work holding principles itcd 301 -...
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Work Holding PrinciplesITCD – 301 - 001
Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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Work Holding
• One of the most important elements of the machining process
• Work holder includes all devices that hold, grip or chuck a work piece to perform a manufacturing operation
• Applied mechanically, electrically, hydraulically or pneumatically
Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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Principles
Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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Multiplication of holding force
Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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Elementary work holder (vise)
Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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Hydraulic clamping vise
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Holding a round workpiece
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Purpose and function
• Location
• Clamping
• Support
• Precision
• Withstand cutting forces
• Apply holding forces
• Safety
Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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General Considerations
• Physical characteristics of the workpiece- Degree of precision
- Strength and stiffness of workpiece
- Production requirements
- Safety requirements
• Use standard work holders
Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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Locating Principles
• Work piece surfaces- Flat surfaces
- Cylindrical surfaces
- Irregular surfaces
• Types of Location- Plane
- Concentric
- Combined
- Radial
Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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Plane Location
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Concentric location
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Radial location
Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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Combined location
Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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Degrees of freedom
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Method of location
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Method of location (contd.)
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Method of location (contd.)
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Concentric location
Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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Radial location
Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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Basic locating rules
• Position and number of locators
• Redundant locators
• Locational tolerances
• Fool proofing
Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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Placement rules• When more than one locator is placed on a
surface, they should be distributed as far as possible on the surface
- This would help in placing the work piece on locators without much skill
- Also the clamping force would not be able to shift the work piece from such locators
- A blank with irregular surface (such as sand casting) would be better located on such distributed locators
Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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Placement rules (contd.)
- Machining forces would not be able to disturb the equilibrium of the work piece in the fixture with properly distributed locators
- Wear of any locator contributes less to the inaccuracy of location if the locators are placed far apart
- While selecting the surface for the largest locators, consideration should be given to the largest area of the work piece
- The two locators should be placed on the surface with the next largest area and the single locator on the surface with the least surface area
Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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Magnification and projection of error
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Redundant locators
Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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Redundant locators (contd.)
Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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Fool Proofing
Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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Fool proofing (contd.)
Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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Fool proofing (contd.)
Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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Basic types of locators
• External locators- Fixed
- Adjustable– Threaded locators
– Spring pressure locators
– Equalizing locators
• Integral locators
• Assembled locators
Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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Integral locators
Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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Assembled locators
Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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Basic types of locators
• Locating pins
• V-locators
• Locating nests
• Adjustable locators
Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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Locating pins
Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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Locator (0.5 in) - Jergens
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Simple work holder
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Vertical locating
Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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Degrees of freedom of a cylindrical work piece
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V-locator with stop pin
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Workholder with multiple V-locators
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V-locator error
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V-locator error
Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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Threaded adjustable locator
Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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Support surfaces• Select a surface where there is maximum
likelihood for the part to deflect under the action of clamping and cutting forces
• Support areas selected should not disturb the location of the work piece in any manner nor displace the locators while providing the support
• Support areas selected should not interfere with the loading and unloading of the component into the work holding fixture
Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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Adjustable locators with locknut or screw
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Adjustable supports
• Adjustable locators positioned below the work piece
- Threaded
- Spring
- Equalizers
Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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Threaded type adjustable supports
Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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Spring type adjustable supports
Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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Equalizing type adjustable supports
Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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Sight locators
Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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Internal locators
• Use holes or bored diameters
Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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Nonsticking locator design
Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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Pin locators
• Plain
• Shouldered
• Undersized (0.0005 to 0.002”)
- Prevent jamming
Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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Commercial pin locators
Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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Relieved locators
Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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Diamond pin (radial locator)
Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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Locating only with diamond pins
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Floating locating pin
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Floating and round locating pin combination
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Conical locators
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Chip and burr problems
• Make locators easy to clean
- Small and hard
- Open jigs
• Make them self cleaning
- Edge relief around locators
- Wipers
• Protect them
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Raised work piece supports
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Proper chip clearance
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Proper chip clearance (contd.)
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Proper chip clearance (contd.)
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Clamping surfaces
• Generally the clamping surface should be opposite to that of a location surface for clamping to be effective
• However, normally the surface opposite to location would be the surface to be machined
• Hence this choice would only be possible if all of that surface is not be machined or a parallel surface to this is available
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Clamping surfaces (contd.)• If the surface opposite to the location is not
available for clamping, alternate surfaces should be chosen for clamping such that the resultant clamping force is acting against the locators
• As far as possible already machined surfaces should be avoided as clamping surfaces, as they are likely to be spoiled under the clamping forces
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Clamping surfaces (contd.)
• Care has to be exercised to distribute this large clamping force over a large area of the work piece surface
• Choose a surface with enough rigidity such that no deformation of the component takes place under the clamping forces
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Clamping surfaces (contd.)
• Always choose the clamping surface area large enough such that the clamping forces are properly distributed and no surface plastic deformation takes place on the component
• The clamping force used should take care of the cutting forces likely to come and maintain the stability of the workpiece within the fixture
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Tool forces• Magnitude and direction of cutting forces is
useful for designing the clamping
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Rajeev Madhavan Nair
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Basic construction principles
• Cast- Stability and vibration damping
- Good material distribution
- Used for high volume production
• Welded- Easy fabrication and low lead time
• Built-up- Most versatile
- Frequently used
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References
• Fundamentals of Tool Design, Fifth edition, Society of Manufacturing Engineers
• Jergens, Inc.
• Carr Lane Manufacturing Company
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Questions ???
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