words, words, words anita l. archer, phd author

Words,Words,Words

Words for Everyone Across Grades and

Domains Alaska Webinar #3

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Words,Words,Words

Anita L. Archer, PHD

Author, Consultant, Teacher [email protected]

The content of this presentation is expanded in Chapter 3 of the following book: Archer, A., & Hughes, C. (2011). Explicit Instruction: Effective and Efficient

Teaching. NY: Guilford Publications.

Videos that support this training can be found on: www.explicitinstruction.org Elementary Vocabulary Professional Development Videos can be found

Pacific Northwest Publishing website.

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MusingsonWords

sagacious–havingorshowingkeenmental

discernmentsandgoodjudgment

La9nsagac=wise

maven–expert(Yiddish)

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Topics

•  Review– ExplicitVocabularyInstruc9onRou9ne– Extensions

•  VocabularyProgramComponents•  WordLearningStrategies

– ContextClues– WordParts– ReferenceMaterials

•  Prac>ceAc>vi>es

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Review

RetrievalPrac>ce

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Review

WhatarethefourstepsintheExplicit

Instruc9onVocabularyRou9ne?

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VocabularyInstruc9onalRou9ne

Step1:Introducetheword’spronuncia>on.

Step2:Introducetheword’smeaning.

Step3:Illustratethewordwithexamples.(andnon-exampleswhenhelpful)

Step4:Checkstudents’understanding.

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Inquiries

Whenshouldtheinstruc9onalrou9neinclude

examplesandnon-examples?

Canyoumodelasecondarymathlesson?

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polynomialexpressions(noun)Introducetheword’spronuncia9on.

Polynomialexpression

4xy2+3x-5

terms

poly=manynomial=terms

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polynomialexpressions(noun)Introducetheword’smeaning.

Polynomialexpression4xy2+3x-5PolynomialExpressionscanhave:

– Constants-Numbers(e.g.,-5,20,½)–  Variables(e.g.,x,y)–  Exponents(wholenumberexponents, only0,1,2,3,...etc.)

– Thesecanbecombinedusing+,-,×,÷

•  PolynomialExpressionscanNOThave:– Nega9veexponents– Avariableasadenominator

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polynomialexpressions(noun)Illustratewithexamplesandnon-examples

Examples Non-Examples

5xy2–3x+5y3-3 3xy-2

21 2/x+2

3xyz+3xy2-0.1xz 5+1/z

PolynomialExpressionscanhave:

✓Constants-Numbers(e.g.,-5,20,½)✓Variables(e.g.,x,y)✓Exponents(wholenumberexponents, only0,1,2,3,...etc.)

✓Thesecanbecombinedusing+,-,×,÷

PolynomialExpressionscanNOThave:✓Nega9veexponents✓Avariableasadenominator 11

polynomialexpressions(noun)Checkunderstandingusingexamplesandnon-examples


8xy2–5x3

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8xy2–5x3

22

13



8xy2–5x3

22

5/kz+x

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8xy2–5x3 5/kz+x

22

0.3x-2

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8xy2–5x3

5/kz+x

22 0.3x-2

7x2–5x3+5

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8xy2–5x3

5/kz+x

22 0.3x-2

7x2–5x3+5

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PolynomialExpressionsClassifica9onbyterm

mono=1 bi=2 tri=3 poly=many

monomial=1

term

binomial=2

terms

trinomial=3

terms

polynomial=

morethan3

terms

3xy3 5x-1 3x+5y2-9 2x+3y+y2-7

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Inquiry

Ihavearangeofstudentsinmysecondgrade.

WhenIamteachingvocabulary,Iwantto

involvemystudentssoIstartbyaskingthemif

theyknowthemeaningofthenewword.Inthis

way,Ihonortheirpriorknowledge.

Isthisgoodprac9ce?

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Inquiry

Thechallenge...theiranswersmaybeinaccurateorunclear.Considerthese:

Doyouknowthemeaningofan>cipate?

“Youknow...likeyoulikeitalot.(Possibleconfusionwithappreciate.)

“Youareagainstsomething.”(Perhapsno9cedan9withintheword.)

“Somethingyoueat?”(?)

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an9cipateverb

Whenyouan>cipatesomething,youexpect

thatsomethingwillhappenoryoulookforward

tosomethinghappening.

Synonyms:expect,predict

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an9cipateexamples

InDecember,studentsan>cipatethewinterholiday.Theylookforwardtotheholiday.

InJune,studentsan>cipatetheendofschoolyear.Theyarethinkingaboutsummerac9vi9es.

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an9cipateexamples

Ifyouweregoingtothezoo,youmight

an>cipateseeinganimalssuchaselephantsand

zebras.

IfyouweregoingtoMcDonalds,youmight

an>cipatehavingaburgerandamilkshake.

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an>cipatecheckforunderstanding

Whenyougetinlineforlunch,whatdoyou

an>cipate?

Beginbysaying:

WhenIgetinlineforlunch,Ian>cipate...

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an>cipatecheckforunderstanding

WhenSpringarrivesinyourcommunity,whatdo

youan>cipate?

Beginbysaying:

WhenSpringarrivesinmycommunity,I

an>cipate...

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WordRela9ve

an9cipate verb

an9cipa9onnoun

WhenwegotoDairyQueen,Ian>cipatethatwewillhaveicecreamsundaes.IneachhourbeforeweleaveforDairyQueen,myan>cipa>ongrows.

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Review

Whataresomewaysthatyoucanextend

instruc9ononawordtopromotegeneraliza9on

tootherwords?

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Review-feedback

Whataresomewaysthatyoucanextendinstruc9ononawordtopromotegeneraliza9ontootherwords?

•  partsofspeech•  partsofwords(prefixes,suffixes,roots)

•  synonymsandantonyms

•  seman9corderingofrelatedwords

•  wordfamilies

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Review:Extensions

1.  Introduce the part of speech. 2.  Introduce synonyms (same) and /or antonyms

(opposite). 3.  Tell students when and where the word is often used. 4.  Extend information about the vocabulary term. 5.  When appropriate, introduce the history or origin of

the word. 6.  Introduce other words with the same meaningful

parts. 7.  Introduce other words in the same word family. 8.  Introduce other meanings of the vocabulary term.

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VocabularyInstruc>on-Extensions

8. Introduce other meanings of the vocabulary term. Words with Multiple Meanings bark (dog) bark (tree) check (✔) check (monetary) star star current current draft draft buckle buckle company company Select one pair of words and write a sentence that contains both work meanings.

instrumentaladjec9ve

Instrumental means very important. Synonyms: important, influential, significant, crucial, essential, helpful, useful Antonyms: unhelpful, insignificant, irrelevant, useless, unimportant

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instrumentalexample

Ricardo was instrumental in his team’s win because he scored the winning goal.

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instrumentalexample

Ms. Thomas wrote a college recommendation for Margaret. The recommendation was instrumental in her acceptance at an excellent university.

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instrumentalcheckforunderstanding

Think of someone that was instrumental in your life. Start by saying: _______________ was instrumental in my life because___________________.

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Mul9pleMeaning

Musical Instruments Instrumental music

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VocabularyLogsorFlashCards

• Whatcanberecordedonavocabularylogoronflashcards?

• Word

• MeaningintheirownwordsOR

• Cri9calaiributes• Anyoftheseop>ons• Asentencetoillustratetheword�smeaning

• Examplesandnon-examples

• Anillustra9on(quickdraw)

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WordWalls

•  Create a word wall in your classroom – Post a reminder of the context.

•  The name of the passage •  The topic in science or social studies

– Post the vocabulary words. Number the words (1 – 10)

–  Incorporate the words into your classroom language.

– Encourage students to use the words when speaking and writing.

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CheckforUnderstanding

1.  frigid2.  treacherous3.  triumph

4.  uninhabited5.  expedi9on6.  labor7.  dismantled

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WORDLEARNINGSTRATEGIES

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VocabularyProgramComponents

•  Research-basedcomponentsforeffec9vevocabularyinstruc9on:

1.Explicitlyteachwordmeanings

2.Encouragewidereading3.Exposestudentstohigh-qualityorallanguage4.Promotewordconsciousness5.Teachindependentword-learningstrategies,includingtheuseofcontextclues,theuseofwordparts,andtheefficientuseofthedic9onary(Graves,2000;TeacherReadingAcademy,2002)

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Word-learningStrategies

Word-learningstrategiesinclude:

–  ContextualAnalysis– MorphemicAnalysis

– Useofdic9onaryandotherreferencematerials

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ContextClues

•  Contextcluesarethewords,phrases,andsentencessurroundinganunfamiliarword

thatcangivehintsorcluestoitsmeaning.

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ContextClueSteps

1.  Iden9fytheunknownword.

2.  Lookforthewordsthatgivehintsaboutitsmeaninginthesentence.

3.  Ifyouneedmorecues,readthesentencesbeforeandanertheonewiththewordinit.

4.  Infertheword’smeaningbasedonwhatyoufound.

Thenmodelit…“AsTomsteppedoutofthetent,themoistgrasssoakedhisshoesandhewonderedifithadrained.”Sayaloud…“Thegrassismoist.ItsoaksTom’sshoes.Tomthinksitrained.Rainmakesthingswet.Moistmustmeanwet.”“Nowtry‘wet’inplaceofmoisttoseeifitmakessense.”

ForStudents ForTeachers

AdaptedfromVocabularyInstruc9onModuledevelopedforReadingExcellenceAct.Graves(2002)43

TheSLAPStrategy

�Saytheword.

�Lookforclues.

�Askyourselfwhatthewordmightmean;thinkofawordthatexpressesthatmeaning.

�Putthewordinthepassageinplaceoftheunfamiliarword.Doesitmakesense?

LouisianaReadingAssocia9on

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ContextClues

1.  Findpartsofthewordthatgiveyouhintsaboutthemeaningoftheword.

2.  Findwordsthatgiveyouhintsaboutthemeaningoftheword.

3.  Askyourselfwhatthewordmeans.

4.  Askyourselfifthepossiblemeaningmakessenseinthesentence.

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UseofContextClues

•  Synonymsinthesentence:AtfirstIfelttrepida>onwhenIsawthelargesnake,butwhenthehandlertoldmeitwasharmless,Iwaslessafraid.

•  Antonymsinthesentence:Iaiemptedtoavertacollisionwiththemairessintheroad,butmyright9rehititwithfullforce.

•  Defini>ons/descrip>ons:Magpies,blackandwhitecrow-likebirds,areprotectedinpartsoftheUnitedStates.

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UseofContextClues

•  Explana>ons:Althoughsomemenareloquacious,othershardlytalkatall.

•  Comparisonsorcontrasts:Whiletheyaretwins,Karahasdarkhairandbrowneyes,butMelissaisNordicincoloring.

•  •  Cluesfromwordsinaseries:Springbringssparrows,

finches,robins,andmagpiestoouryard.

•  •  Causeandeffect:Whentoomanystudentsloiteredinthe

cafeteria,lunchperiodswereshortenedtotwentyminutesinordertomakeroomforthenextlunchperiod.

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ProvideSystema>cStrategyInstruc>on

ExplicitInstruc>onofSkills/Strategies

Demonstra9on Idoit. Myturn.

GuidedPrac9ce Wedoit.Let�sdothis together.

CheckUnderstanding Youdoit.Yourturn.

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ContextClues





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Demonstra>on-Idoit.

HippoAhippocansubmergeinthewatertostaycoolunderthehotAfricansunshine.Some9mesyoucan’tevenseethehippointhewateringhole.





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Demonstra>on–Idoit.

HippoThehippolivesontheAfricansavannah,adry,hotgrassland.Asmallnumberofshrubsandtreesarescaieredacrossthesavannah.





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GuidedPrac>ce–Wedoit.

Hippo

Duringtheday,hipposremaincoolbystayinginthewaterormud.Atdusk,theyemergeoutofthewatertograzeongrasses.Whilehipposrestneareachotherinthewater,grazingisasolitaryac9vity.





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GuidedPrac>ce–Wedoit.

Toucan

TheToucan’sbeakisquitesubstan>alinsize.Anerall,itisalmostaslongasheistall.





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GuidedPrac>ce–Wedoit.GradualReleaseofResponsibility

Toucan

Recentresearchhasconcludedthattoucans

regulatebodytemperaturebychangingtheflow

ofbloodtotheirbeak.Morebloodflowmeans

moreheatisreleased.

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GuidedPrac>ce–Wedoit.GradualReleaseofResponsibility

Toucan

Althoughtheyspendalotof9meintrees,they

arenotverygoodatflying.Toucansmainly

travelamongtreesbyhopping.Whentheydo

takeflight,theyflaptheirwingsvigorouslyandglide,travelingonlyshortdistances.

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CheckforUnderstandingYoudoit.

•  Toucans nest in open hollows of trees. They often move into cavities created and abandoned by woodpeckers.

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ContextClues

CharlesDarwin

FatefulVoyage

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LearningInten>on:Studentscandeterminethemeaningofanunknownwordusingthemeaningfulpartsofthewordandthecontextclues.

SuccessCriteria:•  Studentswillbeabletolocateevidenceintheparagraphthathelpsdeterminethemeaningoftheunknownword.

•  Studentscanstatethepossiblemeaningofanunknownword.

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ContextClues





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CharlesDarwin

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CharlesDarwinFatefulVoyage

Icouldnotemploymylifebeierthaninadding

aliiletoNaturalScience.—CharlesDarwin,Autobiography

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CharlesDarwinFatefulVoyage

Icouldnotemploymylifebeierthaninadding

aliiletoNaturalScience.—CharlesDarwin,AutobiographyIcouldnotusemylifebeierthaninaddinga

liiletoNaturalScience.

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CharlesDarwinbecameperhapstheworld’smostfamousnaturalist,buthedidn’tstartoutwiththisambi9onatall.InDecember1831,shortlyanerstudying

medicineandgradua9ngwithadegreeintheology,

CharlesDarwinwasinvitedtosailaboardtheship,TheBeagle.TheBri9shNavywasfundingaseriesofvoyagestochartthecoastofSouthAmerica,andanaturalistwas

neededtocollectspecimens(samples)ofplants,animals,

andfossilsandalsotochartthelandformsoftheplaces

theshipvisited.ThecaptainofTheBeagle,CaptainRobert

Fitzroy,invitedDarwintotakeonthatrolewhentheoriginalnaturalistdidnotgo.ThisbeganDarwin’sfive-year

journey.

ReadRehearseRetrieve

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TheBeagle

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TheGalapagosIslandsTheBeaglestoppedin1835intheGalapagos

(guh-LAH-puh-guhs)Islandstocollectsomeofthe

islands’gianttortoisesforfood.Forfiveweeks

theyexploredthisvolcanicarchipelago,agroupofislandsapproximately1,000kilometersoffthe

westcoastofEcuadorinSouthAmerica.Darwin

wasastonishedatthediversityofanimalshere.

Somewereunlikeanyspecieshehadeverseen,

andmanyturnedouttobenewtoscienceatthe

9me.Hespentmuchofhis9meonland,collec9ng

andrecordinginforma9onintonotebooksthat

wouldengrosshimfortheremainderofhislife.


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Darwinalsogatheredoveradozentypesoffinches.Heno9cedthatthebeaksofthesesmallbirdswere

different,butseemedperfectlymatchedtotheir

feedinghabits.Becausethefinchesweresosimilarin

otherways,Darwinbelievedthattheymusthave

adaptedfromasinglespeciesthathadperhapsbeen

blownoverfromthemainlandyearsandyears

earlier.


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Adapta>onofSpeciesDarwinno9cedthattheshapeoftheshellsof

Galapagostortoisesvarieddependinguponthe

environmentoftheislandtheyinhabited.Tortoiseswith

high,dome-shapedshellslivedinhigheral9tudes,where

therewasrichvegeta>on.Heretheygrazedonlow-growingplants.Inthelower,desert-likeareas,the

tortoiseshadsaddle-shapedshells.Thistypeofshell

allowedthemtousetheirlongneckstoreachfood

growinghighonshrubs.Theshellofeachappeared

perfectlysuitedor“adapted”fortheenvironmentinwhicheachtortoiselived.Darwindeducedthatthe

habitat,nottheweather,causeddifferencesinthe

evolu9onofthespeciesontheseislands.ReadRehearseRetrieve

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NaturalSelec>onTheBeaglereturnedtoEnglandthenextyear.

CharlesDarwintookhisnotebooksofobserva9onsand

spentthenextthirtyyearsstudyingandresearching.

HelaterdevelopedandpublishedhistheoryinThe

OriginoftheSpeciesin1859.Darwinhypothesizedthateachgenera9onofaspecieschangesslightlyfrom

thepreviousone.Thischangemaymakeitlessfitfor

survivalorimprovethespecieschancesofsurvivalin

anenvironment.Hebelievedthatmorespecieshavea

beierchanceforsurvivalandreproduceingreaternumbers.Genera9onslater,theoffspringcould

becomeadifferentspecies.ReadRehearseRetrieve

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Forestfalconsmaybeanexampleofanadaptedspecies.Thesefalconslookmorelikeahawkwiththeir

shortwings,longtail,andveryacuteorsharphearing.

These“adapta9ons”makethemmoreagilesothattheycaneasilymaneuverinforestsratherthanflyfastinopen

spaceasotherfalconsdo.Duringhislife9memanypeopledidnotaccepthistheories.Manyspokeoutagainsthim,

butthisdidnotstophimfromstudyingandwri9ngmany,

manybooks.Whenhediedin1882,hewashonoredwitha

stateburialatWestminsterAbbeyinEngland.Darwin’s

chancevoyageandthetheoriesthatfollowedhaveinfluencedthewaywethinkaboutthediversityoflifeon

ourplanet.


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ContextClues•  Teachstudentstousecontextcluestodetermine

themeaningofunknownvocabulary.

•  However,ifastudentreads100unfamiliarwordsinprint,he/shewillonlylearnbetween5to15words.(Nagy,Hermann,&Anderson,1985;Swanborn&deGlopper,1999)

•  Forstudentstoaddanunknownvocabularytermtotheirpersonallexicon,mul9pleexposuresareneeded.

MorphemicAnalysis

Morphemicanalysisisastrategyusedtodetermineorinferthemeaningsofwordsby

examiningtheirmeaningfulparts(inflec9onal

endings,prefixes,suffixes,roots).

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MorphemicAnalysis

Prefixes

un(not)

pre(before)

Roots

graph(towrite)

therm(heat)

port(tocarry

Suffixes

ful(full)

9on(anoun)

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WordLearningStrategies-Prefixes

•  ElementsaiachedtobeginningofEnglishwordsthataltermeaning.

•  Prefixesareusefulbecausetheyare:–  usedinmanywords,

–  consistentlyspelled,

–  easytoiden9fy,

–  clearinmeaning.(Graves,2004)

•  Teachverycommonprefixes.Un,re,in,anddisfoundin58%ofprefixedwords.

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TheMostCommonPrefixesinEnglish

Prefix Meaning % of prefixed words

Examples

un not; opposite 26% uncover, unlock, unsafe

re again; back 14% rewrite, reread, return

in/im/ir/il not; into 11% incorrect, insert, inexpensive, illegal, irregular, inability

dis away, apart, negative 7% discover, discontent, distrust

en/em cause to 4% enjoy, endure, enlighten, entail

mis wrong; bad 3% mistake, misread, misspell, misbehave

pre before 3% prevent, pretest, preplan

pro in favor of 1% protect, profess, provide, process

a not; in, on, without 1% atypical, anemia, anonymous, apolitical, apathy

ExamplePrefixLesson

Onscreen.

ununmeansnotoropposite

un9dy

unorganized

Introducetheprefix

AprefixisawordpartaiachedtothebeginningofEnglishwordsthataltermeaning.Some9mesprefixeshelpyoufigureoutthemeaningofwords.

Thisprefixisun.Unmeansnotoropposite.Whatdoestheprefixunmean?notoropposite

Provideexamples

Thefirstwordisun>dy.Ifaroomwasun>dy,itwouldbetheoppositeof9dy.Itwouldbemessy.

Thenextwordisunorganized.IfLynnewasunorganized,shewouldnotbeorganized.

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ExamplePrefixLesson

Onscreen.

ununmeansnotoropposite1.   unbreakable2.   untruthful3.   unconcerned

Guidestudentindeterminingthewordsmeaning.

Whatisthefirstword?unbreakableWhatistheprefix?unWhatisthemeaningofun?notoroppositeOnes,tellyourpartnerthemeaningofunbreakable.notbreakable;theoppositeofbreakableListentomysentencesusingunbreakable.Themetalboxisunbreakable.Itcannotbebroken.Thinkofasentenceusingunbreakable.(Pause)Twosthenones,shareyoursentencewithyourpartner.(Answerswillvary.)

Repeatthesestepswithuntruthfulandunconcerned.

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ExamplePrefixLesson

Onscreen.

1.   unkind2.   unlucky3.   unhelpful4.   unaffordable

Checkstudents’abilitytodetermineaword’smeaning.Direc9ons:Usingyourknowledgeof

theprefixun,determinethemeaning

ofthewordandwriteasentenceusing

theword.

Example

unkind–notkindortheoppositeofkind

Atrecess,theschoolbullytrippedhis

classmate.Thebullywasunkind.

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WordLearningStrategies-Suffixes•  ElementsaiachedtoendingofEnglishwords•  Canchangethepartofthespeechorthemeaning.

•  Suffixesonenhaveabstractanddifficulttoexplainmeanings.Forexample,-9onindicates“thestateofbeing”asincomple9on,thestateofbeingcomplete.

•  Focusoncommonderiva9onalsuffixes. able,ful,less,ness,or

•  Introduceandusethesuffixtodeterminethemeaningofa

numberofwords(ful-helpful,truthful,mouthful,joyful).

•  Butnotalways!grateful

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MostCommonSuffixesinEnglish

Suffix Meaning %of prefixed words

Examples

s, es plural

more than one 31% movies, wishes, hats, amendments

ed past tense

in the past 20% walked, jumped, helped

ing present tense

In the present 14% walking, jumping, helping

ly adverb

how something is 7% quickly, fearfully, easily, happily, majestically, nonchalantly

er,or noun

one who, what/that/which 4% teacher, tailor, conductor, boxer, baker, survivor, orator

ion, tion, sion noun

state, quality; act 4% action, erosion, vision, invitation, conclusion, condemnation

able, ible adjective

able to be, can be done 2% comfortable, likable, enjoyable, solvable, sensible, incredible

al, ial adjective

related to, like 1% fatal, cordial, structural, territorial, categorical

Roots

•  60%wordsinEnglishstemfromGreekand

La9nroots

•  90%scienceandtechnologywords(Moats,

2000)

•  Introducerootsintandemwithinstruc9onon

passagewordinstruc9on.

83 84

WordLearningStrategiesRoots(GreekandLa9nRoots)

WhenteachingawordwithaGreekorLa9nroot,useitasanopportunitytointroducethemeaningoftheroot.Introducetherootwithinthetargetwordandthenexpandtootherwords.

Example:hydroelectricity

�Thiswordishydroelectricity.��Thefirstpartofthewordishydro.Hydroisarootthatmeanswater.Sointhischapterthewordhydroelectricityreferstoelectricityproducedbythemovementofwater.��Let�slookatsomeotherwordsthatincludehydro.�

dehydra9onhydraulic

hydroplane hydroelectric

hydrophonehydrophobia

CommonLa9nandGreekRoots

aqua water Greek aquarium, aqueduct, aquaculture, aquamarine, aquaplane, aquatic

aud hearing Latin audio, audition, audiovisual, auditorium, audiotape, inaudible

auto self Greek autograph, autobiography, automobile, autocrat, autonomy

astro star Greek astronomy, astrophysics, astrology, astronaut, astronomer, asterisk

biblio book Greek Bible, bibliography, bibliophobia, bibliophile, biblioklept

bio life Greek biography, biology,autobiography, bionic, biotic, antibiotic, biome, bioshere, biometrics

chrono time Greek synchronize, chronology,chronic, chronicle, anachronism

corp body Latin corpse, corporation, corps,incorporate, corporeal, corpulence

demo the people Greek democracy, demography,epidemic, demotic, endemic, pandemic

dic, dict speak, tell Latin dictate, dictation, diction, dictator, verdict, predict, contradict, benediction, jurisdiction, predict, indict, edict

dorm sleep Latin dormant, dormitory, dormer, dormouse, dormition, dormitive

geo earth Greek geology, geologist, geometry, geography, geographer, geopolitical, geothermal, geocentric 85

CommonLa>nandGreekRoots

graph to write, to draw Greek autograph, biography, photograph, telegraph, lithograph

hydro water Greek hydroplane, dehydrate, hydroelectric, hydrogen, hydrophone

ject throw Latin reject, deject, project, inject, injection, projection

logos, logy study Greek geology, astrology, biology, numerology, zoology, technology, psychology, anthropology, mythology

luna moon Latin lunar, lunacy, lunatic, interlunar

meter measure Greek meter, thermometer, diameter, geometry, optometry, barometer, centimeter, symmetry, voltammeter

mega great, large, big Greek megaphone,megalith, megalomania, megatons, megalopolis

min small, little Latin minimal, minimize, minimum, mini, miniature, minuscule, minute, minority

mit, mis send Latin mission, transmit, transmission, remit, missile,submission, permit, emit, emissary

path feeling, suffering

Greek pathetic, pathology, apathy, antipathy, sympathy, telepathy, empathy, sociopath

ped foot Latin pedestrian, pedal, peddle, peddler, pedicure, pedometer

philia love, friendship Greek philosopher, Philadelphia, philanthropist, philharmonic, Philip 86

CommonLa>nandGreekRoots

phono sound Greek phonograph, microphone, symphony, telephone, phonogram, megaphone, phony, euphony, xylophone, phony,

photo light Greek photograph, photosynthesis, telephoto, photometer, photophilia

port carry Latin port, transport, transportation, portable, portage, report

spect see Latin respect, inspection, inspector, spectator, spectacles,prospect

scope look at Greek microscope, telescope, periscope, kaleidoscope, episcopal

sol sun Latin solar, solar system, solstice, solarium, parasol

struct build, form

Latin instruct, instruction, construction, reconstruction, destruct, destruction, infrastructure, construe, instrument, instrumental

tele distant Greek telephone, television,telegraph, telephoto, telescope, telepathy, telethon, telegenic

terra land Latin territory, terrestrial, terrace, terrarium, extraterrestrial, Mediterranean Sea, terra cotta, subterranean

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dic>onary,glossary,thesaurus

UseofReferenceMaterials

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Mul>pleMeaningWords

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Mul>pleMeaningWordsAsChaddrovedownthestreet,rapstreamedfromhiscar.

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Mul>pleMeaningWords

Readeachsentence.Determinethemeaningof

thefocuswordasitappearsinthesentence.

A.  Rachelwilleditherfirstdrahbeforeturningheressayin.

B.  Inthedrah,footballplayersaiemptedtogainaposi9onon

aprofessionalfootballteam.

C.  Acolddrahstreamedthroughtheopenwindow.

D.  Manyyoungmenenteredthearmyduringthedrah.

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Mul>pleMeaningWords

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Mul>pleMeaningWords

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Prac>ceAc>vi>es

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Prac>ceAc>vi>es

1. Answerques9ons2. Categorizeorsortwords3. Prac9ceinvolvingwri9ng4. Games

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VocabularyReviewAnswerQues9ons

1.  suffrage 2.  majority 3.  tariff 4.  nullify 5.  secede 6.  bureaucracy

•  when states left the United States

•  more than 1/2 of the votes for a law

•  extra tax paid on a import or export

•  a government agency where non-elected people carry out government business

•  to cancel an agreement •  right to vote

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ExamplePrac9ceAc9vity-

Yes/No/WhyAskques9ons

1.  Do territories that are possessions have autonomy?

2.  Can incidents cause compassion?

3.  Do people always comply with their obligations?

(Beck, Perfetti, & McKeown, 1982; Curtis & Longo, 1997) Items taken from REWARDS PLUS, Sopris

West.

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Prac>ce–ComparisonsAnswerQues9ons

TheFamilyUndertheBridge(Chapter1)

1.cowered

2.fragile

3.gra>tude

4.loitering

5.roguish

• Whyisreadingabookinthelibrary

notconsideredloiteringwhilestandinginfrontofaminimarketis

consideredloitering?

• Whymightwehavegra>tudeforakindclassmateandnotforaroguishclassmate?

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ExamplePrac>ceAc>vity-

Comple>onAc>vityAskQues9ons

1.  confine: to hold or keep in; to limit; imprison Things that can be confined are_________________________________________.

2.  persistent: refusing to give up; determined I was very persistent when ____________.

3. dispersal: send off in different directions At school, dispersal might involve_______.

4.  globalization: condition when something spreads across the world Today, globalization involves the dispersal of________.

(Curtis & Longo, 1997)

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ExamplePrac>ceAc>vity–

Lis>ngAc>vityAskQues9ons

Makealistofwordsthat

relatetothevocabulary

termagriculture.Youwillhaveoneminuteto

writeasmanywordsas

possible.

Countthenumberofwords.

TOTAL____________

Agriculture

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ExamplePrac>ceAc>vity–Lis>ngAc>vityAskQues9ons

Make a list of words that relate to the vocabulary term agriculture. You will have one minute to write as many words as possible. Count the number of words. TOTAL____________

Example List Agriculture

crops corn soy broccoli grass food onions carrots beans animals cattle chickens sheep horses farm farmer barn pasture irrigation

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ExamplePrac>ceAc>vity–Mul>pleChoiceAc>vityAskQues9ons

102

WhichoftheseistheBESTdefini9onforprecipitaOon.

1.   Precipita>onreferstowaterontheearthasaresultofrain,sleet,snow,orhail.

2.   Precipita>onreferstoallofthewateronearthincludingwaterinoceans,rivers,andstreams.

3.   Precipita>onreferstowatermoleculesthatfallfromtheskyasrain,sleet,snow,and

hail.

4.   Precipita>onreferstorain,sleet,snow,andhailandallotherformsofwaterfoundon

theearth.

ExamplePrac>ceAc>vity–Conversa>onAskQues9ons

1.  Provide each partnership with a list of vocabulary words.

2.  Have the students engage

in a conversation using the vocabulary words.

3.  Have students check off

the words as the words are used.

Revolutionary War

1. Colonies

2. Taxes

3.. Grievances

4. Representa9on

5. Revolu9on

6. Independence

7. Democracy

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ExamplePrac>ceAc>vity-OddWordOut(Rasinski,Padak,Nelson,Nelson,2007 WordSor9ng

Read the four words. With your partner determine which word doesn’t fit with the other words. Generate all possible

ways to eliminate a word.

humiliate emancipate abuse cruelty

104


WordPairs(Stahl&Kapinus,200l)SortWords

Word Pair Same Opposite Go Together

No Relationship

nomad - wanderer

nomad- settler

desert-city

105

ExamplePrac9ceAc9vity-WordSorts(Gillei&Temple,1983)

Word Bank Senators House Laws Justices Senate Constitution Vice president Congress Unconstitutional President Supreme Court Declare war Representatives Agriculture Department Amend Constitution Cabinet Defense Department Collect Taxes Departments District Courts Veto Bills

106

ExamplePrac>ceAc>vity-WordSorts(Gillei&Temple,1983)

Legislative Branch Executive Branch Judicial Branch

107

ExamplePrac9ceAc9vity-Seman9cMapping(Heimlich&Piielman) WordSor9ng

Directions: 1.  Have students brainstorm words that come to

mind when given a target word.

2.  Have students brainstorm possible categories for the words.

3.  Have students arrange words in categories.

108

109


SentenceSubs>tu>onWri9ng

1, The events are in chronological order.

2. The Titans caused a great tumult in the skies.

(Lively, August, Carlo, & Snow, 2003)

110

ExamplePrac9ceAc9vity-�MeaningfulSentences��Wri9ng(adaptedfromSuccessforAll)

•  Students write a sentence answering three to four of these questions: who, what, when, where, why, how

•  Not OK It was meager.

•  OK At the end of the month, our dinners were meager because we had little money.

111

irriga9on

Write a sentence that includes the word irrigation. Answer at least three of these questions in your sentence: when, where, what, why, how. Sentence:

112

irriga9oncheckforunderstanding

WriteasentencethatincludesthewordirrigaAon.Answeratleastthreeoftheseques9onsinyoursentence:when,where,what,whyhow.

ExampleSentence:InJuly,farmersinMichiganbeginirrigaOonbecauseofthehot,drydaysthatcouldkillordamagecrops.

113

ExamplePrac9ceAc9vity-

SentenceWri9ng–TwoWords

• TheFamilyUndertheBridge(Chapter1)

1.   cowered2.   fragile3.   gra>tude4.   loitering5.   roguish

•  Write a sentence that contains two of the words. You can change the form of the word. The sentence must make sense and demonstrate your understanding of the words.

•  Example •  The children could not be caught

loitering in the park so they cowered under the bridge.

114

agriculture and irrigation

Write a sentence that contains the words agriculture and irrigation. Share your sentences with your partner.

Sentence:

115

agriculture and irrigation check understanding

Write a sentence that contains the words agriculture and irrigation. Share your sentences with your partner.

Example Sentence: One of the methods that must be used in agriculture is irrigation in which water is distributed to support plant growth.

116

Prac>ceAc>vi>es-Games

Card games –  Students make decks of cards with vocabulary term

and synonym or definition. –  Play using format of popular games.

–  Go Fish –  Concentration –  Old Maid

Other games can be used to review vocabulary –  Jeopardy –  Charades –  Pictionary

117

Prac>ceAc>vi>es-Games

Heads Up One player holds word above his/her head. Other students give hints about the word. Player guesses what the word is. When correct, another word is used. This continues until time is up. 118

Conclusion

�Words are all we have.� Samuel Beckett

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words, words, words anita l. archer, phd author

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