work booklet - beckfoot upper heaton
TRANSCRIPT
Work Booklet
Name:
Target Grade:
GCSE Music
Area of Study 4
Set Work 2
Since You’ve Been Gone
Russ Ballard (Performed by Rainbow)
3
Contents Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………… 4
Context ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 5
Structure …………………………………………………………………………………….. 6
Band Members …………………………………………………………………………….. 7
The 3 T’s ………………………………………………………………………………………. 8
Lyrics ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 9
In Depth Analysis
Intro bars 1-4 …………………………………………………………………………. 10
Intro bars 5-10 ……………………………………………………………………….. 11
Verse 1 ……………………………………………………………………………………. 12
Pre-chorus 1 ……………………………………………………………………………. 13
Chorus 1 ………………………………………………………………………………….. 14
Verse 2, Pre-chorus 2, Chorus 2 ……………………………………………….. 15
Bridge ……………………………………………………………………………………… 16
Chorus 3 ………………………………………………………………………………….. 18
Outro ………………………………………………………………………………………. 20
5
Context
Rainbow was a Rock Band formed in 1975 by guitarist Ritchie Blackmore
(formerly of Deep Purple)
The band had a number of different members before they recorded their album
‘Down to Earth’ in April 1979. This album featured the hit song ‘Since You’ve
Been Gone’ which is one of our GCSE Set Works.
The album was an instant success, selling 120,000 copies in the UK in its first
week of release.
‘Since You’ve Been Gone’ reached number 6 in the UK singles charts.
Since You’ve Been Gone
Composed by Russ Ballard
Performed by Rainbow
Recorded in 1979
6
Structure Listen to ‘Since You’ve Been Gone’ and complete the table below to show
the structure of the song.
Intro
Pre-chorus
Outro
Instruments
Name all of the instruments you can hear in the song:
7
Band Members
Name Role
Graham Bonnet Vocals/backing vocals
Ritchie Blackmore Guitars
Don Airey Keyboards
Roger Glover Bass/percussion
Cozy Powell Drumkit
The musicians performing in Rainbow’s version of ‘Since You’ve Been Gone’ were as
follows:
8
The 3 T’s (Tempo, Texture, Tonality)
Tempo
In the score stipulated by the exam board, the words ‘Moderately bright Rock beat’ are
written at the beginning of the music. These words can therefore be used to describe
the tempo if you are asked to do so in the exam.
Alternatively, you could also say that the tempo is around 120bpm (beats per minute)
Texture
Throughout this song, the texture can be described as:
Homophonic/melody and accompaniment
It is described as homophonic because rhythmically the parts are generally moving
at the same time as each other.
It is also described as melody and accompaniment because there is obviously a
main melody (the vocal line) which is the the most important part. The other in-
struments are accompanying that melody.
** For more help with texture refer to the knowledge organiser in your folder**
Tonality
The tonality of the piece is major throughout.
The key of the piece is G major
There is a modulation into A major for the final chorus.
This technique of modulating up a tone for the last chorus is very common in popular
music.
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I get the same old dreams same time every night Fall to the ground and I wake up So I get out of bed, put on my shoes and in my head Thoughts fly back to the breakup
Since You’ve Been Gone
These four wall are closing in Look at the fix you put me in
Since you been gone Since you been gone I'm out of my head can't take it Could I be wrong But since you been gone You cast your spell so break it Oh oh, oh oh, oh oh Since you been gone
So in the night I stand beneath the backstreet light I read the words that you sent to me I can take the afternoon, the night time comes around too soon You can't know what you mean to me
Your poison letter, your telegram Just goes to show you don't give a damn
Since you been gone Since you been gone I'm out of my head can't take it Could I be wrong But since you been gone You cast your spell so break it Oh oh, oh oh, oh oh Since you been gone
If you will come back Baby, you know you'll never do wrong
Since you been gone Since you been gone I'm out of my head can't take it Could I be wrong But since you been gone You cast your spell so break it Oh oh, oh oh, oh oh, oh oh Ever since you been gone
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In-depth Analysis
Intro (Bars 1-10)
Bars 1-4
Begins with famous four bar riff which mixes on and off-beat quavers and includes
some syncopation from bar 33- 42
The riff is played by the electric guitar using distortion
The keyboard very faintly doubles the guitar in the background— it is barely audible
The chord sequence is very simple:
Vocabulary
Riff A short repeated musical phrase
Syncopation ‘Off-beat’ rhythms
Distortion An effect on a guitar which creates a
‘fuzzy’ or ‘growling’ sound
Doubles When an instrument plays exactly the
same part as another, they are
‘doubling’ that part
G D Em C G D Em C D
I V vi IV I V vi IV V
All of the chords are played in root position
With the exception of both G chords and the first D chord, all of the other chords
are power chords
Root position When the ‘key note’ is the low-
est note in the chord e.g. in G
the lowest note would be G.
Power Chord A guitar chord that only con-
tains the root and the fifth note
of a chord. (Usually chords have
the root, the third and the fifth).
Often the root will be doubled
up or down an octave.
Power chords are often written
with a 5 e.g. G5 Em5 etc.
11
Intro continued
Bars 5-10
At the end of bar 4 there is a descending glissando on the bass guitar as well
as a single hit of the snare drum on bar 44
The whole band joins in on beat 1 of bar 5 playing the same chordal riff.
The keyboard doubles the guitar part
The bass guitar plays the root notes of the riff, an octave lower
The drum part is extremely simple.
The tambourine plays semiquavers
There are handclaps on every beat
There is a change of time signature at bar 8 to 2/4
The time signature returns to the usual 4/4 one bar later
In bar 9 there is a long, sustained D chord which is held for two bars (8 beats)
This is an imperfect cadence (Chord I to Chord V)
The drums and hand claps stop
Over the sustained chord, there are two layers of backing vocals singing the
word “Woah”
The vocals are a combination of step-wise/
conjunct movement and an arpeggio of D7
Vocabulary
Glissando A slide up or down a
series of notes
Imperfect
Cadence
Chord I to Chord V
See Knowledge Organ-
iser for more detail.
Arpeggio A broken chord
12
Verse 1
Bars 11-18
Bar 11
15
12
16
13
17
14
18
Chord G D/F# Em D6 C G/B A D
Instrument Role
Vocal The lead vocal starts on a G (the tonic), and sings a descending stepwise line
that follows a G major scale in bars 11 and 12, before breaking free in bars 13
and 14
The setting of the words is syllabic throughout the verses
Each short phrase starts on an off-beat and is syncopated
It is very common in pop and rock for vocal lines to follow the rhythms of
speech
Guitars Plays ascending arpeggios, without distortion, using an effect called Chorus
instead
A second guitar part (with distortion) plays supporting minims
Keyboard Plays quavers throughout, using inverted chords and following the chord
pattern almost exactly (e.g. in bar 14, it follows the bass by moving to the D
chord a quaver before beat 3)
Bass Plays the roots of the chords, usually on the beat
Uses a mixture of dotted rhythms and minims, with occasional quaver
patterns for decoration
EXCEPT in bars 11 and 13 where it plays the 3rd of the chords on beat 3—this
allows the bass line to descend in stepwise motion, down a G major scale
Drums and
Percussion
A very simple two crotchet fill-in leads into the verse
The drums then play a very simple rock beat
The tambourine plays on beats 2 and 4 with additional quavers in bars 14 and
18
The verse consists of two musically identical 4-bar phrases with chord changes every two beats.
13
Pre-Chorus
Bars 19-22
Bar 19 20 21 22
Chord Eb F Eb F/A Cm7 D
Instrument Role
Vocal The voice sings two 2-bar phrases that could be described as a sequence if we
ignore the slight changes of rhythm to fit the lyrics
The phrases are syllabic
In bars 21 and 22 we hear the highest note of the song so far—a top C.
Guitars The guitar adds an effect called flanger
Joins the bass guitar and left-hand of the keyboard in resting for 4 1/2 beats
and then playing a syncopated pattern.
Keyboard Plays quavers throughout, using inverted chords and following the chord
pattern almost exactly (e.g. in bar 14, it follows the bass by moving to the D
chord a quaver before beat 3)
Bass Follows the guitar part in playing the syncopated pattern above
Drums and
Percussion
The drums stop playing the regular beat and follow the rhythm of the guitar/
bass part, marking key accents with the crash cymbal
A single snare drum hit on the 4th beat of bar 23 leads us into the Chorus
There is no percussion at this point
This is a short, 4 bar passage that precedes the Chorus
Harmony
Instead of resolving back to Chord I at the end of the verse, the dominant chord resolves up-
wards to Eb major and F major, the flattened 6th and 7th in the key of G major. These are very
common in rock music.
In bar 22 the chord Am7(b5) is used. This is also known as a ‘half-diminished’ chord which are
common in Jazz and Musical Theatre but not in Rock music
The harmonic rhythm (the speed at which the chords change) has now halved to once per bar
14
Chorus 1
Bars 23-34
Bar 23 27 31
24 28 32
25 29 33
26 30 34
Chord G D Em C G D Em C D
The Chorus is 12 bars long. It is made up of the riff from the intro played three times
The harmonic rhythm increases back to two chords per bar
Instrument Role
Vocal
and Backing
Vocals
The lead vocals enters on a top B, on the beat, singing the hook of the song
The second half of this phrase follows the syncopated part of the guitar riff
(bars 253 –261)
The backing vocals join in, filling out the harmonies of the chords under the
lead vocal, in rhythmic unison
Bars 23-30 and bar 34 are entirely syllabic, whereas bars 31-33 are melismatic
(on the word “Oh!”)
In bar 34, all vocals are in rhythmic unison with the riff
Guitars The guitar plays the main riff from the Intro three times
Keyboard The keyboard plays the main riff from the Intro for the first eight bars (bars 23
-30) then reverts to a quaver pattern based on the keyboard part from the
verse for the final four bars (bars 31-34)
Bass The bass plays the main riff from the Intro three times
Drums and
Percussion
The drums revert to the basic Rock beat from the verse
Extra percussion is added here: semiquavers on the tambourine and regular
crotchets for the handclaps and cow bell (with occasional slight deviation for
the handclaps e.g. bar 26)
15
Verse 2, Pre-Chorus 2 and Chorus 2
Apart from the lyrics and the exact rhythms of the lead vocal, these sections are identical to Verse 1,
Pre-Chorus 1 and Chorus 1 with one exception:
In the repeat of the chorus Graham Bonnet (vocal) sings a descending line down from top D, in-
stead of singing three B’s as he did in Bar 27 (the corresponding part of Chorus 1)
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Bridge
Bars 35-45
Bar 35 40
36 41
37 42
38 43
39 44
45
Chord G Am7 G/B C G/D B Em G7/D C Am7 D7sus Dsus4 D
B/D# C Am7 D5
The Bridge is built of two almost identical 5-bar phrases, with an extra bar at the end (bar 45)
The main differences are:
i) Graham Bonnet (lead vocals) only joins in on the second time through (bar 40 onwards)
ii) The lead guitar plays an octave higher in bars 40-45 than in bars 35-39
Harmony
The Bridge is the most interesting section of the song, harmonically
It uses a variety of inverted chords such as a first inversion (bars 60/65), two second inversions
(bars 59/64 and 61/66) and even a third inversion (bars 62/67)
As in the verses, this use of inversion creates the opportunity for the bass line to play a rising G
major scale (bars 59-61)
There is also an extended chord in bar 61/66: B7(b9)
The Bridge is more harmonically advanced than the rest of the song. This makes an effective con-
trast with the Choruses on either side of the Bridge.
The extra bar, bar 45, sees the whole band play five chords, in rhythmic unison, using the same
rhythm as the riff.
The guitar plays a D5 power chord, but the keyboard plays two Dsus4 chords before resolving to D
major for the last three chords.
The lead vocalist lets out a grunting sound to fill the gap.
17
Instrument Role
Vocal
and Backing
Vocals
The lead vocal sings nothing for the first five bars of the Bridge, coming in on
bar 40
This vocal line is an imitation of the lead guitar melody below.
It is in a much lower tessitura than the Choruses that surround it
A single backing vocal joins in in bar 42, singing a 6th higher than the lead vo-
cal (except for the final note of bars 44-45)
This is a much softer style of singing, with the highest note of each phrase
being sung in a gentle falsetto.
Guitars There are two guitar parts in this section of the song
The lead guitar plays a gentle legato melody which rises from the tonic of G
before falling in triplets in a sequence, then rising an octave at the end of the
phrase
When the vocal joins in (bar 41) this guitar line is repeated an octave higher
There are mordents in bars 36, 37, 41 and 42
Keyboard The style of the keyboard part completely changes in this section—it includes
a series of virtuosic arpeggios, outlining the chords, supported by minim
chords in the left hand
In bar 45 the keyboard part has two Dsus4 chords before resolving to D major.
Everyone else just plays D or A.
Bass The bass plays an ascending G major scale, playing roots and other notes of
the chords creating inversions as described earlier.
Drums and
Percussion
The drums are in Half Time: instead of playing the back beat on the snare
drum twice per bar, on beats 2 and 4, he now only plays it on beat 3 of each
bar giving the feeling that the song has slowed down when in fact the pulse is
identical.
The tambourine plays the same as the snare drum: on beat 3 of each bar
which adds to the feeling of Half Time.
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Chorus 3
Bars 46-60
Bar 46 50
47 51
48 52
49 53
Chord A E F#m D A E F#m D E
Without warning the Chorus comes back in after the Bridge a tone higher in A major
For the first eight bars of the usual 12-bar Chorus the chords follow the same pattern
In bars 78-79 the chord sequence changes as the stepwise movement of the bass guitar creates
effective chordal inversions again.
A new chord is heard in this chorus: F major, which in A major is bVI
This is repeated with different inversions in bars 80-81
The Chorus finishes with a perfect cadence into A major. The tonic chord is held for two bars as
the drums play a simple fill-in and the lead guitar begins to play a solo
Bar 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Chord A E F#m F A/E E F#m F A/E E A A A
19
Instrument Role
Vocal
and Backing
Vocals
The vocals are the same as in Chorus 2 but a tone higher, meaning that in bar
50 he sings a top E, the highest note in the song
An extra backing vocal is added in the first four bars of Chorus 3 singing an
octave lower than the lead vocal, creating a 4-part vocal texture
Guitars The rhythm guitar plays the usual Chorus riff (now in A major) and in bars 54-
59 plays power chords to follow the harmony.
The lead guitar begins to play a solo, but it is very deep inside the texture and
can barely be hear at first
Fast picking with the plectrum creates a tremolo effect in bars 46-49 as the
line imitates the lead vocal line.
In bars 51-59 the lead guitar part gets busier including several references to
the melodic hook of the song (e.g. bars 50, 54 and 56) and a virtuosic
ascending arpeggio in bar 57
In bar 62, the lead guitar plays a one bar pick-up to the Outro
Keyboard For the first eight bars of Chorus 3 (bars 46-54) the keyboard plays the same
part as in previous choruses, but in A major
In bars 55-59 it plays the same repeated quaver pattern from Chorus 1 but
following the new harmony.
A 2 beat descending glissando leads into the Outro
Bass The bass follows the pattern of previous Choruses and plays a descending
pattern in bars 55-59
Drums and
Percussion
The drums and percussion play exactly the same as in previous choruses
The drums mark the long tonic chord in bar 60 and a simple fill-in leads to the
Outro
The tambourine shakes for the final two beats of this Chorus, adding to the
texture
20
Outro
Bars 61– fade
This final section is a variation on previous Choruses as it uses the same riff
Instead of playing the full Chorus it loops the first four bars
This allows Ritchie Blackmore (lead guitar) to solo over the top
The song starts to fade out starting around bar 95
Instrument Role
Vocal
and Backing
Vocals
The lead and backing vocals rest for the first eight bars of this section (bars 61-
68) coming in again at bar 69
The lead singer then sings the first four bars of the Chorus twice as the song
fades
Guitars The rhythm guitar plays the usual Chorus riff
The lead guitar plays a solo
The solo continues under the vocals as they come back in at bar 69
Keyboard The keyboard plays the repeated quaver figure from previous choruses
A second keyboard part is now added, to thicken the texture. This plays a var-
iation on the original riff, working with the rhythm guitar, bass guitar and left
hand of the original keyboard
Bass The bass follows the pattern of previous Choruses
The only difference is that, in places, the bass plays notes an octave lower
than previously to create variation
Drums and
Percussion
The drums and percussion play exactly the same as in previous choruses