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Modul Antropometri dan Desain Produk Praktikum Genap 2010/2011
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Laboratorium APK & Ergonomi ~ Universitas Islam Indonesia
WORK SYSTEM DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT
(ANTHROPOMETRY AND DESIGN PRODUCT)
A. OBJECTIVES
1. Students are able to know the interaction between men, machines,
equipments, materials, also the work environment.
2. Students are able to understand the anthropometry data and use it for
work system design/arrangement.
3. To give students the thinking (procedural) concept of analyze and
design.
4. Students are able to design the product with anthropometry data using
autoCAD/CAM software.
B. BASIC THEORY
1. ANTHROPOMETRY
Terminologically, anthropometry comes from the word “anthropos” which
means human and “metron” which means measurement (Bridger, 1995).
Anthropometrics can be defined as a study which related with the measurement
of human’s body dimension. Widely, Anthropometry can be used as an
ergonomics consideration in product design or work system that needs human
interaction. The ergonomics aspects in a facility build and design process are
very important factors in support the development of production service. Every
product design, whether simple or complex design, should be oriented to the
users’ anthropometry. According to Sanders & Mc Cormick (1987); Pheasant
(1988), and Pulat (1992), anthropometry is body dimension measurement or
other physical body characteristics that relevant with the design of something
that used by people.
There are 3 basic philosophies of design that used by ergonomics expert
as anthropometry data application (Sutalaksana, 1979 dan Sritomo, 1995),
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which are:
1. Product design for individual with extreme dimension.
Example: determining the minimum width and height of emergency door.
2. Product design that can be operated in certain range measurement.
Example: car chair design that can be slided forward or backward, and the
angle of the back rest also can be changed.
3 . Product design for the average measurement.
Example: public facility design, such as restroom, waiting chair, etc.
To get the optimum design of a room or accommodation facility, certain
things that we should consider are factors such as the length of body dimension
whether in static or dynamic position. Other things that we should consider are
weight, and center of gravity of body segment, body shape, distance for
angular motion from hand and feet, etc.
Besides that, we also should get the appropriate data for human body. The
measurement is relative easy to get if applicated in individual data. More
number of people that measured the body dimension, then it can be seen the
variance between one body to another. Whether for overall body or each
segment (Nurmianto, 1996).
The antropometric data that we already get will be applicated widely,
which are
1. Work station design (work station, car interior, etc).
2. Work equipments design (tools, mesins, dll).
3. Consumptive products design (clothes, chair, desk, etc).
4. Physical work environment design.
Anthropometry is a science that related with human body measurement,
especially body dimension. Anthropometry is divided into 2 parts, which are:
1) Anthropometry statics, where the measurements are taken to human body
in static position. The measured dimension are taken linearly and in the body
surface. In order to make the measurement result more representative, the
measurement should be done using certain method toward various
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individual, and the body should in static motion.
2) Anthropometry dynamics, where the measurements are taken in various
body position while moving, so it will be more complex and difficult to
measure. There are 3 class of dynamics measurements, which are:
a ) Measurements of skill level as an approachment to understand the
mechanical situation of an activity.
Example: Learning the athlete’s performance
b) Measurements of area reach that we needed while working.
Example: the reach of hand and feet motion while working should be
effective whether in sitting or standing position.
c) Work variability measurements
Example: Kinematics analysis and the ability of hand fingers of a typist
or computer operator.
There are several factors that influence the human body dimension,
which are:
a ) Age
Human body dimension will be grown since born until around 20 years
old for man and 17 years old for woman. And then it will decrease in
age 60 years old.
b) Gender
Generally, man has bigger body dimension except for chest and hip.
c) Ethnic
Dimension variation will be emerged, because of ethnic influence.
d) Work
Daily work activities also causing the differences in human body
dimension.
Besides the factors above, there are certain condition that can influence the
variability of human body dimension which also need to be considered, such as:
a) Physical Defect
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Anthropometry data will be used to design a product for people with
physical defect.
b) The thin/thickness of clothes that should be wear
the factor of climate differences will give different variation in the
clothes design and specification. It means the dimension of people will
be difference in one place and other places.
c) Pregnancy
such condition obviously will influence the human body dimension (for
woman) and will need specific consideration for product that designed
in such segmentation.
2. BODY DIMENSION MEASUREMENT
The objective of this measurement is to know the human body dimension,
so it will create comfort and pleasure feelings.
There are 5 comfort level, which are:
5 – Unbearable discomfort/pain
4 – Bearable pain
3 - Pain
2 - numb
1 – sensation that we felt
0 – no sensation
For example, if we want to measure the comfort level of chair, there are 9
important meet points between body and chair to determine the comfort level,
which are:
A- protruding part of scapula
B- shoulder base
C- bending back area
D- waist curved area
E- bottom
F- under thigh
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G- thigh base
H- the middle thigh
I - thigh point
3. Body Position While Working
Too long working in sitting position can cause abdominal muscle become
weak and the backbone will bend so it will cause fatigue. Clark (1996),
declared that the work station design in sitting position has higher stability
degree of body; decreased subjective complain and fatigue if working for more
than 2 hours. Besides that, the workers also can restrain the feet to do motions.
Because sitting position has advantage and also disadvantage, therefore to
get the better work result without bad effect to the body, we should consider
what type of work that appropriate to be done in sitting position. For that
purpose, Pulat (1992) gave several considerations about the best type of work
that can be done in sitting position:
1. A work that needs an accurate control on feet;
2. The main work is writing or needs an accuration on hands;
3. Do not need large force;
4. Do not need hands to work on more than 15 cm height work base while
holding the object;
5. Need high level of body stability;
6. The work takes long time to be done.
7. All the objects that being done or supplied are still within reach in sitting
position.
When working in sitting position, it should be possible to do variation of
position changes on the seat. The size of seat should be adjusted with the users’
anthropometry dimension. The knee flexion should in 90° position with sole of
feet resting on the floor or foot pedal (Pheasant, 1988). If the work base too
low, the backbone will bend forward. If too high, the shoulder will be lifted from
relax position and can cause the neck and shoulder become uncomfortable.
Sanders & Mc Cormick (1987) gave the guidance to arrange the height of
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work base in sitting position as follow:
1. If it is possible, provide a table that can be adjusted upward and
downward;
2. The work base should be possible for arm to hang in relax position from
shoulder, with forearm approach to horizontal position or sloping down
slightly; and
3. The height of work base does not need excessive flexion of backbone.
Besides sitting position, many numbers of standing position also found in
company. As well as sitting position, standing position also have advantages and
disadvantages. According to Sutalaksana (2000), standing position is an alert
posture either physically or mentally, so the work activity can be done faster,
more accurate and powerful. However, changing sitting to standing position but
still using the same work tools will be exhausting. Basically standing is more
exhausting than sitting and the energy expenditure to stand will be 10-15%
much more than sitting position.
In standing work station design, if worker should working for long time
period, then fatigue become the main factor. To minimize fatigue and
subjective complain, the work should be designed so there will be less reach
motion, bend or doing motion with unnatural head position.
For that purpose, Pulat (1992) and Clark (1996) gave several considerations
for the best type of work that can be done in standing position:
1. No space for feet or knee rest;
2. Should hold object with more than 4,5 kg weight;
3. Often to reach upward, downward and sideward;
4. Often to work with pressing downward motion; high mobility required.
In designing height of work base for name anf standing position, basically
it similar with the design of work base height in sitting position. Manuaba
(1986); Sanders & Mc Cormick (1987); Grandjean (1993) gave an
ergonomics recommendation about work base height in standing position
based on the standing elbow height, as follows:
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1. For work which need accurateness to reduce the static allowance in spine
muscle, the work base height is 5-10 cm above the standing elbow height.
2. During manual work, where the works are often need an area for
equiments; materials and kontainers standing elbow height with various
types, the standing elbow height is 10-15 cm below the standing elbow
height.
3. For work which required powerful pressure, the work base height is 15-40
cm below the standing elbow height.
4. Work Station Dedign and DynamicsWork Posture
Work station design is very determined by the work types and
characteristics. Work station design either for standing or sitting position, both
have advantages and disadvantages. Clark (1996) tried to take the advantages
from both position and combine the work station design for sitting and
standing position as one design.
While Das (1991) and Pulat (1992) stated that the combination of sitting
and standing position is the best position than only standing or sitting. This is
because the possibility of workers to change the work position to reduce muscle
fatigue because unnatural posture in a work position.
Helender (1995) and Tarwaka (1995), gave the limitation of work
base height measurement to the work that only required small pressure, which are
15 cm below the elbow height for both work position. for the next, then high
chair will be made and adjust the height of work base. It will be completed with
foot rest so the feet will not hang. Because the human body dimensions are
different between another, so the work station design should be consider the
users’ anthropometry (user oriented).
While in choosing work posture, it should appropriate with the type of
work that being done, such as these follows:
Tabel 1 Choosing Work posture toward Various Type of Work
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Type of Work
Choosen Work Posture
First Choice 2nd Chioce
Lifting > 5 kg
Bekerja dibawah tinggi
siku
Menjangkau horizontal
di luar daerah
jangkauan optimum
Pekerjaan ringan
dengan pergerakan
berulang
Pekerjaan perlu ketelitian
Inspeksi dan monitoring
Sering berpindah-pindah
Standing
Standing
Standing
Sitting
Sitting
Sitting
Sitting-Standing
Sitting-Standing
Sitting -
Standing
Sitting -
Standing
Sitting -
Standing
Sitting -
Standing Sitting
- Standing
Standing
Source : Helander (1995:60). A Guide to the Ergonomics of Manufacturing.
According to Helender (1995), sitting-standing position already tried in
industries, but in fact have the biomechanics advantages where the pressure in
bone is 30% lesser than only standing or sitting position. this can be used as
consideration in ergonomics intervention, so the implementation of this position
can give more advantages to workers.
From those statements can be concluded that a product design should be
centered only in the user (user’s centered). To get more dynamics of ironing
work posture it will be needed work station design that have possibilities to
change between standing position, sitting and sitting-standing position.
Anthropometry data are clearly needed si a product design can be
appropriate with the operator. The designer should be able to accommodate the
body dimension that can be used in large number population. At least 90-95%
of population that become the target in product user can use the product
normally. That is why the anthropometry data are better if normal distributed.
In statistics, normal distribution can be formulated based on mean and standard
deviation.
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Data antropometri jelas diperlukan agar suatu rancangan produk bisa
sesuai dengan orang yang akan mengoperasikannya.
“percentile”. Percentile is a value that shows certain percentage of people
that have the size in the percentage or below the percentage. For example, (95th
percentile shows that 95% people are in or below the value and can use the
product).
To determine the anthropometry data in normal distribution, it can be
formulated from mean and standard deviation of the data. From the value, it can
be determined the percentile value according to the probability tabel of normal
distribution.
Tabel 2Persentil dan Cara Perhitungan dalm Distribusi Normal
Percentile Calculation Percentile Calculation
1st
2.5th
Ke-5
10th
50th
5. Design Method using Anthropometry
The steps of work system design by considering the anthropometry factor
generally are as follows (Roevuck, 1995):
1. Determine the design needs (establish requirements)
2. Define and describe the users’ population.
3. Sample selection that will be taken the data.
4. Determine the required data (body dimension that will be used)
5. Determine the source of data (body dimension that will be measured) and
percentile that will be used.
6. Prepare the measurement tools that will be used
7. Data acquisition
8. Processing Data
- Normality Test Data
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- Uniformity Test Data
- Sufficiency Test Data
- Percentile Calculation Data
9. Design Visualization by consider:
- Normal body position
- Allowance (Clothes and clearance)
- Motion variation
10. Design result analysis
There are several step of processing data that should be done to
anthropometry data (Nurmianto1996 & Tayyari), which are:
1. Sufficiency Data
N’ =
222 )().(/
X
XXNsk
k = confidence level
if confidence level 99%, so k = 2,58 ≈ 3
if confidence level 95%, so k = 1,96 ≈ 2
if confidence level 68%, sehingga k ≈ 1
s = degree of error
if N’ < N, then the data will be sufficient.
2. Uniformity Data
Upper Control Limit/Lower Control Limit (UCL/LCL):
(UCL/LCL) = X + kS
S =
1
)( 2
N
XiX
S = deviation standard
3. Percentile
Generally, the percentile that we used:
P5 = X − 1,645σ
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P50 = X
P95 = X + 1,645σ
It can gives allowance toward the differences that might be seen wiht the
data
Normality Processing Data and Percentile using SPSS:
1. Input data of dimension value in data view
2. Enter to variable view, change the collumn with dimension name.
3. Data Processing :
1. Click analyze, choose descriptive statistics, then explore.
2. Input all variables as dependent variables.
3. Checklist both to toolbox display.
4. Choose statistic: checklist descriptive, percentiles, then continue.
5. Choose plots: checklist none to boxplots, stem and leaf to descriptive.
6. Checklist normality plots with test, then continue.
7. Choose options: checklist exclude cases listwise, then continue.
8. Click continue. Processing Data Results are shown in the output.
6. LABORATORY WORK EQUIPMENTS
In this practicum, the equipments that we should prepared:
1. Anthropometry Chair
2. Ruler
3. Weight scale
4. Flexible curve
5. Measurement tape
6. Back rest and chair cushion
7. Stationery
8. Mistar
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9. Papan Flexible curve
Contoh soal.
It is known that the number of students in SMA sukamaju are 150 students. 20
students of the population become sample and being measured the body
dimension. One of the dimension is Popliteal height (tpo). After doing
measurement, we get the data as follows:
165 165 162 163 164 162 162 158 165 165
165 163 162 160 158 157 165 162 167 160
Determine the Sufficiency, Uniformity, Normality of data and P95, if the
confidence level is 95% and the degree of error 5%!
Problem Solving
1. Sufficiency Data
N’ =
222 )().(/
X
XXNsk
N’ =
22
3250
)3250()528270.20(05.0/96.1
N’ = 0.6
2. Uniformity Data
Standard deviation
S=
1
)( 2
N
XiX
S =
120
)1605.162(...)1655.162()1655.162( 222
S = 2.76
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Uniformity Data
Upper Control Limit
UCL = X + kS
= 162.5+3.2.76
= 170.78
Lower Control Limit
LCL = X - kS
= 162.5-3.2.76
= 154.21
3. Percentile
Generally, percentiles that we used are:
Where :
X = Mean
1.645 = See normal distribution table
Therefore, precentile for the data above are
P95= 162.5+1,645.2.76
= 167,04
D. LABORATORY WORK PROCEDURE
For Anthropometry Practicum, Untuk praktikum Antropometri, prosedur
pelaksanaan praktikum yang harus dilaksanakan adalah:
1. Divide groups, contains 2 students. 1 student as research object, the other
student measuring the body dimension.
2. Take notes about the measured data
3. Write in observation sheet according to the measurement that have been
done.
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C. The Measurement of the Body Dimensions
1. Sitting Side Position
MEASUREMENT GUIDELINES OF ANTHROPOMETRY DATA
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Body Dimension Measurement
Sitting height (tdt) Measure the vertical distance from
the surface of cushion until the head.
Shoulder heigh (tbd) Measure the vertical distance from
the surface of the cushion until the
protruding shoulder bones when the
subject sat upright. Eyes heigh (tnd) Measure the vertical distance from
the surface of the cushion to the eye
when the subject sat upright.
Elbow heigh (tsd) Measure the vertical distance from
the surface of the cushion to the
elbow. Subject sat upright.
Thigh heigh (tp) Subject sat upright, measure the
distance from the surface of the
cushion to the upper thigh. Popliteal heigh (tpo) Measure the vertical distance from
the floor to the bottem of thigh.
Buttock-popliteal (ppo) Measure the horizontal distance from
the outer of the buttock to the inner
side of the knee. Thigh and leg are in
the 900 position.
Buttock-knee (pkl) Measure the horizontal distance from
the outer of the buttock to the knee.
Thigh and leg are in the 900 position.
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NO. Body Dimension Measure
5 Height of hand grasp Measure the vertical distance of the height
hand grasp, hand grasp in downward relax
position.
18 Thickness of abdominal Measure the horizontal distance from the
backbones to the front of abdominal.
13 Height of knee Measure the vertical distance from the
fingertip to the knee when leg is in 900
position.
19 The distance from elbow to
the fingertip
Measure the horizontal distance from the
elbow to the middle finger when the hand
is in 900 postion.
24 Height of the grip, body in
stood upright position
Measure the vertical grip when the hand is
in the upward position and the body sat
upright.
25 Height of the grip, body in sat
upright position
Measure the vertical distance of the hand
to the hip base and the body sat upright.
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2. Standing position
Body Dimension Measurement
Elbow height (tsb) Measure the vertical distance from
the floor to the meeting point
between the upper arm and the
lower arm. Subject stand upright.
Length of the lower arm
(plb)
Measure the distance from the
elbow to the wrist. Subject stand
upright.
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Height of eye (tmb) Measure the vertical distance from
the floor to the tip of inner eye
(near the base of the nose). Subject
stood upright and looked straight
ahead.
Height of an Upright
(tbt)
Measure the vertical distance from
the sole of foot to the top of the
head, while subject stood upright
and looked straight ahead.
Height of the shoulder (tbb)
Measure the vertical distance from
the floor to the protruding shoulder
when the subject stood upright.
The thickness of the
body (tb)
Measure the distance from the
chest to thebackbones horizontally.
Tinggi mata berdiri (tmb)
Ukur jarak vertikal dari lantai
sampai ujung mata bagian dalam
( dekat pangkal hidung ).
Subyek berdiri tegak dan
memandang lurus ke depan. Tinggi badan tegak (tbt) Jarak vertikal telapak kaki
sampai ujung kepala yang
paling atas, sementara
subyek berdiri tegak mata
memandang lurus ke depan Tinggi bahu berdiri
(tbb)
Ukur jarak vertikal dari lantai
sampai bahu yang menonjol
pada saat subyek berdiri
tegak Tebal badan (tb) Ukur jarak dari dada
sampai punggung secara
horisontal.
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3. Standing position with hand straight ahead.
Body Dimensions Measure
Hand Reach (jt) Measure the horizontal distance from
the backbones to the midle of the
finger. Subject stood upright, with the
legs, buttocks, and the back againts the
wall, hands strecthed forward.
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4. Sittting Poition facing forward
Body dimensions Measurement
Hip width(lp) Subject sat upright, measure the
horizontal distance from the outer
of the right-side’s hip.
Shoulder width (lb) Measure the horizontal distance
between the upper arms, subject sat
upright, the upper arms against the
body and the lower arms stretched
forward.
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5. Standing Position and the arms stretched
Body Dimension Measurement
The stretches of the hands (rt) Measure the horizontal distance
from the tip of the longer finger
(the right and the left hand),
subject stood upright and hands
stretched horizontally.
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6. Hands Antrophometry
NO. Body Dimensions Measurement
1 Length oh hand Measure the vertical distance from the
middle of the finger to the wrist, when
hand extended.
2 Length of the metacarpal Measure the vertical distance from the
wrist to the metacarpal, when hand
extended.
3 Length of the thumb Measure the vertical distance from the tip
of the thumb to the base of the thumb,
when hand extended.
4 Length of the index finger Measure the vertical distance from the tip
of the index finger to the base of of the
index finger, when hand extended.
5 Length of the middle finger Measure the vertical distance from the tip
of the middle finger to the base of the
middle finger, when hand extended.
6 Length of the ring finger Measure the vertical distance from the tip
of the ring finger to the base of the ring
finger, when hand extended.
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7. Foot Anthropometri
7 Length of the pinky finger Measure the vertical distance from the tip
of the pinky finger to the base of the pinky
finger, when hand extended.
8 Thumb width Measure the horizontal distance at the
joints between the bone segment of thumb.
9 The thickness of thumb Measure the thickness of thumb at the
joints between the bones segment of
thumb.
10 Index finger width Measure the horizontal distance at the
joints between the bone segment of index
finger, which is aprroaching of the body.
11 The thickness of index finger Measure the thickness of index finger at
the joints between the bones segment of
index finger, which is aprroaching of the
body
12 Metacarpal width Measure the horizontal distance of the
edge of the Metacarpal to the outer of the
Metacarpal.
13 Palm width (to the thumb) Measure the horizontal distance from the
edge of the palm to the outer edge of the
thumb.
14 Minimun palm width Measure the horizontal distance from the
edge of the palm to the outer edge of the
palm(minimum)
15 The thickness of the
metacarpal (Metacarpal)
Measure the vertical distance from the
back of the hand to the Metacarpal, when
the hand stretched.
16 The thickness of the palm (to
the thumb)
Measure the vertical distance from the
back of the hand to the lower of the thumb,
when the hand stretched.
17 The thickness of the palm
(Minimum)
Measure the vertical distance from the
back of the hand to the nearest part of the
palm (mminimum).
18 Maxsimum width Measure the horizontal distance of the
farthest from the thumb to the pinky.
19 Functional maxsimum width Measure the horizontal distance of the
farthest from the thumb to the other finger,
when hand perform its functions.
20 Minimum rectangle can be
passed by the palm
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NO. Body Dimension Measurement
1 Length of the sole of foot Measure the vertical distance from the tip
of the heel to the tip of the toe.
2 Length of the sole of feet arm Measure the vertical distance from the tip
of the heel to the arm leg.
3 Length foot to the pinky finger Measure the vertical distance from the tip
of the heel to the tip of the pinkie finger.
4 Foot width Measure the vertical distance from the arm
leg foot to the outer of foot’s sole.
5 Arm leg width Measure the horizontal of the inner side of
the foot to the outer part of the arm leg.
6 Height of the ankle Measure the vertical distance from the sole
of foot to the lower part of the ankle, when
subject stood upright.
7 Height of middle part of the
foot
Measure the vertical distance from the sole
of foot to the middle part of the foot, when
the subject stood upright.
8 Horizontal distance between
the stalk ankle
Measure the vertical distance from the sole
of foot to the ankle.
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8. Measurement of Body Dimension
Subject sit on the antrhopometri chair with a certain slope and use the
flexible curve, so that the posture of the back of the body can be obtained.
Then, draw it on the whiteboard, drag the horizontal line which
represent the bottom of the knee, the name of the line is line A (see the
picture below).
Do this calculation :
tk : vertical distance from line A to the outer back of the head.
tlh : vertical distance from line A to the inner side of the protruding
neck
tpu : vertical distance from line A to the protduring back.
tpl : vertical distance from line A to the maximum point of the
sunken waist.
From the posture of the body, pull forward slash with a slope of the body
(see the picture) and do the calculations below:
pk : the distance between the line B to the outer protruding of
head.
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plh : the distance between the line B to the maximum sunken point of
the neck. ppl : the distance between the line B to the maximum sunken point of
waist. ppb : the distance between the line B to the outer of the buttock.
Then pull a horizontal line which is offending the buttom line, this line is
called the line C (see the picture), then do the calculations below:
km : the distance between line A and line Cas the maximum
depth of seat.
ppt : jthe horizontal distance between offending point line C and
the outer side of the buttock.
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Laboratorium APK & Ergonomi ~ Universitas Islam Indonesia
9. Fingers measurement
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Laboratorium APK & Ergonomi ~ Universitas Islam Indonesia
1. wrist rotation: measure the rotation angle of the wrist from the initial
position to the maximum rotation, bend the left wrist as much as possible,
then turn right as far as possible, the total rotation is α = α1 + α 2.
2. Cengkeraman jari tangan : ukur sudut putaran cengkeraman jari
tangan, posisi awal jari-jari mencengkeram batang tengah kemudian
diputar kanan sejauh mungkin, ( pergelangan dan lengan tangan tetap
diam ), lalu dengan cara yang sama diputar ke kiri sejauh mungkin.
Modul Antropometri dan Desain Produk Praktikum Genap 2010/2011
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Laboratorium APK & Ergonomi ~ Universitas Islam Indonesia
3. foot rotation: measure the vertical rotation angle of sole of foot, sole
of foot is in the 900 position with the calf (initial position), then rotate
it down as far as possible, foot back to the initial position, then raise it
as high as possible, the total rotation of the vertical foot is β = β1 +
β2.
10. Head Anthropometry
Keterangan :
NO. Body Dimensions Measurement
1. Head length (pk) Measured from the backside of the
protruding head to the front side of head.
2. Head width (lk2) Measured from the right side to the left
side of head.
3. Maximum diameter from chin Measured the head diameter, from chin to
the back side of head.
4. Chin to head Measured the head diameter, from chin to
the top of head.
Modul Antropometri dan Desain Produk Praktikum Genap 2010/2011
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Laboratorium APK & Ergonomi ~ Universitas Islam Indonesia
5. Ear to the top of head Measured from the center of ear to the top
of head.
6. Ear to the back of head Measured from the center of the ear to the
back side of head.
7. Between ears Measured from one ear to another.
8. Eye to the top of head Measured from the eye to the top of head.
9. Eye to the back of head Measured from the eye to the back side of
head.
10. Between the pupil Meaured from one pupil to another.
11. Nose to the top of head Measured from the nose to the top of head.
12. Nose to the back of head Measured from the nose to the back side of
head.
13. Mouth to the top of head Measured from the mouth to the top of
head.
14. Mouth width Measured from the right side to the left
side of the mouth
The example of antrhopometry data application for product design:
D. Recommendation of the height of door
In the recommendation of the door height is using the 95th
percentile because
people who have high above the average population (extreme high) can use it
conviently, the dimension of the body which is used is the height of upright
(tbt). It is known that the mean of height of (tbt) is 165 cm, and the standard
deviation is 2,235 cm.
Percentile value of 95 = 165 + 1,645(10,33) = 181,99 cm
It needs an addition of 30 mm for shoes thickness, 50 mm for hat height and 50
mm for dynamics clearance (dynamics allowance). because the human height
will relative increase when running or walking, the total door height is:
= 181,99 + 0,03 + 0,05 + 0,05 = 182,12 cm.