WORKING OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER

PLANTMADE BY

Hira FarooqHussan Ara Sheikh

Javeria ManahilSamavia Razzaq

•Worldwide, hydropower produces 24% of world’s electricity, supplying 1 billion people with electricity.•675,000 megawatts of electricity is produces by water.•It is produced in 150 countries, with Asia- Pacific region producing 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010.•China is the largest producer, with 721 terawatt hours of production in 2010.

HYDROELECTRIC POWER AND WORKING PRINCIPLEIt is the power generated by water, using its

gravitational force when it is flowing or falling.Water is moved from a higher elevation point to a

lower elevation point through a large pipe.At the end, there is a turbine and the water spins

it, which moves the shaft, that moves the generator, making electricity.

This is how the plant changes the potential energy of standing water to kinetic energy by moving it, then converting it into mechanical energy which produces electric energy.

IMPORTANCE OF HYDROLOGIC CYCLEAs the plant depends on the water

flow, it indirectly depends on hydrologic cycle.

If there is no rain, no water will collect upstream, less water flows through and less electricity is generated.

COST AND MAINTENENCECosts for different plants vary, a

typical 5kW scheme suitable for a plant costs about 25,000 pounds.

Once installed, plants can last 40-50 years with low maintenance and running cost.

COMPONENTS OF A BASIC

HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

COMPONENTS: Hydroelectric power plant requires various

components for generating electrical power. Some of the major components in hydroelectric power plants are:

RESERVOIR AND DAMINLET GATESFOREBAYPENSTOCKTURBINE AND GENERATOR

DAM The dam is the most important component of hydroelectric power plant. The dam is built on a large river that has abundant quantity of water throughout the year. It should be built at a location where the height of the river is sufficient to get the maximum possible potential energy from water.

WATER RESERVIORThe water reservoir is the place behind the dam where water is stored. The water in the reservoir is located higher than the rest of the dam structure.

INLET GATES

Intake or control gates are the gates built on the inside of the dam. The water from reservoir is released and controlled through these gates.

FOREBAY

The water from the reservoir is drawn by the forebay through an open canal or tunnel.

PENSTOCK

The penstock is the long pipe or the shaft that carries the water flowing from the reservoir towards the power generation unit The water in the penstock possesses kinetic energy due to its motion and potential energy due to its height.

WATER TURBINES Water flowing from the penstock is allowed to enter the power generation unit, which houses the turbine and the generator. When water falls on the blades of the turbine the kinetic and potential energy of water is converted into the rotational motion of the blades of the turbine.

GENERATOR Water flowing from the penstock is allowed to enter the power generation unit, which houses the turbine and the generator. When water falls on the blades of the turbine the kinetic and potential energy of water is converted into the rotational motion of the blades of the turbine.

TYPES OF HYDROPOWER

PLANTS

TYPESThere are three main types of hydro power

plants:DIVERSION

IMPOUNDMENT

PUMPED STORAGE

DIVERSION A diversion, sometimes called run-of-river, facility

channels a portion of a river through a canal or penstock. It may not require the use of a dam.

IMPOUNDMENT

These power plants have the storage supplied with water from large reservoir that has been developed by constructing dams across rivers.

Water released from the reservoir flows through a turbine, spinning it, which in turn activates a generator to produce electricity

PUMPED STORAGEThese plants utilize the flow of water from a

reservoir of high potential to a reservoir of low potential.

When the demand for electricity is low, a pumped storage facility stores energy by pumping water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir. During periods of high electrical demand, the water is released back to the lower reservoir to generate electricity.

PUMPED STORAGE HYDRO ELECTRICITY

It is a style of hydroelectric energy used by electric power systems for load balancing. The method stores energy in

the form of gravitational potential energy of water, pumped from slower elevation reservoir to higher reservoir.

PRINCIPLEIn a pump storage plant, pump turbines transfer water to a high storage reservoir during off-peak hours. The stored water can later be used to generate electricity

to cover temporary peaks in demand from consumer or unplanned outages at

other power plant.

ENERGY FOR PUMPING WATERThe energy used for pumping the water

comes from other energy sources including nuclear, fossil and intermittent renewable that are less efficient to adapt

to load fluctuations. Thus, these plants suffer from economical disadvantage as

they require a dual conversion of energy.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR PATIENCE!