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TRANSCRIPT
Work Zone Safety
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Mike Marr Industrial Safety Consultant
Ohio Bureau of Workers’ CompensationDivision of Safety & Hygiene
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Agenda
Manuals/Codes/Statistics Setup & Removal of Work ZonesDevices and LocationsDuration of WorkMaintenance of the Work ZoneFlagging ProceduresQuestions
MILES PER HOUR & STOP TIME30 MPH = 44 Feet per Second
50 MPH = 73 Feet per Second
60 MPH = 88 Feet per Second
70 MPH = 103 Feet per Second
100 MPH = 146 Feet per Second
PERCEPTION / REACTION TIME
Mental Process
1. Sensation … something in the road!2. Perception/recognition … recognize, identify!3. Situational awareness … speed, time to impact,
consequence, escape route!4. Response selection … decide what to do!
Elapsed time; 1.5 to >2.5 seconds
PERCEPTION / REACTION TIME
Average Movement Time Foot to brake … 0.2 secondDevice Response TimeBraking begins … 0.1 second
Total elapsed time (best case) before vehicle begins slowing... 1.8 seconds
PERCEPTION / REACTION TIME@ 55 mph (80.67 ft/s) + Stopping Distance
Time before braking begins 1.8 sec.(1.5 + 0.3) x 80.67 ft/s =
Distance Traveled 145.1 ft.+
Stopping Distance @ 134.4 ft.
TOTAL DISTANCE TRAVELED279.5 ft
PERCEPTION-REACTION TIME
Industry Standard – 2.5 seconds
Older Driver - > 2.5 ~ 3.0 seconds
Unexpected Event = > 2 to 3 times
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PERRP:
PERRP’s Mission:The role and mission of PERRP is to ensure public employees in Ohio
have safe and healthy working conditions. Public employers must furnish to each public employee a workplace free from recognized
hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm. This fundamental requirement is the foundation of the Public
Employment Risk Reduction Act (the Act) which is also referred to as House Bill (HB) 308 and was enacted 1992.
Primary Reasons for Enforcing the Manual
Improve worker safety Work zones are one of the
primary locations of public employee fatalities
Minimize delay for motorists
FHWA
Part 6 Organization Section 6A General Information Section 6B Fundamental Principals Section 6C TTC* Elements Section 6D Pedestrian and Worker Safety Section 6E Flagger Control Section 6F TTC Zone Devices Section 6G TTC Zone Activities Section 6H Typical Applications Section 6I Incident Management
FHWA
Four Little Words…
Should (Voluntary) Shall (Mandatory) Must (Mandatory) May (Voluntary) If a standard has a mandatory (shall or must)
provision, then there are no options. If a standard has a voluntary provision (should or
may) then the employer must consider those provisions to be minimum expectations, however, they can modify them to fit their circumstances.
Ohio Fatalities in Motor VehicleTraffic Crashes and Work Zones
Highway Crashes WZ Crashes Total
2008 1,178 13 1,191
2009 1,014 8 1,022
2010 1,069 11 1,080
2011 1,001 16 1,017
2012 1,006 17 1,123
2013 991 Not available 186 people died in vehicle crashes in Ohio work zones in the eleven-year
period from 2002 to 2012 (the most recent information available).
Importance of ProtectionEffective “Temporary Traffic Control" saves
lives… Worker fatalities in Ohio workzones1
2014 – 6 2013 – 3 2012 – 3
Worker fatalities nationally in workzones1
2014 – 116 2013 – 105 2012 – 133
Source: workzonesafety.org
According to ODOT (2003 to 2012):•7 ODOT employees have been killed in construction zones in Ohio in the last decade from 2003 to 2012
•56,945 vehicle crashes occurred in Ohio work zones in that same 10-year period
•20,590 vehicle crashes occurred in Ohio work zones when workers were present
•19,988 of the total vehicle crashes were rear end collisions
The top three causes of work zone crashes are:Following too closelyFailure to controlImproper lane changes
•Excessive speed has directly resulted in more than 1,500 work zone crashes since 2003
•Across the nation, you are more likely to be injured or killed in a work zone on a dry and sunny August afternoon than any other time of year
What Is a Temporary Traffic Control Zone?A TTC zone may include:o Work zoneo Roadway incidento Special event
FHWA
FHWA
Parts of a Traffic Control Zone
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1. Advance Warning Area
2. Transition Area
3. Buffer Area
4. Work Area
5. Termination Area
Drums and Cones Standard requires uniformity for color of
all drums
If drums, cones, or tubular markers are used to channelize pedestrians, they shall be located such that there are no gaps between the bases of the devices, in order to create a continuous bottom.
The height of each individual drum, cone, or tubular marker shall be no less than (36 in) to be detectable to users of long lanes.
Cones
Cones shall be: Predominantly orange Made of a material that can be struck without causing
damage to the impacting vehicle. For daytime and low speed roadways, cones shall be
not less than 18 in in height. When cones are used on freeways and other high-speed
highways or at night on all highways, or when more conspicuous guidance is needed, cones shall be a minimum of (28 in) in height.
For nighttime use, cones shall be retro-reflectorized or equipped with lighting devices for maximum visibility.
Arrow Boards
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48” x 24” - Type A -45 MPH & below 60” x 30” -Type B -45 MPH & below 96” x 48” -Type C -45 MPH & above
NEVER use an arrow board in a two lane, one way closure – use a Flagger!
Buffer Space
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Speed (mph) Length (feet)20 3525 5530 8535 12040 17045 22050 28055 33560 41565 485
Buffer Space(Longitudinal)
Example of 25 MPHTraffic Control Zone
-Signs 100’ apart
-Transition 105’
-6 cones minimum
-Cone spacing 20’ along taper and 25’ after taper
-Buffer space 55’
Example of 35 MPHTraffic Control Zone
-Signs 100’ apart
-Transition 205’
-11 cones minimum
-Cone spacing 20’ along taper and 35’ after taper
-Buffer space 120’
Example of 45 MPH Traffic Control Zone
-Signs 350’ apart
-Transition 450’
- 12 cones minimum
-Cone spacing 40’ along taper and 45’ after taper
-Buffer space 220’
Termination Area
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Optional but strongly recommended.Well worth the short additional time
that it takes to install.Why wouldn’t you get your crews into
this simple, wise habit?
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How to install and remove a single lane closure On a four lane road way.
Work Zone Safety
Single Lane Closure
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Removal of the lane closure Is done in the exact opposite order
Work Zone Safety
Single Lane Closure Removal
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Plastic FenceCaution Tape Safety VestHard HatsTemporary Pavement Tape Stop and Slow Paddles
Devices
Additional Traffic Control Devices
Duration of Work
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Short Term:
0 – 15 minutes. Truck emergency flashers and beacon lights.
15 – 60 minutes. Truck emergency flashers, beacon lights, correct size and amount of cones placed around work zone and a minimum of one correctly placed advanced warning sign.
Correct arrow board strongly recommended -consider the location, crew/public safety, traffic volume, liability etc….
Duration of Work
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Intermediate Term:
60 minutes – 3 days Truck emergency flashers, beacon lights,
correct size and amount of cones placed around the work zone and all correctly placed advanced warning signs on all affected streets.
Correct arrow board as required.
Duration of Work
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Long Term:
Beyond 3 days. Permanently mounted, correct advanced
warning signs on all affected streets. Truck emergency flashers, beacon lights,
correct size and amount of cones placed around the work zone.
Correct arrow board as required.
WORK DURATION
Five Categories:
Long-Term Stationary
Intermediate-term Stationary
Short-term Stationary
Short Duration
Mobile
> 3 days
> 12 hrs to 3 daysincludes overnight
1 hr to 12 hrs
< 1 hr
moves intermittently with stop times< 15 minutes or moves continuously
Mobile Work
Often involve frequent short stops for activities
Such as litter cleanup, pothole patching, or utility operations, and are similar to short-duration operations
NCOSHA
Mobile Work
o TTC zones may include:• Warning signs, high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights on a vehicle, flags, and/or channelizing devices
• Flaggers
• A shadow vehicle equipped with an arrow panel or a sign following the work vehicle
• Appropriately colored and marked vehicles with signs, flags, high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights, truck-mounted attenuators, and arrow panels or portable changeable message signs may follow a train of moving work vehicles
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Maintenance of a Work Zone
Work Zone Safety
•Cover or remove signs when not in use!
•Clean all traffic control equipment.
•Drive the zone after set up and through out the day -consider who may be coming through your set up at any time!
•Recognizing problems: skid marks, auto parts, damaged traffic control devices.
Always use Common Sense and Good Judgment!
All workers should be trained on:Working safely adjacent to vehicular trafficWork zone traffic control techniquesDevice Usage Safety devices Traffic control devices
Placement of traffic control devicesRelevant OSHA Regulation 29 CFR 1926.21, Safety
Training and Education
Worker Safety Consideration - Training
Section 6E.02 High-Visibility Safety Apparel
o Apparel background (outer) material color shall be either…• fluorescent orange-red, or• fluorescent yellow-green as defined in the standard.
o The retro-reflective material shall be either orange, yellow, white, silver, yellow-green, or a fluorescent version of these colors.
65ATSSA for US DOT FHA grant DTFH61-06-G-00004
Conspicuity Class 2Conspicuity level for use in occupational activities where risk levels exceeding those in Class 1, such as where:
1. Greater visibility is desired during inclement weather conditions;2. Complex backgrounds are present;3. Employees are performing tasks which divert attention from
approaching vehicle traffic4. Vehicle or moving equipment speeds exceed 25 mph; or5. Work activities take place in or near vehicle traffic.
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Conspicuity Class 3where risks exceed those in Class 2
1. Workers exposed to traffic > 50 mph;2. Pedestrian worker & vehicle operator with task loads placing
themselves in danger;3. The wearer must be conspicuous through range of motion at a
minimum distance of 1280 feet & be identifiable as a person.
FlaggerStandard: A flagger shall be a person who provides temporary
traffic control. For daytime work, the flagger's vest, shirt, or jacket
shall be either orange, yellow, yellow-green, or a fluorescent version of these colors.
For nighttime work, similar outside garments shall be retro-reflective.
Flagger stations shall be located far enough in advance of the work space so that approaching road users will have sufficient distance to stop before entering the work space.
Flags are only for emergency use.
Flagger Paddles The STOP/SLOW paddle shall have an octagonal
shape on a rigid handle. STOP/SLOW paddles shall be at least 18’’wide with
letters at least 6’’high and should be fabricated from light semi-rigid material.
Background of the STOP face shall be red with white letters and border.
The Background of the SLOW face shall be orange with black letters and border.
When used at night, the STOP/SLOW paddle shall be retro-reflectorized.
Flagger ProceduresThe following methods of signaling with paddles shall be
used:
To stop road users, the flagger shall face road users and aim the STOP paddle face toward road users in a stationary position with the arm extended horizontally away from the body.
To direct stopped road users to proceed, the flagger shall face road users with the SLOW paddle face aimed toward road users in a stationary position with the arm extended horizontally away from the body.
To alert or slow traffic, the flagger shall face road users with the SLOW paddle face aimed toward road users in a stationary position with the arm extended horizontally away from the body.
Pedestrians
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Public safety.
You & the crew’s safety.
Liability issues!
Correctly close sidewalks when needed.
Work Zone Safety
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Record KeepingDetailed Accident ReportsPicturesSketchesAny witness information and specific
contacts