working with radioisotopes: reducing the risk uw radiation safety manual chapters 2, 3 and 4 ...
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Working with Radioisotopes: Reducing the Risk
UW Radiation Safety Manual
Chapters 2, 3 and 4
http://nuclearchem.wikispaces.com/file/view/radioactivity_atom.jpg/30290660/radioactivity_atom.jpg
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Radioisotopes as biological hazards
• high energy beta emitters: both external and internal hazards
• low energy beta and alpha emitters: internal hazards only
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Biological Half-life
• T 1/2B: the time required for the body to reduce the amount of a chemical or substance to one-half its original amount
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Effective Half-life
• At the same time, in the case of a radioisotope, the isotope is decaying according to its physical half-life
• Biological and physical half-lives combined give an effective half-life which reflects the amount of time that isotope is damaging the body
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Effective Half-life
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Working with radioactivity
• Risks?– Unclear– Some studies suggest low risk
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The risks of low-level exposure
The knowledge is lacking
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The linear, no-threshold model
• Regulatory agencies use a linear, no threshold model to predict effects of radiation
http://nuclearsafety.gc.ca/eng/mediacentre/perspectives/no_threshold_image1_eng.jpg
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Occupational risk factorsHealth risk Estimated loss in life expectancySmoking 20 cigs/day 6 yearsOverweight (15%) 2 yearsAvg. alcohol intake 1 yearCar accidents 207 daysHome accidents 74 daysNatural disaster 7 daysMedical diag. radiation 6 daysAvg. rad. worker 15 daysAgriculture 60 daysConstructions 227 daysMining 167 daysManufacturing 40 days
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Sources of radiation exposure
The average American receives a dose of 357 mrem per year.
http://www.umich.edu/~radinfo/images/doseus.gif
• 82% of this is from natural exposure sources
• Man-made: Major source is medical or dental
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Basic principles of protection
• TIME, DISTANCE, SHIELDING
http://www.nrc.gov/images/about-nrc/radiation/time-distance-shielding.gif
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Types of shielding• Different isotopes require different materials and
thicknesses of shields
http://www.coal2nuclear.com/Radiation%20Types%202%20-%20Short.gif
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Safety Guidelines • Always wear protective clothing• Monitor frequently.• Remove gloves and wash hands when
finished.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Geiger_counter.jpg
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Safety Guidelines
• Do work in a fume hood if gas, vapor, dust or aerosols can occur during the procedure.
• Do not eat, drink, etc
• Do not mouth pipette
http://www.facilities-buffalo.org/files/EHS/images/rad/caution-RAM.jpg
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Safety Guidelines
• Lock and secure stock vials when not in use.
• Do not store food or drink containers in the same location as radioactive materials.
• Do not bring personal belongings into the radioactive work areas of the lab.
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Safety Guidelines
• Always wear dosimeter
• Bandage cuts
• Watch for contamination of containers
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Safety Guidelines
• Employ the three basic safety principles of time, distance and shielding.
• Contain any spills
http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/RadiationSafety/Graphics/TimeDistShield.gif
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Safety Guidelines
• Monitor!!• Be familiar with properties of radioisotopes in
use
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