working in the health care system the culture of integrated services
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Working in the Health Care System The Culture of Integrated Services. Thomas E. Freese, PhD [email protected] UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center. What Will We Cover?. Primary care culture and effective communication - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Working in the Health Care System
The Culture of Integrated Services
Thomas E. Freese, [email protected]
UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse ProgramsPacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center
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Primary care culture and effective communication
Role definitions for Mental Health staff in primary care settings
Medical issues that commonly co-occur with mental health and substance use
Barriers to service access A case example.
What Will We Cover?
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International Comparison of Spending on Health, 1980–2010
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
$0
$1,000
$2,000
$3,000
$4,000
$5,000
$6,000
$7,000
$8,000
USSWIZNETHCANGERFRAUSUKJPN
Average spending on healthper capita ($US PPP)
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
USNETHFRGERCANSWIZUKJPNAUS
Total health expenditures aspercent of GDP
Notes: PPP = purchasing power parity; GDP = gross domestic product.Source: Commonwealth Fund, based on OECD Health Data 2012.
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Health Care Costs Concentrated in Sick Few—Sickest 10 Percent Account for 65 Percent of
Expenses
U.S. population Health expenditures
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality analysis of 2009 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
Distribution of health expenditures for the U.S. population, by magnitude of expenditure, 2009
1%5%
10%
50%
65%
22%
50%
97%
$90,061
$40,682
$26,767
$7,978
Annual mean expenditure
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In the USA and Canada, mental health disorders account for 25% of all years of life lost to disability and premature mortality1
One in four American adults experience a mental health disorder in a given year, and 1 in 17 have a seriously debilitating mental illness2
Among those who die by suicide, more than 90% have a diagnosable disorder4. In 2008, suicide was the tenth leading cause of
death in the USA6.
Consequences of MH Disorders
5
1. World Health Organization. (2004). The world health report 2004: changing history. Annex Table 3. A126-A127. Geneva: WHO.
2. Kessler RC, et al. (2005). Archives of General Psychiatry, 62: 617-627.3. US Department of Health and Human Services. (1999). Mental health: a report of the Surgeon
General. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, 1999.4. Minino AM, et al. (2011). Final Data for 2008. National Vital Statistics Reports 2011; 59(10): 01-127.
Available: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr59/nvsr59_10.pdf.
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Mental health and substance use services are integral to health care services. The goals of DMH initiatives are:◦ Ensure positive experiences of care ◦ Enhance customer services
Ensure care is effective◦ Develop bi-directional care/behavioral health homes◦ Implement data outcomes system to enable
monitoring of client progress Control/reduce costs
◦ Develop strategies to extend care◦ Develop strategies to reduce readmission and
preventable hospitalizations
Shifting to a Whole Health Perspective
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We’re planning on filling in the details later
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???
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What is “Primary Care Integration”?
Primary care integration is the collaboration between SUD service providers and primary care providers (e.g., FQHC’s, CHC’s)
Collaboration can take many forms along a continuum*
*Source: Collins C, Hewson D, Munger R, Wade T. Evolving Models of Behavioral Health Integration in Primary Care. New York: Millbank Memorial Fund; 2010.
MINIMAL BASICAt a Distance
BASICOn-Site
CLOSEPartly Integrt
CLOSEFully Integrt
Coordinated Co-located Integrated
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The Primary Care System
SUD Care Syste
m
Minimal Coordination
• BH and PC providers – work in separate facilities, – have separate systems, and – communicate sporadically.
MH Care Syste
m
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The Primary Care System
BH And PC providers ◦ Engage in regular
communication about shared patients leading to improved coordination
Basic AT A DISTANCE
SUD Care Syste
m
MH Care Syste
m
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The Primary Care System
BHand PC providers ◦ Still have separate systems ◦ Some services are co-
located (e.g., screening, groups, etc).
Basic On Site (co-location of services)
Referral
Referral
SBI
Counseling
SUD Care Syste
m
MH Services
Counseling
MH Care Syste
m
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BH and PC providers ◦ Still have separate systems ◦ Primary care services are
integrated into BH Settings
Basic On Site (reverse co-location)
SUD Care Syste
mMedical
Services
The Primary Care System
Referral
MH Care Syste
m
Medical
Services
Referral
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PC providers ◦ Develop and provide their won
services
Integrated Care System
Integrated
The Primary Care System
SUD Care Syste
m
MH Care Syste
m
MAT
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BH and PC providers ◦ share the same facility ◦ have systems in common (e.g.,
financing, documentation◦ regular face-to-face
communication
Integrated Care System
Integrated
The Primary Care System
SUD Care Syste
m
MH Care Syste
m
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Is Integration Inevitable?We did some research …
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Many California Counties Are Involved in Integration Initiatives
57%
41%
2%
Chart Title
Involved in IntegrationNot Involved in In-tegration Don't Know
Percent of Counties Involved in Integration Initiatives
n=44 counties
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Counties are at all Stages of Integration
Learning Partnering Planning Integrating0123456789
Stage of Integration
Number of Counties
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Counties are Involved in a Variety of Integration Models
• Coordinated – Increased referrals to and coordination with primary care
• Reverse Co-Located/Partially Integrated – Primary care in SUD setting
• Co-Located/Partially Integrated – SUD specialist is placed in primary care setting or hospital
• Integrated SBIRT – Medical professional conducts SBIRT or MAT in primary care setting
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The Medical System Managed Care
◦ Any system that manages healthcare delivery with the aim of controlling costs.
◦ Typically a primary care physician acts as gatekeeper for other health services such as specialty medical care, surgery, or physical therapy.
◦ www.medicinenet.com
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Managed Care Traditional Insurance
Choosing a physician Selected from plan list Any
Specialty care Primary care referral Any
Quality of Care
Insurer determines prior to enrolling the provider
Patient responsible for determining
Payment for Services Capitation Individual pays fee for service.
Gets (partial) reimbursement
Advantages Overall cost savings Maximum flexibilityDisadvantages
Too few services provided High cost
Managed and Fee-for-Service Care
http://extension.missouri.edu/hes/infosheets/
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The Medical SystemPrimary Care The aims of primary care are to provide
broad spectrum of care◦ both preventive and curative;◦ over a period of time; and ◦ to coordinate all of the care the patient receives.
All family physicians and most pediatricians and internists are in primary care.
◦ www.medicinenet.com
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The Medical SystemPrimary Care Practitioner must possess a wide breadth of
knowledge in many areas. Patients consult the same primary care
doctor for routine check-ups, and initial consultation about a new complaint.
Common chronic illnesses, often treated in primary care, include:◦ Hypertension -- Diabetes◦ Asthma and COPD -- Depression and
anxiety◦ Arthritis and other pain
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Strategies for successful communication
zzzz It is important to understand the system with which you are working
Learn about the medical conditions that bring people to primary care
Expand your vocabulary to facilitate communication
Stay within your scope of practice in your interactions
Make yourself visible and useful
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Primary Care The aims of primary care are to provide broad
spectrum of care◦ both preventive and curative;◦ over a period of time; and ◦ to coordinate all of the care the patient receives.
All family physicians and most pediatricians and internists are in primary care.
◦ www.medicinenet.com
The Medical System
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Primary Care Practitioner must possess a wide breadth of
knowledge in many areas. Patients consult the same primary care doctor
for routine check-ups, and initial consultation about a new complaint.
Common chronic illnesses, often treated in primary care, include:◦ Hypertension -- Diabetes◦ Asthma and COPD -- Depression and anxiety◦ Arthritis and other pain
The Medical System
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1. The person receiving services is called…2. The building(s)/place(s) where the person
receives services is called…3. The room where the person receives
services is called…4. The person who has the ultimate
responsibility for the care of the person is called…
5. The person who is responsible for care coordination is called…
Service Definitions
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Role DelineationWho does what in an
integrated care system?
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In an integrated care system, what is the best role of each of the following disciplines. What should they take lead on? How should they be involved in collaboration? Medical Provider Mental Health Provider Substance Use Disorder Provider Behavioral Health Specialist Peer Specialist Family
Discussion—Roles
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Differing practice styles Differing practice cultures and language Difficulty in matching provider skills with
patient needs Heavy reliance on physician services Tension between direct patient care
services (reimbursable) and integrative (non-reimbursable) services
Provider/practice barriers
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Lack of recognition of provider limitations Lack of MH knowledge in PC providers and lack of
health knowledge in BH providers Lack of clinical competence in integrated service
models (MH/SU and BH/PC) and selection of proper integration model based on practice context
Differing confidentiality and information sharing procedures
Differing coding and billing systems Provider resistance
Provider/practice barriers
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Medical issues that commonly co-occur with mental health
and substance use
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Diabetes
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Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in children and young adults. The the body does not produce insulin. Only 5% of people with diabetes have this form of the disease.
Type 2 diabetes, the most common form of diabetes, either the body does not produce enough insulin or the cells ignore the insulin. Insulin takes the sugar from the blood into the cells. If insulin is not working, glucose builds up in the blood instead of going into cells, it can lead to diabetes complications. Type 2 diabetes is more common in African Americans, Latinos, Native Americans, Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders, as well as the aged population.
Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes
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Basic Overview:◦Metabolic disease.◦Hyperglycemia (too much
sugar) due to insulin resistance and defects in insulin secretion.
◦Diabetes can lead to: blindness heart & blood vessel
disease stroke kidney failure amputations nerve damage.
Type 2 Diabetes Overview
http://safediabetes.blogspot.com/2010/12/how-to-reduce-impact-type-2-diabete.html
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Often no symptoms at all. Most common symptoms
include:◦ Blurred vision◦ Erectile dysfunction◦ Fatigue◦ Frequent or slow-healing
infections◦ Increased appetite◦ Increased thirst◦ Increased urination
Sign & Symptoms
http://www.thetype2diabetesdiet.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/symptoms-for-type-2-diabetes.gif
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Percent of Individuals with Diabetes
Male
Female <20
20-64 65
+
NH Whit
es
NH Black Hisp AI PI
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
12%11%
0.3%
11%
27%
8%
13% 13%
16%
24%
Gender* Age* Ethnicity***American Diabetes Association, 2011. **US DHHS Office of Minority Health, 2010
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The hemoglobin A1c test is used to determine how diabetes is being controlled.
HbA1c provides an average of your blood sugar control over a six to 12 week period.
When blood sugar is too high, sugar builds up in your blood and combines with your hemoglobin, becoming "glycated."
For people without diabetes, the normal range for the HbA1c test is 4% - 6%. The goal for people with diabetes is an hemoglobin A1c less than 7%.
Retest should occur every three months to determine level of control.
Importance of Hemoglobin A1c Test (HbA1c)
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The Medical Provider The Substance Use Disorders Provider The Mental Health Provider Peers and Family
Why is it important to know the Hemoglobin A1c for:
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Relationship with SUD◦Heavy alcohol consumption can increase risk
factors including: body-mass index, low HDL (“good”) cholesterol and cigarette smoking (Tsumura, 1999).
◦ A history of substance use is associated with earlier age of onset of diabetes (Johnson, 2001).
◦ SUD is associated with increased mortality in diabetics (Jackson, 2007).
Significance of Behavioral Health ◦ Diabetes patients also have increased
depression. Both diet control and depression respond to behavioral activation strategies
◦ In 2006, it was the seventh leading cause of death, and cost the US $174 billion in medical costs, loss of productivity, disability costs
Type 2 Diabetes
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Medical services available on-site better link clients in SUD treatment to medical services compared to those with outside referrals (Friedmann, 1999).
Social support for abstinence can increase linkage to medical services. (Saitz, 2004).
Encourage activities that improve diabetes:◦ Better diet.◦Reduce simple carbohydrate intake (i.e.
potatoes, white bread, corn, soda, candy, sweets).
◦ More exercise.◦ Maintain regular appointments with doctor
overseeing diabetes treatment.
Type 2 Diabetes & Your Clients
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Hypertension
Common Medical Issues Associated with Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders
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Percent of Individuals with Hypertension (Age 20+)
Mal
e
Fem
ale
20-4
4
45-6
4
65-7
4
75+
NH W
hite
NH B
lack
Mex
ican0%
10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
31% 30%
41%
67%
30%
42%
10%
28%
77%
Gender* Ethnicity**Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012.
Age*52
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Blood pressure (BP) is the force against the walls of one’s arteries while blood is pumping.
Hypertension is when BP is too high.
Example BP: 120/80 mmHg (“120 over 80”)◦ Systolic (top number):
pressure while heart contracts. Normal is <120. High is >180.
◦ Diastolic (bottom number) pressure while heart relaxes & enlarges. Normal is <80. High is >80.
Hypertension: Clinical Description
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Increased risk of:◦Stroke◦Blood vessel damage (arteriosclerosis)
◦Heart attack◦Tearing of heart’s inner wall (aortic dissection)
◦Vision loss◦Brian damage
Consequences of Hypertension (HTN)
(NIH, 2010)54
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Three or more drinks per day increases BP & risk of hypertension in both women and men (Sesso, 2008).
Decreasing alcohol consumption associated with dose-dependent reduction in BP (Xin, 2001).
Stimulants like cocaine or amphetamines can cause HTN and other acute and chronic cardiovascular diseases. (McMahon, 2010).
HTN risk associated with quantity of cigarettes smoked daily and the duration of smoking (Orth, 2004).◦ Former smokers have higher rates of hypertension
than those who never smoked (Orth, 2004).
Blood Pressure Link to SUD
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HTN can be well controlled in primary care for most patients (Williams 2004).◦ Some many need help finding transportation. ◦ Some may need help finding free or low-cost
clinics. Ask about alcohol consumption.
Encourage limiting to 2 or less drinks per day.
If client smokes, give advice and support to quit smoking (NICE, 2006).
Encourage weight loss and salt reduction.◦ Losing 10kg (22 lbs) can reduce systolic BP by
10 points (Cappuccio, 2007).
Hypertension & Your Clients
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Pain
Common Medical Issues Associated with Mental Health and
Substance Use Disorders
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In 2011, at least 100 million adult Americans have common chronic pain conditions (excl. acute pain and children)*.
Pain costs society at least $560-$635 billion annually (an amount equal to about $2,000 for everyone living in the U.S.)*.
Women are more likely to experience pain (in the form of migraines, neck pain, lower back pain, or face or jaw pain) than men**.
Adults age 45-64 years were most likely to report pain lasting more than 24 hrs. (30%), followed by young adults age 20-44 (25%0, and adults age 65 and over (21%)***.
Pain
*IOM, 2011; CDC, 2009; NCHS, 2006. 58
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Incidence of Pain, as compared to other Chronic Conditions
http://www.rxreform.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Toblin-2011-Kansas-Pain-corrected-proof.pdf
Chronic Pain
Diabetes Heart Disease
Stroke Cancer0
20
40
60
80
100
120
100
25.816.3
7 11.9
Incidence in MillionsCondition Number of Sufferers Source
Chronic Pain 100 million Americans Institute of Medicine of The National Academies
Diabetes 25.8 million Americans(diagnosed and estimated undiagnosed)
American Diabetes Association
Coronary Heart Disease(heart attack and chest pain)
Stroke
16.3 million Americans
7.0 million Americans
American Heart Association
Cancer 11.9 million Americans American Cancer Society
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Prescription Drug Misuse
Any prescription drug can be “misused” Misuse = “non-medical use” = Any use that is
outside of medically prescribed regimen:◦ Non-compliance ◦ Taking different dose◦ Sharing◦ Obtaining from non-medical source◦ Taking for psychoactive effects◦ Taking for effects not indicated ◦ Use with alcohol or other substances
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Opioids for Chronic Pain
• Relieves pain• Relieves suffering• Relieves misery
• Makes you feel better • Makes you feel good• Makes you “high”
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Broad availability of prescription drugs ◦e.g., via the medicine cabinet, family,
friends, Internet, and physicians Misperceptions about their safety Focus on a pill for every ill (cultural trend,
media) High rates of other substance use
including abuse cigarettes, drugs and alcohol
Childhood history of abuse, trauma and neglect
High rates of depression and anxiety
Risks of Becoming Addicted
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Pain: An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience arising from the actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage
It is always subjective. Each individual learns the application of the word through experiences related to injury in early life (International Association for the Study Pain [IASP])
Early life – historicalExperience—learnedSubjective—privateIndividual--unique
Pain: “Define yourself, then we shall converse”--Voltaire
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Reciprocal Nature: Depression-Pain Relationship
65% of patients with depression experience pain
5% to 85% of patients with pain have depression
75% of primary care patients with depression present only with physical complaints and do not attribute their pain to depression
0 or 1 physical symptom - 2% were found to have depression
≥ 9 physical symptoms – 60% were depressed
Increasing pain severity, frequent pain episodes, diffuse pain, and treatment resistant pain are associated with more severe depression
In patients with pain, depression is associated with more pain complaints, greater intensity, longer duration of and greater likelihood of nonrecovery
Bair MJ et al, ARCH INTERN MED, 2003 64
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Trends in opioid prescribing (2000 and 2005) with and without MH and SUDs
Insured 34.9% with an MH or SUD 27.8% without MH and SUD
Arkansas Medicaid 55.4% with an MH or SUD 39.8% without an MH or SUD
Nature of the Link Between Increasing Opioid Prescribing for Noncancer Pain
and Abuse
2000 2005 2000 200505
101520253035
No MH/SUDAny MH/SUD
Insured AR Medicaid65
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Chronic use of prescription opioids for NCPC is much higher and growing faster in patients with MH and SUDs than in those without these diagnoses
Clinicians should monitor the use of prescription opioids in these vulnerable groups to determine whether opioids are substituting for or interfering with appropriate MH and substance abuse treatment
Edlund, Mark et al, Clinical Journal of Pain 2010
Nature of the Link Between Increasing Opioid Prescribing for Noncancer Pain
and Abuse
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Kowalski & Bondmass (2008) study of pain and grief correlation in widows
Self-reported physical symptoms included:◦ Pain◦ Gastro-intestinal
problems◦ Medical/surgical
conditions◦ Sleep disturbances◦ Neurological/circulatory
issues Psychological
symptoms:◦ Depression◦ Anxiety◦ Loneliness
Of the 173 women in the sample, about two-thirds the sample reported at least one physical complaint following spousal loss
Grief and Pain
Kowalski & Bondmass, 2008
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The Dilemma Need to accurately diagnose disease and
provide effective analgesia Some illnesses have no diagnostic test, but
are frequently cited as reasons for pain syndromes needing medication treatment(s) Headache Low back pain Pelvic pain Arthritis Fibromyalgia Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Has contributed to misuse of pain pills and addiction
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Predictive factors; as non-pain patients◦Personal or family history of drug abuse
◦Current addiction to alcohol or cigarettes
◦History of problems with prescriptions
◦Co-morbid psychiatric disorders
History and Screening
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No validated diagnostic criteria for addiction in pain patients; only “at risk” behaviors: ◦Control◦Compulsive use◦Continue use despite harm◦Craving
Identifying “at risk” patients:◦ History◦ Screening instruments ◦ Behavioral checklists◦ Therapeutic maneuver
Diagnosing Addiction Opioid-maintained Pain Patients
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Opioid Risk Tool (ORT)
Mark each box that applies: Female Male
1. Family history of substance abuse
Alcohol 1 3
Illegal drugs 2 3
Prescription drugs 4 4
2. Personal history of substance abuse
Alcohol 3 3
Illegal drugs 4 4
Prescription drugs 5 5
3. Age (mark box if between 16-45 years) 1 1
4. History of preadolescent sexual abuse 3 0
5. Psychological disease
ADO, OCD, bipolar, schizophrenia 2 2
Depression 1 1
Scoring totals:
Scoring• 0-3: low risk (6%)• 4-7: moderate risk (28%)• > 8: high risk (> 90%)
Administration• On initial visit• Prior to opioid therapy
Webster, et al. Pain Med. 2005;6:432. 71
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Probably more predictive• Selling prescription drugs• Prescription forgery• Stealing or borrowing
another patient’s drugs• Injecting oral formulation• Obtaining prescription
drugs from non-medical sources
• Concurrent abuse of related illicit drugs
• Multiple unsanctioned dose ⇧s
• Recurrent prescription losses
Aberrant Drug-Taking Behaviors
Passik and Portenoy, 1998 72
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Probably more predictive• Selling prescription drugs• Prescription forgery• Stealing or borrowing
another patient’s drugs• Injecting oral formulation• Obtaining prescription
drugs from non-medical sources
• Concurrent abuse of related illicit drugs
• Multiple unsanctioned dose ⇧s
• Recurrent prescription losses
Probably less predictive• Aggressive complaining
about need for higher dose
• Med hoarding when symptoms are reduced
• Requesting specific meds• Acquisition of similar
meds from other medical sources
• 1-2 unsanctioned dose ⇧• Unapproved use of the
med for another symptom• Reporting psychic effects
not intended by the clinician
Aberrant Drug-Taking Behaviors
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Endocarditis
Common Medical Issues Associated with Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders
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Endocarditis: Basic Description
Endocarditis is inflammation of the inside lining of the heart chambers and heart valves (endocardium)
Usually caused by bacterial infection but can also be fungal.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/18142.jpg
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Risk factorsInjection drug use increase risk: Particulate matter in injected drugs Poor injection hygiene (e.g., not cleaning
skin before injecting) Using unsterile equipment. Contaminated drug solutions. Physiological responses to certain drugs.
E.g., cocaine causes blood vessels to constrict (vasospasm) and damages cardiac tissue.
Many studies shows speedball (heroin and cocaine together) injection is a significant risk factor of bacterial infections (Phillips, 2010).
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Signs & Symptoms Symptoms can develop slowly
(subacute) or suddenly (acute).◦ Common
Chills Excessive sweating Fever
◦ Abnormal urine color (bloody or dark)
◦ Fatigue/weakness◦ Red, painless skin spots on the palms and soles
(Janeway lesions)◦ Red, painful nodes in the pads of the fingers and
toes (Osler's nodes)◦ Joint pain, muscle aches and pains◦ Nail abnormalities (splinter hemorrhages under the
nails)◦ Swelling of feet, legs, abdomen
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Endocarditis & Your Clients Clinical manifestations in injection drug
users:◦2/3 of patients do not display evidence of
underlying heart disease. ◦ Only 35% of IDUs demonstrate heart murmurs on
admission (Baddour, 2005). Treatment is intensive but largely
successful. ◦ Most patients need to be hospitalized.◦ Cure rates are high (85%) for right-sided
endocarditis.◦ Treatment cures infection relatively quickly (about
4 weeks). Severe cases exhibiting heart valve
damage, stroke, or heart failure may require valve replacement (NIH, 2010)
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Chronic Obstructive Pulminary Disease (COPD)
Common Medical Issues Associated with Substance Use Disorders
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COPD Overview(Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
Progressive disease that makesit hard to breathe
Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of COPDCOPD includes 2 main conditions:
Emphysema: walls between air sacs are damaged decreasing the amount of gas in the lungs
Chronic Bronchitis: lining of the airways is constantly irritated and inflamed causing the lining to thicken. Thick mucus forms in the airways, making it hard to breathe
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Signs & SymptomsSigns of Emphysema Shortness of breath, especially during physical
activities Wheezing Chest tightness
Signs of chronic bronchitis include Having to clear your throat first thing in the
morning, especially if you smoke A chronic cough that produces yellowish sputum Shortness of breath in the later stages Frequent respiratory infections
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• Build-up of fluid in the lungs (acute pulmonary edema) has been reported due to use of inhaled crack cocaine and methamphetamines (Wesselius, 1997).
• Emphysema has been shown to develop secondary to IV drug use (Wesselius, 1997).
• Individuals are 3 times more likely to develop COPD when tobacco is used in conjunction with marijuana but studies are limited and evidence is inconclusive (ScienceDaily, 2009).
COPD Link to SUD
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• Treatment depends on severity and general medical condition. It is usually managed in a primary care setting.
• Encourage your clients to stop smoking and using drugs. Provide them with smoking cessation and drug counseling options.
• Encourage compliance with medications , home oxygen therapy, and pulmonary rehabilitation (MayoClinic, 2010).
COPD & Your Clients
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Let’s talk about a case…
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“Luz” A client from and Integrated Clinic
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Cl is a 55year old Hispanic (Puerto Rican) female, divorced, mother of 5 adult children, 4 sons and a daughter who passed away 6 yrs ago. Currently estranged from all family members except for one son. Currently renting a bedroom in a home. Cl receives recently was awarded SSI and Medi-Cal benefits. Enrolled in the ICM program September 2012.
Case Presentation – “Luz”
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Presenting problems Initially presented to clinic with sx of depression, anxiety,
crying spells, labile moods, angry outbursts, hopelessness and restless sleep.
Reports she has been depressed most of her life but depression exacerbated 6 yrs ago after the death of her daughter in an MVA. She has extensive drug abuse hx. Drugs of choice are crack and ETOH. Client recently graduated from a residential treatment program and has been sober for 3 yrs.
In January 2013, client exhibited hypomania and delusions that she is pregnant. Presented with elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, racing thoughts, increase in goal directed bx, auditory and visual hallucinations, heavy make-up and poor hygiene. Her diagnosis was noted as Bipolar D/O.
Case Presentation – “Luz”
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History Client born in Puerto Rico. She has a 3rd grade education
but is illiterate. Speaks Spanish and English. Reports hx of severe physical and sexual abuse at the hands of her father beginning at age 8. Children have been removed form her custody due to drugs and domestic violence with her boyfriend. Family hx of addictions and depression.
Client has no work history other than “selling drugs” and “prostitution”.
Psychiatric history Client was referred by her rehab program to Exodus Urgent
Care Center and then to Exodus ICM . She has previously received brief crisis based services.
Case Presentation – “Luz”
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Medical history: Client has Type 2 Diabetes, hypertension, COPD, and
obesity. At intake, her BP was 139/82, BMI 44.79, Hemoglobin A1C 8.2, smoking 1 pack of cigarettes a day.
Laboratory Normal Values: BP:
◦ Normal systolic is <120. High is >180.◦ Normal diastolic is <80. High is >80.
HbA1c:◦ Normal 4% - 6%. The goal for people with diabetes is an hemoglobin A1c less than
7%. BMI:
◦ Underweight = <18.5◦ Normal weight = 18.5–24.9◦ Overweight = 25–29.9◦ Obesity = BMI of 30 or greater
Case Presentation – “Luz”
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Medical history: Client has Type 2 Diabetes, hypertension, COPD, and
obesity. At intake, her BP was 139/82, BMI 44.79, Hemoglobin A1C 8.2, smoking 1 pack of cigarettes a day.
Most recent values are as follows: BP 112/75, BMI 41.56, Hemoglobin A1C 5.8, smoking 3-4 cigarettes a day.
Laboratory Normal Values: BP:
◦ Normal systolic is <120. High is >180.◦ Normal diastolic is <80. High is >80.
HbA1c:◦ Normal 4% - 6%. The goal for people with diabetes is an hemoglobin A1c less than
7%. BMI:
◦ Underweight = <18.5◦ Normal weight = 18.5–24.9◦ Overweight = 25–29.9◦ Obesity = BMI of 30 or greater
Case Presentation – “Luz”
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Diagnosis Axis I 296.44 Bipolar D/O, Manic w/ Psychotic features.
304.80 Polysubstance Dependence in full sustained remission. Axis II No Diagnosis Axis III Type 2 Diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, COPD, and obesityAxis IV Problems with primary support group, social environment, educational, occupational, economic, access to health care, legal, otherAxis V GAF 55
Medications Lithium 600mg QHS (mood stablizer)
Celexa 20mg QAM (depression)Abilify 2mg QAM (adjunctive tx for for bipolar disorder)
Case Presentation – “Luz”
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Stages of Change:
Primary Tasks in Linking MH and SU
1. PrecontemplationDefinition:
Not yet considering change or is unwilling or unable to change.
Primary Task:Raising Awareness—Connect
SU and MH Sxs2. Contemplation
Definition: Sees the possibility of change but
is ambivalent and uncertain.
Primary Task:Resolving ambivalence/
Helping to choose change
3. DeterminationDefinition:
Committed to changing.Still considering what to do.
Primary Task:Help identify appropriate strategies to improve MH/
reduce SU4. ActionDefinition:
Taking steps toward change but hasn’t stabilized in the process.
Primary Task:Help implement change strategies
to decrease MH Sxs and SU
5. MaintenanceDefinition:
Has achieved the goals and is working to maintain change.
Primary Task:Develop new skills to maintain
improvements in MH and SU
6. RecurrenceDefinition:
Experienced a recurrence of the symptoms.
Primary Task:Cope with consequences , relate to
MH functioning as precursorand outcome
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Stages of Change: Intervention Matching Guide to Link MH and SU
• Offer factual information about MH-SU connection
• Explore the events that brought them to treatment—Impact of SU/MH
• Explore results of previous efforts to improve MH. What was the role of SU?
• Explore pros and cons of improving MH and decreasing SU
• Explore the person’s sense of self-efficacy to reduce MH symptoms
• Explore expectations about change—What is the role of SU on MH Sxs?
• Summarize self-motivational statements for change in MH and SU
• Continue exploration of pros and cons of improving MH and decreasing SU
• Offer menu of options for addressing MH Sxs and SU
• Help identify pros and cons of various change options
• Identify and lower barriers to change• Help enlist social/peer support • Encourage person to publicly
announce plans to change
• Support a realistic view of change through small steps
• Identify high-risk situations for SU and impact of use on MH functioning
• Develop coping strategies• Assist in finding new reinforcers of
positive change including feeling better• Help access family/social/peer support
• Help identify and try supportive behaviors and drug-free activities to maintain goals.
• Maintain supportive contact and highlight progress in maintaining improved functioning--What was the role of SU?
• Set new short and long term goals for MH and SU
• Frame recurrence as a learning opportunity—What was the impact on MH?
• Explore possible psychological, behavioral and social antecedents
• Help to develop alternative coping strategies for strong emotions
• Encourage person to stay in the process and maintain support
1. Pre-contemplation
2.Contemplation
3.Determination
4.Action
5.Maintenance
6.Recurrence
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Areas for behavioral interventions
Substance use◦ Maintenance of abstinence◦ Supportive behaviors and drug-free activities◦ Maintain supportive contact◦ Set new short and long term goals for MH and SU
Diabetes◦ Blood sugar monitoring and control◦ Identify and support dietary changes.◦ Promote self mgt. ◦ Enhance mood stability◦ Stress Reduction
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Areas for behavioral interventions
Obesity◦ Monitoring food/diet◦ Goal identification and attainment◦ Exercise goal identification and tracking
COPD◦ Identifying Triggers◦ Smoking cessation (medical and behavioral)◦ Medication compliance ◦ Daily Monitoring, Action Planning
Social support◦ Identify drug free activities including 12-step,
church, and recreation
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Cl was initially identified primarily as depressed and aggressive with people. Client only sought treatment at the request of her rehab program. When she graduated from rehab program, she became homeless. Program assisted her with renting a room.
Client was encouraged to participate in Lunch & Learn, Diabetes Support, Self Help and Seeking Safety groups.
She began making better food choices, reduced her smoking and began walking daily. She lost 17 lbs and has been abstinent from drugs for over 3 yrs.
Cl generally complies with meds and all medical and mental health appointments. She engages in groups 3-4 days/wk, goes to 12 step meetings, and participates in community activities offered by the program. She arrives at the clinic early, is good at seeking support, resources and referrals, and always follows through.
Case Presentation – “Luz”
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Making Effective Referrals for Care
The Warm Hand-Off
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Referral to Treatment• Approximately 5% of patients
screened will require referral to substance use evaluation and treatment.
• A patient may be appropriate for referral when:• Assessment of the patient’s responses to the
screening reveals serious medical, social, legal, or interpersonal consequences associated with their substance use.
These high risk patients will receive a brief intervention followed by referral.
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“Warm hand-off” Approach to Referrals
• Describe treatment options to patients based on available services
• Develop relationships between health centers, who do screening, and local treatment centers
• Facilitate hand-off by:• Calling to make appointment for patient/student• Providing directions and clinic hours to
patient/student• Coordinating transportation when needed
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Thomas E. Freese, [email protected]
Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer CenterUCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs
www.psattc.org www.uclaisap.org
Contact information
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