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WORK LIFE AND LEISURE

UNIT-IV

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Freedom from the task of arranging food

supplies by the ancient humans

Development of agriculture enabled man to lead asettled life.

Work, life and leisure became the need and

requirement of man that led to the emergence anddevelopment of urban centers of living in the ancient,medieval as well as the modern times.

During the Neolithic period the discovery of agriculture

encouraged the humans, who were food gatherers andhunters, to settle down in order to look after theiragricultural establishments.

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continued

Technological developments like mining andmetallurgy, making tools created the situation for

further development of a complex social and

economic system in these areas.

Surplus raw materials encouraged trade and led

to the emergence of cities around markets, along

the trade routes.

Religion which played a vital role in thedevelopment of a city as they give examples of

various cities of the ancient and medieval times

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continued

Town planning in these urban centers involvedconstruction of houses, roads, government

buildings, granaries and drainage system etc.

Facilities like transportation, proper sanitation

were made available to the city dwellers alongwith a variety of means for recreation.

Cities created environment for the development

of human culture.

It led to the expression of talents, interminglingof people, growth and spread of religion,

development of customs and traditions

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Emergence of ancient cities

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continued

Ancient civilizations developed in various parts of Asia, Africa,

Europe and Americas; Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Harappan

and Chinese civilizations were some of the prominent ones.

Bronze Age around 3500 B.C. these settlements grew in

balance and cooperation with nature, in the flood plains or

the fertile river valleys.

Some of the important cities in these civilizations were Ur,

Nippur, Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa etc.

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Ancient Civilization

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continued

These cities were the centers of politicalauthority, trade and local industry, military

and cultural activity.

They had well organized governments,efficient administrators, well framed laws.

These cities had rules and regulations and

some form of taxationto support a vast rangeof non food producing city dwellers.

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continued

Development of a formof writing and symbolic

art in order to maintain

records of trade and

taxation also developedduring this period.

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WORK LIFE AND LEISUREEMERGENCE OF MODERN CITIES

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WORK LIFE AND LEISURE

EMERGENCE OF MODERN CITIES

Growth of population, expansion of trade and

commerce, increased community interaction.

With the help of stable and determined political power

of the great empires, created emergence of cities.

It was in the 15thcentury that Europe experienced the

Age of Renaissance and enlightenment.It led to the development new architectural styles,

political philosophy, and modern science were born

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Industrialization actually did not create cities; it just

changed their form in the contemporary period,

modernized them and increased the pace ofurbanization.

Industrialization led to the development of mass

production.

Increased the pace of capitalism.

The effect was felt in architecture, transport,

communication.

It led to the development of modern cities which

was distinct from the earlier medieval cities.

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continued

Development of Great Britain can be taken as

an example which is the outcome of the

industrial development because of colonial

and imperial expansion of Great Britain.

Though London was technologically advanced

and attracted thousands of migrants.

People were employed in the beginning both

in the traditional and modern industries.

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continued

Many new professions like in the fields ofmedicine, banking, finance, law, education,

and engineering developed in these cities.

A number of schools, colleges, hospitals, lawcourts, emerged as a result of the modern

cities.

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continued

A vast network of tramways was laid by the

London County Council since 1901.

Motorized buses also started playing on the

London roads since 1904. Private cars began to appear on London roads

from 1890s onwards.

These new developments, privileges, andfacilities of the modern cities led to a varietyof social changes

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continued

Old social distinctions of class and status were

turned down and new social norms were setup. All these developments changed thedomestic and public life forever.

Industrialization, urbanisation, andmodernization brought immense changes inthe institution of family.

Women got employment in a few sectors like

domestic service as maid, tailoring andlaundering, nursing etc.

At times, they got jobs in the factories also.

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contuinued

With the development of suburbs Second halfof the 19thcentury witnessed the evolution of

the departmental stores and brands of

commodities.

With the emergence of telephone, shopping

became a totally different experience after

1900s

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continued

By the end of the 19thcentury, working class women

got new jobs available to them like that of the typist,

clerk or a shop assistant etc.

All this gave them financial independence and

confidence. They were no more dependent on their

male counterparts, though their salaries and wages

were less than that of men.

The urban centers no doubt encouraged a new spirit

of individualism among both men and women andgave liberty from following traditional values ofcollective bonding