Randox Testing Services can attend site and conduct testing
This is where an organisation has a suspicion that someone maybe
under the influence of drugs andor alcohol
This suspicion could come from rumours observed behaviour or if the
person is acting strangely
In this instance we would be called out to perform a breathalyser test
and collect an oral fluidurine sample from the employee and take
back to the laboratory
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
24
Post-Accident Testing
Screening of employee after an accidentincident to determine if drugs
or alcohol may have contributed Testing conducted on site
Post accident testing can be a very effective tool in accident investigations and it is our recommendation that should an incident occur all people involved should be tested
This can and may include sub-contractors or visitors to the site
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
RehabilitationMonitoring Testing
Follow up on previous confirmed positive drug alcohol test
Return to Work or Abstinence Monitoring Testing
This type of testing maybe used whenever an employee has presented with a problem and the organisation offers them support and perhaps helps them with rehabilitation
In this instance part of the contract that you put in place for the employee is the potential to be tested at any stage during the rehabilitation process to ensure that they are fulfilling their contract
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Hair
Management Awareness
Managers must be aware of the following
bull Contents of the company Workplace Drug amp Alcohol Testing policy
bull All employees have been informed of the policy and training given as part of the implementation of the policy
bull Signs and symptoms of misuse
bull Legal implications ie Health amp Safety Regulations Drugs Offences Road Traffic Offences Corporate Manslaughter Legislation
bull Methods of testing
27
Management Awareness It is advised that managers
bull Conduct an interview in private with subject accompanied by another manager ndash there may be some other cause of suspicions
bull Have two managers conduct an independent assessment of the employee
bull Document suspicions and decision to require testing ndash a prepared form with indicators such as signs of drug misuse may assist
bull Make request to provide a sample prior to contacting Randox Testing Services
bull Confirm procedure to detain individual prior to testing
bull Brief Collections Officer and agree type of testing to be undertaken
28
Possible Signs
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible signs of drug misuse
29
Possible Signs
bull Sudden mood changes
bull Erratic or atypical behaviour
bull Impaired reaction time
bull Slurred speech
bull Impaired awareness
bull Sudden incapacity
bull Altered ability to carry out everyday tasks successfully
bull Decreased perception and coordination
bull Restricted mobility
bull Distorted vision or hearing
bull Abnormal fluctuations in concentration and energy
bull Lack of reasoning
bull Smellodour of alcohol
bull Changes in physical appearance
bull Lack of memory
bull Limited judgement
bull Unusual irritability or aggression
bull A tendency to become confused
bull Impaired job performance
bull Poor time-keeping
bull Increased short-term sickness absence
bull Deterioration in relationships with colleagues customers or management
bull Dishonesty and theft (arising from the
need to maintain an expensive habit)
30
Effect of Drugs on Pupils
bull Dilated ndash Cannabis Cocaine Ecstasy Amphetamine LSD
bull Constricted ndash Opiates
31
Specimen Collection Methods
Urine Collection
Breath Analysis
Oral Fluid Collection Hair Collection
Instant Urine Test Cup
Urine The most common sample type used in workplace testing Urine will give a detection
window of around 5 days this is extended for regular cannabis users to around 30
days
Due to the nature of providing a urine sample certain criteria need to be fulfilled to try
and ensure that the sample has not been tampered with or that it may have been
supplied by someone other than the person who is being tested
These safeguards include removing any potential chance for ldquowateringrdquo the sample
down
This is done by securing the toilet area that is used as well as checking the
temperature to ensure that the sample has been freshly voided
Randox will carryout further validity tests in the laboratory to ascertain whether the
sample has been tampered with These include tests for pH Level Specific Gravity
and Creatinine
The sample is split in to two referred to as A amp B samples
Oral Fluid
Sample collection is non-invasive and no special arrangements are required The detection window for drugs will typically be up to 48 hours
Two swabs (A amp B samples) are placed under the tongue and removed once it is indicated that there is enough sample
Each swab is then securely put into a tube and transported back to the laboratory for testing
Oral fluid can have many advantages for the organisation due to the speed and ease of collecting the sample
Breathalyser This is used for Alcohol only
Randox Testing Services use Intoximeters Breathalysers which are both Home Office approved and also used by a number of police forces across the country
When we are called out we will perform a breath test and print out the results immediately
The employee will then be asked to sign the result report which will be retained by us and included in our final report
Hair Can be analysed for drug consumption and alcohol use It will give the longest detection window of all samples (90 days+)
It can take 1 ndash 2 weeks for a drug to enter the hair but will remain almost permanently
Hair grows at an approximate rate of 1cm per month so a 3cm section
provides a profile of drug use over a 3 month period
A hair sample can identify trends of long term drug use and provide a detailed month-on-month view or overall picture of historic drug use
Our collection officer will collect 2 hair samples (A amp B) at approx 90-120 strands per sample
Chain of Custody bull The movement and location of physical evidence from the time it is
obtained until the time it is presented in courttribunal
bull It refers to the system of controls governing the collection processing
and storage of samples
bull We collect samples under strict chain of custody criteria which
removes the potential that the sample has had the opportunity to be
accidentally or maliciously adulterated or tampered with
bull This is essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a
test outcome
Collection Officers bull Experienced Collectors
bull Ex-Police Officers amp Ex-Prison Guards
bull Strict Dress Code
bull Trained to DATIA Standard
bull Security Vetted to NPPV3 Level
bull State of the Art Equipment
bull Monitored TrainingCollectors Dip Sampled
bull Impairment Trained
Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing (2002) Peer
reviewed and prepared by a Steering Group of toxicology practitioners
to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual
countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and
legislation wwwewdtsorg-
bull Specimen Collection Guidelines bull Chain of Custody
bull Urine Oral Fluid amp Hair Samples
bull Laboratory Guidelines ndash Concentration Cut-Offs Levels
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
Analysis Type Screening Method to identify the presence of a substance in a sample above a
defined concentration
EWDTS guidelines Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opiates
Methadone
Barbiturates
Phencyclidine
Analysis Type Confirmation Method to confirm the identity and exact concentration of substances
detected at defined cut-off levels
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
Main Categories of Drugs
1 STIMULANTS ndash Amphetamine Cocaine Ecstasy Alcohol etc
2 SEDATIVESDEPRESSANTS ndash Benzodiazepines Barbiturates
Alcohol etc
3 HALLUCINOGENS ndash Cannabis LSD Magic Mushrooms etc
4 ANALGESICSPAINKILLERS ndash Opiates Heroin Morphine
Codeine etc
9
Amphetamine
10
Cocaine
11
Ecstasy
12
Heroin
13
Benzodiazepines
14
LSD
15
Cannabis
16
Alcohol
17
The Impact
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible impact drug or alcohol misuse
could have in your workplace
18
Corporate Impact
bull Lower productivity
bull Lower profit margins
bull Poor discipline
bull Increased staff turnover
bull Increased absenteeismlateness
bull Loss of clients
bull Damage to the organisationrsquos reputation and community relations
bull Accidents and other breaches of health and safety requirements
bull Employee protectionsafety and health concernsinsurance costs
bull Employee theft
bull Lower staff morale
bull Workplace bullying
bull Increased stress levels
bull Recruitment costs
bull Security issues
bull Impaired decision-making 19
Types of Testing
Pre-Employment
Random
With-Cause
Post-Accident
Abstinence MonitoringReturn to Work
20
Detection Windows
21
Pre-Employment Testing
As part of the recruitment process stating the companyrsquos attitude to
drug and alcohol abuse from the beginning
Frequently included as part of a pre-employment medical a test can be carried out to ascertain whether the potential employee has consumed drugs over a certain period
The organisation can choose the types of sample they wish to test but consideration should be given for detection windows for each sample type
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Hair or Urine
Random Testing Testing all or part of the workforce on a random basis This works as a
deterrent to drug and alcohol abuse Random dates employee list
prepared and testing conducted by Randox Testing Services
Used for monitoring the culture within the employees and ascertain what level of drug amp alcohol issues there may be
Used as a deterrent as each employee will know that there is potential that they could be asked to undertake a test at any given time
Refusal to test would be classed as a positive sample
The organisation will agree to what percentage of the company will be tested and how many times a year testing should be carried out
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Oral Fluid
With-Cause Testing
Testing can be performed when drugalcohol abuse is suspected
Randox Testing Services can attend site and conduct testing
This is where an organisation has a suspicion that someone maybe
under the influence of drugs andor alcohol
This suspicion could come from rumours observed behaviour or if the
person is acting strangely
In this instance we would be called out to perform a breathalyser test
and collect an oral fluidurine sample from the employee and take
back to the laboratory
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
24
Post-Accident Testing
Screening of employee after an accidentincident to determine if drugs
or alcohol may have contributed Testing conducted on site
Post accident testing can be a very effective tool in accident investigations and it is our recommendation that should an incident occur all people involved should be tested
This can and may include sub-contractors or visitors to the site
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
RehabilitationMonitoring Testing
Follow up on previous confirmed positive drug alcohol test
Return to Work or Abstinence Monitoring Testing
This type of testing maybe used whenever an employee has presented with a problem and the organisation offers them support and perhaps helps them with rehabilitation
In this instance part of the contract that you put in place for the employee is the potential to be tested at any stage during the rehabilitation process to ensure that they are fulfilling their contract
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Hair
Management Awareness
Managers must be aware of the following
bull Contents of the company Workplace Drug amp Alcohol Testing policy
bull All employees have been informed of the policy and training given as part of the implementation of the policy
bull Signs and symptoms of misuse
bull Legal implications ie Health amp Safety Regulations Drugs Offences Road Traffic Offences Corporate Manslaughter Legislation
bull Methods of testing
27
Management Awareness It is advised that managers
bull Conduct an interview in private with subject accompanied by another manager ndash there may be some other cause of suspicions
bull Have two managers conduct an independent assessment of the employee
bull Document suspicions and decision to require testing ndash a prepared form with indicators such as signs of drug misuse may assist
bull Make request to provide a sample prior to contacting Randox Testing Services
bull Confirm procedure to detain individual prior to testing
bull Brief Collections Officer and agree type of testing to be undertaken
28
Possible Signs
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible signs of drug misuse
29
Possible Signs
bull Sudden mood changes
bull Erratic or atypical behaviour
bull Impaired reaction time
bull Slurred speech
bull Impaired awareness
bull Sudden incapacity
bull Altered ability to carry out everyday tasks successfully
bull Decreased perception and coordination
bull Restricted mobility
bull Distorted vision or hearing
bull Abnormal fluctuations in concentration and energy
bull Lack of reasoning
bull Smellodour of alcohol
bull Changes in physical appearance
bull Lack of memory
bull Limited judgement
bull Unusual irritability or aggression
bull A tendency to become confused
bull Impaired job performance
bull Poor time-keeping
bull Increased short-term sickness absence
bull Deterioration in relationships with colleagues customers or management
bull Dishonesty and theft (arising from the
need to maintain an expensive habit)
30
Effect of Drugs on Pupils
bull Dilated ndash Cannabis Cocaine Ecstasy Amphetamine LSD
bull Constricted ndash Opiates
31
Specimen Collection Methods
Urine Collection
Breath Analysis
Oral Fluid Collection Hair Collection
Instant Urine Test Cup
Urine The most common sample type used in workplace testing Urine will give a detection
window of around 5 days this is extended for regular cannabis users to around 30
days
Due to the nature of providing a urine sample certain criteria need to be fulfilled to try
and ensure that the sample has not been tampered with or that it may have been
supplied by someone other than the person who is being tested
These safeguards include removing any potential chance for ldquowateringrdquo the sample
down
This is done by securing the toilet area that is used as well as checking the
temperature to ensure that the sample has been freshly voided
Randox will carryout further validity tests in the laboratory to ascertain whether the
sample has been tampered with These include tests for pH Level Specific Gravity
and Creatinine
The sample is split in to two referred to as A amp B samples
Oral Fluid
Sample collection is non-invasive and no special arrangements are required The detection window for drugs will typically be up to 48 hours
Two swabs (A amp B samples) are placed under the tongue and removed once it is indicated that there is enough sample
Each swab is then securely put into a tube and transported back to the laboratory for testing
Oral fluid can have many advantages for the organisation due to the speed and ease of collecting the sample
Breathalyser This is used for Alcohol only
Randox Testing Services use Intoximeters Breathalysers which are both Home Office approved and also used by a number of police forces across the country
When we are called out we will perform a breath test and print out the results immediately
The employee will then be asked to sign the result report which will be retained by us and included in our final report
Hair Can be analysed for drug consumption and alcohol use It will give the longest detection window of all samples (90 days+)
It can take 1 ndash 2 weeks for a drug to enter the hair but will remain almost permanently
Hair grows at an approximate rate of 1cm per month so a 3cm section
provides a profile of drug use over a 3 month period
A hair sample can identify trends of long term drug use and provide a detailed month-on-month view or overall picture of historic drug use
Our collection officer will collect 2 hair samples (A amp B) at approx 90-120 strands per sample
Chain of Custody bull The movement and location of physical evidence from the time it is
obtained until the time it is presented in courttribunal
bull It refers to the system of controls governing the collection processing
and storage of samples
bull We collect samples under strict chain of custody criteria which
removes the potential that the sample has had the opportunity to be
accidentally or maliciously adulterated or tampered with
bull This is essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a
test outcome
Collection Officers bull Experienced Collectors
bull Ex-Police Officers amp Ex-Prison Guards
bull Strict Dress Code
bull Trained to DATIA Standard
bull Security Vetted to NPPV3 Level
bull State of the Art Equipment
bull Monitored TrainingCollectors Dip Sampled
bull Impairment Trained
Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing (2002) Peer
reviewed and prepared by a Steering Group of toxicology practitioners
to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual
countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and
legislation wwwewdtsorg-
bull Specimen Collection Guidelines bull Chain of Custody
bull Urine Oral Fluid amp Hair Samples
bull Laboratory Guidelines ndash Concentration Cut-Offs Levels
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
Analysis Type Screening Method to identify the presence of a substance in a sample above a
defined concentration
EWDTS guidelines Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opiates
Methadone
Barbiturates
Phencyclidine
Analysis Type Confirmation Method to confirm the identity and exact concentration of substances
detected at defined cut-off levels
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
Amphetamine
10
Cocaine
11
Ecstasy
12
Heroin
13
Benzodiazepines
14
LSD
15
Cannabis
16
Alcohol
17
The Impact
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible impact drug or alcohol misuse
could have in your workplace
18
Corporate Impact
bull Lower productivity
bull Lower profit margins
bull Poor discipline
bull Increased staff turnover
bull Increased absenteeismlateness
bull Loss of clients
bull Damage to the organisationrsquos reputation and community relations
bull Accidents and other breaches of health and safety requirements
bull Employee protectionsafety and health concernsinsurance costs
bull Employee theft
bull Lower staff morale
bull Workplace bullying
bull Increased stress levels
bull Recruitment costs
bull Security issues
bull Impaired decision-making 19
Types of Testing
Pre-Employment
Random
With-Cause
Post-Accident
Abstinence MonitoringReturn to Work
20
Detection Windows
21
Pre-Employment Testing
As part of the recruitment process stating the companyrsquos attitude to
drug and alcohol abuse from the beginning
Frequently included as part of a pre-employment medical a test can be carried out to ascertain whether the potential employee has consumed drugs over a certain period
The organisation can choose the types of sample they wish to test but consideration should be given for detection windows for each sample type
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Hair or Urine
Random Testing Testing all or part of the workforce on a random basis This works as a
deterrent to drug and alcohol abuse Random dates employee list
prepared and testing conducted by Randox Testing Services
Used for monitoring the culture within the employees and ascertain what level of drug amp alcohol issues there may be
Used as a deterrent as each employee will know that there is potential that they could be asked to undertake a test at any given time
Refusal to test would be classed as a positive sample
The organisation will agree to what percentage of the company will be tested and how many times a year testing should be carried out
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Oral Fluid
With-Cause Testing
Testing can be performed when drugalcohol abuse is suspected
Randox Testing Services can attend site and conduct testing
This is where an organisation has a suspicion that someone maybe
under the influence of drugs andor alcohol
This suspicion could come from rumours observed behaviour or if the
person is acting strangely
In this instance we would be called out to perform a breathalyser test
and collect an oral fluidurine sample from the employee and take
back to the laboratory
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
24
Post-Accident Testing
Screening of employee after an accidentincident to determine if drugs
or alcohol may have contributed Testing conducted on site
Post accident testing can be a very effective tool in accident investigations and it is our recommendation that should an incident occur all people involved should be tested
This can and may include sub-contractors or visitors to the site
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
RehabilitationMonitoring Testing
Follow up on previous confirmed positive drug alcohol test
Return to Work or Abstinence Monitoring Testing
This type of testing maybe used whenever an employee has presented with a problem and the organisation offers them support and perhaps helps them with rehabilitation
In this instance part of the contract that you put in place for the employee is the potential to be tested at any stage during the rehabilitation process to ensure that they are fulfilling their contract
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Hair
Management Awareness
Managers must be aware of the following
bull Contents of the company Workplace Drug amp Alcohol Testing policy
bull All employees have been informed of the policy and training given as part of the implementation of the policy
bull Signs and symptoms of misuse
bull Legal implications ie Health amp Safety Regulations Drugs Offences Road Traffic Offences Corporate Manslaughter Legislation
bull Methods of testing
27
Management Awareness It is advised that managers
bull Conduct an interview in private with subject accompanied by another manager ndash there may be some other cause of suspicions
bull Have two managers conduct an independent assessment of the employee
bull Document suspicions and decision to require testing ndash a prepared form with indicators such as signs of drug misuse may assist
bull Make request to provide a sample prior to contacting Randox Testing Services
bull Confirm procedure to detain individual prior to testing
bull Brief Collections Officer and agree type of testing to be undertaken
28
Possible Signs
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible signs of drug misuse
29
Possible Signs
bull Sudden mood changes
bull Erratic or atypical behaviour
bull Impaired reaction time
bull Slurred speech
bull Impaired awareness
bull Sudden incapacity
bull Altered ability to carry out everyday tasks successfully
bull Decreased perception and coordination
bull Restricted mobility
bull Distorted vision or hearing
bull Abnormal fluctuations in concentration and energy
bull Lack of reasoning
bull Smellodour of alcohol
bull Changes in physical appearance
bull Lack of memory
bull Limited judgement
bull Unusual irritability or aggression
bull A tendency to become confused
bull Impaired job performance
bull Poor time-keeping
bull Increased short-term sickness absence
bull Deterioration in relationships with colleagues customers or management
bull Dishonesty and theft (arising from the
need to maintain an expensive habit)
30
Effect of Drugs on Pupils
bull Dilated ndash Cannabis Cocaine Ecstasy Amphetamine LSD
bull Constricted ndash Opiates
31
Specimen Collection Methods
Urine Collection
Breath Analysis
Oral Fluid Collection Hair Collection
Instant Urine Test Cup
Urine The most common sample type used in workplace testing Urine will give a detection
window of around 5 days this is extended for regular cannabis users to around 30
days
Due to the nature of providing a urine sample certain criteria need to be fulfilled to try
and ensure that the sample has not been tampered with or that it may have been
supplied by someone other than the person who is being tested
These safeguards include removing any potential chance for ldquowateringrdquo the sample
down
This is done by securing the toilet area that is used as well as checking the
temperature to ensure that the sample has been freshly voided
Randox will carryout further validity tests in the laboratory to ascertain whether the
sample has been tampered with These include tests for pH Level Specific Gravity
and Creatinine
The sample is split in to two referred to as A amp B samples
Oral Fluid
Sample collection is non-invasive and no special arrangements are required The detection window for drugs will typically be up to 48 hours
Two swabs (A amp B samples) are placed under the tongue and removed once it is indicated that there is enough sample
Each swab is then securely put into a tube and transported back to the laboratory for testing
Oral fluid can have many advantages for the organisation due to the speed and ease of collecting the sample
Breathalyser This is used for Alcohol only
Randox Testing Services use Intoximeters Breathalysers which are both Home Office approved and also used by a number of police forces across the country
When we are called out we will perform a breath test and print out the results immediately
The employee will then be asked to sign the result report which will be retained by us and included in our final report
Hair Can be analysed for drug consumption and alcohol use It will give the longest detection window of all samples (90 days+)
It can take 1 ndash 2 weeks for a drug to enter the hair but will remain almost permanently
Hair grows at an approximate rate of 1cm per month so a 3cm section
provides a profile of drug use over a 3 month period
A hair sample can identify trends of long term drug use and provide a detailed month-on-month view or overall picture of historic drug use
Our collection officer will collect 2 hair samples (A amp B) at approx 90-120 strands per sample
Chain of Custody bull The movement and location of physical evidence from the time it is
obtained until the time it is presented in courttribunal
bull It refers to the system of controls governing the collection processing
and storage of samples
bull We collect samples under strict chain of custody criteria which
removes the potential that the sample has had the opportunity to be
accidentally or maliciously adulterated or tampered with
bull This is essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a
test outcome
Collection Officers bull Experienced Collectors
bull Ex-Police Officers amp Ex-Prison Guards
bull Strict Dress Code
bull Trained to DATIA Standard
bull Security Vetted to NPPV3 Level
bull State of the Art Equipment
bull Monitored TrainingCollectors Dip Sampled
bull Impairment Trained
Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing (2002) Peer
reviewed and prepared by a Steering Group of toxicology practitioners
to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual
countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and
legislation wwwewdtsorg-
bull Specimen Collection Guidelines bull Chain of Custody
bull Urine Oral Fluid amp Hair Samples
bull Laboratory Guidelines ndash Concentration Cut-Offs Levels
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
Analysis Type Screening Method to identify the presence of a substance in a sample above a
defined concentration
EWDTS guidelines Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opiates
Methadone
Barbiturates
Phencyclidine
Analysis Type Confirmation Method to confirm the identity and exact concentration of substances
detected at defined cut-off levels
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
Cocaine
11
Ecstasy
12
Heroin
13
Benzodiazepines
14
LSD
15
Cannabis
16
Alcohol
17
The Impact
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible impact drug or alcohol misuse
could have in your workplace
18
Corporate Impact
bull Lower productivity
bull Lower profit margins
bull Poor discipline
bull Increased staff turnover
bull Increased absenteeismlateness
bull Loss of clients
bull Damage to the organisationrsquos reputation and community relations
bull Accidents and other breaches of health and safety requirements
bull Employee protectionsafety and health concernsinsurance costs
bull Employee theft
bull Lower staff morale
bull Workplace bullying
bull Increased stress levels
bull Recruitment costs
bull Security issues
bull Impaired decision-making 19
Types of Testing
Pre-Employment
Random
With-Cause
Post-Accident
Abstinence MonitoringReturn to Work
20
Detection Windows
21
Pre-Employment Testing
As part of the recruitment process stating the companyrsquos attitude to
drug and alcohol abuse from the beginning
Frequently included as part of a pre-employment medical a test can be carried out to ascertain whether the potential employee has consumed drugs over a certain period
The organisation can choose the types of sample they wish to test but consideration should be given for detection windows for each sample type
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Hair or Urine
Random Testing Testing all or part of the workforce on a random basis This works as a
deterrent to drug and alcohol abuse Random dates employee list
prepared and testing conducted by Randox Testing Services
Used for monitoring the culture within the employees and ascertain what level of drug amp alcohol issues there may be
Used as a deterrent as each employee will know that there is potential that they could be asked to undertake a test at any given time
Refusal to test would be classed as a positive sample
The organisation will agree to what percentage of the company will be tested and how many times a year testing should be carried out
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Oral Fluid
With-Cause Testing
Testing can be performed when drugalcohol abuse is suspected
Randox Testing Services can attend site and conduct testing
This is where an organisation has a suspicion that someone maybe
under the influence of drugs andor alcohol
This suspicion could come from rumours observed behaviour or if the
person is acting strangely
In this instance we would be called out to perform a breathalyser test
and collect an oral fluidurine sample from the employee and take
back to the laboratory
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
24
Post-Accident Testing
Screening of employee after an accidentincident to determine if drugs
or alcohol may have contributed Testing conducted on site
Post accident testing can be a very effective tool in accident investigations and it is our recommendation that should an incident occur all people involved should be tested
This can and may include sub-contractors or visitors to the site
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
RehabilitationMonitoring Testing
Follow up on previous confirmed positive drug alcohol test
Return to Work or Abstinence Monitoring Testing
This type of testing maybe used whenever an employee has presented with a problem and the organisation offers them support and perhaps helps them with rehabilitation
In this instance part of the contract that you put in place for the employee is the potential to be tested at any stage during the rehabilitation process to ensure that they are fulfilling their contract
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Hair
Management Awareness
Managers must be aware of the following
bull Contents of the company Workplace Drug amp Alcohol Testing policy
bull All employees have been informed of the policy and training given as part of the implementation of the policy
bull Signs and symptoms of misuse
bull Legal implications ie Health amp Safety Regulations Drugs Offences Road Traffic Offences Corporate Manslaughter Legislation
bull Methods of testing
27
Management Awareness It is advised that managers
bull Conduct an interview in private with subject accompanied by another manager ndash there may be some other cause of suspicions
bull Have two managers conduct an independent assessment of the employee
bull Document suspicions and decision to require testing ndash a prepared form with indicators such as signs of drug misuse may assist
bull Make request to provide a sample prior to contacting Randox Testing Services
bull Confirm procedure to detain individual prior to testing
bull Brief Collections Officer and agree type of testing to be undertaken
28
Possible Signs
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible signs of drug misuse
29
Possible Signs
bull Sudden mood changes
bull Erratic or atypical behaviour
bull Impaired reaction time
bull Slurred speech
bull Impaired awareness
bull Sudden incapacity
bull Altered ability to carry out everyday tasks successfully
bull Decreased perception and coordination
bull Restricted mobility
bull Distorted vision or hearing
bull Abnormal fluctuations in concentration and energy
bull Lack of reasoning
bull Smellodour of alcohol
bull Changes in physical appearance
bull Lack of memory
bull Limited judgement
bull Unusual irritability or aggression
bull A tendency to become confused
bull Impaired job performance
bull Poor time-keeping
bull Increased short-term sickness absence
bull Deterioration in relationships with colleagues customers or management
bull Dishonesty and theft (arising from the
need to maintain an expensive habit)
30
Effect of Drugs on Pupils
bull Dilated ndash Cannabis Cocaine Ecstasy Amphetamine LSD
bull Constricted ndash Opiates
31
Specimen Collection Methods
Urine Collection
Breath Analysis
Oral Fluid Collection Hair Collection
Instant Urine Test Cup
Urine The most common sample type used in workplace testing Urine will give a detection
window of around 5 days this is extended for regular cannabis users to around 30
days
Due to the nature of providing a urine sample certain criteria need to be fulfilled to try
and ensure that the sample has not been tampered with or that it may have been
supplied by someone other than the person who is being tested
These safeguards include removing any potential chance for ldquowateringrdquo the sample
down
This is done by securing the toilet area that is used as well as checking the
temperature to ensure that the sample has been freshly voided
Randox will carryout further validity tests in the laboratory to ascertain whether the
sample has been tampered with These include tests for pH Level Specific Gravity
and Creatinine
The sample is split in to two referred to as A amp B samples
Oral Fluid
Sample collection is non-invasive and no special arrangements are required The detection window for drugs will typically be up to 48 hours
Two swabs (A amp B samples) are placed under the tongue and removed once it is indicated that there is enough sample
Each swab is then securely put into a tube and transported back to the laboratory for testing
Oral fluid can have many advantages for the organisation due to the speed and ease of collecting the sample
Breathalyser This is used for Alcohol only
Randox Testing Services use Intoximeters Breathalysers which are both Home Office approved and also used by a number of police forces across the country
When we are called out we will perform a breath test and print out the results immediately
The employee will then be asked to sign the result report which will be retained by us and included in our final report
Hair Can be analysed for drug consumption and alcohol use It will give the longest detection window of all samples (90 days+)
It can take 1 ndash 2 weeks for a drug to enter the hair but will remain almost permanently
Hair grows at an approximate rate of 1cm per month so a 3cm section
provides a profile of drug use over a 3 month period
A hair sample can identify trends of long term drug use and provide a detailed month-on-month view or overall picture of historic drug use
Our collection officer will collect 2 hair samples (A amp B) at approx 90-120 strands per sample
Chain of Custody bull The movement and location of physical evidence from the time it is
obtained until the time it is presented in courttribunal
bull It refers to the system of controls governing the collection processing
and storage of samples
bull We collect samples under strict chain of custody criteria which
removes the potential that the sample has had the opportunity to be
accidentally or maliciously adulterated or tampered with
bull This is essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a
test outcome
Collection Officers bull Experienced Collectors
bull Ex-Police Officers amp Ex-Prison Guards
bull Strict Dress Code
bull Trained to DATIA Standard
bull Security Vetted to NPPV3 Level
bull State of the Art Equipment
bull Monitored TrainingCollectors Dip Sampled
bull Impairment Trained
Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing (2002) Peer
reviewed and prepared by a Steering Group of toxicology practitioners
to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual
countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and
legislation wwwewdtsorg-
bull Specimen Collection Guidelines bull Chain of Custody
bull Urine Oral Fluid amp Hair Samples
bull Laboratory Guidelines ndash Concentration Cut-Offs Levels
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
Analysis Type Screening Method to identify the presence of a substance in a sample above a
defined concentration
EWDTS guidelines Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opiates
Methadone
Barbiturates
Phencyclidine
Analysis Type Confirmation Method to confirm the identity and exact concentration of substances
detected at defined cut-off levels
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
Ecstasy
12
Heroin
13
Benzodiazepines
14
LSD
15
Cannabis
16
Alcohol
17
The Impact
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible impact drug or alcohol misuse
could have in your workplace
18
Corporate Impact
bull Lower productivity
bull Lower profit margins
bull Poor discipline
bull Increased staff turnover
bull Increased absenteeismlateness
bull Loss of clients
bull Damage to the organisationrsquos reputation and community relations
bull Accidents and other breaches of health and safety requirements
bull Employee protectionsafety and health concernsinsurance costs
bull Employee theft
bull Lower staff morale
bull Workplace bullying
bull Increased stress levels
bull Recruitment costs
bull Security issues
bull Impaired decision-making 19
Types of Testing
Pre-Employment
Random
With-Cause
Post-Accident
Abstinence MonitoringReturn to Work
20
Detection Windows
21
Pre-Employment Testing
As part of the recruitment process stating the companyrsquos attitude to
drug and alcohol abuse from the beginning
Frequently included as part of a pre-employment medical a test can be carried out to ascertain whether the potential employee has consumed drugs over a certain period
The organisation can choose the types of sample they wish to test but consideration should be given for detection windows for each sample type
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Hair or Urine
Random Testing Testing all or part of the workforce on a random basis This works as a
deterrent to drug and alcohol abuse Random dates employee list
prepared and testing conducted by Randox Testing Services
Used for monitoring the culture within the employees and ascertain what level of drug amp alcohol issues there may be
Used as a deterrent as each employee will know that there is potential that they could be asked to undertake a test at any given time
Refusal to test would be classed as a positive sample
The organisation will agree to what percentage of the company will be tested and how many times a year testing should be carried out
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Oral Fluid
With-Cause Testing
Testing can be performed when drugalcohol abuse is suspected
Randox Testing Services can attend site and conduct testing
This is where an organisation has a suspicion that someone maybe
under the influence of drugs andor alcohol
This suspicion could come from rumours observed behaviour or if the
person is acting strangely
In this instance we would be called out to perform a breathalyser test
and collect an oral fluidurine sample from the employee and take
back to the laboratory
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
24
Post-Accident Testing
Screening of employee after an accidentincident to determine if drugs
or alcohol may have contributed Testing conducted on site
Post accident testing can be a very effective tool in accident investigations and it is our recommendation that should an incident occur all people involved should be tested
This can and may include sub-contractors or visitors to the site
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
RehabilitationMonitoring Testing
Follow up on previous confirmed positive drug alcohol test
Return to Work or Abstinence Monitoring Testing
This type of testing maybe used whenever an employee has presented with a problem and the organisation offers them support and perhaps helps them with rehabilitation
In this instance part of the contract that you put in place for the employee is the potential to be tested at any stage during the rehabilitation process to ensure that they are fulfilling their contract
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Hair
Management Awareness
Managers must be aware of the following
bull Contents of the company Workplace Drug amp Alcohol Testing policy
bull All employees have been informed of the policy and training given as part of the implementation of the policy
bull Signs and symptoms of misuse
bull Legal implications ie Health amp Safety Regulations Drugs Offences Road Traffic Offences Corporate Manslaughter Legislation
bull Methods of testing
27
Management Awareness It is advised that managers
bull Conduct an interview in private with subject accompanied by another manager ndash there may be some other cause of suspicions
bull Have two managers conduct an independent assessment of the employee
bull Document suspicions and decision to require testing ndash a prepared form with indicators such as signs of drug misuse may assist
bull Make request to provide a sample prior to contacting Randox Testing Services
bull Confirm procedure to detain individual prior to testing
bull Brief Collections Officer and agree type of testing to be undertaken
28
Possible Signs
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible signs of drug misuse
29
Possible Signs
bull Sudden mood changes
bull Erratic or atypical behaviour
bull Impaired reaction time
bull Slurred speech
bull Impaired awareness
bull Sudden incapacity
bull Altered ability to carry out everyday tasks successfully
bull Decreased perception and coordination
bull Restricted mobility
bull Distorted vision or hearing
bull Abnormal fluctuations in concentration and energy
bull Lack of reasoning
bull Smellodour of alcohol
bull Changes in physical appearance
bull Lack of memory
bull Limited judgement
bull Unusual irritability or aggression
bull A tendency to become confused
bull Impaired job performance
bull Poor time-keeping
bull Increased short-term sickness absence
bull Deterioration in relationships with colleagues customers or management
bull Dishonesty and theft (arising from the
need to maintain an expensive habit)
30
Effect of Drugs on Pupils
bull Dilated ndash Cannabis Cocaine Ecstasy Amphetamine LSD
bull Constricted ndash Opiates
31
Specimen Collection Methods
Urine Collection
Breath Analysis
Oral Fluid Collection Hair Collection
Instant Urine Test Cup
Urine The most common sample type used in workplace testing Urine will give a detection
window of around 5 days this is extended for regular cannabis users to around 30
days
Due to the nature of providing a urine sample certain criteria need to be fulfilled to try
and ensure that the sample has not been tampered with or that it may have been
supplied by someone other than the person who is being tested
These safeguards include removing any potential chance for ldquowateringrdquo the sample
down
This is done by securing the toilet area that is used as well as checking the
temperature to ensure that the sample has been freshly voided
Randox will carryout further validity tests in the laboratory to ascertain whether the
sample has been tampered with These include tests for pH Level Specific Gravity
and Creatinine
The sample is split in to two referred to as A amp B samples
Oral Fluid
Sample collection is non-invasive and no special arrangements are required The detection window for drugs will typically be up to 48 hours
Two swabs (A amp B samples) are placed under the tongue and removed once it is indicated that there is enough sample
Each swab is then securely put into a tube and transported back to the laboratory for testing
Oral fluid can have many advantages for the organisation due to the speed and ease of collecting the sample
Breathalyser This is used for Alcohol only
Randox Testing Services use Intoximeters Breathalysers which are both Home Office approved and also used by a number of police forces across the country
When we are called out we will perform a breath test and print out the results immediately
The employee will then be asked to sign the result report which will be retained by us and included in our final report
Hair Can be analysed for drug consumption and alcohol use It will give the longest detection window of all samples (90 days+)
It can take 1 ndash 2 weeks for a drug to enter the hair but will remain almost permanently
Hair grows at an approximate rate of 1cm per month so a 3cm section
provides a profile of drug use over a 3 month period
A hair sample can identify trends of long term drug use and provide a detailed month-on-month view or overall picture of historic drug use
Our collection officer will collect 2 hair samples (A amp B) at approx 90-120 strands per sample
Chain of Custody bull The movement and location of physical evidence from the time it is
obtained until the time it is presented in courttribunal
bull It refers to the system of controls governing the collection processing
and storage of samples
bull We collect samples under strict chain of custody criteria which
removes the potential that the sample has had the opportunity to be
accidentally or maliciously adulterated or tampered with
bull This is essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a
test outcome
Collection Officers bull Experienced Collectors
bull Ex-Police Officers amp Ex-Prison Guards
bull Strict Dress Code
bull Trained to DATIA Standard
bull Security Vetted to NPPV3 Level
bull State of the Art Equipment
bull Monitored TrainingCollectors Dip Sampled
bull Impairment Trained
Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing (2002) Peer
reviewed and prepared by a Steering Group of toxicology practitioners
to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual
countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and
legislation wwwewdtsorg-
bull Specimen Collection Guidelines bull Chain of Custody
bull Urine Oral Fluid amp Hair Samples
bull Laboratory Guidelines ndash Concentration Cut-Offs Levels
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
Analysis Type Screening Method to identify the presence of a substance in a sample above a
defined concentration
EWDTS guidelines Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opiates
Methadone
Barbiturates
Phencyclidine
Analysis Type Confirmation Method to confirm the identity and exact concentration of substances
detected at defined cut-off levels
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
Heroin
13
Benzodiazepines
14
LSD
15
Cannabis
16
Alcohol
17
The Impact
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible impact drug or alcohol misuse
could have in your workplace
18
Corporate Impact
bull Lower productivity
bull Lower profit margins
bull Poor discipline
bull Increased staff turnover
bull Increased absenteeismlateness
bull Loss of clients
bull Damage to the organisationrsquos reputation and community relations
bull Accidents and other breaches of health and safety requirements
bull Employee protectionsafety and health concernsinsurance costs
bull Employee theft
bull Lower staff morale
bull Workplace bullying
bull Increased stress levels
bull Recruitment costs
bull Security issues
bull Impaired decision-making 19
Types of Testing
Pre-Employment
Random
With-Cause
Post-Accident
Abstinence MonitoringReturn to Work
20
Detection Windows
21
Pre-Employment Testing
As part of the recruitment process stating the companyrsquos attitude to
drug and alcohol abuse from the beginning
Frequently included as part of a pre-employment medical a test can be carried out to ascertain whether the potential employee has consumed drugs over a certain period
The organisation can choose the types of sample they wish to test but consideration should be given for detection windows for each sample type
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Hair or Urine
Random Testing Testing all or part of the workforce on a random basis This works as a
deterrent to drug and alcohol abuse Random dates employee list
prepared and testing conducted by Randox Testing Services
Used for monitoring the culture within the employees and ascertain what level of drug amp alcohol issues there may be
Used as a deterrent as each employee will know that there is potential that they could be asked to undertake a test at any given time
Refusal to test would be classed as a positive sample
The organisation will agree to what percentage of the company will be tested and how many times a year testing should be carried out
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Oral Fluid
With-Cause Testing
Testing can be performed when drugalcohol abuse is suspected
Randox Testing Services can attend site and conduct testing
This is where an organisation has a suspicion that someone maybe
under the influence of drugs andor alcohol
This suspicion could come from rumours observed behaviour or if the
person is acting strangely
In this instance we would be called out to perform a breathalyser test
and collect an oral fluidurine sample from the employee and take
back to the laboratory
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
24
Post-Accident Testing
Screening of employee after an accidentincident to determine if drugs
or alcohol may have contributed Testing conducted on site
Post accident testing can be a very effective tool in accident investigations and it is our recommendation that should an incident occur all people involved should be tested
This can and may include sub-contractors or visitors to the site
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
RehabilitationMonitoring Testing
Follow up on previous confirmed positive drug alcohol test
Return to Work or Abstinence Monitoring Testing
This type of testing maybe used whenever an employee has presented with a problem and the organisation offers them support and perhaps helps them with rehabilitation
In this instance part of the contract that you put in place for the employee is the potential to be tested at any stage during the rehabilitation process to ensure that they are fulfilling their contract
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Hair
Management Awareness
Managers must be aware of the following
bull Contents of the company Workplace Drug amp Alcohol Testing policy
bull All employees have been informed of the policy and training given as part of the implementation of the policy
bull Signs and symptoms of misuse
bull Legal implications ie Health amp Safety Regulations Drugs Offences Road Traffic Offences Corporate Manslaughter Legislation
bull Methods of testing
27
Management Awareness It is advised that managers
bull Conduct an interview in private with subject accompanied by another manager ndash there may be some other cause of suspicions
bull Have two managers conduct an independent assessment of the employee
bull Document suspicions and decision to require testing ndash a prepared form with indicators such as signs of drug misuse may assist
bull Make request to provide a sample prior to contacting Randox Testing Services
bull Confirm procedure to detain individual prior to testing
bull Brief Collections Officer and agree type of testing to be undertaken
28
Possible Signs
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible signs of drug misuse
29
Possible Signs
bull Sudden mood changes
bull Erratic or atypical behaviour
bull Impaired reaction time
bull Slurred speech
bull Impaired awareness
bull Sudden incapacity
bull Altered ability to carry out everyday tasks successfully
bull Decreased perception and coordination
bull Restricted mobility
bull Distorted vision or hearing
bull Abnormal fluctuations in concentration and energy
bull Lack of reasoning
bull Smellodour of alcohol
bull Changes in physical appearance
bull Lack of memory
bull Limited judgement
bull Unusual irritability or aggression
bull A tendency to become confused
bull Impaired job performance
bull Poor time-keeping
bull Increased short-term sickness absence
bull Deterioration in relationships with colleagues customers or management
bull Dishonesty and theft (arising from the
need to maintain an expensive habit)
30
Effect of Drugs on Pupils
bull Dilated ndash Cannabis Cocaine Ecstasy Amphetamine LSD
bull Constricted ndash Opiates
31
Specimen Collection Methods
Urine Collection
Breath Analysis
Oral Fluid Collection Hair Collection
Instant Urine Test Cup
Urine The most common sample type used in workplace testing Urine will give a detection
window of around 5 days this is extended for regular cannabis users to around 30
days
Due to the nature of providing a urine sample certain criteria need to be fulfilled to try
and ensure that the sample has not been tampered with or that it may have been
supplied by someone other than the person who is being tested
These safeguards include removing any potential chance for ldquowateringrdquo the sample
down
This is done by securing the toilet area that is used as well as checking the
temperature to ensure that the sample has been freshly voided
Randox will carryout further validity tests in the laboratory to ascertain whether the
sample has been tampered with These include tests for pH Level Specific Gravity
and Creatinine
The sample is split in to two referred to as A amp B samples
Oral Fluid
Sample collection is non-invasive and no special arrangements are required The detection window for drugs will typically be up to 48 hours
Two swabs (A amp B samples) are placed under the tongue and removed once it is indicated that there is enough sample
Each swab is then securely put into a tube and transported back to the laboratory for testing
Oral fluid can have many advantages for the organisation due to the speed and ease of collecting the sample
Breathalyser This is used for Alcohol only
Randox Testing Services use Intoximeters Breathalysers which are both Home Office approved and also used by a number of police forces across the country
When we are called out we will perform a breath test and print out the results immediately
The employee will then be asked to sign the result report which will be retained by us and included in our final report
Hair Can be analysed for drug consumption and alcohol use It will give the longest detection window of all samples (90 days+)
It can take 1 ndash 2 weeks for a drug to enter the hair but will remain almost permanently
Hair grows at an approximate rate of 1cm per month so a 3cm section
provides a profile of drug use over a 3 month period
A hair sample can identify trends of long term drug use and provide a detailed month-on-month view or overall picture of historic drug use
Our collection officer will collect 2 hair samples (A amp B) at approx 90-120 strands per sample
Chain of Custody bull The movement and location of physical evidence from the time it is
obtained until the time it is presented in courttribunal
bull It refers to the system of controls governing the collection processing
and storage of samples
bull We collect samples under strict chain of custody criteria which
removes the potential that the sample has had the opportunity to be
accidentally or maliciously adulterated or tampered with
bull This is essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a
test outcome
Collection Officers bull Experienced Collectors
bull Ex-Police Officers amp Ex-Prison Guards
bull Strict Dress Code
bull Trained to DATIA Standard
bull Security Vetted to NPPV3 Level
bull State of the Art Equipment
bull Monitored TrainingCollectors Dip Sampled
bull Impairment Trained
Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing (2002) Peer
reviewed and prepared by a Steering Group of toxicology practitioners
to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual
countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and
legislation wwwewdtsorg-
bull Specimen Collection Guidelines bull Chain of Custody
bull Urine Oral Fluid amp Hair Samples
bull Laboratory Guidelines ndash Concentration Cut-Offs Levels
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
Analysis Type Screening Method to identify the presence of a substance in a sample above a
defined concentration
EWDTS guidelines Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opiates
Methadone
Barbiturates
Phencyclidine
Analysis Type Confirmation Method to confirm the identity and exact concentration of substances
detected at defined cut-off levels
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
Benzodiazepines
14
LSD
15
Cannabis
16
Alcohol
17
The Impact
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible impact drug or alcohol misuse
could have in your workplace
18
Corporate Impact
bull Lower productivity
bull Lower profit margins
bull Poor discipline
bull Increased staff turnover
bull Increased absenteeismlateness
bull Loss of clients
bull Damage to the organisationrsquos reputation and community relations
bull Accidents and other breaches of health and safety requirements
bull Employee protectionsafety and health concernsinsurance costs
bull Employee theft
bull Lower staff morale
bull Workplace bullying
bull Increased stress levels
bull Recruitment costs
bull Security issues
bull Impaired decision-making 19
Types of Testing
Pre-Employment
Random
With-Cause
Post-Accident
Abstinence MonitoringReturn to Work
20
Detection Windows
21
Pre-Employment Testing
As part of the recruitment process stating the companyrsquos attitude to
drug and alcohol abuse from the beginning
Frequently included as part of a pre-employment medical a test can be carried out to ascertain whether the potential employee has consumed drugs over a certain period
The organisation can choose the types of sample they wish to test but consideration should be given for detection windows for each sample type
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Hair or Urine
Random Testing Testing all or part of the workforce on a random basis This works as a
deterrent to drug and alcohol abuse Random dates employee list
prepared and testing conducted by Randox Testing Services
Used for monitoring the culture within the employees and ascertain what level of drug amp alcohol issues there may be
Used as a deterrent as each employee will know that there is potential that they could be asked to undertake a test at any given time
Refusal to test would be classed as a positive sample
The organisation will agree to what percentage of the company will be tested and how many times a year testing should be carried out
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Oral Fluid
With-Cause Testing
Testing can be performed when drugalcohol abuse is suspected
Randox Testing Services can attend site and conduct testing
This is where an organisation has a suspicion that someone maybe
under the influence of drugs andor alcohol
This suspicion could come from rumours observed behaviour or if the
person is acting strangely
In this instance we would be called out to perform a breathalyser test
and collect an oral fluidurine sample from the employee and take
back to the laboratory
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
24
Post-Accident Testing
Screening of employee after an accidentincident to determine if drugs
or alcohol may have contributed Testing conducted on site
Post accident testing can be a very effective tool in accident investigations and it is our recommendation that should an incident occur all people involved should be tested
This can and may include sub-contractors or visitors to the site
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
RehabilitationMonitoring Testing
Follow up on previous confirmed positive drug alcohol test
Return to Work or Abstinence Monitoring Testing
This type of testing maybe used whenever an employee has presented with a problem and the organisation offers them support and perhaps helps them with rehabilitation
In this instance part of the contract that you put in place for the employee is the potential to be tested at any stage during the rehabilitation process to ensure that they are fulfilling their contract
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Hair
Management Awareness
Managers must be aware of the following
bull Contents of the company Workplace Drug amp Alcohol Testing policy
bull All employees have been informed of the policy and training given as part of the implementation of the policy
bull Signs and symptoms of misuse
bull Legal implications ie Health amp Safety Regulations Drugs Offences Road Traffic Offences Corporate Manslaughter Legislation
bull Methods of testing
27
Management Awareness It is advised that managers
bull Conduct an interview in private with subject accompanied by another manager ndash there may be some other cause of suspicions
bull Have two managers conduct an independent assessment of the employee
bull Document suspicions and decision to require testing ndash a prepared form with indicators such as signs of drug misuse may assist
bull Make request to provide a sample prior to contacting Randox Testing Services
bull Confirm procedure to detain individual prior to testing
bull Brief Collections Officer and agree type of testing to be undertaken
28
Possible Signs
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible signs of drug misuse
29
Possible Signs
bull Sudden mood changes
bull Erratic or atypical behaviour
bull Impaired reaction time
bull Slurred speech
bull Impaired awareness
bull Sudden incapacity
bull Altered ability to carry out everyday tasks successfully
bull Decreased perception and coordination
bull Restricted mobility
bull Distorted vision or hearing
bull Abnormal fluctuations in concentration and energy
bull Lack of reasoning
bull Smellodour of alcohol
bull Changes in physical appearance
bull Lack of memory
bull Limited judgement
bull Unusual irritability or aggression
bull A tendency to become confused
bull Impaired job performance
bull Poor time-keeping
bull Increased short-term sickness absence
bull Deterioration in relationships with colleagues customers or management
bull Dishonesty and theft (arising from the
need to maintain an expensive habit)
30
Effect of Drugs on Pupils
bull Dilated ndash Cannabis Cocaine Ecstasy Amphetamine LSD
bull Constricted ndash Opiates
31
Specimen Collection Methods
Urine Collection
Breath Analysis
Oral Fluid Collection Hair Collection
Instant Urine Test Cup
Urine The most common sample type used in workplace testing Urine will give a detection
window of around 5 days this is extended for regular cannabis users to around 30
days
Due to the nature of providing a urine sample certain criteria need to be fulfilled to try
and ensure that the sample has not been tampered with or that it may have been
supplied by someone other than the person who is being tested
These safeguards include removing any potential chance for ldquowateringrdquo the sample
down
This is done by securing the toilet area that is used as well as checking the
temperature to ensure that the sample has been freshly voided
Randox will carryout further validity tests in the laboratory to ascertain whether the
sample has been tampered with These include tests for pH Level Specific Gravity
and Creatinine
The sample is split in to two referred to as A amp B samples
Oral Fluid
Sample collection is non-invasive and no special arrangements are required The detection window for drugs will typically be up to 48 hours
Two swabs (A amp B samples) are placed under the tongue and removed once it is indicated that there is enough sample
Each swab is then securely put into a tube and transported back to the laboratory for testing
Oral fluid can have many advantages for the organisation due to the speed and ease of collecting the sample
Breathalyser This is used for Alcohol only
Randox Testing Services use Intoximeters Breathalysers which are both Home Office approved and also used by a number of police forces across the country
When we are called out we will perform a breath test and print out the results immediately
The employee will then be asked to sign the result report which will be retained by us and included in our final report
Hair Can be analysed for drug consumption and alcohol use It will give the longest detection window of all samples (90 days+)
It can take 1 ndash 2 weeks for a drug to enter the hair but will remain almost permanently
Hair grows at an approximate rate of 1cm per month so a 3cm section
provides a profile of drug use over a 3 month period
A hair sample can identify trends of long term drug use and provide a detailed month-on-month view or overall picture of historic drug use
Our collection officer will collect 2 hair samples (A amp B) at approx 90-120 strands per sample
Chain of Custody bull The movement and location of physical evidence from the time it is
obtained until the time it is presented in courttribunal
bull It refers to the system of controls governing the collection processing
and storage of samples
bull We collect samples under strict chain of custody criteria which
removes the potential that the sample has had the opportunity to be
accidentally or maliciously adulterated or tampered with
bull This is essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a
test outcome
Collection Officers bull Experienced Collectors
bull Ex-Police Officers amp Ex-Prison Guards
bull Strict Dress Code
bull Trained to DATIA Standard
bull Security Vetted to NPPV3 Level
bull State of the Art Equipment
bull Monitored TrainingCollectors Dip Sampled
bull Impairment Trained
Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing (2002) Peer
reviewed and prepared by a Steering Group of toxicology practitioners
to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual
countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and
legislation wwwewdtsorg-
bull Specimen Collection Guidelines bull Chain of Custody
bull Urine Oral Fluid amp Hair Samples
bull Laboratory Guidelines ndash Concentration Cut-Offs Levels
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
Analysis Type Screening Method to identify the presence of a substance in a sample above a
defined concentration
EWDTS guidelines Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opiates
Methadone
Barbiturates
Phencyclidine
Analysis Type Confirmation Method to confirm the identity and exact concentration of substances
detected at defined cut-off levels
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
LSD
15
Cannabis
16
Alcohol
17
The Impact
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible impact drug or alcohol misuse
could have in your workplace
18
Corporate Impact
bull Lower productivity
bull Lower profit margins
bull Poor discipline
bull Increased staff turnover
bull Increased absenteeismlateness
bull Loss of clients
bull Damage to the organisationrsquos reputation and community relations
bull Accidents and other breaches of health and safety requirements
bull Employee protectionsafety and health concernsinsurance costs
bull Employee theft
bull Lower staff morale
bull Workplace bullying
bull Increased stress levels
bull Recruitment costs
bull Security issues
bull Impaired decision-making 19
Types of Testing
Pre-Employment
Random
With-Cause
Post-Accident
Abstinence MonitoringReturn to Work
20
Detection Windows
21
Pre-Employment Testing
As part of the recruitment process stating the companyrsquos attitude to
drug and alcohol abuse from the beginning
Frequently included as part of a pre-employment medical a test can be carried out to ascertain whether the potential employee has consumed drugs over a certain period
The organisation can choose the types of sample they wish to test but consideration should be given for detection windows for each sample type
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Hair or Urine
Random Testing Testing all or part of the workforce on a random basis This works as a
deterrent to drug and alcohol abuse Random dates employee list
prepared and testing conducted by Randox Testing Services
Used for monitoring the culture within the employees and ascertain what level of drug amp alcohol issues there may be
Used as a deterrent as each employee will know that there is potential that they could be asked to undertake a test at any given time
Refusal to test would be classed as a positive sample
The organisation will agree to what percentage of the company will be tested and how many times a year testing should be carried out
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Oral Fluid
With-Cause Testing
Testing can be performed when drugalcohol abuse is suspected
Randox Testing Services can attend site and conduct testing
This is where an organisation has a suspicion that someone maybe
under the influence of drugs andor alcohol
This suspicion could come from rumours observed behaviour or if the
person is acting strangely
In this instance we would be called out to perform a breathalyser test
and collect an oral fluidurine sample from the employee and take
back to the laboratory
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
24
Post-Accident Testing
Screening of employee after an accidentincident to determine if drugs
or alcohol may have contributed Testing conducted on site
Post accident testing can be a very effective tool in accident investigations and it is our recommendation that should an incident occur all people involved should be tested
This can and may include sub-contractors or visitors to the site
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
RehabilitationMonitoring Testing
Follow up on previous confirmed positive drug alcohol test
Return to Work or Abstinence Monitoring Testing
This type of testing maybe used whenever an employee has presented with a problem and the organisation offers them support and perhaps helps them with rehabilitation
In this instance part of the contract that you put in place for the employee is the potential to be tested at any stage during the rehabilitation process to ensure that they are fulfilling their contract
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Hair
Management Awareness
Managers must be aware of the following
bull Contents of the company Workplace Drug amp Alcohol Testing policy
bull All employees have been informed of the policy and training given as part of the implementation of the policy
bull Signs and symptoms of misuse
bull Legal implications ie Health amp Safety Regulations Drugs Offences Road Traffic Offences Corporate Manslaughter Legislation
bull Methods of testing
27
Management Awareness It is advised that managers
bull Conduct an interview in private with subject accompanied by another manager ndash there may be some other cause of suspicions
bull Have two managers conduct an independent assessment of the employee
bull Document suspicions and decision to require testing ndash a prepared form with indicators such as signs of drug misuse may assist
bull Make request to provide a sample prior to contacting Randox Testing Services
bull Confirm procedure to detain individual prior to testing
bull Brief Collections Officer and agree type of testing to be undertaken
28
Possible Signs
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible signs of drug misuse
29
Possible Signs
bull Sudden mood changes
bull Erratic or atypical behaviour
bull Impaired reaction time
bull Slurred speech
bull Impaired awareness
bull Sudden incapacity
bull Altered ability to carry out everyday tasks successfully
bull Decreased perception and coordination
bull Restricted mobility
bull Distorted vision or hearing
bull Abnormal fluctuations in concentration and energy
bull Lack of reasoning
bull Smellodour of alcohol
bull Changes in physical appearance
bull Lack of memory
bull Limited judgement
bull Unusual irritability or aggression
bull A tendency to become confused
bull Impaired job performance
bull Poor time-keeping
bull Increased short-term sickness absence
bull Deterioration in relationships with colleagues customers or management
bull Dishonesty and theft (arising from the
need to maintain an expensive habit)
30
Effect of Drugs on Pupils
bull Dilated ndash Cannabis Cocaine Ecstasy Amphetamine LSD
bull Constricted ndash Opiates
31
Specimen Collection Methods
Urine Collection
Breath Analysis
Oral Fluid Collection Hair Collection
Instant Urine Test Cup
Urine The most common sample type used in workplace testing Urine will give a detection
window of around 5 days this is extended for regular cannabis users to around 30
days
Due to the nature of providing a urine sample certain criteria need to be fulfilled to try
and ensure that the sample has not been tampered with or that it may have been
supplied by someone other than the person who is being tested
These safeguards include removing any potential chance for ldquowateringrdquo the sample
down
This is done by securing the toilet area that is used as well as checking the
temperature to ensure that the sample has been freshly voided
Randox will carryout further validity tests in the laboratory to ascertain whether the
sample has been tampered with These include tests for pH Level Specific Gravity
and Creatinine
The sample is split in to two referred to as A amp B samples
Oral Fluid
Sample collection is non-invasive and no special arrangements are required The detection window for drugs will typically be up to 48 hours
Two swabs (A amp B samples) are placed under the tongue and removed once it is indicated that there is enough sample
Each swab is then securely put into a tube and transported back to the laboratory for testing
Oral fluid can have many advantages for the organisation due to the speed and ease of collecting the sample
Breathalyser This is used for Alcohol only
Randox Testing Services use Intoximeters Breathalysers which are both Home Office approved and also used by a number of police forces across the country
When we are called out we will perform a breath test and print out the results immediately
The employee will then be asked to sign the result report which will be retained by us and included in our final report
Hair Can be analysed for drug consumption and alcohol use It will give the longest detection window of all samples (90 days+)
It can take 1 ndash 2 weeks for a drug to enter the hair but will remain almost permanently
Hair grows at an approximate rate of 1cm per month so a 3cm section
provides a profile of drug use over a 3 month period
A hair sample can identify trends of long term drug use and provide a detailed month-on-month view or overall picture of historic drug use
Our collection officer will collect 2 hair samples (A amp B) at approx 90-120 strands per sample
Chain of Custody bull The movement and location of physical evidence from the time it is
obtained until the time it is presented in courttribunal
bull It refers to the system of controls governing the collection processing
and storage of samples
bull We collect samples under strict chain of custody criteria which
removes the potential that the sample has had the opportunity to be
accidentally or maliciously adulterated or tampered with
bull This is essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a
test outcome
Collection Officers bull Experienced Collectors
bull Ex-Police Officers amp Ex-Prison Guards
bull Strict Dress Code
bull Trained to DATIA Standard
bull Security Vetted to NPPV3 Level
bull State of the Art Equipment
bull Monitored TrainingCollectors Dip Sampled
bull Impairment Trained
Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing (2002) Peer
reviewed and prepared by a Steering Group of toxicology practitioners
to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual
countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and
legislation wwwewdtsorg-
bull Specimen Collection Guidelines bull Chain of Custody
bull Urine Oral Fluid amp Hair Samples
bull Laboratory Guidelines ndash Concentration Cut-Offs Levels
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
Analysis Type Screening Method to identify the presence of a substance in a sample above a
defined concentration
EWDTS guidelines Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opiates
Methadone
Barbiturates
Phencyclidine
Analysis Type Confirmation Method to confirm the identity and exact concentration of substances
detected at defined cut-off levels
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
Cannabis
16
Alcohol
17
The Impact
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible impact drug or alcohol misuse
could have in your workplace
18
Corporate Impact
bull Lower productivity
bull Lower profit margins
bull Poor discipline
bull Increased staff turnover
bull Increased absenteeismlateness
bull Loss of clients
bull Damage to the organisationrsquos reputation and community relations
bull Accidents and other breaches of health and safety requirements
bull Employee protectionsafety and health concernsinsurance costs
bull Employee theft
bull Lower staff morale
bull Workplace bullying
bull Increased stress levels
bull Recruitment costs
bull Security issues
bull Impaired decision-making 19
Types of Testing
Pre-Employment
Random
With-Cause
Post-Accident
Abstinence MonitoringReturn to Work
20
Detection Windows
21
Pre-Employment Testing
As part of the recruitment process stating the companyrsquos attitude to
drug and alcohol abuse from the beginning
Frequently included as part of a pre-employment medical a test can be carried out to ascertain whether the potential employee has consumed drugs over a certain period
The organisation can choose the types of sample they wish to test but consideration should be given for detection windows for each sample type
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Hair or Urine
Random Testing Testing all or part of the workforce on a random basis This works as a
deterrent to drug and alcohol abuse Random dates employee list
prepared and testing conducted by Randox Testing Services
Used for monitoring the culture within the employees and ascertain what level of drug amp alcohol issues there may be
Used as a deterrent as each employee will know that there is potential that they could be asked to undertake a test at any given time
Refusal to test would be classed as a positive sample
The organisation will agree to what percentage of the company will be tested and how many times a year testing should be carried out
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Oral Fluid
With-Cause Testing
Testing can be performed when drugalcohol abuse is suspected
Randox Testing Services can attend site and conduct testing
This is where an organisation has a suspicion that someone maybe
under the influence of drugs andor alcohol
This suspicion could come from rumours observed behaviour or if the
person is acting strangely
In this instance we would be called out to perform a breathalyser test
and collect an oral fluidurine sample from the employee and take
back to the laboratory
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
24
Post-Accident Testing
Screening of employee after an accidentincident to determine if drugs
or alcohol may have contributed Testing conducted on site
Post accident testing can be a very effective tool in accident investigations and it is our recommendation that should an incident occur all people involved should be tested
This can and may include sub-contractors or visitors to the site
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
RehabilitationMonitoring Testing
Follow up on previous confirmed positive drug alcohol test
Return to Work or Abstinence Monitoring Testing
This type of testing maybe used whenever an employee has presented with a problem and the organisation offers them support and perhaps helps them with rehabilitation
In this instance part of the contract that you put in place for the employee is the potential to be tested at any stage during the rehabilitation process to ensure that they are fulfilling their contract
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Hair
Management Awareness
Managers must be aware of the following
bull Contents of the company Workplace Drug amp Alcohol Testing policy
bull All employees have been informed of the policy and training given as part of the implementation of the policy
bull Signs and symptoms of misuse
bull Legal implications ie Health amp Safety Regulations Drugs Offences Road Traffic Offences Corporate Manslaughter Legislation
bull Methods of testing
27
Management Awareness It is advised that managers
bull Conduct an interview in private with subject accompanied by another manager ndash there may be some other cause of suspicions
bull Have two managers conduct an independent assessment of the employee
bull Document suspicions and decision to require testing ndash a prepared form with indicators such as signs of drug misuse may assist
bull Make request to provide a sample prior to contacting Randox Testing Services
bull Confirm procedure to detain individual prior to testing
bull Brief Collections Officer and agree type of testing to be undertaken
28
Possible Signs
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible signs of drug misuse
29
Possible Signs
bull Sudden mood changes
bull Erratic or atypical behaviour
bull Impaired reaction time
bull Slurred speech
bull Impaired awareness
bull Sudden incapacity
bull Altered ability to carry out everyday tasks successfully
bull Decreased perception and coordination
bull Restricted mobility
bull Distorted vision or hearing
bull Abnormal fluctuations in concentration and energy
bull Lack of reasoning
bull Smellodour of alcohol
bull Changes in physical appearance
bull Lack of memory
bull Limited judgement
bull Unusual irritability or aggression
bull A tendency to become confused
bull Impaired job performance
bull Poor time-keeping
bull Increased short-term sickness absence
bull Deterioration in relationships with colleagues customers or management
bull Dishonesty and theft (arising from the
need to maintain an expensive habit)
30
Effect of Drugs on Pupils
bull Dilated ndash Cannabis Cocaine Ecstasy Amphetamine LSD
bull Constricted ndash Opiates
31
Specimen Collection Methods
Urine Collection
Breath Analysis
Oral Fluid Collection Hair Collection
Instant Urine Test Cup
Urine The most common sample type used in workplace testing Urine will give a detection
window of around 5 days this is extended for regular cannabis users to around 30
days
Due to the nature of providing a urine sample certain criteria need to be fulfilled to try
and ensure that the sample has not been tampered with or that it may have been
supplied by someone other than the person who is being tested
These safeguards include removing any potential chance for ldquowateringrdquo the sample
down
This is done by securing the toilet area that is used as well as checking the
temperature to ensure that the sample has been freshly voided
Randox will carryout further validity tests in the laboratory to ascertain whether the
sample has been tampered with These include tests for pH Level Specific Gravity
and Creatinine
The sample is split in to two referred to as A amp B samples
Oral Fluid
Sample collection is non-invasive and no special arrangements are required The detection window for drugs will typically be up to 48 hours
Two swabs (A amp B samples) are placed under the tongue and removed once it is indicated that there is enough sample
Each swab is then securely put into a tube and transported back to the laboratory for testing
Oral fluid can have many advantages for the organisation due to the speed and ease of collecting the sample
Breathalyser This is used for Alcohol only
Randox Testing Services use Intoximeters Breathalysers which are both Home Office approved and also used by a number of police forces across the country
When we are called out we will perform a breath test and print out the results immediately
The employee will then be asked to sign the result report which will be retained by us and included in our final report
Hair Can be analysed for drug consumption and alcohol use It will give the longest detection window of all samples (90 days+)
It can take 1 ndash 2 weeks for a drug to enter the hair but will remain almost permanently
Hair grows at an approximate rate of 1cm per month so a 3cm section
provides a profile of drug use over a 3 month period
A hair sample can identify trends of long term drug use and provide a detailed month-on-month view or overall picture of historic drug use
Our collection officer will collect 2 hair samples (A amp B) at approx 90-120 strands per sample
Chain of Custody bull The movement and location of physical evidence from the time it is
obtained until the time it is presented in courttribunal
bull It refers to the system of controls governing the collection processing
and storage of samples
bull We collect samples under strict chain of custody criteria which
removes the potential that the sample has had the opportunity to be
accidentally or maliciously adulterated or tampered with
bull This is essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a
test outcome
Collection Officers bull Experienced Collectors
bull Ex-Police Officers amp Ex-Prison Guards
bull Strict Dress Code
bull Trained to DATIA Standard
bull Security Vetted to NPPV3 Level
bull State of the Art Equipment
bull Monitored TrainingCollectors Dip Sampled
bull Impairment Trained
Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing (2002) Peer
reviewed and prepared by a Steering Group of toxicology practitioners
to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual
countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and
legislation wwwewdtsorg-
bull Specimen Collection Guidelines bull Chain of Custody
bull Urine Oral Fluid amp Hair Samples
bull Laboratory Guidelines ndash Concentration Cut-Offs Levels
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
Analysis Type Screening Method to identify the presence of a substance in a sample above a
defined concentration
EWDTS guidelines Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opiates
Methadone
Barbiturates
Phencyclidine
Analysis Type Confirmation Method to confirm the identity and exact concentration of substances
detected at defined cut-off levels
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
Alcohol
17
The Impact
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible impact drug or alcohol misuse
could have in your workplace
18
Corporate Impact
bull Lower productivity
bull Lower profit margins
bull Poor discipline
bull Increased staff turnover
bull Increased absenteeismlateness
bull Loss of clients
bull Damage to the organisationrsquos reputation and community relations
bull Accidents and other breaches of health and safety requirements
bull Employee protectionsafety and health concernsinsurance costs
bull Employee theft
bull Lower staff morale
bull Workplace bullying
bull Increased stress levels
bull Recruitment costs
bull Security issues
bull Impaired decision-making 19
Types of Testing
Pre-Employment
Random
With-Cause
Post-Accident
Abstinence MonitoringReturn to Work
20
Detection Windows
21
Pre-Employment Testing
As part of the recruitment process stating the companyrsquos attitude to
drug and alcohol abuse from the beginning
Frequently included as part of a pre-employment medical a test can be carried out to ascertain whether the potential employee has consumed drugs over a certain period
The organisation can choose the types of sample they wish to test but consideration should be given for detection windows for each sample type
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Hair or Urine
Random Testing Testing all or part of the workforce on a random basis This works as a
deterrent to drug and alcohol abuse Random dates employee list
prepared and testing conducted by Randox Testing Services
Used for monitoring the culture within the employees and ascertain what level of drug amp alcohol issues there may be
Used as a deterrent as each employee will know that there is potential that they could be asked to undertake a test at any given time
Refusal to test would be classed as a positive sample
The organisation will agree to what percentage of the company will be tested and how many times a year testing should be carried out
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Oral Fluid
With-Cause Testing
Testing can be performed when drugalcohol abuse is suspected
Randox Testing Services can attend site and conduct testing
This is where an organisation has a suspicion that someone maybe
under the influence of drugs andor alcohol
This suspicion could come from rumours observed behaviour or if the
person is acting strangely
In this instance we would be called out to perform a breathalyser test
and collect an oral fluidurine sample from the employee and take
back to the laboratory
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
24
Post-Accident Testing
Screening of employee after an accidentincident to determine if drugs
or alcohol may have contributed Testing conducted on site
Post accident testing can be a very effective tool in accident investigations and it is our recommendation that should an incident occur all people involved should be tested
This can and may include sub-contractors or visitors to the site
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
RehabilitationMonitoring Testing
Follow up on previous confirmed positive drug alcohol test
Return to Work or Abstinence Monitoring Testing
This type of testing maybe used whenever an employee has presented with a problem and the organisation offers them support and perhaps helps them with rehabilitation
In this instance part of the contract that you put in place for the employee is the potential to be tested at any stage during the rehabilitation process to ensure that they are fulfilling their contract
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Hair
Management Awareness
Managers must be aware of the following
bull Contents of the company Workplace Drug amp Alcohol Testing policy
bull All employees have been informed of the policy and training given as part of the implementation of the policy
bull Signs and symptoms of misuse
bull Legal implications ie Health amp Safety Regulations Drugs Offences Road Traffic Offences Corporate Manslaughter Legislation
bull Methods of testing
27
Management Awareness It is advised that managers
bull Conduct an interview in private with subject accompanied by another manager ndash there may be some other cause of suspicions
bull Have two managers conduct an independent assessment of the employee
bull Document suspicions and decision to require testing ndash a prepared form with indicators such as signs of drug misuse may assist
bull Make request to provide a sample prior to contacting Randox Testing Services
bull Confirm procedure to detain individual prior to testing
bull Brief Collections Officer and agree type of testing to be undertaken
28
Possible Signs
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible signs of drug misuse
29
Possible Signs
bull Sudden mood changes
bull Erratic or atypical behaviour
bull Impaired reaction time
bull Slurred speech
bull Impaired awareness
bull Sudden incapacity
bull Altered ability to carry out everyday tasks successfully
bull Decreased perception and coordination
bull Restricted mobility
bull Distorted vision or hearing
bull Abnormal fluctuations in concentration and energy
bull Lack of reasoning
bull Smellodour of alcohol
bull Changes in physical appearance
bull Lack of memory
bull Limited judgement
bull Unusual irritability or aggression
bull A tendency to become confused
bull Impaired job performance
bull Poor time-keeping
bull Increased short-term sickness absence
bull Deterioration in relationships with colleagues customers or management
bull Dishonesty and theft (arising from the
need to maintain an expensive habit)
30
Effect of Drugs on Pupils
bull Dilated ndash Cannabis Cocaine Ecstasy Amphetamine LSD
bull Constricted ndash Opiates
31
Specimen Collection Methods
Urine Collection
Breath Analysis
Oral Fluid Collection Hair Collection
Instant Urine Test Cup
Urine The most common sample type used in workplace testing Urine will give a detection
window of around 5 days this is extended for regular cannabis users to around 30
days
Due to the nature of providing a urine sample certain criteria need to be fulfilled to try
and ensure that the sample has not been tampered with or that it may have been
supplied by someone other than the person who is being tested
These safeguards include removing any potential chance for ldquowateringrdquo the sample
down
This is done by securing the toilet area that is used as well as checking the
temperature to ensure that the sample has been freshly voided
Randox will carryout further validity tests in the laboratory to ascertain whether the
sample has been tampered with These include tests for pH Level Specific Gravity
and Creatinine
The sample is split in to two referred to as A amp B samples
Oral Fluid
Sample collection is non-invasive and no special arrangements are required The detection window for drugs will typically be up to 48 hours
Two swabs (A amp B samples) are placed under the tongue and removed once it is indicated that there is enough sample
Each swab is then securely put into a tube and transported back to the laboratory for testing
Oral fluid can have many advantages for the organisation due to the speed and ease of collecting the sample
Breathalyser This is used for Alcohol only
Randox Testing Services use Intoximeters Breathalysers which are both Home Office approved and also used by a number of police forces across the country
When we are called out we will perform a breath test and print out the results immediately
The employee will then be asked to sign the result report which will be retained by us and included in our final report
Hair Can be analysed for drug consumption and alcohol use It will give the longest detection window of all samples (90 days+)
It can take 1 ndash 2 weeks for a drug to enter the hair but will remain almost permanently
Hair grows at an approximate rate of 1cm per month so a 3cm section
provides a profile of drug use over a 3 month period
A hair sample can identify trends of long term drug use and provide a detailed month-on-month view or overall picture of historic drug use
Our collection officer will collect 2 hair samples (A amp B) at approx 90-120 strands per sample
Chain of Custody bull The movement and location of physical evidence from the time it is
obtained until the time it is presented in courttribunal
bull It refers to the system of controls governing the collection processing
and storage of samples
bull We collect samples under strict chain of custody criteria which
removes the potential that the sample has had the opportunity to be
accidentally or maliciously adulterated or tampered with
bull This is essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a
test outcome
Collection Officers bull Experienced Collectors
bull Ex-Police Officers amp Ex-Prison Guards
bull Strict Dress Code
bull Trained to DATIA Standard
bull Security Vetted to NPPV3 Level
bull State of the Art Equipment
bull Monitored TrainingCollectors Dip Sampled
bull Impairment Trained
Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing (2002) Peer
reviewed and prepared by a Steering Group of toxicology practitioners
to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual
countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and
legislation wwwewdtsorg-
bull Specimen Collection Guidelines bull Chain of Custody
bull Urine Oral Fluid amp Hair Samples
bull Laboratory Guidelines ndash Concentration Cut-Offs Levels
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
Analysis Type Screening Method to identify the presence of a substance in a sample above a
defined concentration
EWDTS guidelines Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opiates
Methadone
Barbiturates
Phencyclidine
Analysis Type Confirmation Method to confirm the identity and exact concentration of substances
detected at defined cut-off levels
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
The Impact
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible impact drug or alcohol misuse
could have in your workplace
18
Corporate Impact
bull Lower productivity
bull Lower profit margins
bull Poor discipline
bull Increased staff turnover
bull Increased absenteeismlateness
bull Loss of clients
bull Damage to the organisationrsquos reputation and community relations
bull Accidents and other breaches of health and safety requirements
bull Employee protectionsafety and health concernsinsurance costs
bull Employee theft
bull Lower staff morale
bull Workplace bullying
bull Increased stress levels
bull Recruitment costs
bull Security issues
bull Impaired decision-making 19
Types of Testing
Pre-Employment
Random
With-Cause
Post-Accident
Abstinence MonitoringReturn to Work
20
Detection Windows
21
Pre-Employment Testing
As part of the recruitment process stating the companyrsquos attitude to
drug and alcohol abuse from the beginning
Frequently included as part of a pre-employment medical a test can be carried out to ascertain whether the potential employee has consumed drugs over a certain period
The organisation can choose the types of sample they wish to test but consideration should be given for detection windows for each sample type
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Hair or Urine
Random Testing Testing all or part of the workforce on a random basis This works as a
deterrent to drug and alcohol abuse Random dates employee list
prepared and testing conducted by Randox Testing Services
Used for monitoring the culture within the employees and ascertain what level of drug amp alcohol issues there may be
Used as a deterrent as each employee will know that there is potential that they could be asked to undertake a test at any given time
Refusal to test would be classed as a positive sample
The organisation will agree to what percentage of the company will be tested and how many times a year testing should be carried out
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Oral Fluid
With-Cause Testing
Testing can be performed when drugalcohol abuse is suspected
Randox Testing Services can attend site and conduct testing
This is where an organisation has a suspicion that someone maybe
under the influence of drugs andor alcohol
This suspicion could come from rumours observed behaviour or if the
person is acting strangely
In this instance we would be called out to perform a breathalyser test
and collect an oral fluidurine sample from the employee and take
back to the laboratory
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
24
Post-Accident Testing
Screening of employee after an accidentincident to determine if drugs
or alcohol may have contributed Testing conducted on site
Post accident testing can be a very effective tool in accident investigations and it is our recommendation that should an incident occur all people involved should be tested
This can and may include sub-contractors or visitors to the site
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
RehabilitationMonitoring Testing
Follow up on previous confirmed positive drug alcohol test
Return to Work or Abstinence Monitoring Testing
This type of testing maybe used whenever an employee has presented with a problem and the organisation offers them support and perhaps helps them with rehabilitation
In this instance part of the contract that you put in place for the employee is the potential to be tested at any stage during the rehabilitation process to ensure that they are fulfilling their contract
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Hair
Management Awareness
Managers must be aware of the following
bull Contents of the company Workplace Drug amp Alcohol Testing policy
bull All employees have been informed of the policy and training given as part of the implementation of the policy
bull Signs and symptoms of misuse
bull Legal implications ie Health amp Safety Regulations Drugs Offences Road Traffic Offences Corporate Manslaughter Legislation
bull Methods of testing
27
Management Awareness It is advised that managers
bull Conduct an interview in private with subject accompanied by another manager ndash there may be some other cause of suspicions
bull Have two managers conduct an independent assessment of the employee
bull Document suspicions and decision to require testing ndash a prepared form with indicators such as signs of drug misuse may assist
bull Make request to provide a sample prior to contacting Randox Testing Services
bull Confirm procedure to detain individual prior to testing
bull Brief Collections Officer and agree type of testing to be undertaken
28
Possible Signs
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible signs of drug misuse
29
Possible Signs
bull Sudden mood changes
bull Erratic or atypical behaviour
bull Impaired reaction time
bull Slurred speech
bull Impaired awareness
bull Sudden incapacity
bull Altered ability to carry out everyday tasks successfully
bull Decreased perception and coordination
bull Restricted mobility
bull Distorted vision or hearing
bull Abnormal fluctuations in concentration and energy
bull Lack of reasoning
bull Smellodour of alcohol
bull Changes in physical appearance
bull Lack of memory
bull Limited judgement
bull Unusual irritability or aggression
bull A tendency to become confused
bull Impaired job performance
bull Poor time-keeping
bull Increased short-term sickness absence
bull Deterioration in relationships with colleagues customers or management
bull Dishonesty and theft (arising from the
need to maintain an expensive habit)
30
Effect of Drugs on Pupils
bull Dilated ndash Cannabis Cocaine Ecstasy Amphetamine LSD
bull Constricted ndash Opiates
31
Specimen Collection Methods
Urine Collection
Breath Analysis
Oral Fluid Collection Hair Collection
Instant Urine Test Cup
Urine The most common sample type used in workplace testing Urine will give a detection
window of around 5 days this is extended for regular cannabis users to around 30
days
Due to the nature of providing a urine sample certain criteria need to be fulfilled to try
and ensure that the sample has not been tampered with or that it may have been
supplied by someone other than the person who is being tested
These safeguards include removing any potential chance for ldquowateringrdquo the sample
down
This is done by securing the toilet area that is used as well as checking the
temperature to ensure that the sample has been freshly voided
Randox will carryout further validity tests in the laboratory to ascertain whether the
sample has been tampered with These include tests for pH Level Specific Gravity
and Creatinine
The sample is split in to two referred to as A amp B samples
Oral Fluid
Sample collection is non-invasive and no special arrangements are required The detection window for drugs will typically be up to 48 hours
Two swabs (A amp B samples) are placed under the tongue and removed once it is indicated that there is enough sample
Each swab is then securely put into a tube and transported back to the laboratory for testing
Oral fluid can have many advantages for the organisation due to the speed and ease of collecting the sample
Breathalyser This is used for Alcohol only
Randox Testing Services use Intoximeters Breathalysers which are both Home Office approved and also used by a number of police forces across the country
When we are called out we will perform a breath test and print out the results immediately
The employee will then be asked to sign the result report which will be retained by us and included in our final report
Hair Can be analysed for drug consumption and alcohol use It will give the longest detection window of all samples (90 days+)
It can take 1 ndash 2 weeks for a drug to enter the hair but will remain almost permanently
Hair grows at an approximate rate of 1cm per month so a 3cm section
provides a profile of drug use over a 3 month period
A hair sample can identify trends of long term drug use and provide a detailed month-on-month view or overall picture of historic drug use
Our collection officer will collect 2 hair samples (A amp B) at approx 90-120 strands per sample
Chain of Custody bull The movement and location of physical evidence from the time it is
obtained until the time it is presented in courttribunal
bull It refers to the system of controls governing the collection processing
and storage of samples
bull We collect samples under strict chain of custody criteria which
removes the potential that the sample has had the opportunity to be
accidentally or maliciously adulterated or tampered with
bull This is essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a
test outcome
Collection Officers bull Experienced Collectors
bull Ex-Police Officers amp Ex-Prison Guards
bull Strict Dress Code
bull Trained to DATIA Standard
bull Security Vetted to NPPV3 Level
bull State of the Art Equipment
bull Monitored TrainingCollectors Dip Sampled
bull Impairment Trained
Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing (2002) Peer
reviewed and prepared by a Steering Group of toxicology practitioners
to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual
countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and
legislation wwwewdtsorg-
bull Specimen Collection Guidelines bull Chain of Custody
bull Urine Oral Fluid amp Hair Samples
bull Laboratory Guidelines ndash Concentration Cut-Offs Levels
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
Analysis Type Screening Method to identify the presence of a substance in a sample above a
defined concentration
EWDTS guidelines Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opiates
Methadone
Barbiturates
Phencyclidine
Analysis Type Confirmation Method to confirm the identity and exact concentration of substances
detected at defined cut-off levels
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
Corporate Impact
bull Lower productivity
bull Lower profit margins
bull Poor discipline
bull Increased staff turnover
bull Increased absenteeismlateness
bull Loss of clients
bull Damage to the organisationrsquos reputation and community relations
bull Accidents and other breaches of health and safety requirements
bull Employee protectionsafety and health concernsinsurance costs
bull Employee theft
bull Lower staff morale
bull Workplace bullying
bull Increased stress levels
bull Recruitment costs
bull Security issues
bull Impaired decision-making 19
Types of Testing
Pre-Employment
Random
With-Cause
Post-Accident
Abstinence MonitoringReturn to Work
20
Detection Windows
21
Pre-Employment Testing
As part of the recruitment process stating the companyrsquos attitude to
drug and alcohol abuse from the beginning
Frequently included as part of a pre-employment medical a test can be carried out to ascertain whether the potential employee has consumed drugs over a certain period
The organisation can choose the types of sample they wish to test but consideration should be given for detection windows for each sample type
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Hair or Urine
Random Testing Testing all or part of the workforce on a random basis This works as a
deterrent to drug and alcohol abuse Random dates employee list
prepared and testing conducted by Randox Testing Services
Used for monitoring the culture within the employees and ascertain what level of drug amp alcohol issues there may be
Used as a deterrent as each employee will know that there is potential that they could be asked to undertake a test at any given time
Refusal to test would be classed as a positive sample
The organisation will agree to what percentage of the company will be tested and how many times a year testing should be carried out
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Oral Fluid
With-Cause Testing
Testing can be performed when drugalcohol abuse is suspected
Randox Testing Services can attend site and conduct testing
This is where an organisation has a suspicion that someone maybe
under the influence of drugs andor alcohol
This suspicion could come from rumours observed behaviour or if the
person is acting strangely
In this instance we would be called out to perform a breathalyser test
and collect an oral fluidurine sample from the employee and take
back to the laboratory
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
24
Post-Accident Testing
Screening of employee after an accidentincident to determine if drugs
or alcohol may have contributed Testing conducted on site
Post accident testing can be a very effective tool in accident investigations and it is our recommendation that should an incident occur all people involved should be tested
This can and may include sub-contractors or visitors to the site
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
RehabilitationMonitoring Testing
Follow up on previous confirmed positive drug alcohol test
Return to Work or Abstinence Monitoring Testing
This type of testing maybe used whenever an employee has presented with a problem and the organisation offers them support and perhaps helps them with rehabilitation
In this instance part of the contract that you put in place for the employee is the potential to be tested at any stage during the rehabilitation process to ensure that they are fulfilling their contract
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Hair
Management Awareness
Managers must be aware of the following
bull Contents of the company Workplace Drug amp Alcohol Testing policy
bull All employees have been informed of the policy and training given as part of the implementation of the policy
bull Signs and symptoms of misuse
bull Legal implications ie Health amp Safety Regulations Drugs Offences Road Traffic Offences Corporate Manslaughter Legislation
bull Methods of testing
27
Management Awareness It is advised that managers
bull Conduct an interview in private with subject accompanied by another manager ndash there may be some other cause of suspicions
bull Have two managers conduct an independent assessment of the employee
bull Document suspicions and decision to require testing ndash a prepared form with indicators such as signs of drug misuse may assist
bull Make request to provide a sample prior to contacting Randox Testing Services
bull Confirm procedure to detain individual prior to testing
bull Brief Collections Officer and agree type of testing to be undertaken
28
Possible Signs
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible signs of drug misuse
29
Possible Signs
bull Sudden mood changes
bull Erratic or atypical behaviour
bull Impaired reaction time
bull Slurred speech
bull Impaired awareness
bull Sudden incapacity
bull Altered ability to carry out everyday tasks successfully
bull Decreased perception and coordination
bull Restricted mobility
bull Distorted vision or hearing
bull Abnormal fluctuations in concentration and energy
bull Lack of reasoning
bull Smellodour of alcohol
bull Changes in physical appearance
bull Lack of memory
bull Limited judgement
bull Unusual irritability or aggression
bull A tendency to become confused
bull Impaired job performance
bull Poor time-keeping
bull Increased short-term sickness absence
bull Deterioration in relationships with colleagues customers or management
bull Dishonesty and theft (arising from the
need to maintain an expensive habit)
30
Effect of Drugs on Pupils
bull Dilated ndash Cannabis Cocaine Ecstasy Amphetamine LSD
bull Constricted ndash Opiates
31
Specimen Collection Methods
Urine Collection
Breath Analysis
Oral Fluid Collection Hair Collection
Instant Urine Test Cup
Urine The most common sample type used in workplace testing Urine will give a detection
window of around 5 days this is extended for regular cannabis users to around 30
days
Due to the nature of providing a urine sample certain criteria need to be fulfilled to try
and ensure that the sample has not been tampered with or that it may have been
supplied by someone other than the person who is being tested
These safeguards include removing any potential chance for ldquowateringrdquo the sample
down
This is done by securing the toilet area that is used as well as checking the
temperature to ensure that the sample has been freshly voided
Randox will carryout further validity tests in the laboratory to ascertain whether the
sample has been tampered with These include tests for pH Level Specific Gravity
and Creatinine
The sample is split in to two referred to as A amp B samples
Oral Fluid
Sample collection is non-invasive and no special arrangements are required The detection window for drugs will typically be up to 48 hours
Two swabs (A amp B samples) are placed under the tongue and removed once it is indicated that there is enough sample
Each swab is then securely put into a tube and transported back to the laboratory for testing
Oral fluid can have many advantages for the organisation due to the speed and ease of collecting the sample
Breathalyser This is used for Alcohol only
Randox Testing Services use Intoximeters Breathalysers which are both Home Office approved and also used by a number of police forces across the country
When we are called out we will perform a breath test and print out the results immediately
The employee will then be asked to sign the result report which will be retained by us and included in our final report
Hair Can be analysed for drug consumption and alcohol use It will give the longest detection window of all samples (90 days+)
It can take 1 ndash 2 weeks for a drug to enter the hair but will remain almost permanently
Hair grows at an approximate rate of 1cm per month so a 3cm section
provides a profile of drug use over a 3 month period
A hair sample can identify trends of long term drug use and provide a detailed month-on-month view or overall picture of historic drug use
Our collection officer will collect 2 hair samples (A amp B) at approx 90-120 strands per sample
Chain of Custody bull The movement and location of physical evidence from the time it is
obtained until the time it is presented in courttribunal
bull It refers to the system of controls governing the collection processing
and storage of samples
bull We collect samples under strict chain of custody criteria which
removes the potential that the sample has had the opportunity to be
accidentally or maliciously adulterated or tampered with
bull This is essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a
test outcome
Collection Officers bull Experienced Collectors
bull Ex-Police Officers amp Ex-Prison Guards
bull Strict Dress Code
bull Trained to DATIA Standard
bull Security Vetted to NPPV3 Level
bull State of the Art Equipment
bull Monitored TrainingCollectors Dip Sampled
bull Impairment Trained
Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing (2002) Peer
reviewed and prepared by a Steering Group of toxicology practitioners
to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual
countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and
legislation wwwewdtsorg-
bull Specimen Collection Guidelines bull Chain of Custody
bull Urine Oral Fluid amp Hair Samples
bull Laboratory Guidelines ndash Concentration Cut-Offs Levels
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
Analysis Type Screening Method to identify the presence of a substance in a sample above a
defined concentration
EWDTS guidelines Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opiates
Methadone
Barbiturates
Phencyclidine
Analysis Type Confirmation Method to confirm the identity and exact concentration of substances
detected at defined cut-off levels
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
Types of Testing
Pre-Employment
Random
With-Cause
Post-Accident
Abstinence MonitoringReturn to Work
20
Detection Windows
21
Pre-Employment Testing
As part of the recruitment process stating the companyrsquos attitude to
drug and alcohol abuse from the beginning
Frequently included as part of a pre-employment medical a test can be carried out to ascertain whether the potential employee has consumed drugs over a certain period
The organisation can choose the types of sample they wish to test but consideration should be given for detection windows for each sample type
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Hair or Urine
Random Testing Testing all or part of the workforce on a random basis This works as a
deterrent to drug and alcohol abuse Random dates employee list
prepared and testing conducted by Randox Testing Services
Used for monitoring the culture within the employees and ascertain what level of drug amp alcohol issues there may be
Used as a deterrent as each employee will know that there is potential that they could be asked to undertake a test at any given time
Refusal to test would be classed as a positive sample
The organisation will agree to what percentage of the company will be tested and how many times a year testing should be carried out
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Oral Fluid
With-Cause Testing
Testing can be performed when drugalcohol abuse is suspected
Randox Testing Services can attend site and conduct testing
This is where an organisation has a suspicion that someone maybe
under the influence of drugs andor alcohol
This suspicion could come from rumours observed behaviour or if the
person is acting strangely
In this instance we would be called out to perform a breathalyser test
and collect an oral fluidurine sample from the employee and take
back to the laboratory
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
24
Post-Accident Testing
Screening of employee after an accidentincident to determine if drugs
or alcohol may have contributed Testing conducted on site
Post accident testing can be a very effective tool in accident investigations and it is our recommendation that should an incident occur all people involved should be tested
This can and may include sub-contractors or visitors to the site
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
RehabilitationMonitoring Testing
Follow up on previous confirmed positive drug alcohol test
Return to Work or Abstinence Monitoring Testing
This type of testing maybe used whenever an employee has presented with a problem and the organisation offers them support and perhaps helps them with rehabilitation
In this instance part of the contract that you put in place for the employee is the potential to be tested at any stage during the rehabilitation process to ensure that they are fulfilling their contract
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Hair
Management Awareness
Managers must be aware of the following
bull Contents of the company Workplace Drug amp Alcohol Testing policy
bull All employees have been informed of the policy and training given as part of the implementation of the policy
bull Signs and symptoms of misuse
bull Legal implications ie Health amp Safety Regulations Drugs Offences Road Traffic Offences Corporate Manslaughter Legislation
bull Methods of testing
27
Management Awareness It is advised that managers
bull Conduct an interview in private with subject accompanied by another manager ndash there may be some other cause of suspicions
bull Have two managers conduct an independent assessment of the employee
bull Document suspicions and decision to require testing ndash a prepared form with indicators such as signs of drug misuse may assist
bull Make request to provide a sample prior to contacting Randox Testing Services
bull Confirm procedure to detain individual prior to testing
bull Brief Collections Officer and agree type of testing to be undertaken
28
Possible Signs
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible signs of drug misuse
29
Possible Signs
bull Sudden mood changes
bull Erratic or atypical behaviour
bull Impaired reaction time
bull Slurred speech
bull Impaired awareness
bull Sudden incapacity
bull Altered ability to carry out everyday tasks successfully
bull Decreased perception and coordination
bull Restricted mobility
bull Distorted vision or hearing
bull Abnormal fluctuations in concentration and energy
bull Lack of reasoning
bull Smellodour of alcohol
bull Changes in physical appearance
bull Lack of memory
bull Limited judgement
bull Unusual irritability or aggression
bull A tendency to become confused
bull Impaired job performance
bull Poor time-keeping
bull Increased short-term sickness absence
bull Deterioration in relationships with colleagues customers or management
bull Dishonesty and theft (arising from the
need to maintain an expensive habit)
30
Effect of Drugs on Pupils
bull Dilated ndash Cannabis Cocaine Ecstasy Amphetamine LSD
bull Constricted ndash Opiates
31
Specimen Collection Methods
Urine Collection
Breath Analysis
Oral Fluid Collection Hair Collection
Instant Urine Test Cup
Urine The most common sample type used in workplace testing Urine will give a detection
window of around 5 days this is extended for regular cannabis users to around 30
days
Due to the nature of providing a urine sample certain criteria need to be fulfilled to try
and ensure that the sample has not been tampered with or that it may have been
supplied by someone other than the person who is being tested
These safeguards include removing any potential chance for ldquowateringrdquo the sample
down
This is done by securing the toilet area that is used as well as checking the
temperature to ensure that the sample has been freshly voided
Randox will carryout further validity tests in the laboratory to ascertain whether the
sample has been tampered with These include tests for pH Level Specific Gravity
and Creatinine
The sample is split in to two referred to as A amp B samples
Oral Fluid
Sample collection is non-invasive and no special arrangements are required The detection window for drugs will typically be up to 48 hours
Two swabs (A amp B samples) are placed under the tongue and removed once it is indicated that there is enough sample
Each swab is then securely put into a tube and transported back to the laboratory for testing
Oral fluid can have many advantages for the organisation due to the speed and ease of collecting the sample
Breathalyser This is used for Alcohol only
Randox Testing Services use Intoximeters Breathalysers which are both Home Office approved and also used by a number of police forces across the country
When we are called out we will perform a breath test and print out the results immediately
The employee will then be asked to sign the result report which will be retained by us and included in our final report
Hair Can be analysed for drug consumption and alcohol use It will give the longest detection window of all samples (90 days+)
It can take 1 ndash 2 weeks for a drug to enter the hair but will remain almost permanently
Hair grows at an approximate rate of 1cm per month so a 3cm section
provides a profile of drug use over a 3 month period
A hair sample can identify trends of long term drug use and provide a detailed month-on-month view or overall picture of historic drug use
Our collection officer will collect 2 hair samples (A amp B) at approx 90-120 strands per sample
Chain of Custody bull The movement and location of physical evidence from the time it is
obtained until the time it is presented in courttribunal
bull It refers to the system of controls governing the collection processing
and storage of samples
bull We collect samples under strict chain of custody criteria which
removes the potential that the sample has had the opportunity to be
accidentally or maliciously adulterated or tampered with
bull This is essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a
test outcome
Collection Officers bull Experienced Collectors
bull Ex-Police Officers amp Ex-Prison Guards
bull Strict Dress Code
bull Trained to DATIA Standard
bull Security Vetted to NPPV3 Level
bull State of the Art Equipment
bull Monitored TrainingCollectors Dip Sampled
bull Impairment Trained
Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing (2002) Peer
reviewed and prepared by a Steering Group of toxicology practitioners
to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual
countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and
legislation wwwewdtsorg-
bull Specimen Collection Guidelines bull Chain of Custody
bull Urine Oral Fluid amp Hair Samples
bull Laboratory Guidelines ndash Concentration Cut-Offs Levels
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
Analysis Type Screening Method to identify the presence of a substance in a sample above a
defined concentration
EWDTS guidelines Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opiates
Methadone
Barbiturates
Phencyclidine
Analysis Type Confirmation Method to confirm the identity and exact concentration of substances
detected at defined cut-off levels
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
Detection Windows
21
Pre-Employment Testing
As part of the recruitment process stating the companyrsquos attitude to
drug and alcohol abuse from the beginning
Frequently included as part of a pre-employment medical a test can be carried out to ascertain whether the potential employee has consumed drugs over a certain period
The organisation can choose the types of sample they wish to test but consideration should be given for detection windows for each sample type
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Hair or Urine
Random Testing Testing all or part of the workforce on a random basis This works as a
deterrent to drug and alcohol abuse Random dates employee list
prepared and testing conducted by Randox Testing Services
Used for monitoring the culture within the employees and ascertain what level of drug amp alcohol issues there may be
Used as a deterrent as each employee will know that there is potential that they could be asked to undertake a test at any given time
Refusal to test would be classed as a positive sample
The organisation will agree to what percentage of the company will be tested and how many times a year testing should be carried out
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Oral Fluid
With-Cause Testing
Testing can be performed when drugalcohol abuse is suspected
Randox Testing Services can attend site and conduct testing
This is where an organisation has a suspicion that someone maybe
under the influence of drugs andor alcohol
This suspicion could come from rumours observed behaviour or if the
person is acting strangely
In this instance we would be called out to perform a breathalyser test
and collect an oral fluidurine sample from the employee and take
back to the laboratory
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
24
Post-Accident Testing
Screening of employee after an accidentincident to determine if drugs
or alcohol may have contributed Testing conducted on site
Post accident testing can be a very effective tool in accident investigations and it is our recommendation that should an incident occur all people involved should be tested
This can and may include sub-contractors or visitors to the site
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
RehabilitationMonitoring Testing
Follow up on previous confirmed positive drug alcohol test
Return to Work or Abstinence Monitoring Testing
This type of testing maybe used whenever an employee has presented with a problem and the organisation offers them support and perhaps helps them with rehabilitation
In this instance part of the contract that you put in place for the employee is the potential to be tested at any stage during the rehabilitation process to ensure that they are fulfilling their contract
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Hair
Management Awareness
Managers must be aware of the following
bull Contents of the company Workplace Drug amp Alcohol Testing policy
bull All employees have been informed of the policy and training given as part of the implementation of the policy
bull Signs and symptoms of misuse
bull Legal implications ie Health amp Safety Regulations Drugs Offences Road Traffic Offences Corporate Manslaughter Legislation
bull Methods of testing
27
Management Awareness It is advised that managers
bull Conduct an interview in private with subject accompanied by another manager ndash there may be some other cause of suspicions
bull Have two managers conduct an independent assessment of the employee
bull Document suspicions and decision to require testing ndash a prepared form with indicators such as signs of drug misuse may assist
bull Make request to provide a sample prior to contacting Randox Testing Services
bull Confirm procedure to detain individual prior to testing
bull Brief Collections Officer and agree type of testing to be undertaken
28
Possible Signs
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible signs of drug misuse
29
Possible Signs
bull Sudden mood changes
bull Erratic or atypical behaviour
bull Impaired reaction time
bull Slurred speech
bull Impaired awareness
bull Sudden incapacity
bull Altered ability to carry out everyday tasks successfully
bull Decreased perception and coordination
bull Restricted mobility
bull Distorted vision or hearing
bull Abnormal fluctuations in concentration and energy
bull Lack of reasoning
bull Smellodour of alcohol
bull Changes in physical appearance
bull Lack of memory
bull Limited judgement
bull Unusual irritability or aggression
bull A tendency to become confused
bull Impaired job performance
bull Poor time-keeping
bull Increased short-term sickness absence
bull Deterioration in relationships with colleagues customers or management
bull Dishonesty and theft (arising from the
need to maintain an expensive habit)
30
Effect of Drugs on Pupils
bull Dilated ndash Cannabis Cocaine Ecstasy Amphetamine LSD
bull Constricted ndash Opiates
31
Specimen Collection Methods
Urine Collection
Breath Analysis
Oral Fluid Collection Hair Collection
Instant Urine Test Cup
Urine The most common sample type used in workplace testing Urine will give a detection
window of around 5 days this is extended for regular cannabis users to around 30
days
Due to the nature of providing a urine sample certain criteria need to be fulfilled to try
and ensure that the sample has not been tampered with or that it may have been
supplied by someone other than the person who is being tested
These safeguards include removing any potential chance for ldquowateringrdquo the sample
down
This is done by securing the toilet area that is used as well as checking the
temperature to ensure that the sample has been freshly voided
Randox will carryout further validity tests in the laboratory to ascertain whether the
sample has been tampered with These include tests for pH Level Specific Gravity
and Creatinine
The sample is split in to two referred to as A amp B samples
Oral Fluid
Sample collection is non-invasive and no special arrangements are required The detection window for drugs will typically be up to 48 hours
Two swabs (A amp B samples) are placed under the tongue and removed once it is indicated that there is enough sample
Each swab is then securely put into a tube and transported back to the laboratory for testing
Oral fluid can have many advantages for the organisation due to the speed and ease of collecting the sample
Breathalyser This is used for Alcohol only
Randox Testing Services use Intoximeters Breathalysers which are both Home Office approved and also used by a number of police forces across the country
When we are called out we will perform a breath test and print out the results immediately
The employee will then be asked to sign the result report which will be retained by us and included in our final report
Hair Can be analysed for drug consumption and alcohol use It will give the longest detection window of all samples (90 days+)
It can take 1 ndash 2 weeks for a drug to enter the hair but will remain almost permanently
Hair grows at an approximate rate of 1cm per month so a 3cm section
provides a profile of drug use over a 3 month period
A hair sample can identify trends of long term drug use and provide a detailed month-on-month view or overall picture of historic drug use
Our collection officer will collect 2 hair samples (A amp B) at approx 90-120 strands per sample
Chain of Custody bull The movement and location of physical evidence from the time it is
obtained until the time it is presented in courttribunal
bull It refers to the system of controls governing the collection processing
and storage of samples
bull We collect samples under strict chain of custody criteria which
removes the potential that the sample has had the opportunity to be
accidentally or maliciously adulterated or tampered with
bull This is essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a
test outcome
Collection Officers bull Experienced Collectors
bull Ex-Police Officers amp Ex-Prison Guards
bull Strict Dress Code
bull Trained to DATIA Standard
bull Security Vetted to NPPV3 Level
bull State of the Art Equipment
bull Monitored TrainingCollectors Dip Sampled
bull Impairment Trained
Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing (2002) Peer
reviewed and prepared by a Steering Group of toxicology practitioners
to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual
countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and
legislation wwwewdtsorg-
bull Specimen Collection Guidelines bull Chain of Custody
bull Urine Oral Fluid amp Hair Samples
bull Laboratory Guidelines ndash Concentration Cut-Offs Levels
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
Analysis Type Screening Method to identify the presence of a substance in a sample above a
defined concentration
EWDTS guidelines Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opiates
Methadone
Barbiturates
Phencyclidine
Analysis Type Confirmation Method to confirm the identity and exact concentration of substances
detected at defined cut-off levels
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
Pre-Employment Testing
As part of the recruitment process stating the companyrsquos attitude to
drug and alcohol abuse from the beginning
Frequently included as part of a pre-employment medical a test can be carried out to ascertain whether the potential employee has consumed drugs over a certain period
The organisation can choose the types of sample they wish to test but consideration should be given for detection windows for each sample type
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Hair or Urine
Random Testing Testing all or part of the workforce on a random basis This works as a
deterrent to drug and alcohol abuse Random dates employee list
prepared and testing conducted by Randox Testing Services
Used for monitoring the culture within the employees and ascertain what level of drug amp alcohol issues there may be
Used as a deterrent as each employee will know that there is potential that they could be asked to undertake a test at any given time
Refusal to test would be classed as a positive sample
The organisation will agree to what percentage of the company will be tested and how many times a year testing should be carried out
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Oral Fluid
With-Cause Testing
Testing can be performed when drugalcohol abuse is suspected
Randox Testing Services can attend site and conduct testing
This is where an organisation has a suspicion that someone maybe
under the influence of drugs andor alcohol
This suspicion could come from rumours observed behaviour or if the
person is acting strangely
In this instance we would be called out to perform a breathalyser test
and collect an oral fluidurine sample from the employee and take
back to the laboratory
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
24
Post-Accident Testing
Screening of employee after an accidentincident to determine if drugs
or alcohol may have contributed Testing conducted on site
Post accident testing can be a very effective tool in accident investigations and it is our recommendation that should an incident occur all people involved should be tested
This can and may include sub-contractors or visitors to the site
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
RehabilitationMonitoring Testing
Follow up on previous confirmed positive drug alcohol test
Return to Work or Abstinence Monitoring Testing
This type of testing maybe used whenever an employee has presented with a problem and the organisation offers them support and perhaps helps them with rehabilitation
In this instance part of the contract that you put in place for the employee is the potential to be tested at any stage during the rehabilitation process to ensure that they are fulfilling their contract
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Hair
Management Awareness
Managers must be aware of the following
bull Contents of the company Workplace Drug amp Alcohol Testing policy
bull All employees have been informed of the policy and training given as part of the implementation of the policy
bull Signs and symptoms of misuse
bull Legal implications ie Health amp Safety Regulations Drugs Offences Road Traffic Offences Corporate Manslaughter Legislation
bull Methods of testing
27
Management Awareness It is advised that managers
bull Conduct an interview in private with subject accompanied by another manager ndash there may be some other cause of suspicions
bull Have two managers conduct an independent assessment of the employee
bull Document suspicions and decision to require testing ndash a prepared form with indicators such as signs of drug misuse may assist
bull Make request to provide a sample prior to contacting Randox Testing Services
bull Confirm procedure to detain individual prior to testing
bull Brief Collections Officer and agree type of testing to be undertaken
28
Possible Signs
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible signs of drug misuse
29
Possible Signs
bull Sudden mood changes
bull Erratic or atypical behaviour
bull Impaired reaction time
bull Slurred speech
bull Impaired awareness
bull Sudden incapacity
bull Altered ability to carry out everyday tasks successfully
bull Decreased perception and coordination
bull Restricted mobility
bull Distorted vision or hearing
bull Abnormal fluctuations in concentration and energy
bull Lack of reasoning
bull Smellodour of alcohol
bull Changes in physical appearance
bull Lack of memory
bull Limited judgement
bull Unusual irritability or aggression
bull A tendency to become confused
bull Impaired job performance
bull Poor time-keeping
bull Increased short-term sickness absence
bull Deterioration in relationships with colleagues customers or management
bull Dishonesty and theft (arising from the
need to maintain an expensive habit)
30
Effect of Drugs on Pupils
bull Dilated ndash Cannabis Cocaine Ecstasy Amphetamine LSD
bull Constricted ndash Opiates
31
Specimen Collection Methods
Urine Collection
Breath Analysis
Oral Fluid Collection Hair Collection
Instant Urine Test Cup
Urine The most common sample type used in workplace testing Urine will give a detection
window of around 5 days this is extended for regular cannabis users to around 30
days
Due to the nature of providing a urine sample certain criteria need to be fulfilled to try
and ensure that the sample has not been tampered with or that it may have been
supplied by someone other than the person who is being tested
These safeguards include removing any potential chance for ldquowateringrdquo the sample
down
This is done by securing the toilet area that is used as well as checking the
temperature to ensure that the sample has been freshly voided
Randox will carryout further validity tests in the laboratory to ascertain whether the
sample has been tampered with These include tests for pH Level Specific Gravity
and Creatinine
The sample is split in to two referred to as A amp B samples
Oral Fluid
Sample collection is non-invasive and no special arrangements are required The detection window for drugs will typically be up to 48 hours
Two swabs (A amp B samples) are placed under the tongue and removed once it is indicated that there is enough sample
Each swab is then securely put into a tube and transported back to the laboratory for testing
Oral fluid can have many advantages for the organisation due to the speed and ease of collecting the sample
Breathalyser This is used for Alcohol only
Randox Testing Services use Intoximeters Breathalysers which are both Home Office approved and also used by a number of police forces across the country
When we are called out we will perform a breath test and print out the results immediately
The employee will then be asked to sign the result report which will be retained by us and included in our final report
Hair Can be analysed for drug consumption and alcohol use It will give the longest detection window of all samples (90 days+)
It can take 1 ndash 2 weeks for a drug to enter the hair but will remain almost permanently
Hair grows at an approximate rate of 1cm per month so a 3cm section
provides a profile of drug use over a 3 month period
A hair sample can identify trends of long term drug use and provide a detailed month-on-month view or overall picture of historic drug use
Our collection officer will collect 2 hair samples (A amp B) at approx 90-120 strands per sample
Chain of Custody bull The movement and location of physical evidence from the time it is
obtained until the time it is presented in courttribunal
bull It refers to the system of controls governing the collection processing
and storage of samples
bull We collect samples under strict chain of custody criteria which
removes the potential that the sample has had the opportunity to be
accidentally or maliciously adulterated or tampered with
bull This is essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a
test outcome
Collection Officers bull Experienced Collectors
bull Ex-Police Officers amp Ex-Prison Guards
bull Strict Dress Code
bull Trained to DATIA Standard
bull Security Vetted to NPPV3 Level
bull State of the Art Equipment
bull Monitored TrainingCollectors Dip Sampled
bull Impairment Trained
Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing (2002) Peer
reviewed and prepared by a Steering Group of toxicology practitioners
to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual
countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and
legislation wwwewdtsorg-
bull Specimen Collection Guidelines bull Chain of Custody
bull Urine Oral Fluid amp Hair Samples
bull Laboratory Guidelines ndash Concentration Cut-Offs Levels
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
Analysis Type Screening Method to identify the presence of a substance in a sample above a
defined concentration
EWDTS guidelines Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opiates
Methadone
Barbiturates
Phencyclidine
Analysis Type Confirmation Method to confirm the identity and exact concentration of substances
detected at defined cut-off levels
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
Random Testing Testing all or part of the workforce on a random basis This works as a
deterrent to drug and alcohol abuse Random dates employee list
prepared and testing conducted by Randox Testing Services
Used for monitoring the culture within the employees and ascertain what level of drug amp alcohol issues there may be
Used as a deterrent as each employee will know that there is potential that they could be asked to undertake a test at any given time
Refusal to test would be classed as a positive sample
The organisation will agree to what percentage of the company will be tested and how many times a year testing should be carried out
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Oral Fluid
With-Cause Testing
Testing can be performed when drugalcohol abuse is suspected
Randox Testing Services can attend site and conduct testing
This is where an organisation has a suspicion that someone maybe
under the influence of drugs andor alcohol
This suspicion could come from rumours observed behaviour or if the
person is acting strangely
In this instance we would be called out to perform a breathalyser test
and collect an oral fluidurine sample from the employee and take
back to the laboratory
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
24
Post-Accident Testing
Screening of employee after an accidentincident to determine if drugs
or alcohol may have contributed Testing conducted on site
Post accident testing can be a very effective tool in accident investigations and it is our recommendation that should an incident occur all people involved should be tested
This can and may include sub-contractors or visitors to the site
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
RehabilitationMonitoring Testing
Follow up on previous confirmed positive drug alcohol test
Return to Work or Abstinence Monitoring Testing
This type of testing maybe used whenever an employee has presented with a problem and the organisation offers them support and perhaps helps them with rehabilitation
In this instance part of the contract that you put in place for the employee is the potential to be tested at any stage during the rehabilitation process to ensure that they are fulfilling their contract
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Hair
Management Awareness
Managers must be aware of the following
bull Contents of the company Workplace Drug amp Alcohol Testing policy
bull All employees have been informed of the policy and training given as part of the implementation of the policy
bull Signs and symptoms of misuse
bull Legal implications ie Health amp Safety Regulations Drugs Offences Road Traffic Offences Corporate Manslaughter Legislation
bull Methods of testing
27
Management Awareness It is advised that managers
bull Conduct an interview in private with subject accompanied by another manager ndash there may be some other cause of suspicions
bull Have two managers conduct an independent assessment of the employee
bull Document suspicions and decision to require testing ndash a prepared form with indicators such as signs of drug misuse may assist
bull Make request to provide a sample prior to contacting Randox Testing Services
bull Confirm procedure to detain individual prior to testing
bull Brief Collections Officer and agree type of testing to be undertaken
28
Possible Signs
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible signs of drug misuse
29
Possible Signs
bull Sudden mood changes
bull Erratic or atypical behaviour
bull Impaired reaction time
bull Slurred speech
bull Impaired awareness
bull Sudden incapacity
bull Altered ability to carry out everyday tasks successfully
bull Decreased perception and coordination
bull Restricted mobility
bull Distorted vision or hearing
bull Abnormal fluctuations in concentration and energy
bull Lack of reasoning
bull Smellodour of alcohol
bull Changes in physical appearance
bull Lack of memory
bull Limited judgement
bull Unusual irritability or aggression
bull A tendency to become confused
bull Impaired job performance
bull Poor time-keeping
bull Increased short-term sickness absence
bull Deterioration in relationships with colleagues customers or management
bull Dishonesty and theft (arising from the
need to maintain an expensive habit)
30
Effect of Drugs on Pupils
bull Dilated ndash Cannabis Cocaine Ecstasy Amphetamine LSD
bull Constricted ndash Opiates
31
Specimen Collection Methods
Urine Collection
Breath Analysis
Oral Fluid Collection Hair Collection
Instant Urine Test Cup
Urine The most common sample type used in workplace testing Urine will give a detection
window of around 5 days this is extended for regular cannabis users to around 30
days
Due to the nature of providing a urine sample certain criteria need to be fulfilled to try
and ensure that the sample has not been tampered with or that it may have been
supplied by someone other than the person who is being tested
These safeguards include removing any potential chance for ldquowateringrdquo the sample
down
This is done by securing the toilet area that is used as well as checking the
temperature to ensure that the sample has been freshly voided
Randox will carryout further validity tests in the laboratory to ascertain whether the
sample has been tampered with These include tests for pH Level Specific Gravity
and Creatinine
The sample is split in to two referred to as A amp B samples
Oral Fluid
Sample collection is non-invasive and no special arrangements are required The detection window for drugs will typically be up to 48 hours
Two swabs (A amp B samples) are placed under the tongue and removed once it is indicated that there is enough sample
Each swab is then securely put into a tube and transported back to the laboratory for testing
Oral fluid can have many advantages for the organisation due to the speed and ease of collecting the sample
Breathalyser This is used for Alcohol only
Randox Testing Services use Intoximeters Breathalysers which are both Home Office approved and also used by a number of police forces across the country
When we are called out we will perform a breath test and print out the results immediately
The employee will then be asked to sign the result report which will be retained by us and included in our final report
Hair Can be analysed for drug consumption and alcohol use It will give the longest detection window of all samples (90 days+)
It can take 1 ndash 2 weeks for a drug to enter the hair but will remain almost permanently
Hair grows at an approximate rate of 1cm per month so a 3cm section
provides a profile of drug use over a 3 month period
A hair sample can identify trends of long term drug use and provide a detailed month-on-month view or overall picture of historic drug use
Our collection officer will collect 2 hair samples (A amp B) at approx 90-120 strands per sample
Chain of Custody bull The movement and location of physical evidence from the time it is
obtained until the time it is presented in courttribunal
bull It refers to the system of controls governing the collection processing
and storage of samples
bull We collect samples under strict chain of custody criteria which
removes the potential that the sample has had the opportunity to be
accidentally or maliciously adulterated or tampered with
bull This is essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a
test outcome
Collection Officers bull Experienced Collectors
bull Ex-Police Officers amp Ex-Prison Guards
bull Strict Dress Code
bull Trained to DATIA Standard
bull Security Vetted to NPPV3 Level
bull State of the Art Equipment
bull Monitored TrainingCollectors Dip Sampled
bull Impairment Trained
Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing (2002) Peer
reviewed and prepared by a Steering Group of toxicology practitioners
to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual
countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and
legislation wwwewdtsorg-
bull Specimen Collection Guidelines bull Chain of Custody
bull Urine Oral Fluid amp Hair Samples
bull Laboratory Guidelines ndash Concentration Cut-Offs Levels
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
Analysis Type Screening Method to identify the presence of a substance in a sample above a
defined concentration
EWDTS guidelines Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opiates
Methadone
Barbiturates
Phencyclidine
Analysis Type Confirmation Method to confirm the identity and exact concentration of substances
detected at defined cut-off levels
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
With-Cause Testing
Testing can be performed when drugalcohol abuse is suspected
Randox Testing Services can attend site and conduct testing
This is where an organisation has a suspicion that someone maybe
under the influence of drugs andor alcohol
This suspicion could come from rumours observed behaviour or if the
person is acting strangely
In this instance we would be called out to perform a breathalyser test
and collect an oral fluidurine sample from the employee and take
back to the laboratory
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
24
Post-Accident Testing
Screening of employee after an accidentincident to determine if drugs
or alcohol may have contributed Testing conducted on site
Post accident testing can be a very effective tool in accident investigations and it is our recommendation that should an incident occur all people involved should be tested
This can and may include sub-contractors or visitors to the site
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
RehabilitationMonitoring Testing
Follow up on previous confirmed positive drug alcohol test
Return to Work or Abstinence Monitoring Testing
This type of testing maybe used whenever an employee has presented with a problem and the organisation offers them support and perhaps helps them with rehabilitation
In this instance part of the contract that you put in place for the employee is the potential to be tested at any stage during the rehabilitation process to ensure that they are fulfilling their contract
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Hair
Management Awareness
Managers must be aware of the following
bull Contents of the company Workplace Drug amp Alcohol Testing policy
bull All employees have been informed of the policy and training given as part of the implementation of the policy
bull Signs and symptoms of misuse
bull Legal implications ie Health amp Safety Regulations Drugs Offences Road Traffic Offences Corporate Manslaughter Legislation
bull Methods of testing
27
Management Awareness It is advised that managers
bull Conduct an interview in private with subject accompanied by another manager ndash there may be some other cause of suspicions
bull Have two managers conduct an independent assessment of the employee
bull Document suspicions and decision to require testing ndash a prepared form with indicators such as signs of drug misuse may assist
bull Make request to provide a sample prior to contacting Randox Testing Services
bull Confirm procedure to detain individual prior to testing
bull Brief Collections Officer and agree type of testing to be undertaken
28
Possible Signs
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible signs of drug misuse
29
Possible Signs
bull Sudden mood changes
bull Erratic or atypical behaviour
bull Impaired reaction time
bull Slurred speech
bull Impaired awareness
bull Sudden incapacity
bull Altered ability to carry out everyday tasks successfully
bull Decreased perception and coordination
bull Restricted mobility
bull Distorted vision or hearing
bull Abnormal fluctuations in concentration and energy
bull Lack of reasoning
bull Smellodour of alcohol
bull Changes in physical appearance
bull Lack of memory
bull Limited judgement
bull Unusual irritability or aggression
bull A tendency to become confused
bull Impaired job performance
bull Poor time-keeping
bull Increased short-term sickness absence
bull Deterioration in relationships with colleagues customers or management
bull Dishonesty and theft (arising from the
need to maintain an expensive habit)
30
Effect of Drugs on Pupils
bull Dilated ndash Cannabis Cocaine Ecstasy Amphetamine LSD
bull Constricted ndash Opiates
31
Specimen Collection Methods
Urine Collection
Breath Analysis
Oral Fluid Collection Hair Collection
Instant Urine Test Cup
Urine The most common sample type used in workplace testing Urine will give a detection
window of around 5 days this is extended for regular cannabis users to around 30
days
Due to the nature of providing a urine sample certain criteria need to be fulfilled to try
and ensure that the sample has not been tampered with or that it may have been
supplied by someone other than the person who is being tested
These safeguards include removing any potential chance for ldquowateringrdquo the sample
down
This is done by securing the toilet area that is used as well as checking the
temperature to ensure that the sample has been freshly voided
Randox will carryout further validity tests in the laboratory to ascertain whether the
sample has been tampered with These include tests for pH Level Specific Gravity
and Creatinine
The sample is split in to two referred to as A amp B samples
Oral Fluid
Sample collection is non-invasive and no special arrangements are required The detection window for drugs will typically be up to 48 hours
Two swabs (A amp B samples) are placed under the tongue and removed once it is indicated that there is enough sample
Each swab is then securely put into a tube and transported back to the laboratory for testing
Oral fluid can have many advantages for the organisation due to the speed and ease of collecting the sample
Breathalyser This is used for Alcohol only
Randox Testing Services use Intoximeters Breathalysers which are both Home Office approved and also used by a number of police forces across the country
When we are called out we will perform a breath test and print out the results immediately
The employee will then be asked to sign the result report which will be retained by us and included in our final report
Hair Can be analysed for drug consumption and alcohol use It will give the longest detection window of all samples (90 days+)
It can take 1 ndash 2 weeks for a drug to enter the hair but will remain almost permanently
Hair grows at an approximate rate of 1cm per month so a 3cm section
provides a profile of drug use over a 3 month period
A hair sample can identify trends of long term drug use and provide a detailed month-on-month view or overall picture of historic drug use
Our collection officer will collect 2 hair samples (A amp B) at approx 90-120 strands per sample
Chain of Custody bull The movement and location of physical evidence from the time it is
obtained until the time it is presented in courttribunal
bull It refers to the system of controls governing the collection processing
and storage of samples
bull We collect samples under strict chain of custody criteria which
removes the potential that the sample has had the opportunity to be
accidentally or maliciously adulterated or tampered with
bull This is essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a
test outcome
Collection Officers bull Experienced Collectors
bull Ex-Police Officers amp Ex-Prison Guards
bull Strict Dress Code
bull Trained to DATIA Standard
bull Security Vetted to NPPV3 Level
bull State of the Art Equipment
bull Monitored TrainingCollectors Dip Sampled
bull Impairment Trained
Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing (2002) Peer
reviewed and prepared by a Steering Group of toxicology practitioners
to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual
countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and
legislation wwwewdtsorg-
bull Specimen Collection Guidelines bull Chain of Custody
bull Urine Oral Fluid amp Hair Samples
bull Laboratory Guidelines ndash Concentration Cut-Offs Levels
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
Analysis Type Screening Method to identify the presence of a substance in a sample above a
defined concentration
EWDTS guidelines Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opiates
Methadone
Barbiturates
Phencyclidine
Analysis Type Confirmation Method to confirm the identity and exact concentration of substances
detected at defined cut-off levels
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
Post-Accident Testing
Screening of employee after an accidentincident to determine if drugs
or alcohol may have contributed Testing conducted on site
Post accident testing can be a very effective tool in accident investigations and it is our recommendation that should an incident occur all people involved should be tested
This can and may include sub-contractors or visitors to the site
Results are generally reported within 24 hours
Recommended sample type Oral Fluid or Urine
RehabilitationMonitoring Testing
Follow up on previous confirmed positive drug alcohol test
Return to Work or Abstinence Monitoring Testing
This type of testing maybe used whenever an employee has presented with a problem and the organisation offers them support and perhaps helps them with rehabilitation
In this instance part of the contract that you put in place for the employee is the potential to be tested at any stage during the rehabilitation process to ensure that they are fulfilling their contract
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Hair
Management Awareness
Managers must be aware of the following
bull Contents of the company Workplace Drug amp Alcohol Testing policy
bull All employees have been informed of the policy and training given as part of the implementation of the policy
bull Signs and symptoms of misuse
bull Legal implications ie Health amp Safety Regulations Drugs Offences Road Traffic Offences Corporate Manslaughter Legislation
bull Methods of testing
27
Management Awareness It is advised that managers
bull Conduct an interview in private with subject accompanied by another manager ndash there may be some other cause of suspicions
bull Have two managers conduct an independent assessment of the employee
bull Document suspicions and decision to require testing ndash a prepared form with indicators such as signs of drug misuse may assist
bull Make request to provide a sample prior to contacting Randox Testing Services
bull Confirm procedure to detain individual prior to testing
bull Brief Collections Officer and agree type of testing to be undertaken
28
Possible Signs
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible signs of drug misuse
29
Possible Signs
bull Sudden mood changes
bull Erratic or atypical behaviour
bull Impaired reaction time
bull Slurred speech
bull Impaired awareness
bull Sudden incapacity
bull Altered ability to carry out everyday tasks successfully
bull Decreased perception and coordination
bull Restricted mobility
bull Distorted vision or hearing
bull Abnormal fluctuations in concentration and energy
bull Lack of reasoning
bull Smellodour of alcohol
bull Changes in physical appearance
bull Lack of memory
bull Limited judgement
bull Unusual irritability or aggression
bull A tendency to become confused
bull Impaired job performance
bull Poor time-keeping
bull Increased short-term sickness absence
bull Deterioration in relationships with colleagues customers or management
bull Dishonesty and theft (arising from the
need to maintain an expensive habit)
30
Effect of Drugs on Pupils
bull Dilated ndash Cannabis Cocaine Ecstasy Amphetamine LSD
bull Constricted ndash Opiates
31
Specimen Collection Methods
Urine Collection
Breath Analysis
Oral Fluid Collection Hair Collection
Instant Urine Test Cup
Urine The most common sample type used in workplace testing Urine will give a detection
window of around 5 days this is extended for regular cannabis users to around 30
days
Due to the nature of providing a urine sample certain criteria need to be fulfilled to try
and ensure that the sample has not been tampered with or that it may have been
supplied by someone other than the person who is being tested
These safeguards include removing any potential chance for ldquowateringrdquo the sample
down
This is done by securing the toilet area that is used as well as checking the
temperature to ensure that the sample has been freshly voided
Randox will carryout further validity tests in the laboratory to ascertain whether the
sample has been tampered with These include tests for pH Level Specific Gravity
and Creatinine
The sample is split in to two referred to as A amp B samples
Oral Fluid
Sample collection is non-invasive and no special arrangements are required The detection window for drugs will typically be up to 48 hours
Two swabs (A amp B samples) are placed under the tongue and removed once it is indicated that there is enough sample
Each swab is then securely put into a tube and transported back to the laboratory for testing
Oral fluid can have many advantages for the organisation due to the speed and ease of collecting the sample
Breathalyser This is used for Alcohol only
Randox Testing Services use Intoximeters Breathalysers which are both Home Office approved and also used by a number of police forces across the country
When we are called out we will perform a breath test and print out the results immediately
The employee will then be asked to sign the result report which will be retained by us and included in our final report
Hair Can be analysed for drug consumption and alcohol use It will give the longest detection window of all samples (90 days+)
It can take 1 ndash 2 weeks for a drug to enter the hair but will remain almost permanently
Hair grows at an approximate rate of 1cm per month so a 3cm section
provides a profile of drug use over a 3 month period
A hair sample can identify trends of long term drug use and provide a detailed month-on-month view or overall picture of historic drug use
Our collection officer will collect 2 hair samples (A amp B) at approx 90-120 strands per sample
Chain of Custody bull The movement and location of physical evidence from the time it is
obtained until the time it is presented in courttribunal
bull It refers to the system of controls governing the collection processing
and storage of samples
bull We collect samples under strict chain of custody criteria which
removes the potential that the sample has had the opportunity to be
accidentally or maliciously adulterated or tampered with
bull This is essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a
test outcome
Collection Officers bull Experienced Collectors
bull Ex-Police Officers amp Ex-Prison Guards
bull Strict Dress Code
bull Trained to DATIA Standard
bull Security Vetted to NPPV3 Level
bull State of the Art Equipment
bull Monitored TrainingCollectors Dip Sampled
bull Impairment Trained
Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing (2002) Peer
reviewed and prepared by a Steering Group of toxicology practitioners
to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual
countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and
legislation wwwewdtsorg-
bull Specimen Collection Guidelines bull Chain of Custody
bull Urine Oral Fluid amp Hair Samples
bull Laboratory Guidelines ndash Concentration Cut-Offs Levels
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
Analysis Type Screening Method to identify the presence of a substance in a sample above a
defined concentration
EWDTS guidelines Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opiates
Methadone
Barbiturates
Phencyclidine
Analysis Type Confirmation Method to confirm the identity and exact concentration of substances
detected at defined cut-off levels
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
RehabilitationMonitoring Testing
Follow up on previous confirmed positive drug alcohol test
Return to Work or Abstinence Monitoring Testing
This type of testing maybe used whenever an employee has presented with a problem and the organisation offers them support and perhaps helps them with rehabilitation
In this instance part of the contract that you put in place for the employee is the potential to be tested at any stage during the rehabilitation process to ensure that they are fulfilling their contract
Results are generally reported within 3 ndash 5 working days
Recommended sample type Urine or Hair
Management Awareness
Managers must be aware of the following
bull Contents of the company Workplace Drug amp Alcohol Testing policy
bull All employees have been informed of the policy and training given as part of the implementation of the policy
bull Signs and symptoms of misuse
bull Legal implications ie Health amp Safety Regulations Drugs Offences Road Traffic Offences Corporate Manslaughter Legislation
bull Methods of testing
27
Management Awareness It is advised that managers
bull Conduct an interview in private with subject accompanied by another manager ndash there may be some other cause of suspicions
bull Have two managers conduct an independent assessment of the employee
bull Document suspicions and decision to require testing ndash a prepared form with indicators such as signs of drug misuse may assist
bull Make request to provide a sample prior to contacting Randox Testing Services
bull Confirm procedure to detain individual prior to testing
bull Brief Collections Officer and agree type of testing to be undertaken
28
Possible Signs
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible signs of drug misuse
29
Possible Signs
bull Sudden mood changes
bull Erratic or atypical behaviour
bull Impaired reaction time
bull Slurred speech
bull Impaired awareness
bull Sudden incapacity
bull Altered ability to carry out everyday tasks successfully
bull Decreased perception and coordination
bull Restricted mobility
bull Distorted vision or hearing
bull Abnormal fluctuations in concentration and energy
bull Lack of reasoning
bull Smellodour of alcohol
bull Changes in physical appearance
bull Lack of memory
bull Limited judgement
bull Unusual irritability or aggression
bull A tendency to become confused
bull Impaired job performance
bull Poor time-keeping
bull Increased short-term sickness absence
bull Deterioration in relationships with colleagues customers or management
bull Dishonesty and theft (arising from the
need to maintain an expensive habit)
30
Effect of Drugs on Pupils
bull Dilated ndash Cannabis Cocaine Ecstasy Amphetamine LSD
bull Constricted ndash Opiates
31
Specimen Collection Methods
Urine Collection
Breath Analysis
Oral Fluid Collection Hair Collection
Instant Urine Test Cup
Urine The most common sample type used in workplace testing Urine will give a detection
window of around 5 days this is extended for regular cannabis users to around 30
days
Due to the nature of providing a urine sample certain criteria need to be fulfilled to try
and ensure that the sample has not been tampered with or that it may have been
supplied by someone other than the person who is being tested
These safeguards include removing any potential chance for ldquowateringrdquo the sample
down
This is done by securing the toilet area that is used as well as checking the
temperature to ensure that the sample has been freshly voided
Randox will carryout further validity tests in the laboratory to ascertain whether the
sample has been tampered with These include tests for pH Level Specific Gravity
and Creatinine
The sample is split in to two referred to as A amp B samples
Oral Fluid
Sample collection is non-invasive and no special arrangements are required The detection window for drugs will typically be up to 48 hours
Two swabs (A amp B samples) are placed under the tongue and removed once it is indicated that there is enough sample
Each swab is then securely put into a tube and transported back to the laboratory for testing
Oral fluid can have many advantages for the organisation due to the speed and ease of collecting the sample
Breathalyser This is used for Alcohol only
Randox Testing Services use Intoximeters Breathalysers which are both Home Office approved and also used by a number of police forces across the country
When we are called out we will perform a breath test and print out the results immediately
The employee will then be asked to sign the result report which will be retained by us and included in our final report
Hair Can be analysed for drug consumption and alcohol use It will give the longest detection window of all samples (90 days+)
It can take 1 ndash 2 weeks for a drug to enter the hair but will remain almost permanently
Hair grows at an approximate rate of 1cm per month so a 3cm section
provides a profile of drug use over a 3 month period
A hair sample can identify trends of long term drug use and provide a detailed month-on-month view or overall picture of historic drug use
Our collection officer will collect 2 hair samples (A amp B) at approx 90-120 strands per sample
Chain of Custody bull The movement and location of physical evidence from the time it is
obtained until the time it is presented in courttribunal
bull It refers to the system of controls governing the collection processing
and storage of samples
bull We collect samples under strict chain of custody criteria which
removes the potential that the sample has had the opportunity to be
accidentally or maliciously adulterated or tampered with
bull This is essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a
test outcome
Collection Officers bull Experienced Collectors
bull Ex-Police Officers amp Ex-Prison Guards
bull Strict Dress Code
bull Trained to DATIA Standard
bull Security Vetted to NPPV3 Level
bull State of the Art Equipment
bull Monitored TrainingCollectors Dip Sampled
bull Impairment Trained
Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing (2002) Peer
reviewed and prepared by a Steering Group of toxicology practitioners
to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual
countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and
legislation wwwewdtsorg-
bull Specimen Collection Guidelines bull Chain of Custody
bull Urine Oral Fluid amp Hair Samples
bull Laboratory Guidelines ndash Concentration Cut-Offs Levels
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
Analysis Type Screening Method to identify the presence of a substance in a sample above a
defined concentration
EWDTS guidelines Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opiates
Methadone
Barbiturates
Phencyclidine
Analysis Type Confirmation Method to confirm the identity and exact concentration of substances
detected at defined cut-off levels
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
Management Awareness
Managers must be aware of the following
bull Contents of the company Workplace Drug amp Alcohol Testing policy
bull All employees have been informed of the policy and training given as part of the implementation of the policy
bull Signs and symptoms of misuse
bull Legal implications ie Health amp Safety Regulations Drugs Offences Road Traffic Offences Corporate Manslaughter Legislation
bull Methods of testing
27
Management Awareness It is advised that managers
bull Conduct an interview in private with subject accompanied by another manager ndash there may be some other cause of suspicions
bull Have two managers conduct an independent assessment of the employee
bull Document suspicions and decision to require testing ndash a prepared form with indicators such as signs of drug misuse may assist
bull Make request to provide a sample prior to contacting Randox Testing Services
bull Confirm procedure to detain individual prior to testing
bull Brief Collections Officer and agree type of testing to be undertaken
28
Possible Signs
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible signs of drug misuse
29
Possible Signs
bull Sudden mood changes
bull Erratic or atypical behaviour
bull Impaired reaction time
bull Slurred speech
bull Impaired awareness
bull Sudden incapacity
bull Altered ability to carry out everyday tasks successfully
bull Decreased perception and coordination
bull Restricted mobility
bull Distorted vision or hearing
bull Abnormal fluctuations in concentration and energy
bull Lack of reasoning
bull Smellodour of alcohol
bull Changes in physical appearance
bull Lack of memory
bull Limited judgement
bull Unusual irritability or aggression
bull A tendency to become confused
bull Impaired job performance
bull Poor time-keeping
bull Increased short-term sickness absence
bull Deterioration in relationships with colleagues customers or management
bull Dishonesty and theft (arising from the
need to maintain an expensive habit)
30
Effect of Drugs on Pupils
bull Dilated ndash Cannabis Cocaine Ecstasy Amphetamine LSD
bull Constricted ndash Opiates
31
Specimen Collection Methods
Urine Collection
Breath Analysis
Oral Fluid Collection Hair Collection
Instant Urine Test Cup
Urine The most common sample type used in workplace testing Urine will give a detection
window of around 5 days this is extended for regular cannabis users to around 30
days
Due to the nature of providing a urine sample certain criteria need to be fulfilled to try
and ensure that the sample has not been tampered with or that it may have been
supplied by someone other than the person who is being tested
These safeguards include removing any potential chance for ldquowateringrdquo the sample
down
This is done by securing the toilet area that is used as well as checking the
temperature to ensure that the sample has been freshly voided
Randox will carryout further validity tests in the laboratory to ascertain whether the
sample has been tampered with These include tests for pH Level Specific Gravity
and Creatinine
The sample is split in to two referred to as A amp B samples
Oral Fluid
Sample collection is non-invasive and no special arrangements are required The detection window for drugs will typically be up to 48 hours
Two swabs (A amp B samples) are placed under the tongue and removed once it is indicated that there is enough sample
Each swab is then securely put into a tube and transported back to the laboratory for testing
Oral fluid can have many advantages for the organisation due to the speed and ease of collecting the sample
Breathalyser This is used for Alcohol only
Randox Testing Services use Intoximeters Breathalysers which are both Home Office approved and also used by a number of police forces across the country
When we are called out we will perform a breath test and print out the results immediately
The employee will then be asked to sign the result report which will be retained by us and included in our final report
Hair Can be analysed for drug consumption and alcohol use It will give the longest detection window of all samples (90 days+)
It can take 1 ndash 2 weeks for a drug to enter the hair but will remain almost permanently
Hair grows at an approximate rate of 1cm per month so a 3cm section
provides a profile of drug use over a 3 month period
A hair sample can identify trends of long term drug use and provide a detailed month-on-month view or overall picture of historic drug use
Our collection officer will collect 2 hair samples (A amp B) at approx 90-120 strands per sample
Chain of Custody bull The movement and location of physical evidence from the time it is
obtained until the time it is presented in courttribunal
bull It refers to the system of controls governing the collection processing
and storage of samples
bull We collect samples under strict chain of custody criteria which
removes the potential that the sample has had the opportunity to be
accidentally or maliciously adulterated or tampered with
bull This is essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a
test outcome
Collection Officers bull Experienced Collectors
bull Ex-Police Officers amp Ex-Prison Guards
bull Strict Dress Code
bull Trained to DATIA Standard
bull Security Vetted to NPPV3 Level
bull State of the Art Equipment
bull Monitored TrainingCollectors Dip Sampled
bull Impairment Trained
Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing (2002) Peer
reviewed and prepared by a Steering Group of toxicology practitioners
to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual
countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and
legislation wwwewdtsorg-
bull Specimen Collection Guidelines bull Chain of Custody
bull Urine Oral Fluid amp Hair Samples
bull Laboratory Guidelines ndash Concentration Cut-Offs Levels
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
Analysis Type Screening Method to identify the presence of a substance in a sample above a
defined concentration
EWDTS guidelines Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opiates
Methadone
Barbiturates
Phencyclidine
Analysis Type Confirmation Method to confirm the identity and exact concentration of substances
detected at defined cut-off levels
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
Management Awareness It is advised that managers
bull Conduct an interview in private with subject accompanied by another manager ndash there may be some other cause of suspicions
bull Have two managers conduct an independent assessment of the employee
bull Document suspicions and decision to require testing ndash a prepared form with indicators such as signs of drug misuse may assist
bull Make request to provide a sample prior to contacting Randox Testing Services
bull Confirm procedure to detain individual prior to testing
bull Brief Collections Officer and agree type of testing to be undertaken
28
Possible Signs
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible signs of drug misuse
29
Possible Signs
bull Sudden mood changes
bull Erratic or atypical behaviour
bull Impaired reaction time
bull Slurred speech
bull Impaired awareness
bull Sudden incapacity
bull Altered ability to carry out everyday tasks successfully
bull Decreased perception and coordination
bull Restricted mobility
bull Distorted vision or hearing
bull Abnormal fluctuations in concentration and energy
bull Lack of reasoning
bull Smellodour of alcohol
bull Changes in physical appearance
bull Lack of memory
bull Limited judgement
bull Unusual irritability or aggression
bull A tendency to become confused
bull Impaired job performance
bull Poor time-keeping
bull Increased short-term sickness absence
bull Deterioration in relationships with colleagues customers or management
bull Dishonesty and theft (arising from the
need to maintain an expensive habit)
30
Effect of Drugs on Pupils
bull Dilated ndash Cannabis Cocaine Ecstasy Amphetamine LSD
bull Constricted ndash Opiates
31
Specimen Collection Methods
Urine Collection
Breath Analysis
Oral Fluid Collection Hair Collection
Instant Urine Test Cup
Urine The most common sample type used in workplace testing Urine will give a detection
window of around 5 days this is extended for regular cannabis users to around 30
days
Due to the nature of providing a urine sample certain criteria need to be fulfilled to try
and ensure that the sample has not been tampered with or that it may have been
supplied by someone other than the person who is being tested
These safeguards include removing any potential chance for ldquowateringrdquo the sample
down
This is done by securing the toilet area that is used as well as checking the
temperature to ensure that the sample has been freshly voided
Randox will carryout further validity tests in the laboratory to ascertain whether the
sample has been tampered with These include tests for pH Level Specific Gravity
and Creatinine
The sample is split in to two referred to as A amp B samples
Oral Fluid
Sample collection is non-invasive and no special arrangements are required The detection window for drugs will typically be up to 48 hours
Two swabs (A amp B samples) are placed under the tongue and removed once it is indicated that there is enough sample
Each swab is then securely put into a tube and transported back to the laboratory for testing
Oral fluid can have many advantages for the organisation due to the speed and ease of collecting the sample
Breathalyser This is used for Alcohol only
Randox Testing Services use Intoximeters Breathalysers which are both Home Office approved and also used by a number of police forces across the country
When we are called out we will perform a breath test and print out the results immediately
The employee will then be asked to sign the result report which will be retained by us and included in our final report
Hair Can be analysed for drug consumption and alcohol use It will give the longest detection window of all samples (90 days+)
It can take 1 ndash 2 weeks for a drug to enter the hair but will remain almost permanently
Hair grows at an approximate rate of 1cm per month so a 3cm section
provides a profile of drug use over a 3 month period
A hair sample can identify trends of long term drug use and provide a detailed month-on-month view or overall picture of historic drug use
Our collection officer will collect 2 hair samples (A amp B) at approx 90-120 strands per sample
Chain of Custody bull The movement and location of physical evidence from the time it is
obtained until the time it is presented in courttribunal
bull It refers to the system of controls governing the collection processing
and storage of samples
bull We collect samples under strict chain of custody criteria which
removes the potential that the sample has had the opportunity to be
accidentally or maliciously adulterated or tampered with
bull This is essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a
test outcome
Collection Officers bull Experienced Collectors
bull Ex-Police Officers amp Ex-Prison Guards
bull Strict Dress Code
bull Trained to DATIA Standard
bull Security Vetted to NPPV3 Level
bull State of the Art Equipment
bull Monitored TrainingCollectors Dip Sampled
bull Impairment Trained
Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing (2002) Peer
reviewed and prepared by a Steering Group of toxicology practitioners
to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual
countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and
legislation wwwewdtsorg-
bull Specimen Collection Guidelines bull Chain of Custody
bull Urine Oral Fluid amp Hair Samples
bull Laboratory Guidelines ndash Concentration Cut-Offs Levels
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
Analysis Type Screening Method to identify the presence of a substance in a sample above a
defined concentration
EWDTS guidelines Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opiates
Methadone
Barbiturates
Phencyclidine
Analysis Type Confirmation Method to confirm the identity and exact concentration of substances
detected at defined cut-off levels
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
Possible Signs
GROUP WORK
Take 10 minutes to list the possible signs of drug misuse
29
Possible Signs
bull Sudden mood changes
bull Erratic or atypical behaviour
bull Impaired reaction time
bull Slurred speech
bull Impaired awareness
bull Sudden incapacity
bull Altered ability to carry out everyday tasks successfully
bull Decreased perception and coordination
bull Restricted mobility
bull Distorted vision or hearing
bull Abnormal fluctuations in concentration and energy
bull Lack of reasoning
bull Smellodour of alcohol
bull Changes in physical appearance
bull Lack of memory
bull Limited judgement
bull Unusual irritability or aggression
bull A tendency to become confused
bull Impaired job performance
bull Poor time-keeping
bull Increased short-term sickness absence
bull Deterioration in relationships with colleagues customers or management
bull Dishonesty and theft (arising from the
need to maintain an expensive habit)
30
Effect of Drugs on Pupils
bull Dilated ndash Cannabis Cocaine Ecstasy Amphetamine LSD
bull Constricted ndash Opiates
31
Specimen Collection Methods
Urine Collection
Breath Analysis
Oral Fluid Collection Hair Collection
Instant Urine Test Cup
Urine The most common sample type used in workplace testing Urine will give a detection
window of around 5 days this is extended for regular cannabis users to around 30
days
Due to the nature of providing a urine sample certain criteria need to be fulfilled to try
and ensure that the sample has not been tampered with or that it may have been
supplied by someone other than the person who is being tested
These safeguards include removing any potential chance for ldquowateringrdquo the sample
down
This is done by securing the toilet area that is used as well as checking the
temperature to ensure that the sample has been freshly voided
Randox will carryout further validity tests in the laboratory to ascertain whether the
sample has been tampered with These include tests for pH Level Specific Gravity
and Creatinine
The sample is split in to two referred to as A amp B samples
Oral Fluid
Sample collection is non-invasive and no special arrangements are required The detection window for drugs will typically be up to 48 hours
Two swabs (A amp B samples) are placed under the tongue and removed once it is indicated that there is enough sample
Each swab is then securely put into a tube and transported back to the laboratory for testing
Oral fluid can have many advantages for the organisation due to the speed and ease of collecting the sample
Breathalyser This is used for Alcohol only
Randox Testing Services use Intoximeters Breathalysers which are both Home Office approved and also used by a number of police forces across the country
When we are called out we will perform a breath test and print out the results immediately
The employee will then be asked to sign the result report which will be retained by us and included in our final report
Hair Can be analysed for drug consumption and alcohol use It will give the longest detection window of all samples (90 days+)
It can take 1 ndash 2 weeks for a drug to enter the hair but will remain almost permanently
Hair grows at an approximate rate of 1cm per month so a 3cm section
provides a profile of drug use over a 3 month period
A hair sample can identify trends of long term drug use and provide a detailed month-on-month view or overall picture of historic drug use
Our collection officer will collect 2 hair samples (A amp B) at approx 90-120 strands per sample
Chain of Custody bull The movement and location of physical evidence from the time it is
obtained until the time it is presented in courttribunal
bull It refers to the system of controls governing the collection processing
and storage of samples
bull We collect samples under strict chain of custody criteria which
removes the potential that the sample has had the opportunity to be
accidentally or maliciously adulterated or tampered with
bull This is essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a
test outcome
Collection Officers bull Experienced Collectors
bull Ex-Police Officers amp Ex-Prison Guards
bull Strict Dress Code
bull Trained to DATIA Standard
bull Security Vetted to NPPV3 Level
bull State of the Art Equipment
bull Monitored TrainingCollectors Dip Sampled
bull Impairment Trained
Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing (2002) Peer
reviewed and prepared by a Steering Group of toxicology practitioners
to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual
countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and
legislation wwwewdtsorg-
bull Specimen Collection Guidelines bull Chain of Custody
bull Urine Oral Fluid amp Hair Samples
bull Laboratory Guidelines ndash Concentration Cut-Offs Levels
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
Analysis Type Screening Method to identify the presence of a substance in a sample above a
defined concentration
EWDTS guidelines Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opiates
Methadone
Barbiturates
Phencyclidine
Analysis Type Confirmation Method to confirm the identity and exact concentration of substances
detected at defined cut-off levels
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
Possible Signs
bull Sudden mood changes
bull Erratic or atypical behaviour
bull Impaired reaction time
bull Slurred speech
bull Impaired awareness
bull Sudden incapacity
bull Altered ability to carry out everyday tasks successfully
bull Decreased perception and coordination
bull Restricted mobility
bull Distorted vision or hearing
bull Abnormal fluctuations in concentration and energy
bull Lack of reasoning
bull Smellodour of alcohol
bull Changes in physical appearance
bull Lack of memory
bull Limited judgement
bull Unusual irritability or aggression
bull A tendency to become confused
bull Impaired job performance
bull Poor time-keeping
bull Increased short-term sickness absence
bull Deterioration in relationships with colleagues customers or management
bull Dishonesty and theft (arising from the
need to maintain an expensive habit)
30
Effect of Drugs on Pupils
bull Dilated ndash Cannabis Cocaine Ecstasy Amphetamine LSD
bull Constricted ndash Opiates
31
Specimen Collection Methods
Urine Collection
Breath Analysis
Oral Fluid Collection Hair Collection
Instant Urine Test Cup
Urine The most common sample type used in workplace testing Urine will give a detection
window of around 5 days this is extended for regular cannabis users to around 30
days
Due to the nature of providing a urine sample certain criteria need to be fulfilled to try
and ensure that the sample has not been tampered with or that it may have been
supplied by someone other than the person who is being tested
These safeguards include removing any potential chance for ldquowateringrdquo the sample
down
This is done by securing the toilet area that is used as well as checking the
temperature to ensure that the sample has been freshly voided
Randox will carryout further validity tests in the laboratory to ascertain whether the
sample has been tampered with These include tests for pH Level Specific Gravity
and Creatinine
The sample is split in to two referred to as A amp B samples
Oral Fluid
Sample collection is non-invasive and no special arrangements are required The detection window for drugs will typically be up to 48 hours
Two swabs (A amp B samples) are placed under the tongue and removed once it is indicated that there is enough sample
Each swab is then securely put into a tube and transported back to the laboratory for testing
Oral fluid can have many advantages for the organisation due to the speed and ease of collecting the sample
Breathalyser This is used for Alcohol only
Randox Testing Services use Intoximeters Breathalysers which are both Home Office approved and also used by a number of police forces across the country
When we are called out we will perform a breath test and print out the results immediately
The employee will then be asked to sign the result report which will be retained by us and included in our final report
Hair Can be analysed for drug consumption and alcohol use It will give the longest detection window of all samples (90 days+)
It can take 1 ndash 2 weeks for a drug to enter the hair but will remain almost permanently
Hair grows at an approximate rate of 1cm per month so a 3cm section
provides a profile of drug use over a 3 month period
A hair sample can identify trends of long term drug use and provide a detailed month-on-month view or overall picture of historic drug use
Our collection officer will collect 2 hair samples (A amp B) at approx 90-120 strands per sample
Chain of Custody bull The movement and location of physical evidence from the time it is
obtained until the time it is presented in courttribunal
bull It refers to the system of controls governing the collection processing
and storage of samples
bull We collect samples under strict chain of custody criteria which
removes the potential that the sample has had the opportunity to be
accidentally or maliciously adulterated or tampered with
bull This is essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a
test outcome
Collection Officers bull Experienced Collectors
bull Ex-Police Officers amp Ex-Prison Guards
bull Strict Dress Code
bull Trained to DATIA Standard
bull Security Vetted to NPPV3 Level
bull State of the Art Equipment
bull Monitored TrainingCollectors Dip Sampled
bull Impairment Trained
Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing (2002) Peer
reviewed and prepared by a Steering Group of toxicology practitioners
to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual
countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and
legislation wwwewdtsorg-
bull Specimen Collection Guidelines bull Chain of Custody
bull Urine Oral Fluid amp Hair Samples
bull Laboratory Guidelines ndash Concentration Cut-Offs Levels
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
Analysis Type Screening Method to identify the presence of a substance in a sample above a
defined concentration
EWDTS guidelines Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opiates
Methadone
Barbiturates
Phencyclidine
Analysis Type Confirmation Method to confirm the identity and exact concentration of substances
detected at defined cut-off levels
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
Effect of Drugs on Pupils
bull Dilated ndash Cannabis Cocaine Ecstasy Amphetamine LSD
bull Constricted ndash Opiates
31
Specimen Collection Methods
Urine Collection
Breath Analysis
Oral Fluid Collection Hair Collection
Instant Urine Test Cup
Urine The most common sample type used in workplace testing Urine will give a detection
window of around 5 days this is extended for regular cannabis users to around 30
days
Due to the nature of providing a urine sample certain criteria need to be fulfilled to try
and ensure that the sample has not been tampered with or that it may have been
supplied by someone other than the person who is being tested
These safeguards include removing any potential chance for ldquowateringrdquo the sample
down
This is done by securing the toilet area that is used as well as checking the
temperature to ensure that the sample has been freshly voided
Randox will carryout further validity tests in the laboratory to ascertain whether the
sample has been tampered with These include tests for pH Level Specific Gravity
and Creatinine
The sample is split in to two referred to as A amp B samples
Oral Fluid
Sample collection is non-invasive and no special arrangements are required The detection window for drugs will typically be up to 48 hours
Two swabs (A amp B samples) are placed under the tongue and removed once it is indicated that there is enough sample
Each swab is then securely put into a tube and transported back to the laboratory for testing
Oral fluid can have many advantages for the organisation due to the speed and ease of collecting the sample
Breathalyser This is used for Alcohol only
Randox Testing Services use Intoximeters Breathalysers which are both Home Office approved and also used by a number of police forces across the country
When we are called out we will perform a breath test and print out the results immediately
The employee will then be asked to sign the result report which will be retained by us and included in our final report
Hair Can be analysed for drug consumption and alcohol use It will give the longest detection window of all samples (90 days+)
It can take 1 ndash 2 weeks for a drug to enter the hair but will remain almost permanently
Hair grows at an approximate rate of 1cm per month so a 3cm section
provides a profile of drug use over a 3 month period
A hair sample can identify trends of long term drug use and provide a detailed month-on-month view or overall picture of historic drug use
Our collection officer will collect 2 hair samples (A amp B) at approx 90-120 strands per sample
Chain of Custody bull The movement and location of physical evidence from the time it is
obtained until the time it is presented in courttribunal
bull It refers to the system of controls governing the collection processing
and storage of samples
bull We collect samples under strict chain of custody criteria which
removes the potential that the sample has had the opportunity to be
accidentally or maliciously adulterated or tampered with
bull This is essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a
test outcome
Collection Officers bull Experienced Collectors
bull Ex-Police Officers amp Ex-Prison Guards
bull Strict Dress Code
bull Trained to DATIA Standard
bull Security Vetted to NPPV3 Level
bull State of the Art Equipment
bull Monitored TrainingCollectors Dip Sampled
bull Impairment Trained
Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing (2002) Peer
reviewed and prepared by a Steering Group of toxicology practitioners
to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual
countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and
legislation wwwewdtsorg-
bull Specimen Collection Guidelines bull Chain of Custody
bull Urine Oral Fluid amp Hair Samples
bull Laboratory Guidelines ndash Concentration Cut-Offs Levels
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
Analysis Type Screening Method to identify the presence of a substance in a sample above a
defined concentration
EWDTS guidelines Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opiates
Methadone
Barbiturates
Phencyclidine
Analysis Type Confirmation Method to confirm the identity and exact concentration of substances
detected at defined cut-off levels
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
Specimen Collection Methods
Urine Collection
Breath Analysis
Oral Fluid Collection Hair Collection
Instant Urine Test Cup
Urine The most common sample type used in workplace testing Urine will give a detection
window of around 5 days this is extended for regular cannabis users to around 30
days
Due to the nature of providing a urine sample certain criteria need to be fulfilled to try
and ensure that the sample has not been tampered with or that it may have been
supplied by someone other than the person who is being tested
These safeguards include removing any potential chance for ldquowateringrdquo the sample
down
This is done by securing the toilet area that is used as well as checking the
temperature to ensure that the sample has been freshly voided
Randox will carryout further validity tests in the laboratory to ascertain whether the
sample has been tampered with These include tests for pH Level Specific Gravity
and Creatinine
The sample is split in to two referred to as A amp B samples
Oral Fluid
Sample collection is non-invasive and no special arrangements are required The detection window for drugs will typically be up to 48 hours
Two swabs (A amp B samples) are placed under the tongue and removed once it is indicated that there is enough sample
Each swab is then securely put into a tube and transported back to the laboratory for testing
Oral fluid can have many advantages for the organisation due to the speed and ease of collecting the sample
Breathalyser This is used for Alcohol only
Randox Testing Services use Intoximeters Breathalysers which are both Home Office approved and also used by a number of police forces across the country
When we are called out we will perform a breath test and print out the results immediately
The employee will then be asked to sign the result report which will be retained by us and included in our final report
Hair Can be analysed for drug consumption and alcohol use It will give the longest detection window of all samples (90 days+)
It can take 1 ndash 2 weeks for a drug to enter the hair but will remain almost permanently
Hair grows at an approximate rate of 1cm per month so a 3cm section
provides a profile of drug use over a 3 month period
A hair sample can identify trends of long term drug use and provide a detailed month-on-month view or overall picture of historic drug use
Our collection officer will collect 2 hair samples (A amp B) at approx 90-120 strands per sample
Chain of Custody bull The movement and location of physical evidence from the time it is
obtained until the time it is presented in courttribunal
bull It refers to the system of controls governing the collection processing
and storage of samples
bull We collect samples under strict chain of custody criteria which
removes the potential that the sample has had the opportunity to be
accidentally or maliciously adulterated or tampered with
bull This is essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a
test outcome
Collection Officers bull Experienced Collectors
bull Ex-Police Officers amp Ex-Prison Guards
bull Strict Dress Code
bull Trained to DATIA Standard
bull Security Vetted to NPPV3 Level
bull State of the Art Equipment
bull Monitored TrainingCollectors Dip Sampled
bull Impairment Trained
Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing (2002) Peer
reviewed and prepared by a Steering Group of toxicology practitioners
to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual
countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and
legislation wwwewdtsorg-
bull Specimen Collection Guidelines bull Chain of Custody
bull Urine Oral Fluid amp Hair Samples
bull Laboratory Guidelines ndash Concentration Cut-Offs Levels
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
Analysis Type Screening Method to identify the presence of a substance in a sample above a
defined concentration
EWDTS guidelines Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opiates
Methadone
Barbiturates
Phencyclidine
Analysis Type Confirmation Method to confirm the identity and exact concentration of substances
detected at defined cut-off levels
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
Urine The most common sample type used in workplace testing Urine will give a detection
window of around 5 days this is extended for regular cannabis users to around 30
days
Due to the nature of providing a urine sample certain criteria need to be fulfilled to try
and ensure that the sample has not been tampered with or that it may have been
supplied by someone other than the person who is being tested
These safeguards include removing any potential chance for ldquowateringrdquo the sample
down
This is done by securing the toilet area that is used as well as checking the
temperature to ensure that the sample has been freshly voided
Randox will carryout further validity tests in the laboratory to ascertain whether the
sample has been tampered with These include tests for pH Level Specific Gravity
and Creatinine
The sample is split in to two referred to as A amp B samples
Oral Fluid
Sample collection is non-invasive and no special arrangements are required The detection window for drugs will typically be up to 48 hours
Two swabs (A amp B samples) are placed under the tongue and removed once it is indicated that there is enough sample
Each swab is then securely put into a tube and transported back to the laboratory for testing
Oral fluid can have many advantages for the organisation due to the speed and ease of collecting the sample
Breathalyser This is used for Alcohol only
Randox Testing Services use Intoximeters Breathalysers which are both Home Office approved and also used by a number of police forces across the country
When we are called out we will perform a breath test and print out the results immediately
The employee will then be asked to sign the result report which will be retained by us and included in our final report
Hair Can be analysed for drug consumption and alcohol use It will give the longest detection window of all samples (90 days+)
It can take 1 ndash 2 weeks for a drug to enter the hair but will remain almost permanently
Hair grows at an approximate rate of 1cm per month so a 3cm section
provides a profile of drug use over a 3 month period
A hair sample can identify trends of long term drug use and provide a detailed month-on-month view or overall picture of historic drug use
Our collection officer will collect 2 hair samples (A amp B) at approx 90-120 strands per sample
Chain of Custody bull The movement and location of physical evidence from the time it is
obtained until the time it is presented in courttribunal
bull It refers to the system of controls governing the collection processing
and storage of samples
bull We collect samples under strict chain of custody criteria which
removes the potential that the sample has had the opportunity to be
accidentally or maliciously adulterated or tampered with
bull This is essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a
test outcome
Collection Officers bull Experienced Collectors
bull Ex-Police Officers amp Ex-Prison Guards
bull Strict Dress Code
bull Trained to DATIA Standard
bull Security Vetted to NPPV3 Level
bull State of the Art Equipment
bull Monitored TrainingCollectors Dip Sampled
bull Impairment Trained
Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing (2002) Peer
reviewed and prepared by a Steering Group of toxicology practitioners
to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual
countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and
legislation wwwewdtsorg-
bull Specimen Collection Guidelines bull Chain of Custody
bull Urine Oral Fluid amp Hair Samples
bull Laboratory Guidelines ndash Concentration Cut-Offs Levels
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
Analysis Type Screening Method to identify the presence of a substance in a sample above a
defined concentration
EWDTS guidelines Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opiates
Methadone
Barbiturates
Phencyclidine
Analysis Type Confirmation Method to confirm the identity and exact concentration of substances
detected at defined cut-off levels
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
Oral Fluid
Sample collection is non-invasive and no special arrangements are required The detection window for drugs will typically be up to 48 hours
Two swabs (A amp B samples) are placed under the tongue and removed once it is indicated that there is enough sample
Each swab is then securely put into a tube and transported back to the laboratory for testing
Oral fluid can have many advantages for the organisation due to the speed and ease of collecting the sample
Breathalyser This is used for Alcohol only
Randox Testing Services use Intoximeters Breathalysers which are both Home Office approved and also used by a number of police forces across the country
When we are called out we will perform a breath test and print out the results immediately
The employee will then be asked to sign the result report which will be retained by us and included in our final report
Hair Can be analysed for drug consumption and alcohol use It will give the longest detection window of all samples (90 days+)
It can take 1 ndash 2 weeks for a drug to enter the hair but will remain almost permanently
Hair grows at an approximate rate of 1cm per month so a 3cm section
provides a profile of drug use over a 3 month period
A hair sample can identify trends of long term drug use and provide a detailed month-on-month view or overall picture of historic drug use
Our collection officer will collect 2 hair samples (A amp B) at approx 90-120 strands per sample
Chain of Custody bull The movement and location of physical evidence from the time it is
obtained until the time it is presented in courttribunal
bull It refers to the system of controls governing the collection processing
and storage of samples
bull We collect samples under strict chain of custody criteria which
removes the potential that the sample has had the opportunity to be
accidentally or maliciously adulterated or tampered with
bull This is essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a
test outcome
Collection Officers bull Experienced Collectors
bull Ex-Police Officers amp Ex-Prison Guards
bull Strict Dress Code
bull Trained to DATIA Standard
bull Security Vetted to NPPV3 Level
bull State of the Art Equipment
bull Monitored TrainingCollectors Dip Sampled
bull Impairment Trained
Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing (2002) Peer
reviewed and prepared by a Steering Group of toxicology practitioners
to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual
countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and
legislation wwwewdtsorg-
bull Specimen Collection Guidelines bull Chain of Custody
bull Urine Oral Fluid amp Hair Samples
bull Laboratory Guidelines ndash Concentration Cut-Offs Levels
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
Analysis Type Screening Method to identify the presence of a substance in a sample above a
defined concentration
EWDTS guidelines Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opiates
Methadone
Barbiturates
Phencyclidine
Analysis Type Confirmation Method to confirm the identity and exact concentration of substances
detected at defined cut-off levels
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
Breathalyser This is used for Alcohol only
Randox Testing Services use Intoximeters Breathalysers which are both Home Office approved and also used by a number of police forces across the country
When we are called out we will perform a breath test and print out the results immediately
The employee will then be asked to sign the result report which will be retained by us and included in our final report
Hair Can be analysed for drug consumption and alcohol use It will give the longest detection window of all samples (90 days+)
It can take 1 ndash 2 weeks for a drug to enter the hair but will remain almost permanently
Hair grows at an approximate rate of 1cm per month so a 3cm section
provides a profile of drug use over a 3 month period
A hair sample can identify trends of long term drug use and provide a detailed month-on-month view or overall picture of historic drug use
Our collection officer will collect 2 hair samples (A amp B) at approx 90-120 strands per sample
Chain of Custody bull The movement and location of physical evidence from the time it is
obtained until the time it is presented in courttribunal
bull It refers to the system of controls governing the collection processing
and storage of samples
bull We collect samples under strict chain of custody criteria which
removes the potential that the sample has had the opportunity to be
accidentally or maliciously adulterated or tampered with
bull This is essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a
test outcome
Collection Officers bull Experienced Collectors
bull Ex-Police Officers amp Ex-Prison Guards
bull Strict Dress Code
bull Trained to DATIA Standard
bull Security Vetted to NPPV3 Level
bull State of the Art Equipment
bull Monitored TrainingCollectors Dip Sampled
bull Impairment Trained
Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing (2002) Peer
reviewed and prepared by a Steering Group of toxicology practitioners
to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual
countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and
legislation wwwewdtsorg-
bull Specimen Collection Guidelines bull Chain of Custody
bull Urine Oral Fluid amp Hair Samples
bull Laboratory Guidelines ndash Concentration Cut-Offs Levels
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
Analysis Type Screening Method to identify the presence of a substance in a sample above a
defined concentration
EWDTS guidelines Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opiates
Methadone
Barbiturates
Phencyclidine
Analysis Type Confirmation Method to confirm the identity and exact concentration of substances
detected at defined cut-off levels
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
Hair Can be analysed for drug consumption and alcohol use It will give the longest detection window of all samples (90 days+)
It can take 1 ndash 2 weeks for a drug to enter the hair but will remain almost permanently
Hair grows at an approximate rate of 1cm per month so a 3cm section
provides a profile of drug use over a 3 month period
A hair sample can identify trends of long term drug use and provide a detailed month-on-month view or overall picture of historic drug use
Our collection officer will collect 2 hair samples (A amp B) at approx 90-120 strands per sample
Chain of Custody bull The movement and location of physical evidence from the time it is
obtained until the time it is presented in courttribunal
bull It refers to the system of controls governing the collection processing
and storage of samples
bull We collect samples under strict chain of custody criteria which
removes the potential that the sample has had the opportunity to be
accidentally or maliciously adulterated or tampered with
bull This is essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a
test outcome
Collection Officers bull Experienced Collectors
bull Ex-Police Officers amp Ex-Prison Guards
bull Strict Dress Code
bull Trained to DATIA Standard
bull Security Vetted to NPPV3 Level
bull State of the Art Equipment
bull Monitored TrainingCollectors Dip Sampled
bull Impairment Trained
Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing (2002) Peer
reviewed and prepared by a Steering Group of toxicology practitioners
to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual
countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and
legislation wwwewdtsorg-
bull Specimen Collection Guidelines bull Chain of Custody
bull Urine Oral Fluid amp Hair Samples
bull Laboratory Guidelines ndash Concentration Cut-Offs Levels
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
Analysis Type Screening Method to identify the presence of a substance in a sample above a
defined concentration
EWDTS guidelines Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opiates
Methadone
Barbiturates
Phencyclidine
Analysis Type Confirmation Method to confirm the identity and exact concentration of substances
detected at defined cut-off levels
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
Chain of Custody bull The movement and location of physical evidence from the time it is
obtained until the time it is presented in courttribunal
bull It refers to the system of controls governing the collection processing
and storage of samples
bull We collect samples under strict chain of custody criteria which
removes the potential that the sample has had the opportunity to be
accidentally or maliciously adulterated or tampered with
bull This is essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a
test outcome
Collection Officers bull Experienced Collectors
bull Ex-Police Officers amp Ex-Prison Guards
bull Strict Dress Code
bull Trained to DATIA Standard
bull Security Vetted to NPPV3 Level
bull State of the Art Equipment
bull Monitored TrainingCollectors Dip Sampled
bull Impairment Trained
Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing (2002) Peer
reviewed and prepared by a Steering Group of toxicology practitioners
to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual
countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and
legislation wwwewdtsorg-
bull Specimen Collection Guidelines bull Chain of Custody
bull Urine Oral Fluid amp Hair Samples
bull Laboratory Guidelines ndash Concentration Cut-Offs Levels
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
Analysis Type Screening Method to identify the presence of a substance in a sample above a
defined concentration
EWDTS guidelines Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opiates
Methadone
Barbiturates
Phencyclidine
Analysis Type Confirmation Method to confirm the identity and exact concentration of substances
detected at defined cut-off levels
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
Collection Officers bull Experienced Collectors
bull Ex-Police Officers amp Ex-Prison Guards
bull Strict Dress Code
bull Trained to DATIA Standard
bull Security Vetted to NPPV3 Level
bull State of the Art Equipment
bull Monitored TrainingCollectors Dip Sampled
bull Impairment Trained
Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing (2002) Peer
reviewed and prepared by a Steering Group of toxicology practitioners
to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual
countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and
legislation wwwewdtsorg-
bull Specimen Collection Guidelines bull Chain of Custody
bull Urine Oral Fluid amp Hair Samples
bull Laboratory Guidelines ndash Concentration Cut-Offs Levels
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
Analysis Type Screening Method to identify the presence of a substance in a sample above a
defined concentration
EWDTS guidelines Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opiates
Methadone
Barbiturates
Phencyclidine
Analysis Type Confirmation Method to confirm the identity and exact concentration of substances
detected at defined cut-off levels
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing (2002) Peer
reviewed and prepared by a Steering Group of toxicology practitioners
to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual
countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and
legislation wwwewdtsorg-
bull Specimen Collection Guidelines bull Chain of Custody
bull Urine Oral Fluid amp Hair Samples
bull Laboratory Guidelines ndash Concentration Cut-Offs Levels
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
Analysis Type Screening Method to identify the presence of a substance in a sample above a
defined concentration
EWDTS guidelines Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opiates
Methadone
Barbiturates
Phencyclidine
Analysis Type Confirmation Method to confirm the identity and exact concentration of substances
detected at defined cut-off levels
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
European Workplace Drug Testing Society
Analysis Type Screening Method to identify the presence of a substance in a sample above a
defined concentration
EWDTS guidelines Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Cannabis
Cocaine
Opiates
Methadone
Barbiturates
Phencyclidine
Analysis Type Confirmation Method to confirm the identity and exact concentration of substances
detected at defined cut-off levels
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
Screening amp Confirmatory Analysis bull The initial laboratory or point-of-care (instant) test provides a preliminary screen
result for a panel of pre-determined drug classes
bull If a NEGATIVE result in the screen is recorded Randox Testing Services will issue a
report ie Certificate of Analysis via our secure web portal stating that no
drugsalcohol were present in the sample
bull If a PRESUMPTIVE POSITIVE result in the screen is recorded this indicates that one or
more drugs are above the agreed cut off level and the sample requires
confirmatory analysis to identify exact concentration levels
bull Confirmation analysis will be authorised by the customer and carried out on an
LC-MS analyser This is classed as the goldevidential standard method and is
essential should legal proceedings occur on the strength of a test outcome
bull A confirmation report ie Certificate of Analysis is produced which will identify
the drug concentration level and if required a brief interpretation of the results by
our laboratory Toxicologist Results are available via customer log-in on our
secure web portal
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
Medical Review Service
bull A positive result from a drug or alcohol test is a cause for concern
bull Medical Review is the independent and expert examination of positive results under medical scrutiny and confidentiality
bull This assessment helps protect both the rights of the employer and employee
bull The Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluates a positive result in the light of the donorrsquos medical background to determine if there is a legitimate medical reason for the result
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample will be placed in -20 C storage and will be held for one year
bull The ldquoBrdquo sample is the employeersquos right of appeal and can be sent to an independent accredited laboratory for analysis should they wish to challenge the results
42
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
Expert Witness Report
bull An Expert Witness Report is an interpretation of the results of an
employeersquos drug or alcohol test
bull It provides a detailed explanation of whether or not substances tested
for were detected as well as information regarding chain of custody
compliance and testing procedures
bull Randox Testing Services staff are trained to act as Expert Witnesses in
legal cases involving drug and alcohol testing Where required a
Senior Toxicologist can attend legal proceedings in person to provide
expert witness testimony
bull Our reports will be written to suit the relevant court as directed by our
client
43
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
Summary of WDT
bull WHY Drug misuse is a genuine issue Employer duty of care
bull WHAT Range of different methods available for testing ndash quality
flexible reliable and suitable
bull WHEN Different scenarios ndash Random Post-Accident With-Cause
Pre-Employment Abstinence Monitoring
bull WHERE Anywhere 247 x 365 days a year for contracted
customers
bull WHO This should be defined in your policy
45
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
Questions
46
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom
Be Positive Itrsquos Negative
testingservicesrandoxcom