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Worfc on yourGrammar

Over 200 exercises to improve your English grammar

Contents

IntroductionIs this the right book for me?What does this book contain?I'm a student: how can I use this book?Study tipsI want to improve my grammarI'm a teacher: how can I use this book with my classes?Lesson plan

1 Present continuous, present simple and will Talking about the future

2 Present perfectTalking about the past and present together [have + past participle)

3 PrepositionsUsing prepositions after certain verbs

4 A little and a fewUsing (a) little and (a) few when talking about things

5 Possessive pronounsUsing pronouns to show who things belong to (mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs; one/ones; no/none)

6 Possessive's and s'Using s to show who things belong to ('s/s' + people, things, places)

7 Articles and other words before nounsboth/all; a/the; zero article

8 Past continuousTalking about two events in the past (was/were + -ing)

9 There and It sentencesUsing There and It at the beginning of sentences

10 QuestionsAsking questions in the past and present

11 AdjectivesTalking about people and things, and comparatives and superlatives {be + adjective + preposition)

12 Link wordsboth ... and, either ...or, neither... nor, not only... but also, so ... that

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АннаПишущая машинка


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Time clausesUsing adverbs to talk about time and other connections Zero and first conditionalsTalking about if something happens (Zero conditional: lf+ present simple + present simple; First conditional: lf+ present simple + will; will + if+ present simple)AdverbsTalking about when, where and how often things happenAdverb positionUsing adverbs correctly in sentences Modal verbs (1)Talking about what you can and must do {con, be able to, must, have to)Modal verbs (2)Talking about what you might do, but aren't sure about {could, might, may, will probably)Modal verbs (3)Giving advice {should, ought to, had better)Modal verbs (4)Making and responding to offers and promises {will, shall) PassivePassive verbs in the present and past {is, are, was, were + past participle)Question tagsUsing question tags with present and past meanings {isn't it?, didn't you?)Verbs not normally used in continuous formsthink, believe, know, understand, like, hate, have, feel, smell, taste, etc.Verbs followed by two objects(verb + object + verb)Pronouns and adjectives{other, another, one/s)Relative pronouns and reflexive pronounswho, which, that; myself, yourself Phrasal verbsCommon phrasal verbs in the past and present {look after, put away, get up)Requests, offers and invitationslet me, shall, would you, can, could, may

Contents

29 Agreeing, disagreeing and telling people what you want and need

30 Suggesting, advising and saying that you're sure108111

Answer key 115


IntroductionWelcome to Work on your Grammar - Pre-intermediate (A2),

Is this the right book for me?This book, Work on your Grammar - Pre-intermediate (A2), helps students to learn and practise English grammar at CEF level A2.This book is suitable for you to use if you are at CEF level A2, or just below.

So, what is CEF level A2? Well, there are six Common European Framework levels. They go up from A1 for beginners, A2, B1, B2, Cl and finally C2.

If the description below sounds like you, then this is probably the right book for you. If not, choose Work on your Grammar - Elementary (A1), below this level, or Work on your Grammar - Intermediate (B1), above this level.

• I can understand and use sentences about my daily life and many common topics, such as work, family, shopping, geography, and so on.

• I can talk and write in a basic way, asking questions and explaining what I need.

• I know I make mistakes, but I try to talk about the past, present and future.

What does this book contain?This book contains 30 units to help you learn and practise important grammar for this pre-intermediate (A2) level.

Each unit explains the grammar point and then there is a series of exercises that gives you useful practice in this particular area. The exercises are there to help you really understand the grammar point and how to use it correctly. There are different types of exercise. This helps you to see different aspects of the grammar, and it means you have a range of practice to do.

The answers to all the exercises are at the back of the book.

Remember! boxes highlight important information about the grammar points, so it is a good idea to read them and think about them.

I'm a student: how can I use this book?You can use this book in different ways. It depends on your needs, and the time that you have.

• If you have a teacher, he or she may give you some advice about using the book.

• If you are working alone, you may decide to study the complete book from beginning to end, starting with Unit 1 and working your way through to the end.

• You might find that it is better to choose which units you need to study first, which might not be the first units in the book. Take control of what you learn and choose the units you feel are the most important for you.

Work on your Grammar Pre-intermediate (A2)


Introduction

• You may also decide to use the book for reference when you are not sure about a particular grammar point.

• You can find what you want to learn about by looking at the Contents page.

• Please note that, if you do not understand something in one unit, you may need to study a unit earlier in the book, which will give you more information.

Study tips1 Read the aim and introduction to the unit carefully.2 Read the explanation. Sometimes there is a short text or dialogue; sometimes there are

tables of information; sometimes there are examples with notes. These are to help you understand the most important information about this grammar point.

3 Don't read the explanation too quickly: spend time trying to understand it as well as you can. If you don't understand, read it again more slowly.

4 Do the exercises. Don't do them too quickly: think carefully about the answers. If you don't feel sure, look at the explanation again. Write your answers in pencil, or, even better, on a separate piece of paper. (This means that you can do the exercises again later.)

5 Check your answers to the exercises using the Answer key at the back of the book.6 If you get every answer correct, congratulations! Don't worry if you make some mistakes.

Studying your mistakes is an important part of learning.7 Look carefully at each mistake: can you now see why the correct answer is what it is?8 Read the explanation again to help you understand.9 Finally, if the unit includes a Remember! box, then try really hard to remember what it

says. It contains a special piece of information about the grammar point.10 Always return: come back and do the unit's exercises again a few days later. This helps you

to keep the information in your head for longer.

I want to improve my grammarGood! Only using one book won't be enough to really make your grammar improve. The most important thing is you!

Of course, you need to have a paper or electronic notebook. Try these six techniques for getting the best from it.

• Make it real: It's probably easier to remember examples than it is to remember rules. Often, it's better to try to learn the examples of the grammar, not the explanations themselves.For example, rather than memorizing 'You can use the present simple to talk about the future', you should learn 'My holiday starts on Monday'.

• Make it personal: When you're learning a new structure or function, try to write some examples about yourself or people or places you know. It's easier to remember sentences about your past than someone else's! For example, 'I'm studying art this year'.

• Look out: Everything you read or hear in English may contain some examples of the new grammar you're learning. Try to notice these examples. Also, try to write down some of these examples, so that you can learn them.

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• Everywhere you go: Take your notebook with you. Use spare moments, such as when you're waiting for a friend to arrive. Read through your notes. Try to repeat things from memory.A few minutes here and there adds up to a useful learning system.

• Take it further: Don't just learn the examples in the book. Keep making your own examples and learning those.

• Don't stop: It's really important to keep learning. If you don't keep practising, you won't remember for very long. Practise the new grammar today, tomorrow, the next day, a week later and a month later.

I'm a teacher: how can I use this book with my classes?The content of this book has been very carefully selected by experts from Language Testing 123, using the Common European Framework for Reference, English Profile, the British Council Core Inventory, the Collins Corpus and material created for Collins COBUILD English Grammar, Collins COBUILD Pocket English Grammar and Collins COBUILD English Usage. As such, it represents a useful body of knowledge for students to acquire at this level. The language used is designed to be of effective general relevance and interest to any learner aged 14+.

The exercises use a range of types to engage with students and to usefully practise what they have learnt from the explanation pages. There are a lot of exercises in each unit so it is not necessary for students to do all the exercises at one sitting. Rather, you may wish to return in later sessions to complete the remaining exercises.

The book will be a valuable self-study resource for students studying on their own. You can also integrate it into your teaching.

The explanations and exercises are designed for self-study, but they can be easily adapted to provide useful interactive work for your students in class.

You can use the units in the book to extend, back up or consolidate language work you are doing in class. The Contents will help you choose which units are most appropriate.

You may also find that you recommend certain units to students who are experiencing particular difficulty with specific language areas. Alternatively, you may use various units in the book as an aid to revision.

Lesson plan1 Read the aim and introduction to the unit carefully: is it what you want your students to

focus on? Make sure the students understand it.2 Go through the explanation with your students. You may read it aloud to them, or ask

them to read it silently to themselves. With a confident class, you could ask them to read some of it aloud.

3 If there is a dialogue, you could ask students to perform it. If there is a text, you could extend it in some way that makes it particularly relevant to your students. Certainly, you should provide a pronunciation model of focus language.

4 Take time over the explanation page, and check students' understanding using concept- checking questions. The questions will vary according to content, but they may be based on checking the time in verb tenses. For example, with the sentence, 'She came on the train that got here yesterday,' you could ask, 'When did she arrive?'This might elicit the


Introduction

correct answer'yesterday'and the incorrect answer'tomorrow', and you would know if your students understood the meaning of the past simple verb. Or you could ask, 'Where is she now?'and correct answers would include'here'while incorrect answers would include'on the train'.

5 Perhaps do the first exercise together with the class. Don't do it too quickly: encourage students to think carefully about the answers. If they don't feel sure, look together at the explanation again.

6 Now get students to do the other exercises. They can work alone, or perhaps in pairs, discussing the answers. This will involve useful speaking practice and also more careful consideration of the information. Tell students to write their answers in pencil, or, even better, on a separate piece of paper. (This means that they can do the exercises again later.)

7 Check their answers to the exercises using the Answer key at the back of the book. Discuss the questions and problems they have.

8 If the unit includes a Remember! box, then tell students to try really hard to remember what it says. It contains a special piece of information about the grammar point.

9 Depending on your class and the time available, there are different ways you could extend the learning. If one of the exercises is in the form of an email, you could ask your students to write a reply to it. If the exercises are using spoken language, then you can ask students to practise these as bits of conversation. They can rewrite the exercises with sentences that are about themselves and each other. Maybe pairs of students can write an exercise of their own together and these can be distributed around the class. Maybe they can write short stories or dialogues including the focus language and perform these to the class.

10 Discuss with the class what notes they should make about the language in the unit. Encourage them to make effective notes, perhaps demonstrating this on the board for them, and/or sharing different ideas from the class.

11 Always return: come back and repeat at least some of the unit's exercises again a few days later. This helps your students to keep the information in their heads for longer.

9


Present continuous, present simple and willTalking about the futureIn this unit you learn to use different tenses to talk about the future. You learn when you use the present continuous, the present simple and will.

Sophie Hi, Tom. What are you doing this weekend?Tom I’m visiting my sister in London. The train leaves

in a few minutes. I’ll text you when I get there.

Sophie OK. Have a great time!

When you talk about plans for the future, you often use the present continuous.What are you doing this weekend?I ’m getting the train to London this afternoon.We’re going to that new restaurant tonight.

When you talk about something in the future which happens at a definite time, you often use the present simple. You often use a time expression too.

The train leaves in a few minutes.My holiday starts on Monday.When do your exams finish?

When you promise or offer to do something in the future, you use will.I’ll text you when I get there.I’ll give it back to you next week.

You can also use will when you are sure about something in the future.She’s working late tonight. She’ll be home after 7.00.We won’t be at school tomorrow. It’s a holiday.

10 Work on your Grammar Pre-intermediate (A2)


UNIT 1 Present continuous, present simple and will

Ml

' 1PM

Remember!There are three forms of will:• positive

You can use either will or Tl. These forms do not change. ru n wm see you next week.They’ll be here at 6 p.m.

• negativeYou can use either will not or won’t. These forms do not change. She won’t / will not be here until this evening.We won’t / will not be very late.

• questionWill you call me when you get there?Will we be home by tomorrow?

Exercise 1Write the present continuous form of the verb in brackets to complete each sentence, as shown.1 Next weekend we nsihntjf (visit) my sister in Brisbane.2 I _________________ (see) Rachel on Saturday.3 Jane and I _________________ (go out) tonight.4 Martha5 W e___6 I ______

(swim) this afternoon.__(have) a Halloween party on Saturday.(take) Sophie out for a birthday dinner tonight.

Exercise 2Complete the sentences by writing one word in each gap, as shown.

are does

1 What time2 What time3 He won't _4 I ________

will be is am

wi/f _ you be back tonight? _ your train leave? home before midnight.

______________seeing Guy and Miranda tonight.5 What_________________ you doing this summer?6 Where exactly in Germany_________________ Liz staying?

Exercise 3Match the questions to the answers, as shown.1 When do you leave tomorrow?----- a Saturday, August 26th2 Which restaurant are you going to tonight?\ b We're going cycling.3 What are you doing this weekend? \c4 Will I see you later tonight?5 Is Rebecca coming tonight?6 What day do you come back from your f

holiday?

Probably not. I won't be home before midnight, d We fly at 3 o'clock in the afternoon, e That French restaurant on Hills Road.

Yes, she said so.

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Exercise 4Choose the correct word, as shown.1 What time(floe$> is your bus leave?2 I'm see / seeing Paolo tonight.3 The last train leaves / leaving King's Cross at midnight.4 Are you doing / do anything pleasant tonight?5 I won't being / be back till after 11.00.6 When are / do you leave tomorrow?

Exercise 5Match the sentence halves, as shown.1 I'm spending___ a around the US this summer.2 We're travelling b in at 3 o'clock in the morning.3 His flight gets c be back until November.4 We're having a meeting N. d working this weekend.5 Adrian won't n. e next Tuesday to discuss the matter.6 Unfortunately, I'm the holidays with my family.

Exercise 6Put the correct word in each gap, as shown.

I'll | see | won't | meeting | doing | going

Hi there!

I hope your afternoon is going OK. Have you remembered I'm \___^ __________out tonight? I'm 2_________________ Greg in town for a drink. 13__________________belate - 4_________________ probably be back by 10. Are you 5__________________your exerciseclass as usual?

I'll6_________________ you later.

Love

x


Present perfectTalking about the past and present together

have + past participle

In this unit you learn ways to talk about the past and present together using the present perfect.

Form of the present perfectHave + past participle

The past participle of regular verbs is formed by adding -ed to the infinitive.

Infinitive Past participle Examplecook cooked He has cooked dinner for us.work worked Have you worked hard today?finish finished She hasn't finished it.

Remember!You can use a short form of have.

■pm j ’ve - i have they haven’t = they have nothe’s = he has she hasn’t = she has not

r? we’ve = we have

• If the infinitive ends in -e, you add only -d.

Infinitive Past participlelive lived

• Many common verbs have irregular forms. Here are a few.

Infinitive....................

Past participlebe beenhave hadgo gonesee seeneat eaten

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Uses of the present perfectYou can use the present perfect

• to talk about something that happened in the past but that is still important in the present:

• to describe something that started in the past and is still happening now:A: Do you know this part o f town?B: Yes, I ’ve lived here fo r ten years.

• to talk about things you have done at some time in the past:I’ve been to America three times.Vve never read any Harry Potter books.

• with just to talk about the recent past:Vve just finished my exams. I ’m so happy.A: Do you want some o f my chocolate?B: No thanks, I ’ve just eaten.

• with ever to ask questions to find out things that people have done:A: Have you ever eaten Japanese food?B: Yes, many times.

• with yet and already:Have you done your homework yet?Don’t tell me what happens at the end o f the film. I haven’t seen it yet.We don’t need any more milk. Vve already bought some.

bj Remember!You use already in positive sentences, and yet in negative sentences

[a* and questions.


UNIT 2 Present perfect

with for (for a period of time) or since (from a point in time):I ’ve lived in Paris since 2010.

2010 NOW

moved to Paris still living in Paris

He’s worked therefor three months.

3 months

July NOW (October)

started work still working there

She’s been a fan since she saw them in concert.

2012 NOW

still a fan

Present perfect with been and goneLook at these examples:

Sam’s gone to the shops to buy a newspaper. He’ll be back in a few minutes.This means that Sam is still at the shops.

Julia’s been to the shops so we’ve got enough food for dinner.

This means that Julia has gone to the shops and come back.

saw them in concert

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Exercise 1Match the sentences with the pictures, as shown.1 He's already eaten a

the sandwich.

3

4 He's already had a shower.

5 She hasn't made her bed yet.

6 She's already tidied her room.

Exercise 2Match the sentence halves.1 Jack has worked in the same office for2 I've lived in the same house since3 They've been in love since4 The food has been in the microwave for5 Sarah has been away at university since6 Tim's brother has been good at maths since

2 She hasn't drunk her coffee yet.

She hasn't got up yet.

a he was five, b she started last term, c they met at school, d three years, e I was born, f three minutes.


UNIT 2 Present perfect

Exercise 3Choose the correct word.1 Have you never / ever eaten fish and chips?2 I've ever / never been to the US.3 Tessa has never / ever had a cold.4 Has Ben ever / never worked in an office?5 Have Mary and Bill ever / never invited you to their home?6 Amy's teachers have never / ever known such a clever student.

Exercise 4Match the sentence halves.1 He's already put a to work yet.2 She hasn't had b breakfast yet.3 He's already cleaned c the car.4 It hasn't stopped d the dishes in the cupboard.5 She's already taken e raining yet.6 He hasn't gone f the dog for a walk.

Exercise 5Choose the correct word.1 Sally isn't here. She's gone / been to the bank.2 I'm tired because I've just been / gone for a swim.3 Kevin's back now - he's just been / gone to the supermarket.4 Rita's gone / been to buy some lunch. She'll be back in a minute.5 Have you ever gone / been to the mountains?6 Tom has been / gone to a meeting, so he won't be in the office today.

Exercise 6Which sentences are correct?1 Donald has lived in France since two years. □2 I've known my friend Sasha for a long time.3 Liz has never learnt to swim. □4 Sarah has ever been to China. □5 Peter has washed already the dishes. □6 Claire hasn't had her lunch yet. □

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PrepositionsUsing prepositions after certain verbsIn this unit you learn about which preposition you use after some common verbs. You also learn which common verbs have no preposition after them.

To: David ▲

From: AliceSubject: Last night

Hi DavidHow are you? 1 was very busy yesterday evening. 1 listened to music for a few minutes but my mum shouted at me because it was too loud. Then 1 talked to some friends on the phone. We talked about music and films.Then 1 wrote an email to my friend in Australia. She’s just got engaged to her boyfriend and she’s marrying him next year.After that 1 watched a funny DVD and laughed at all the jokes. 1 borrowed it from the library. 1 can lend it to you if you like.

Speak to you soon. Alice

▼

Read the email. The table below shows you which prepositions are used with which verbs, or if prepositions are needed at all.

Verb Preposition(s)agree with / toarrive at / inlaugh atlisten tolook atshout athear -smile atask -talk to, about

Verb Preposition(s)speak to / abouttell -think aboutwatch -write about, toborrow -lend toget / be engaged toget / be married tomarry -



UNIT 3 Prepositions

discuss and agreeI discussed the holiday with my parents. He agreed with everything I said.

speak and tellI spoke to him about the job.I told him about my plans.

Exercise 1Match the sentences with the pictures.1 He's looking at the cat. a

2 She's listening to music.

3 It's thinking about food.

4 They're laughing at the TV programme.

5 They're getting married.

6 They're arriving at school.

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Exercise 2Match the sentence halves.1 They wrote notes2 We all agree3 Fred borrowed some money4 We were discussing5 Rachel is looking6 The man shouted

d our plans for next year, e at the holiday photos, f to their friends.

a from friends.b 'Come here!'to the cat. c with you.

Exercise 3Choose the correct word.1 I lent some money to / from my friend.2 You need to talk about / to Ellie and ask her to help you.3 That girl is smiling of / at me!4 Steve agreed to / with Carlos about their trip.5 I'm going to write about / to my friend Teresa and tell her the news.6 We all laughed at/to the funny film.

Exercise 4Put the correct word in each gap.

tell | think j agree | watch | ask | talk

Hi Natasha!

Thanks for your email. 11_________________ with you about the date of our team meeting -the 22nd will be much better than the 16th as we're all so busy at the moment. I'm going to2 Heinrich Schmidt if he can come to the meeting. He canus all about the recent business trips he's been on. We can also 4 the film thathe made. Is there anything else you 5 together at the meeting?

we need to 6. about

Alex


UNIT 3 Prepositions


with | about | of | at | from | to

When I was on holiday, I spent a lot of time walking the streets of the old city and taking photos1_________________ the buildings there. I also listened 2__________________local people talking3_________________ the history of their city, and I agreed 4__________________them that it is verybeautiful. I went into several museums to look5_________________ the amazing paintings inthem, and I borrowed some useful books 6_________________ the big library there, too. It was avery interesting holiday, and I'm going back again next year.

Exercise 6Which sentences are correct?1 Tony is going to get engaged with his girlfriend next month. O2 I had to borrow some money to the bank. Q3 I need to discuss a few things with my colleague. Q4 Everyone is looking to something strange in the sky. □5 The speaker is talking about the history of the city. Q6 We've just arrived at the train station. L)

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A little and a fewUsing (a) little and (a) few when talking about things

| In this unit you learn about words used to talk about quantity.

rmWe're cooking tonight. Let's see how much food we've got.

Daniel OK. We've got plenty of rice and lots of tomatoes. We've also got several onions.

Maggie Great! How about cheese?

Daniel Well, we've only got a little and there are only only a couple of eggs. I think we need three or four. And there are hardly any mushrooms.

Maggie OK so we need to buy eggs, cheese and a few mushrooms.

The table below shows you which phrases are used to show a lot or not much/many.

A lot Not much/manya lot of a littleplenty of very littlelots of only a couple ofseveral hardly any

a few

• You use a little / little before uncountable nouns and a few / few before countable nouns:There’s only a little foo d in the fridge.I bought a few books yesterday.

• These sentences show the difference between few, a few, little and a little:I have few friends. = I don’t have many friends.I have a few DVDs. = I have some DVDs.There was very little foo d left at the end o f the party. = There wasn’t much food left.There was a little food left at the end o f the party. = There was some food left.

• You can only use several and a couple of before countable nouns:There are a couple of people waiting fo r you.I ’ve been to several football matches this year.


UNIT 4 A little and a few

• You can use these phrases as short answers to questions. You do not use of in short answers:A: How much homework have you got?B: Hardly any!

A: Have you got any money?B: A little.

A: Have you seen any o f his films?B: A couple.

Remember/A lot of, lots of, plenty of and hardly any can be used with countable and uncountable nouns.We’ve got lots of milk/bananas.She eats hardly any fruit/vegetables.

Exercise 1Put the correct word or phrase in each gap.

lot | little | plenty | hardly | a few | couple

Hi Nick

Nice to get your message. I'm afraid Anna's party didn't go so well. She invited1___________________________ of people but only2________came. A 3______________ ofneighbours joined us (Paul and Sophie - I think you know them?) but4_________________any of the people Anna invited from work came. I think she was quite upset. There was a5 of food left at the end of the evening. Very6________________ was eaten. Itwas a shame.

Perhaps you could call Anna and have a chat?

LoveAlessandra

Exercise 2Are the bold words correct or incorrect in the sentences, as shown?1 There's only a few 23 pasta left.2 We're only here for a few days.3 Are there any cafes near here? Yes, a little □.4 She has lot of □ friends.5 How many people were there? Several Q - just one or two.6 How much milk is there? Plenty. □

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Exercise 3Complete the sentences by writing one word in each gap.

much | several | plenty | a little | hardly | couple

1 You're too late for the cake - I'm afraid there isn't_________________ left.2 I've got_________________ of books for my holiday now.3 I know a _________________ of the teachers at Charlotte's school.4 Jude Law is in_________________ films that I hate.5 There's_________________ any coffee in the cupboard.6 There's not much pizza left and only_________________ salad.

Exercise 4Match the sentence halves.1 1 have a couple of a few friends.2 The poor guy had very b of tickets left for the show.3 1 have hardly c of cake left, if you want it.4 There are plenty d cheese in the fridge.5 There isn't much e any money left.6 There's a bit f really good friends in Paris.

Exercise 5Choose the correct word, as shown.1 A: There were plenty of people there, weren't there? B: Yes, a couple (\otp2 A: There wasn't much snow last year, was there? B: No, very little / few.3 A: There aren't many trees here, are there? B: No, very little / few.4 A: Did Diana get many presents for her birthday? B: Yes, a few / few.5 A: Is there any coffee left? B: Only a little / a few, I'm afraid.6 A: How many different kinds of cake can you make? B: Several / A little.

Exercise 6Decide if the pairs of sentences have the same meaning, as shown.

A There is little food. ^B There is not much food.A There is plenty of food. ^B There is some food but not a lot.

Dave has a few sweets in his pocket. ^B There are no sweets in Dave's pocket.

She has few friends. j—.B She hasn't got many friends.

I have a few ideas for my essay. ^B I have some ideas for my essay.

We had little hope that we could win.B We knew that we could win.

1 AB

2 AB

3 AB

4 AB

5 AB

6 AB


Possessive pronounsUsing pronouns to show who things belong to

mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs; one/ones; no/none

In this unit you learn to use pronouns to talk about who things belong to. You also learn about using one, ones, no and none.

You use possessive pronouns (mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs) when you talk about who things belong to.

It’s not my DVD. It’s his.See that car over there. It’s ours.Give me back that book. It’s mine!

You can also use of before a possessive pronoun.I know Fiona very well. She’s a very good friend of mine.Is it true that our new teacher is a neighbour of yours?

..................................Subject pronoun

........................................Possessive pronoun

1 mineyou yourshe hisshe.................................. herswe oursthey theirs

You use one and ones as pronouns for things.A: I ’ve got a few DVDs here. What do you want to watch? B: Well, this one is really funny. Let’s watch that.A: These trainers all look the same. Which ones are yours? B: The ones with the green stripes.

You can use no before a singular or a plural noun.There were no people at the tennis courts yesterday.There was no food left at the end o f the party.

None (of) is always followed by a plural verb.None of my friends are going to the concert next week.I need to go shopping. None of my clothes f it me.

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Exercise 1Match the sentence halves.1 Rebecca is a cousin of mine. She's2 Ryan was a pupil of my husband's. He was in3 Marie was a colleague of Daniel's. They worked4 Jane is a neighbour of Peter's. She has5 Louise is a classmate of Ella's. They sit6 Karen is an old friend of mine. We've known

Exercise 2

a next to each other in Maths and English, b together at the hospital, c each other for years, d the oldest daughter of my mother's sister, e a flat in the same building, f his class at Park School.

Complete the sentences by writing one word in each gap.

ours | mine j theirs j yours | hers j his

1 I didn't have my mobile with me, so Hans lent me__________________2 You look cold. If you haven't got a jacket, use_________________ - I'm not cold.3 We don't need to buy a tent. Angie and Julian aren't using_________

can borrow it.4 We have the same pens, don't we? Is this mine or_________________ ?5 I thought this book was mine but my sister said it was_____________

her name in it!6 We bought that ball last summer, don't you remember? It's definitely

Exercise 3Match the two parts.1 It's Tom's book.2 It's definitely Maria's mobile.3 Those tennis rackets belong to us.4 That umbrella belongs to me.5 The plates are the neighbours'.6 You brought those cups with you, Melissa.

Exercise 4

, so they said we

. She's right - it's got

a It's hers.b They're yours.c It's his.d They're ours.e They're theirs.f It's mine.

Complete the sentences by writing one word in each gap.

his | ours | hers | theirs | yours | mine

1 Mrs Andrews was a favourite teacher of_________________ , but I was the only student wholiked her!

2 I met Greg at your house - I think it was at a party of__________________3 I saw those two guys with Maria in a cafe yesterday. They're new friends of_______________4 Jim and I have known Sophie and Rick for years. They're really good friends of_______________5 I'm not sure how Adam knows George. Perhaps he's a neighbour of__________________6 Beth goes to a different school from me. She goes to school with Isabelle and Mia. She's a

classmate of__________________


UNIT 5 Possessive pronouns


one | yours | ones | his | ours | hers

After the party

Everybody brought something to eat, and now I need to decide who these things belongto. I remember my aunt bringing the blue plates so these are definitely 1_________________James brought this green one with a cake on it, so that's 2_________________ These white3_________________ are ours and this pink4__________________is Sarah's. The knives and forksare definitely not5_________________ because the ones we have look much older than that! Ah,Helen, I have a bowl here that belongs to you. This is 6_________________ , isn't it?

Exercise 6Put each sentence into the correct order.1 is / umbrella / mine / that / .

That um brella is mine._____________________________________________2 pen / that / yours / is / ?

3 mine / a / he's / friend / of / .

4 a / colleague / she's / Amy's / of / .

5 he / of / yours / a / friend / is / ?

6 yours / that / is / mine / or / ?

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Possessive's and s'Using 5 to show who things belong to

's/s' + people, things, places

In this unit you learn to talk about who things belong to using s' and of. You also learn some more irregular forms for plural nouns.

Use of the apostrophe ('s and s')You use's and s 'to talk about people's possessions and their relation to each other.

Silvia is David’s wife.Anna and Mark are Jane’s cousins.My parents’ best friends live in Canada.

Sometimes, when the meaning is clear, you can use's without a noun.I ’ve seen that car before. It’s Diana’s.Rob is at Tom’s. ( - Tom’s house)

If a name ends in s, you just add the apostrophe ' to show possession.I think James’painting is better than mine.

Remember!You use of + noun, n o t ’s to talk about objects.The walls of the house are green.There’s a button at the back of the computer.

You can also talk about times and places using's and s'.

I ’ve just got three days’ work in a shop.Bob’s lucky. He’s having a week’s holiday next month. London’s shopping centres are very busy in December.


UNIT 6 Possessive's and s'

Some irregular plural nounsSingular Plural

half halvesfish fishfoot feetwoman womensheep sheeptooth teethwife wives

Exercise 1Match the words with the pictures.1 The girls'cats

2 The boy's book

3 The girl's cat

4 The boys'book

5 The girl's cats

6 The boy's books

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Exercise 2Choose the correct word.1 I brush my tooth / teeth every morning and evening.2 King Henry VIII of England had six wives / wife.3 Some types of bird have blue foot / feet.4 The woman gave Ben and Tina halves / half an apple each.5 Some of the sheep in the field was / were black.6 These fish are / is goldfish.

Exercise 3Write the missing words in sentence B so that it means the same as sentence A.1 A This is the car that belongs to Keith.

B This is___ K e ith s______ car.2 A The house where my parents live is quite old.

B _________________ house is quite old.3 A People say there's gold where a rainbow ends.

B People say there's gold at the_________________ a rainbow.4 A I'm going on holiday for a week.

B I'm going to have a _________________ holiday.

Exercise 4Put each sentence into the correct order.1 dog's / what's / name / Alex's / ?

2 put / at / stairs / I've / the bottom / your coat / the / of / .

3 Wayne / new / starting / in / is / a / time / a week's / job / .

4 the/ nationalities/what/ students'/are/?

5 of / the / you / what's / the hotel / name / stayed / where / ?

6 top / the / sportsmen and women / you / at / world's / can watch / the Olympic Games /.


UNIT 6 Possessive's and

Exercise 5Complete the sentences by writing one word or phrase in each gap.

of the sofa | six months'time || my wife's |[ London's | the back of |of the swimming pool

1 The new school will open in_________________2 The arm___________________________________ is broken.3 I think you'd better speak to the manager_________________4 _________________ job takes her all over the world.5 Something was written on_________________ the photograph.6 _________________ West End is where most of the theatres are.

Exercise 6Use the word in brackets to complete each sentence.1 My_________________ (father) family came from Spain.2 The front wheel_________________ (car) was badly damaged in the accident.3 The_________________ (students) exam results made them very happy.4 Both my_____________(parents) families were very poor.5 Sarah was surprised by the cost_________________ (tickets).

Articles and other words before nounsboth/all; a/the; zero articleIn this unit you learn about using articles (a and the) before nouns. You also learn about using both and all, every, other, another and no before nouns.

Some uses of a and theYou use the when

• it is clear which person or thing you are talking about:The street's very empty tonight.I put the keys on the fridge.

• there is only one of these people or things:I saw the president on TV yesterday.The moon is very bright tonight.

You use a when

• you have not talked about something before:I saw a good film yesterday.I think I need a new phone.

• you say what jobs people do:My brothers a famous footballer.She’s training to be a doctor.

Sometimes there is no article before a noun

at work, at home workin bed bed

She'sat school, college, university

I'm going toschool, college, university

in hospital hospitalin prison prisonin church church


UNIT 7 Articles and other words before nouns

BUT

the cinemathe theatre

She's at the bank the post office the doctor's, etc.

My aunt’s not very well. She’s in hospital.I ’ll be at school until 6 p.m. today.Anna’s going to the cinema this evening.

Remember!He goes to school at 8 a.m.He gets home at 6 p.m.

Words used to express quantity (how much)You use both and all before a plural noun. You only use both to describe two people or things.

I watched two DVDs last night. They were both fantastic.I really want to go to the party. All my friends will be there.He spent all his money at the shopping centre.

You use every before a singular noun.We go to Spain on holiday every year.

You use another before a singular noun and other before a plural noun. You can use words like some, any, many and lots of before other.

Would you like another drink?Don’t worry. There’ll be some other people you know there.Have you visited any other countries?

Remember!no and anyI haven’t got any time to do my homework, (negative verb)I’ve got no time to do my homework, (positive verb)

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Exercise 1Complete the sentences by writing one word in each gap.1 Madrid is_________________ capital of Spain.2 It was a_________________ beautiful morning.b__________________ sun was shining.3 There's_________________ very pretty cat in the garden. I've never seen it before.4 Her brother's in a_________________ army and her sister's b__________________ lawyer.5 Is there_________________supermarket near here, do you know?6 Could you turn off all_________________ lights when you leave the room, please?

Exercise 2Choose the correct word or words.1 What time do you go to the work / work?2 I think you should go to dentist's / the dentist's.3 Mark was ill and had to go to hospital / the hospital.4 You look tired. I think you should go to bed / the bed early.5 We often go to the theatre / theatre in London.6 I need to go to post office / the post office.

Exercise 3For each question, tick the correct answer, as shown.1 Does your little girl go to

Ql the school yet?^school yet?

2 We wanted to see a new film, so we went tothe cinema.

□ cinema.3 After school, I want to go to

Q the university in the United States.□ university in the United States.

4 We have to get up early and drive to□ airport.□ the airport.

5 Last week we went to□ theatre.Q the theatre.


UNIT 7 Articles and other words before nouns

Exercise 4Put each sentence into the correct order.1 all / ate / my / my brother / food /.

2 like / those / dresses / both / I'd / .

3 see / my / I / weekend / parents every / .

4 house every / went / boys / the / to Josh's / day / .

5 all / broke / the chef / the / eggs / .

6 other / home / sister / my / is / at / .

Exercise 5Complete the sentences by writing one word in each gap.1 That coffee was so good! Could I have_________________ cup, please?2 I don't like him, but the_________________ people in my class think he's OK.3 I don't like this pen. Is there_________________ one I can use?4 This cake is delicious! May I have_________________ piece, please?5 The sun's so hot here. Let's cross to the_________________ side of the road and walk under the

trees.6 This is very heavy. Please use_________________ your hands to carry it.


any j no j another | every J some | other

1 I don't have_________________ money.2 Could I borrow_________________ money, please?3 I don't like this cheese so much. I prefer the_________________ one.4 She gave a present to_________________ child in the class.5 There's coffee, but I'm afraid there's__________________________________ milk.6 This is a difficult exercise. May I have__________________ five minutes, please?

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Past continuousTalking about two events in the past

was/were + -ing

In this unit you learn about using the past continuous to talk about the past.

What was everybody doing when the clock struck midnight?

Anna was laughing at something and her sister, Helen, was sleeping in a chair. Helen's husband was drinking a glass of lemonade and his brother was dancing with his wife. Helen's two children were watching a film on TV.

You use the past continuous to describe continuous actions in the past.

l/he/she was/wasn't

you/we/they were/weren't

Was l/he/she

Were you/we/they

sleeping dancing watching TV reading working

all night.

all night?


UNIT 8 Past continuous

You can use the past continuous with the past simple to compare two actions. You use the past continuous when you describe the longer action.

William was running to catch a bus when he fell over.

You can compare the two actions using when, while and as.I was swimming in the sea when it started raining.I texted my friend while I was waiting for the bus.As I was leaving home, the phone rang.

You can put the two parts of these sentences in a different order:

When it started raining I was swimming in the sea.

pa#Remember!You use when before the past simple and while or as before the past

p® continuous.

Exercise 1Write the correct form of the verb in brackets to complete each sentence.1 Gemma met her husband while they were both_________________ (travel) in India.2 Where were you going when I _________________ (see) you yesterday?3 I was living abroad when the accident_________________ (happen).4 As he was_________________ (wait) for Anna, he looked around the room.5 While I was walking to the park, I suddenly_________________ (have) a great idea.6 As Paula was_________________ (get) on the train, she fell and hurt her knee.

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Exercise 2Choose the correct word or words.1 Who were you talking to / did you talk to when I saw you in the cafe yesterday?2 While Suzi was cleaning the house, she was finding / found a ring under the sofa.3 As we were eating our meal, we were hearing / heard a loud noise in the next room.4 She often listened / was listening to music while she was working.5 As we were said / saying goodbye, she gave me a present.6 What did you do / were you doing while your friends were playing tennis?


getting | dropped ( met | having | working | visiting

1 While I was_________________ Tom, I helped him with his computer.2 Tara learned to speak Spanish while she was_________________ in Madrid.3 As I was_________________ dressed, I felt a sudden pain in my arm.4 Greta and Martin were_________________ an argument when I arrived.5 When I _________________ John, he was studying at Liverpool University.6 As Martha was giving me the glass, she_________________ it and it broke.

Exercise 4Match the sentence halves.1 What were they doing a while 1 was having a shower.2 While 1 was waiting for my dad, b was having my dinner.3 As we were leaving, we noticed c your parents were on holiday?4 When Robert arrived, 1 d 1 read a magazine.5 My friend Maria called e when the lights went out?6 What did you do while f some men outside the house.

Exercise 5Which sentences are correct?1 As I was checking my email, Peter came into the office.2 Someone was stealing Maria's passport while she slept.3 I watched a movie when Ben called to tell me the news.4 While Pat was shopping, I had a cup of coffee in a cafe.5 As we were climbing up the hill, we were noticing several black clouds in the sky.6 I was driving to my mother's house when I saw a horse in the road.


DD

DD

DD

UNIT 8 Past continuous

Exercise 6Choose the correct word.

The lost handbag

As I 'was come / am coming / was coming home from work yesterday, 12was seeing /saw / see something on the pavement. It was a woman's handbag. I picked it upand looked in it. I found a card with a phone number. I called the number and awoman answered. '13was cycling / to cycle / cycled to work when 14drop / was dropping /dropped it,' she explained, 'but I only noticed a minute ago. I was very worried!'

She said she could come straight away. It was a sunny day, so while 15was waiting / was wait / wait for her, 16was sitting / am sitting / sat on a bench and read the newspaper.

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There and It sentencesUsing There and It at the beginning of sentences

| In this unit you learn about using There was, There has been, There will be and It at the beginning of sentences.

You use There is and There are when you are talking about the present. You can also use There + be with other tenses.

There was/were

There weren’t any apples so I bought oranges instead.

There has/have been

There has been a lot o f sport on TV this summer.

There will be

There will be lots o f people at the party.

You use It before be

• to talk about the weather:It was very sunny yesterday.

• to talk about time:It will be very late when we get home.

You can also use it with take:

A: How long did it take to get here?B: About three hours.

• to express your opinions:It was a really good film.It’s going to be a very expensive holiday.

• to describe a scene in the past:It was a cold day in December.It was a great day fo r swimming.


UNIT 9 There and It sentences

Exercise 1Choose the correct word.1 There was / wasn't / hadn't anyone in the room when I arrived.2 It will / has / is take three hours to reach Prague.3 Have / Was / Did there been any phone calls for me?4 How many people was / were / been there at the party?5 Was/Has/Did it rain when you were in Spain?

Exercise 2Put each sentence into the correct order.1 building / is / in / there / a doctor / this / ?

2 holiday / it / a / been / wonderful / has /.

3 the house / easy / won't / to find / it / be / .

4 problems / weren't / the car / there / with / any /.

5 cold / night / outdoors / was / last / it / ?

6 a / is / to be / storm / going / there / .

Exercise 3Choose the correct word or words.

Hi Cristina

How are you? ’There's / It's strange to be so far away from you and my other friends, but some of the people at my new school are very nice. 2There was / It was a bit difficult at first, but now I feel OK.

The school is good. 3There's been / It's been a school here since 1820. Isn't that amazing? Anyway, 4there have been / it has been a lot of changes since then!

The sports centre is very good.5There was / It was an international match here last year and I hope they'll have one again this year so I can play in it. 6There isn't / It isn't easy to get into the team, but I think I can.

Write and tell me the news from home soon.

Love

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1 AB

2 AB

3 AB

4 AB

5 AB

Exercise 4Decide if the pairs of sentences have the same meaning.1 A It was a very crowded club. j—j

B The club was very crowded.A There wasn't anywhere for us to sit.B It wasn't easy to find our seats.A It was very late when we got home.B We arrived home very late.A There's going to be a big party at the end of term.B We're planning a big end-of-term party.A It was snowing when I left home this morning. ^B The snow started when I was walking to work this morning.

Exercise 5Which sentences are correct?1 There were a lot of people at the concert last weekend. Q2 It was problem for me to understand all the rules. Q3 It was surprisingly easy to get into the palace. O4 Has it been an accident on the motorway? Ul5 There will be expensive to fly, so let's drive. 36 There was a lovely, sunny day and the beach was crowded. G

Exercise 6Write the correct form of the words in brackets to complete each sentence.1 You're very wet!_________________________ (it rain)?2 I'm still hungry----------------------- (there be) any more sandwiches in that box?3 I'm not sure if these shoes are the right colour___________________________(it be) possible to

change them if I bring them back next week?4 __________________________ (there be) no one at the house, so we couldn't go in and look

round.5 Why didn't you call me?__________________________ (there not be) a phone in the bus station?6 I've just checked the weather forecast and__________________________ (it be) fine all

weekend. Let's go camping.


QuestionsAsking questions in the past and presentIn this unit you learn how to ask questions in the present and the past. You learn aboutindirect questions and more about question words.

Direct questions in the present and past

Read the quiz and look at the answers. Decide which is the best answer for each question.A About three times a day. B1.6m C Working in a restaurant. D Because he's very funny. E Since we started school together. F On Saturday morning. G Coffee.

Answers: QL 99 DS Dfr d£ V3 3 L

Indirect questionsYou can also ask indirect questions. These can sound more polite.

Do you know where the post office is? (-W here is the post office?) Did you understand what he was saying? (=What was he saying?) Can you tell me when the bank opens? (-W hen does the bank open?)

How, which, whoseYou use how to ask for instructions to do something.

How do you turn the computer on?Can you tell me how I can get a passport?

You use which when you are asking about a small number of things.Which dress do you prefer?Which programme do you want to watch?

V

d)How long have you known him/her?Q) How often do you text him/her? d ) When did he/she last come to your house?© Which does he/she like better, coffee or tea? d ) What was he/she doing yesterday evenina?(§) How tall is he/she?(j) Why do you like him/her?

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To find out who something belongs to, you use whose.

A: Whose car is that outside?B: Its mine.Do you know whose those gloves are?

To find out what someone thinks about a person or thing you can use w hat... like.A: What’s their new CD like?B: It’s great.

A: What’s your new teacher like?B: She’s quite nice but she’s a bit strict.

Remember!Look carefully at the different verb forms in direct and indirect questions. When does the supermarket open?Do you know when the supermarket opens?

Exercise 1Choose the correct words.1 Whose glasses these are / are these?2 Could you tell me when the next train leaves / the next train does leave?3 Do you know why is the door locked / the door is locked?4 How you open / do you open this cupboard?5 How tall your sister is / is your sister?6 What is her new boyfriend / her new boyfriend is like?

Exercise 2Find the wrong or extra word in each sentence.1 Which are books do you need to take with you?2 How often times do you go to the gym?3 Can you tell me when is the show starts?4 He asked me where do I work.5 How long time is the movie?6 Why was the letter it written in French?

Exercise 3Complete the sentences by writing one word in each gap.1 _________________ is the food like at the new restaurant?2 _________________ of these bags do you like best?3 _________________ often should I take the medicine?4 How_________________ have you been waiting here?5 _________________ much rice would you like?6 Do you know_________________ Patrick looks so angry?


UNIT 10 Questions

Exercise 4Match the sentence halves.1 Does he understand a until your holiday?2 Could you tell me where 1 b what he needs to do?3 How often are c Jake needed so much money?4 How long is it d can buy a ticket?5 Do you know why e the rooms cleaned?6 How long has your family f lived in this country?


which | who | like | why | long | whose

1 How_________________ did he spend in hospital?2 Do you know_________________ laptop this is?3 _______________________ gave Tara the job?4 Can you tell me_________________ the trains are so late?5 What was your hotel_________________ ?6 _________ dress have you decided to wear?

Exercise 6Put each sentence into the correct order.1 when / the / cooked / food / was / ?

2 how / wall / is / the / high / ?

3 are / these computers / often / checked / how / ?

4 pictures / like / you / which / best / do / ?

5 me how / use this machine / you / can / tell / to / ?

6 was / story / to the class / whose / read / ?

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AdjectivesTalking about people and things, and comparatives and superlatives

be + adjective + preposition

In this unit you learn to use adjectives to talk about people and things. You also learn more about comparative and superlative forms.

When you want to describe people or things, you can use the verb be and an adjective.I’m cold.She’s kind.

You can use adverbs like very and really in front of many adjectives.Pauls very tall.These questions are really important.

Adjectives have comparative (taller) and superlative (the tallest) forms, so you can compare two things or people.

Johns house is older than mine.She’s the tallest girl in the school.

For most longer adjectives, you say more or the most before the adjective.I think geography is more interesting than chemistry.Clara is the most beautiful girl I know.

You can make comparisons using not as ... as ..., less ... than ... and the least....

• not as ... as ...Simon isn’t as intelligent as Anna. (Anna is more intelligent than Simon.)

• less ... than ...You can also use less ... than ... with most longer adjectives.

Reading books is less interesting than playing computer games.(Playing computer games is more interesting than reading books.)

• the least...Why don t you buy these shoes? They’re the least expensive, (the cheapest)


UNIT 11 Adjectives

Some adjectives are different from the examples above.■■■-- -- ----Adjective Comparative

: • : ...Superlative

good better bestbad worse worst

You need to use a preposition after some common adjectives.

Preposition Adjectiveat good at, the worst atof fond of, afraid ofwith angry with, friendly withabout worried about, excited aboutto kind to, unkind to

I was always good at maths at school.My mum’s really afraid of spiders.I was late fo r school and my teacher was very angry with me.I ’m really excited about my holidays.Sam was very kind to me on my first day at work.My brother’s better at tennis than me.

Exercise 1Choose the correct word or words.1 The tall / taller / tallest building I saw in Paris was the Eiffel Tower.2 Anita is smart / smarter / smartest than all the girls in my class.3 It's hot / hotter / hottest today than yesterday.4 This ring was the expensive / more expensive / most expensive in the shop.5 This book is less heavy / heavier / heaviest than that one.


colder expensive fastest better difficult hardest smaller

What I did last year

Last year was the 1_________________ year of my life. I moved to England and had to find a newjob. England is2_________________ than Greece and it rains a lot too. I had to buy a jacket andsome new boots. I live in a flat in the centre of town. It is 3_________________ than my house inGreece but more comfortable. I work in a restaurant in the town centre. The food is the most4_________________ in town but it is also really delicious. The job is more 5__________________than I thought but I am getting 6_________________ at it.

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Exercise 3Match the two parts.1 Mary doesn't like dogs. a He is very kind to them.2 Thomas is angry with me. b She is afraid of them.3 1 am really fond of reading. c 1 forgot his birthday.4 Jessica hates sport. d She's really bad at it.5 My brother loves animals. e 1 buy a new book every weekend.6 Charles plays for a local football team. f He is really good at it.

Exercise 4Find one word that does not belong in each group, as shown.1 Adjectives followed by at good.......................... Cbus^> bad2 Adjectives followed by of fond afraid keen3 Adjectives followed by to kind unkind careful4 Adjectives followed by with friendly frightened angry5 Adjectives followed by about worried excited delicious

Exercise 5Which sentences are correct?1 Jackie is good at basketball because she is the tallest in her class. Q2 Nurses have to work hard and be kind to everyone. □3 My best friend is really angry of me because I lost her most expensive ring. Q4 That is the less interesting film I have ever seen. Q5 My sister Margaret is very keen of sport. O6 Who do you think has the most important job, doctors, police officers or teachers? Q

Exercise 6Put each sentence into the correct order.1 the / is / best / to visit / time / you / what / ?

2 about / my / I'm / new / excited / car / .

3 everyone / is / in / Nick / his class / younger / than / .

4 this chair / the / least / is / comfortable / .

5 Jo / milk / is / chocolate / very fond / of / .

6 peaches / sweetest / are / fruit / the / .


Link words| both ... and, either ...o r , neither ... nor, not only ... but also, | so ... that| In this unit you learn how to connect parts of sentences together.

Both ... and, neither ... nor

You can also use these phrases with adjectives to describe people or things.She was both intelligent and pretty.The book was neither original nor interesting.

You use either ... or when there is a choice.You can either have ice cream or fruit fo r dessert.You can either buy it in a bookshop or online.

You use not only ... but also to describe two important things about a person or thing.The chicken was not only cold but it also tasted strange.He’s not only a fam ous singer but he’s also made five films.

Both Dan and Tony are wearing caps. Neither Tony nor Dan have got shoes on.

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You can also use so + adjective or adverb + that as a way of describing people or things.The exam was so easy that I finished it in less than an hour.She ran so quickly that I couldn’t catch her.

You can also use this phrase without that.The train was so slow, I was late fo r school.

Exercise 1Choose the correct word.1 Every girl will get either a scarf or / and a box of chocolates.2 Neither their family and / nor their friends knew they were married.3 The club was not only small but / or also very dark.4 They ran such / so fast that they fell over.5 I decided to buy both / neither the red dress and the green one.6 I was so angry with Adriana nor / that I couldn't speak.


nor | and | not only | or | so | both

Vijay

Vijay is a great guy and 1_________________ his friends and his colleagues think he is fantastic.At work, he is 2_________________ quick, but also very careful. In fact, he is 3__________________popular that when he got married, his colleagues wanted to buy him a really nice present.

Neither his best friend 4_________________ his parents could suggest anything, so theydecided to give him and his wife some money. Vijay said they would use it to buy either a sofa5_________________ some plants for their garden. He invited a lot of people to the wedding, andboth his family6___________________his friends had a great time.

Exercise 3Which sentences are correct?1 They stole not only my passport but also my money. Q2 The bag was so heavy that I could carry it. □3 I would like to study either medicine and law. □4 I was both upset and angry when I heard the news. Q5 Travel around my city is neither quick or easy. Q6 I think I will have either the fish or the pasta. Q


UNIT 12 Link words

Exercise 4Complete the sentences by writing one word in each gap.1 You may take either an apple_________________ a banana, but not both.2 Both her parents_________________ her teachers are worried about her.3 Unfortunately, the hotel was_________________ comfortable nor clean.4 The wall was_________________ high that we couldn't climb over it.5 The path was not only steep_________________ also dangerous.6 Neither her friends_________________ her family phoned her.

Exercise 5Put each sentence into the correct order.1 neither clever / nor funny / his behaviour / was / .

2 but / also delicious / the food was / only healthy / not /.

3 I was / I had / to go / to bed / so tired / .

4 the bike / both the car / and / were / stolen /.

5 either / scissors / or some / I need / a knife / .

6 to go home / we decided / was / the weather / so bad /.

Exercise 6Match the sentence halves.1 The tourist guide was neither interesting a nor helpful.2 My parents gave me both a watch b but also my camera.3 My shoes were so uncomfortable c nor the email.4 1 lost not only my money d 1 couldn't walk.5 1 usually travel either by bus e and a phone.6 We understood neither the letter f or by train.

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Time clausesUsing adverbs to talk about time and other connectionsIn this unit you learn how to use phrases with when, while, before and after to talk about

| when things happen. You also learn about when to use phrases with if, although and to.

When, while, before, after

To: Anna ▲

From: SallySubject: Holiday

Hi AnnaI’m getting on the plane now! 1 fed the cats before 1 left for the airport. Can you feed them while I’m away? I’ll text you again after the plane has landed. See you when 1 get back.Sally

▼

Put the events in the right order:1 Sally gets on the plane. 5 Anna feeds the cats.2 Sally feeds the cats. 6 Sally gets back.3 She leaves for the airport. 7 Sally texts Anna again.4 Sally sees Anna. 8 The plane lands.

Answers: P '9 'S ‘ L '8 ' L '£ ‘Z

You use before and after with a verb to show when things happen.He did his homework before he had dinner.He did his homework after he had dinner.

You use when to show that one thing happens right after another.She opened her presents when she woke up.He turned on his computer when he got home.

You use while to show that one thing happens at the same time as another thing.He usually does his homework while he watches TV.She borrowed my car while I was on holiday.

You can also begin the sentence with when, while, before, after.When he got home, he turned on his computer.While I was on holiday, she borrowed my car.


UNIT 13 Time clauses

If, although and toIf + present simple followed by will.

I f we hurry, we’ll get there on time.If you don’t want that sandwich, I ’ll eat it.

Look at these two sentences:A: I f I see him, I ’ll tell him where you are.B: When I see him, I ’ll tell him where you are.

In sentence A, I am not sure if I will see him. In sentence B, I am sure.

Remember!Notice that after if and when here, we use the present simple, not will.

You can also put if in the second part of the sentence.I ’ll cook the dinner if you go to the shops.

You use although to show that something makes you surprised.Although he was very old, he could run very fast.Although she didn’t have much money, she bought an expensive phone.

You can also use though instead of although.

You use to + infinitive when you talk about the purpose of an action.I went to Milan to see a football match.I ’m doing a course to learn Chinese.

Exercise 1Match the sentence halves.1 1 must finish my homework first before a 1 told her that joke.2 1 always have a cup of tea when b 1 don't eat them very often.3 Although 1 like vegetables, c you want to make an omelette.4 Mary laughed when d he must get a cup of coffee.5 You need to break eggs if e 1 help you with yours.6 Before Jack can do his homework f 1 first get home from work.

Exercise 2Choose the correct word.1 Mike brought his new laptop to / for / at show me.2 Sally got a job while / for / before she was still at university.3 First cook the chicken and while / for / when it is nearly ready, put in the vegetables.4 Jenny bought me a ticket for the concert before / in / although I didn't really want to go.5 I need to go to the bank although I to I when get some money for my holiday.

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Exercise 3For each question, tick the correct answer.1 We had a great holiday

Q although it rained a lot.□ if it rained a lot.Q after it rained a lot.

2 Why don't you turn on the TV,□ while you want to watch the news?Q if you want to watch the news?Q although you want to watch the news?

3 The shop was closed Q if it was Saturday.□ before it was Saturday.□ although it was Saturday.

4 Did you have coffeeQ after you had dinner?□ if you have dinner?□ while you have dinner?

5 There was a telephone call for you Q after you were out.□ if you were out.Q while you were out.


before | * 1| to |[ when [ while | although |1 to

The story of Martin Empson

Martin Empson was the youngest football player in the school team. He started playingfootball1__________________ he was 4 years old, on holiday with his parents. His father boughta ball2_____________________ keep him happy. Martin loved playing with the ball in the garden3_________________ he was too small to play in a team.

He joined the school football team 4_________________ his eighth birthday. He was only 7 yearsold and the youngest person in the team.5_________________ his parents stopped him playingbecause of the weather, Martin got angry and didn't eat his dinner.

Today Martin is 43 years old and has two sons. He still loves football. His two sons play football6_________________ keep fit but they don't love football like Martin does.


UNIT 13 Time clauses

Exercise 5Put each sentence into the correct order.1 the / sing / while / piano / Marion can / Jeffrey / plays / .

2 please / you've washed / make / the cups / some tea / after / .

3 you / want to / number if / make / an appointment / call this /.

4 give them / Angela / good news / her parents / texted / to / the /.

5 take her / Simona / gloves although / snowing / didn't / it was /.

6 rich / will you / you're / buy me / a / car when / ?

Exercise 6Find the wrong or extra word in each sentence.1 Billy, what if did you do with the dictionary after you used it?2 Although I didn't like James, just I helped him with his homework.3 If after there is a fire, ring 999.4 What will you do if that I give you all this money?5 When I am old, after I will stay in expensive hotels.6 Jeremy sent this card for to wish me happy birthday.7 Before you can watch football on television already you have to tidy your room.

Exercise 7Write the missing words in sentence B so that it means the same as sentence A.1 A I want to travel around the world before I get old.

B I want to travel around the world_________________ I'm young.2 A First Mark has breakfast, then he brushes his teeth and goes to work.

B Mark brushes his teeth_________________ breakfast, and then goes to work.3 A You must leave soon or you'll be late for the show.

B You must leave soon_________________ you don't want to be late for the show.4 A Jasmine bought the newspaper because she wanted to look for a job.

B Jasmine bought the newspaper_________________ look for a job.

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IfJJF] Zero and first conditionals| Talking about if something happens

Zero conditional: I f + present simple + present simple

First conditional: l f + present simple + will will + i f + present simple

[ In this unit you learn which tenses to use in conditional sentences with if. You learn about the zero conditional and the first conditional.

Zero conditionalTo: Sophie ▲

From: AnnaSubject: Sammy

Hi Sophie1 want to tell you about my baby brother, Sammy. He’s lovely. If 1 smile at him, he laughs and if 1 wave at him, he waves back at me. If 1 give him a toy, he throws it on the ground! He takes a long time to get to sleep but if 1 sing to him, he falls asleep more quickly.He’s so sweet. You must come and see him soon!Anna

▼

Read the email. The table below shows you what Anna does and then what the baby does.

What Anna does What the baby doesshe smiles at him, he laughs.

If she waves at him, he waves back at her.she gives him a toy, he throws it on the ground!she sings to him, he falls asleep more quickly.

You use this structure when you talk about something that is always true. It is called the zero conditional.

If + present simple + present simple If you heat water, it boils.

Present simple + if + present simpleYou get fa t if you eat too much chocolate.


UNIT 14 Zero and first conditionals

Welcome to your new English class. Remember these things.You'll learn more quickly if you speak English all the time,

ask me questions, it will help you to understand, don't do your homework, you won't pass your exams, learn lots of new words if you start reading books in English.

If yo< You'l

You use the first conditional to talk about things that can happen in the future.

if Present simple WillIf you take a map. you won't get lost.If you work hard, you'll pass your exams.If Stuart drives, I'll walk.

You can also put the part of the sentence with if second.

You won t get lost if you take a map.

Remember!Notice that after if you use the present simple, not will. I f you remember this, you’ll do well!

Exercise 1Match the sentence halves.1 I'll give Daniel your message a 1 will go to university.2 1 get very tired b if 1 my football team plays well.3 If 1 pass my exams, c if 1 sleep less than eight hours a night.4 If 1 eat too much at lunch, d she will be upset.5 1 get very excited e if he calls tonight.6 If 1 don't buy Claudia a birthday present, f 1 get very tired in the afternoon.

First conditionalIf + present simple + will will + if + present simple

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Exercise 2Write the present simple or will form of the verb in brackets to complete each sentence.1 If I _________________ (need) to ask Johnny for help, I usually call him.2 It's simple. If you_________________ (work) a bit harder, you'll fail your exams.3 My parents_________________ (buy) a new car soon if they can save up enough money.4 Most food burns if you_________________ (cook) it for too long.5 You_________________ (have) time for your homework if you go to the cinema.6 If Lisa wins the competition, the newspapers_________________ (want) to write about her.

Exercise 3Which sentences are correct?1 The plants won't grow if it doesn't rain.2 If the weather will not be cold, we'll go out in the morning3 I'll visit Kate if I'll go to England.4 If I see Maria at a party, I always enjoy talking to her.5 If you don't lock your bike, people are stealing it.6 Greg always says hello if he sees me in the street.

Exercise 4Are the bold words correct or incorrect in this text?

Jaime is really nice to share a flat with. I'm sure you'll like him. If he borrows something, he always gives O it back, and he always washes the dishes if he'll make □ a meal. Also, if he cooks □ something good to eat, he often makes some for Isabel and me too, which is really nice. In fact, if we're tired after studying, he sometimes offers □ to cook for us! If he comes home late at night, he be Q always very quiet, so that he doesn't wake us. Anyway, if you come to our party next week, you meet □ him.

Exercise 5Choose the correct word or words.1 I will be / am really sad if you don't come to the party on Saturday!2 If Paula invite / invites me, I will certainly go.3 I usually eat breakfast. If I don't eat / won't eat it, I get very hungry.4 Our teacher always gets / will get very cross if anyone is late for class.5 If you will fail / fail your exam, I'll be very surprised.6 I'll / I'll be late for work if I miss the next train.

□□□□□□


UNIT 14 Zero and first conditionals

Exercise 6Put each sentence into the correct order.1 wet if / will get / you leave / your jacket / it outside / .

2 money / if you / work, you / don't / don't earn / .

3 hot if / too / in the sun / you sit / you'll get / .

4 if I / I'll /talk to her /Julia / see /.

5 sing if / the guitar / play / will you / I / ?

6 it's / tomorrow if / sunny / will / to the beach / you come / ?

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AdverbsTalking about when, where and how often things happenIn this unit you learn adverbs to give more information about time (when), place (where) and

| frequency (how often).

TimeThese give more information about when something happens.

Adverb Examplelater He's not here yet but 1 think he'll be here later.immediately If we don't leave immediately, we'll miss the train.at once 1 knew at once (= immediately) that it was a beautiful place.suddenly Everything was quiet. Suddenly, 1 heard a noise.afterwards We saw a really good film. Afterwards, we went to a Japanese restaurant.

PlaceThese give more information about where something happens.

..........................-............... i.................. -...................... .............................................Adverb Examplethere I'm going to the cafe. I'll see you there.round/around She walked round the town looking for the post office.upstairs/downstairs There are three bedrooms upstairs.

He ran downstairs to answer the phone.

FrequencyThese give more information about how often something happens.

Adverb Exampleoccasionally We occasionally ( = sometimes but not often) go to restaurants

but we usually eat at home.normally 1 normally get home at six. (= usually)every day 1 go to work every day except Sundays.all the time It's a great shop. 1 go there all the time. ( = very often)


UNIT 15 Adverbs

You use some adverbs to give more information or to say what you think about a sentence or part of a sentence.

Adverb Example Meaningbasically 1 found The Lost Island 2 really boring, it was

basically the same as The Lost Island 1.Most parts of the film were the same.

practically Jake's always at our house. He practically lives here. It's almost like he lives here.in fact / actually He did well in his exams. In fact, he was the best in

the school.She looks young but actually she's older than me.

You use in fact and actually before you give more information about something.

luckily 1 lost my wallet yesterday. Luckily, there was no money in it.

There was no money in it. That was lucky.

by chance 1 met Lily by chance at the cinema yesterday. 1 did not plan to meet Lily.

Exercise 1Match the questions to the answers.1 How do you make this cake?2 How often do you see Helena?3 So how did you get into your

house?4 Do you see Kate very often

these days?5 So what's the problem with the

work on the house?6 How did you find Ella's ring?


in fact | these days | basically | kindly | practically | down the road

It's a long story - too long to tell you everything that happened - but1__________________ ,I lost my car key at the office yesterday. Instead of driving, I had to walk home in the rain. Itfelt strange walking along the main road. I always drive around town 2___________________ I3_________________ never walk anywhere. I didn't walk the whole way home,4_______________My neighbour saw me walking 5_________________ and she very6__________________gave mea lift.

a No. In fact, we don't even know where she lives any more.

b Basically, you mix together the fruit, butter and some sugar.

c Practically every day. We work very near each other, d Just by chance. I moved a cushion, and there it was! e Well, luckily, the neighbours had a key. f Well, basically, we don't have enough money to finish

the job.

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over | along | here | in | around | next

1 Did you say Julia was living_________________ Madrid?2 Sophie, did you leave your tennis racket_________________ there?3 The child sat_________________ to her father, eating an ice cream.4 I usually run_________________ the park three times and then run home.5 Come over_________________ , Michael, and sit with us.6 We walked_________________ the path for about a mile.

Exercise 4Match the sentence halves.1 We'll watch the film and afterwards, a we can maybe have a drink?2 1 looked at his face and immediately b Heidi was there too.3 Lucy was rude to me in the meeting. Later, c 1 had some money in my pocket.4 My wallet was at home but luckily, d she's Swiss.5 1 was having lunch in the cafe. Just by chance, e she came to say she was sorry.6 1 thought she was German but actually f knew something was wrong.


soon | at once | finally | occasionally | normally | afterwards

1 We'll do the shopping first and have lunch__________________2 We waited a long time for a train, but_________________ one arrived.3 I saw the beautiful hotel and knew_________________ that we'd have a great holiday.4 I _________________ get home at around 6 but today I was a little later than usual.5 I usually choose meat when I'm in a restaurant but_________________ I have fish.6 Don't worry about Sophie; she'll_________________ be here.


along the river | luckily | suddenly | in town | afterwards | all the way

I was sitting in the park near my house yesterday when 11__________________________remembered that I was meeting James for lunch 2__________________________ at 1 o'clock.I really had to hurry! I ran 3_________________________ into town. I got there at 1.15. Jameswas late too,4__________________________ Anyway, we had a nice lunch together and5__________________________ went for a walk6___________________________


Adverb positionUsing adverbs correctly in sentencesIn this unit you learn about where you put adverbs in different kinds of sentences.

Position of frequency (how often) adverbsFrequency adverbs (always, often, sometimes, occasionally, etc.) usually go before the verb.

He always plays his music too loud.You never call me.

However, they go after am, is, are, was, were.He’s occasionally out when I call him.She’s usually late for school.

If the verb has two parts, the adverb goes between the two verbs.I ’ll never go there again.She’s always liked him.I can’t ever find my keys.

Position of place (where) and manner (how) adverbsYou usually put these after the phrase they describe.

PlaceThey put the TV in the corner of the room.I put your keys on top of the fridge.He’s left his glasses upstairs.

MannerShe opened the door quietly.He opened his presents quickly.

Position of time (when) adverbsYou can use these either at the beginning or the end of a phrase.

I went to Greece on holiday two weeks ago.or

Two weeks ago I went to Greece on holiday.

I had a strange dream last night.or

Last night I had a strange dream.

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Exercise 1Choose the correct words.1 Suzie always goes / goes always to school by bus.2 Our football team usually plays / plays usually on Sundays.3 Perhaps I'll tomorrow see you / see you tomorrow.4 My friends and I go sometimes / sometimes go to a concert together.5 My aunt forgets never / never forgets my birthday.6 We often have / have often chicken for dinner.

Exercise 2Match the sentence halves.1 Dan stayed for the match but he left a at the cinema yesterday.2 1 met Melissa b next to mine.3 1 spent the evening sitting c in front of the TV.4 Grace will pass her exams d easily.5 She works in the big office e very carefully.6 My mother always drives f soon afterwards.

Exercise 3Which sentences are correct?1 My cousins are coming to visit us today. □2 Paul plays very well the piano. □3 1 do always my homework before dinner. □4 We decided to eat outside our meal. □5 Yesterday 1 bought a new bike. □6 Anna ran down the hill very quickly. □

Exercise 4Choose the correct words.

Our new apartment

1Yesterday our family moved / Our family yesterday moved to a new apartment in the city.It is on the top floor, so we have 2over the city a great view / a great view over the city! And from my bedroom window I can 3see clearly the beach / see the beach clearly. I am sure 14will never / never will get tired of that view!

5I today put / Today I put all my clothes in the wardrobe and all my books on the shelves. I always like / like always my room to be tidy.


UNIT 16 Adverb position

Exercise 5Put each sentence into the correct order.1 my shoes / I left / near / the door / .

2 to the station / can you / tomorrow / drive me / ?

3 you cross / make sure / very carefully / the road / .

4 on the / she keeps / top shelf / the cookies / .

5 Boris / very slowly / his food / eats / always / .

6 unkindly / did you / yesterday / speak to Beth / ?

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