Man-made/technological hazards

Words into Action Guidelines

Practical considerations for Addressing Man-made/Technological Hazards in Disaster Risk Reduction

Interim consultative version

This guideline is an effort from the internationalDRR Community and brokered by UNISDR

In support of the Sendai Frameworkfor Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 - 2030

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Tableofcontents

Tableofcontents..........................................................................................................................................3ListofAbbreviations.....................................................................................................................................4Foreword......................................................................................................................................................5Acknowledgments........................................................................................................................................6Introduction..................................................................................................................................................7Purpose,ObjectiveandScope......................................................................................................................8TargetAudience...........................................................................................................................................9HowtoUsethisGuide................................................................................................................................10The"BusinessCase"...................................................................................................................................11PART1:MeansofintegratingandmainstreamingMan-made/TechHazardsinDRR................................13I. SENDAIFRAMEWORKPRIORITYFORACTION1ON“UNDERSTANDINGRISK"...................................13

A)Understandingrisk:Thecaseofchemical/industrialhazards.....................................................................14B)Understandingrisk:Thecaseofnuclearorradiologicalhazards.................................................................16C)Understandingrisk:Thecaseoftransporthazards......................................................................................18D)MarinePollutionHazards.............................................................................................................................20

II. SENDAIFRAMEWORKPRIORITYFORACTION2"STRENGTHENINGDISASTERRISKGOVERNANCETOMANAGEDISASTERRISK.............................................................................................................................22

A)Strengtheningriskgovernance:Thecaseofchemical/industrialhazards....................................................22B)Strengtheningriskgovernance:Thecaseofnuclearandradiologicalhazards............................................25C)Strengtheningriskgovernance:Thecaseoftransporthazards....................................................................27CaseStudy:EuropeanMaritimeSafetyAgency(EMSA)..................................................................................29

III. SENDAIPRIORITYFORACTION3:INVESTINGINDISASTERRISKREDUCTIONFORRESILIENCE.........31A)InvestinginDRRforresilience:Thecaseofchemical/industrialhazards.....................................................31B)InvestinginDRRforresilience:Thecaseofnuclearandradiologicalhazards.............................................34C)InvestinginDRRforresilience:Thecaseoftransporthazards.....................................................................35

IV. SENDAIFRAMEWORKPRIORITYFORACTION4:ENHANCINGDISASTERPREPAREDNESSFOREFFECTIVERESPONSEANDBUILDBACKBETTERINRECOVERY,REHABILITATIONANDRECONSTRUCTION...............36

A)Enhancingpreparednessandbuildingbackbetter:Thecaseofchemical/industrialhazards....................36B)Enhancingpreparednessandbuildingbackbetter:Thecaseofnuclearandradiologicalhazards..............41C)Enhancingpreparednessandbuildingbackbetter:Thecaseoftransporthazards.....................................43

PART2:TheMulti-HazardApproach..........................................................................................................45I. REDUCINGTHERISKOFNATECHACCIDENTS.....................................................................................46II. OTHERKEYISSUES/RECURRINGTHEMESOFRELEVANCETOMANMADE/TECHNOLOGICALHAZARDSINSENDAIFRAMEWORKFORDRR..................................................................................................................48

A.Collaboration,engagementandpartnerships.............................................................................................48B.Multipledimensionsofdisasterrisk............................................................................................................48C.Data,GISandremotesensing......................................................................................................................48D.Scientificmethodologies;assessmentandmonitoring...............................................................................49E.Innovationandtechnology...........................................................................................................................49F.Communication,educationandtraining......................................................................................................49G.Man-madehazardsandtheirenvironmentalimpact..................................................................................49H.Extensivedisasterrisk...................................................................................................................................50

Summary....................................................................................................................................................51FinalTake-awayMessages.........................................................................................................................54Annex..........................................................................................................................................................55

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ListofAbbreviationsAEWS AccidentEmergencyWarningSystemAPELL AwarenessandPreparednessforEmergenciesatLocalLevel ASEAN AssociationofSouthEastAsianNationsBBB BuildingBackBetterBRS Basel,Stockholm,andRotterdamConventionCAPP ChemicalAccidentPrevention,Preparedness(andResponse;OECD)DRR DisasterRiskReductionEC EuropeanCommissionEMSA EuropeanMarineSafetyAgencyEU EuropeanUnionEUCP EuropeanUnionCivilProtection(Mechanism)ECOSOC EconomicandSocialCouncil(oftheUnitedNations)GIS GeographicInformationSystemGSR GeneralSafetyRequirementsHELCOM HelsinkiCommissionIAEA InternationalAtomicEnergyAgencyIFRC InternationalFederationofRedCrossandRedCrescentSocietiesIHM InventoryofHazardousMaterialsIMO InternationalMaritimeOrganizationINEX InternationalNuclearEmergencyExercise(s)(ofOECD'sNEA)IOMC Inter-OrganisationProgrammefortheSoundManagementofChemicalsJEU JointEnvironmentUnit(ofUNEP/OCHA)JRC JointResearchCenteroftheEuropeanCommissionMan-made/Tech Man-made/Technological(hazards)Natech Natural-hazardtriggeredtechnologicalaccidentNEA NuclearEnergyAgency(ofOECD)NGO Non-GovernmentalOrganisationNIRS NationalInstituteofRadiologicalSciences(Japan)NPP NuclearPowerPlantNR Nuclear/RadiologicalNRA NationalRiskAssessmentandNuclearRegulatoryAuthority(Japan)OCHA OfficeforCoordinationofHumanitarianAffairsOECD OrganisationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmentOPRC(HNS) OilPollutionPreparednessResponseandCooperationConvention(Hazardousand

NoxiousSubstances) OSCE OrganisationforSecurityandCooperationinEuropeRAC RegionalActionCentreREMPEC RegionalMarinePollutionEmergencyResponseCentreSIDS SmallIslandDevelopingStatesSPIs SafetyPerformanceIndicatorsUN UnitedNationsUNDP UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgrammeUNECE UnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforEuropeUNEP UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(UN-Environment)UNISDR UNOfficeforDisasterRiskReductionWHO WorldHealthOrganizationWiA WordsintoAction(GuidespreparedasSendaiFrameworkfollow-up)

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Foreword

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 agreed by Member States focuses onmanagingrisksratherthanmanagingdisasters,withthegoalto“Preventnewandreduceexistingdisasterrisk through the implementation of integrated and inclusive measures that prevent and reduce hazardexposure and vulnerability to disaster, increase preparedness for response and recovery, and thusstrengthenresilience”.

The Sendai Framework serves as a blueprint for multi-hazard disaster risk reduction factored intodevelopmentatalllevelsandwithinandacrossallsectors.Ithasawiderscopecoveringalltypesofdisasterrisk,causedbynaturalorman-madehazardsincludingbiological,technologicalandenvironmentalhazards.

The Sendai Framework calls upon “the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR), inparticular, to support the implementation, follow-up and review of this framework through generatingevidence-based and practical guidance for implementation in close collaboration with States, andthroughmobilizationofexperts;reinforcingacultureofpreventioninrelevantstakeholders.

TomeetthisdemandtheWordsintoActionInitiative(WiA)waslaunchedtofacilitiesdevelopingpracticalguidesonhowto implementthedifferentthemesandaspectsof theSendaiFramework.Man-madeandtechnologicalhazardswasidentifiedasoneofthemainthemestobeincludedinthisinitiative.

This is in recognition that the number andmagnitude ofMan-made disastersworldwide has risen since1970s and continues to grow in both frequency and impact on human wellbeing and economic costs.Severalmajoraccidents (e.g. theSevesodisaster in1976, theBhopalgas tragedy in1984, theChernobylaccident in 1986, and Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010 and the increased number of new hazardoussubstances and materials and the opportunities for accidents has put greater attention to the need totacklethesehazardswithintheoverallframeofinclusivedisasterriskmanagement.

UNISDR,UNEnvironmentandOCHAhavecollaboratedtogethertodevelopthistargetedguide,whichaimstostrengthennationalandlocaldisastermanagementplans,supporttrainingandcapacitybuildingandtoraiseawarenessforbetterresponsetotherisksandimpactsofMan-madeandtechnologicalhazards.

This Words into Action (WiA) guide on Man-made/Technological Hazards provides a targeted set ofevidence-based,practicalactivitiesfor implementationatnationalandlocal levelsundereachofthefourPriorities for Action, including chemical, industrial and transport accidents, and nuclear and radiologicalhazards.

TheGuidealsohighlightstheexistingdiversityofthematicframeworks,institutionalandlegalmechanismsatglobalandregional levelsthatarerelatedtoandusedforaddressingman-madehazards. Italsodrawsattention toexistingcollaborations to implement these toolswithin theDRRcommunity, including thoseundertaken byUNISDR and other key partners. National legislation has a key part to play in this realm,providingavitalbridgetocountryandlocal-levelimplementation.Theguideisintendedtosupplementtherelatedprovisionsofnationalandinternationallaw,regulationsandrecommendations.

Finally, the guide promotes and strengthen communities of practice and professional networks. It willevolveandincorporatenewknowledgeasneeded.

©2017UNISDR

Acknowledgments

TheGuideisdevelopedthroughstrongcollabora4onbetweentheUNOfficeforDisasterRiskReduc4on(UNISDR),theUnitedNa4onsEnvironmentProgramme(UNEnvironment)andtheUnitedNa4onsOfficefortheCoordina4onofHumanitarianAffairs(OCHA)withvaluablesecretariatsupportandeditorialandcontentinputsfromUNEnvironment/OCHAJointUnit.

Theguideonlybecamepossiblethroughtheextensivecontribu4onsfromthefollowingpartnerins4tu4onsandexpertsthatformedthedrapingworkinggroup.Theirinputsanddedicatedinvolvementaregreatlyacknowledged.

Co-chairs: EmiliaWahlstrom(UNEnvironment/OCHAJointUnit)andChadiaWannous(UNOfficeforDisasterRiskReduc5on(UNISDR) Contributors:

• UNEnvironment:SandraAverousMonneryandBeatrizFernandez• Organiza5onforEconomicCo-opera5onandDevelopment(OECD):Marie-AngeBaucher• UnitedNa4onsEconomicCommissionforEurope(UNECE),SustainableTransportDivision:Rosa

GarciaCoutoandNickBonvoisin• EuropeanCommission,Directorate-GeneralfortheEnvironment:AlexandrosKiriazis• JointResearchCentreoftheEuropeanCommission:ElisabethKrausmann• Interna5onalFedera5onofRedCrossandRedCrescentSocie5es(IFRC):MarCnKroDmayer• Interna5onalMari5meOrganiza5on:PatriciaCharlebois• CentreforDisasterRiskManagement,FederalUniversityofTechnology,

Nigeria:GbengaMorenikeji• FederalOfficefortheEnvironment,Switzerland:RaphaëlGonzalez• PPRConsultora,Argen5na:NestorSpósito• NagasakiUniversity,Japan:TadanoriInomata,ShunichiYamashita,NoboruTakamura,Makiko

Orita,andKazuhikoMoji.• Independentexpert:RonWiD

Editors:ShannaMcClainandUNEnvironment/OCHAJointUnit

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IntroductionTheSendaiFramework forDisasterRiskReduction (DRR)2015-2030wasadoptedat theThirdUNWorldConferenceonDRRinSendai,Japan,on18March2015.ThemainfeaturesoftheSendaiFrameworkare:1)ashiftinfocusfrommanagingdisasterstomanagingrisks;2)awiderscopewhichincludesriskofsmall-tolarge-scale, frequent and infrequent, sudden and slow-onset disasters, caused by natural or man-madehazards, aswell as related environmental, technological and biological hazards and risks;and 3) amorepeople-centered,all-hazardsandmulti-sectoralapproachtoDRR.ThisWords in Action (WiA) Guideaddressesman-made hazards, including the subset of technologicalhazards. It isoneofaseriesofdocumentspreparedaspartof theUNOffice forDisasterRiskReduction(UNISDR) Initiative1supporting "the implementation, follow-up and review of the Sendai Framework bygenerating evidence-based and practical guidance for implementation in close collaborationwith States,andthroughmobilizationofexperts;reinforcingacultureofpreventioninrelevantstakeholders”.2This WiA Guide was developed by a drafting group, consisting of government representatives andinternationalstakeholders,andchairedbyUNISDRandtheUNEnvironment/OfficefortheCoordinationofHumanitarianAffairs(OCHA)JointUnit(JEU).The Guide takes a practical approach in addressing man-made and technological (Man-made / Tech)hazards,andbuildsuponpreviousanalysesandrecommendationsrelatingtosuchhazardsinthecontextofDRR.TheGuidebuildsontheoutcomesof theOpen-ended IntergovernmentalExpertWorkingGrouponIndicators and Terminology for the Sendai Framework, and the work on hazard classification andterminologyrelatedtohuman-madehazards.3Man-made (i.e., anthropogenic, or human-induced) hazards are defined as those “induced entirely orpredominantlybyhumanactivitiesandchoices”.Thistermdoesnotincludetheoccurrenceorriskofarmedconflictsandothersituationsofsocialinstabilityortensionwhicharesubjecttointernationalhumanitarianlawandnationallegislation.Technologicalhazards4arenormallyconsideredasubsetofman-madehazards.Chemical, nuclear and radiological hazards,aswellas transport hazardsaredefinedas those"originatefromtechnologicalorindustrialconditions,dangerousprocedures,infrastructurefailuresorspecifichumanactivities. Examples include industrial pollution, ionizing radiation, toxic wastes, dam failures, transportaccidents, factoryexplosions, fires and chemical spills. Technological hazards alsomayarisedirectly as aresult of the impacts of a natural hazard event. A technological accident caused by a natural hazard isknownasaNatech.5

1http://www.preventionweb.net/drr-framework/sendai-framework/wordsintoaction/2SendaiFramework,Paragraph48c3http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/terminology/4http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/terminology/v.php?id=4885ElisabethKrausmann,AnaMariaCruz,andErnestoSalzano.NatechRiskManagement:ReducingtheRiskofNatural-HazardImpactonHazardousInstallations(Amsterdam:Elsevier,2017),1.

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Examplesforman-madehazards

- Radiologicalhazard:TheGreatEastJapanEarthquakeandTsunamiof2011causedseveredamagesattheFukushimaDaiichiNuclearPowerPlant,resultinginalargereleaseofradioactivityintotheenvironment.Morethan100,000peoplewereevacuatedbecauseofthereleaseofradionuclidestotheenvironment1.

- Chemicalhazard:On9December2014,anoiltankeraccidentintheSundarbansofBangladeshledtothereleaseofapproximately350,000litresofheavyfueloilintotheriverandmangroveecosystemwhichislistedasaUNESCOWorldHeritageandaRamsarsite.

- Chemicalhazard:InDecember1984,amajorgasleakatapesticideplantinBhopal,Indiaresultedinthereleaseof40tonsofmethylisocyanategas.Theincidentcausedanestimated3,800deathsintheimmediateaftermathandasignificanthighermorbidityfortheexposedpopulationwhichthegovernmentreportedtobemorethan500,000people1.

- Transporthazard:InJuly1978,aroadtankertransportingliquefiedpropylenesprangaleakasitpassedacampsiteatLosAlfaquesinSpain.Theleakresultedinthereleaseofliquefiedgasintothecampsite,whereitimmediatelyignited.Theexplosionkilledmorethan200peopleandthedevastationspreadfor400yardsinalldirections.

Purpose,ObjectiveandScopeThepurposeofthisGuideisto:

1. Improveunderstandingofriskmanagementofman-madehazardsastheyrelatetoDRR;2. ProvidepracticalguidancetonationalDRRfocalpoints6andtechnicalexpertsonhowtoaddress

man-madehazardsintheimplementationoftheSendaiFramework;and3. Raiseawarenessofman-madehazardswithintheoverallDRRagenda,includingthechallengesand

opportunitiesinadequatelyaddressingthese.This Guide outlines opportunities for DRR interventions focusing on the links between man-made andnaturalhazards.Itcoversthemanagementofman-madehazardsatdifferentscales,andofferscasestudiesfromexistingpoliciesandpractices.ThefocusofthisWiAGuideisonprovidingclear,straightforward,keyconsiderationsthatcanbetakenupbynationalandlocal-levelDRRpractitionerstoaddressman-madehazards. It ismeanttoprovidetimely,relevant and useful information to the DRR community and to support knowledge management andcapacitybuilding.TheGuidealsohighlightstheexistingdiversityofthematicframeworks,institutionalandlegalmechanismsat global and regional levels that are related to and used for addressing man-made hazards. It alsohighlights existing collaborations to implement these toolswithin theDRR community, includingUNISDR

6TheSendaiFrameworkrequestsgovernmentsto“establishadesignatednationalfocalpoint”(SendaiFrameworkparagraph27g)forimplementingthepost-2015framework.ANationalFocalPointforDRRisdefinedasanationalgovernmentalbodyandentrypointresponsiblefortheimplementation,reviewandreportingoftheSendaiFrameworkandissupportedbythenationalplatformforDRR. http://www.preventionweb.net/publications/view/53055

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andotherkeypartners.Nationallegislationhasakeyparttoplayinthisrealm,providingavitalbridgetocountryandlocal-levelimplementation.Theguidanceisintendedtosupplementtherelatedprovisionsofnationalandinternationallaw,regulationsandrecommendations.Aselectednumberofman-madehazardshavebeenchosentoillustratethetopic.Theseare:

1. Chemical/industrialhazards2. Nuclearandradiologicalhazards3. Transporthazards

Marineincidentsaredescribedinaseparatesection.Byprovidingconcreteexamplesofspecifichazards,itishopedthattheguidewill illustratesufficientlyhowsimilarguidancecanbecompiledforothertypesofman-madehazards.

The scope of theWiA Guide is organized according to the four Sendai Framework priorities for action(understandingdisasterrisk,strengtheningdisasterriskgovernance,investingindisasterriskreduction,andenhancingdisasterpreparednessand"buildingbackbetter").Eachoftheseprioritiesisexploredintermsofhowandwhatpractical stepscanbetakentobetterpreparefor,preventandrespondtohazardevents.Each sub-section includes case studies, which illustrate the "what" and the "how" of carrying out DRR-relatedactionsforman-madehazards.At the end of theGuide, a series of recurring themes from the Sendai Framework are described. Theseinclude:collaborationandpartnerships,dataaccess,educationandtraining,scienceandtechnology,andthemulti-hazardapproach.Overall,theGuideemphasizesthevitalnatureofimprovingcurrentinteractionbetweenallpartiesandatalllevelstoraisetheprofileofman-madehazardswithintheDRRagenda.Thisisneededinordertomakeavisible difference in preparedness for, prevention of and response to disasters caused by man-madehazards.Finally, the Annex provides relevant information and links to institutions, literature, resources, existingcommunitiesandnetworks.

TargetAudienceThisWiAGuideisaimedfirstandforemostatnationalDRRpractitioners,includingthefollowing:

- Governmentplannersandpolicy-makersworkingwithinnationalandlocaldisasterriskmanagementauthorities,includingnationalandlocalDRRfocalpoints;

- DRRpractitionerswithininternational,regionalandnationaldevelopmentandhumanitarianentitiessupportingcountriesondisasterandman-maderiskmanagement;and

- Technicalexpertsworkinginvarioussectorsofman-madehazardriskmanagement,whowishtosupportnationalDRRstrategiesandprograms.

The Guide is also intended to help UN Member States and relevant authorities take a multi-hazardapproachtorisk.Itadvocatesforstrengthenedcollaborationbetweentheman-madeandnaturalhazardsmanagementcommunitiesandtoultimatelystrengthentheinvolvementandaccountabilityofallrelevant

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stakeholdersinreducingdisasterrisk.

HowtoUsethisGuideThisWiAGuide onman-made and technological hazards ismeant for practical use. It provides practicalexamplesofthetypesofactionsthatcanbetakentopreventorreducetheriskofman-madehazardsandminimize their potential impacts on human lives, health, well-being, livelihoods, the economy and theenvironment.Thecontentwascompiledonthebasisofinformationfromrecognizedscientificdatabanksofinternationalauthoritiesorinstitutionsonbasisofinformationavailableatthedateofpublication.The guide was developed in consultation with a working group, consisting of member statesrepresentativesand internationalstakeholderschairedbyUNOffice forDisasterRiskReduction(UNISDR)and the United Nations Environment Programme (UN Environment) / Office for the Coordination ofHumanitarian Affairs (OCHA) Joint Unit (JEU). It builds on work of the Open-ended IntergovernmentalExpertWorkingGroupon Indicators andTerminologyRelating toDisasterRiskReduction7and takes intoaccounttheongoingworkonhazardclassificationandterminologyrelatedtoman-maderiskandprovideslinkageswithotherrelevantareasandimplementationguides,including“preparednessforresponse”,earlywarning,andothers.TheGuide is structured around the four Sendai Framework forDRRpriorities for action. Each priority istranslatedintopracticalconsiderations,wherethreetypesofman-madehazardsareusedtoillustratethecaseinpoint:I. Chemical/IndustrialhazardsII. NuclearorradiologicalhazardsIII. TransporthazardsAdditionally,marinehazardsarecoveredintheSendaiFrameworkpriority1on“Understandingrisk” inaseparatesection,withsomecasestudiesonmarineincidentsalsoincorporatedinthesectionsontransporthazards.Each combination of a Sendai Framework priority and a domain is followed by at least one case studyillustratinghowcertainpracticalactionsandmeasureshavebeenappliedinvariousgeographic locations,to provide food for thought for Man-made / Tech community stakeholders, and give ideas on how toimplementthesame.ThereferencesattheendoftheWiAGuideprovidemoredetailedinformationtopractitionerswhowishtoknowmoreaboutkey issues.Alsoprovided isa listofexistingnetworksandplatformswhichactorsmayjointogaingreaterinsightsintoman-madehazardsandtheirpotentialeffects.

7http://www.preventionweb.net/drr-framework/open-ended-working-group/

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The"BusinessCase"Man-madehazards–whenmaterializingasindustrial,nuclearortransportaccidents–havethepotentialtocost lives, cause injuries, impact livelihoods, jeopardize long-term wellbeing and cause environmentaldamage.Thereisthereforeastrong"businesscase"forpayingmoreattentiontoman-madehazardsandintegratingtheseintoanallhazardapproachfordisasterriskmanagement.

Forexample, in2015massiveexplosionsatachemicalwarehouse inTianjin,Chinareportedlykilled139,injuredover 700 anddisplaced6,000people. The same year, a tailings dam failure inBentoRodrigues,Brazil, released nearly 50million tons of toxic iron orewaste into the Doce River, affecting the lives ofhundredsofthousandsofpeopledownstream.Whatisstillconsideredtheworstindustrialaccidentofalltime,agas leakofmethyl isocyanate (MIC)at theUnionCarbidepesticideplant inBhopal, India inearlyDecember1984killedanestimated16,000peopleand injuredup to560,000,withnearly4,000of themsufferingpermanentdisabilities. In1989,theUnionCarbideCorporation(UCC)paid$470m(US$907min2014dollars)tosettlelitigationstemmingfromthedisaster.IntheTauerntunnelfireinAustriainMay1999,alorrycarryingpaintcrashedintosurroundingcarsinsidethe tunnel, resulting in thedeathsof 12persons, injuries to50others and the closureof the tunnel forthree months, with an economic cost of €8,670,000million (equivalent to approximately US$9,700,000million,May2017) for the reconstructionandrenovationof the tunnel. In1998,a truckcarryingsodiumcyanideplungedoffabridgeinKyrgyzstanreleasingapproximately1,800kgofhighlytoxicsodiumcyanideintoariverupstreamofseveralvillages.Notonlydidhundredsofpeoplerequiremedicaltreatmentduetocontaminationofthewater,buttheeffectsonlocalfaunaandfaunawereconsidereddisastrous.

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IntheUnitedKingdom,theaverageeconomiccostsofamajorindustrialaccident,excludingenvironmentalcosts,havebeenestimatedin2016at£95,000,000ininjuriesandfatalities,£3,300,000inbuildingdamage,£4,500,000inbusinessdisruptionand£2,100,000inemergencyservices.8Accidentalreleasesofradioactivematerialcanaffectmillionsofpeopleandleadtomajoreconomiccosts.TheChernobylaccidentcausedthedeathsof30powerplantemployeesandfiremen(including28deathsthatwereduetoradiationexposure)withinthefirstfewdaysandweeks,broughtabouttheevacuationofabout116,000peoplefromareassurroundingthereactorduring1986,andtherelocation,after1986,ofabout 220,000 people from what were at that time three constituent republics of the Soviet Union:Belorussia,theRussianSovietFederatedSocialistRepublic(RSFSR)andtheUkraine.9IntheaftermathoftheFukushima Daiichi accident in March 2011, more than 100,000 people were evacuated because of thereleaseofradionuclidestotheenvironment10.Estimatesofthetotaleconomiclossfromtheaccidentarestilltakingplaceandhavealreadybeennotedassignificant.11National disaster risk reduction strategies and policies offer an opportunity both to reduce the risk andimpactsofsuchaccidents,andtomitigatetheirimpactswhentheydo,byaddressingman-madehazardsaspartofoverallinclusivedisasterriskmanagement.

9http://www.unscear.org/docs/reports/2000/Volume%20II_Effects/AnnexJ_pages%20451-566.pdf10IAEA,TheFukushimaDaiichiAccident,ReportbytheDirectorGeneralhttp://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/Pub1710-ReportByTheDG-Web.pdf11TheFukushimaDaiichiAccident,Technicalvolume5/5PostAccidentRecoverSection5.5http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/AdditionalVolumes/P1710/Pub1710-TV5-Web.pdf

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PART1:MeansofintegratingandmainstreamingMan-made/TechHazardsinDRR12Theneedforfocusedactionwithinandacrosssectors,andatmultiplelevelsofgovernance(local,national,regional and global) are reflected in the four Sendai Priority Areas for Action. This section outlines keyconsiderationswithineachofthefourPriorityAreas.Thefollowingsubsetsofman-madehazardsareusedtoillustratethecase:

• Chemical/Industrialhazards• NuclearandRadiologicalhazards• Transporthazards

I. SENDAIFRAMEWORKPRIORITYFORACTION1ON“UNDERSTANDINGRISK"

Disasterriskisdefinedas"thepotentiallossoflife,injury,destroyedordamagedassetswhichcouldoccurtoasystem,societyoracommunityinaspecificperiodoftime,determinedprobabilisticallyasafunctionofhazard,exposure,vulnerabilityandcapacity.13Understanding disaster risk in its various dimensions (vulnerability, capacity, exposure of persons andassets,hazardcharacteristicsandtheenvironment)isnecessaryinorderfornewandeffectivepoliciesandpracticesfordisasterriskmanagementtobedevelopedandimplemented.Suchknowledgecanincludepre-disaster risk assessments and is used for prevention and mitigation, but also for the development andimplementationofappropriatepreparednessandeffectiveresponsetodisasters.14KeyConsiderationsandactivitiesforbetterunderstandingriskinclude,butarenotlimitedto,thefollowing:

- Conductingandensuringaccesstopre-disasterriskassessment15information:o Havingabaselineforhazards,exposure,risksandvulnerability,includinglocal

sources/potentialhazardsiteso Collectinginformationonlocalinstitutions,capacitiesandplanstoaddressdisasters;

- Developingandregularlyupdatinglocalandnationalmapsondisasterrisk,hazards,humanexposureandvulnerability,includingkeyinfrastructureelements;

- Engagingwithcommunitiesatrisktounderstandcommunitystructures,involveformalandinformalleaders;

- Ensuringaccessofcommunitiestoriskinformationandsupportingcommunityinclusiveness;- Enhancingunderstandingofdisasterrisksamongallstakeholders,includinggovernmentofficialsat

alllevels,civilsocietyandnon-governmentalorganizations(NGOs),localcommunities,theprivatesectorandresponders/volunteers;

- Improvingtheflowofdisasterriskinformationfromscientificandtechnicalexpertstopolicy-makers,communitiesandotherstakeholders,andassureappropriateuseofthesame;

12MuchofthetextinSectionIaboveisparaphrasedfromtheSendaiFramework.13UNISDRTerminology2017http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/terminology/v.php?id=48814http://www.preventionweb.net/risk15http://www.preventionweb.net/publications/view/52828

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- Strengtheningunderstandingofdisasteratthelocallevelthrougheducationandawareness-raisingcampaigns;and

- ApplyingriskinformationinallitsdimensionstodevelopandimplementDRRpoliciesandstrategies.

A.Understandingrisk:Thecaseofchemical/industrialhazardsAchemicalaccident isdefinedas"anyunplannedevent involvinghazardoussubstances thatcausesor isliable to cause harm to health, the environment or property, such as loss of containment of hazardoussubstances,explosions,andfires”.16Theimpactatalocal levelofachemicalorindustrialaccidentcanbesignificant for the surrounding community, andmayalso lead to contaminationhavinga substantial andlong-termimpactontheenvironmentandlivelihoods.Key Considerations and activities for better understanding the risk of chemical/industrial accidents17include,butarenotlimitedto,thefollowing:

- Identifying,understandingandprioritizinghazardsandrisksatnationalandlocallevels,determiningwhat related public authority bodies and resources exist, and where gaps remain. This could bedonebyestablishingcriteriaforidentifyinghazardousinstallationsconsideredtohavethepotentialtocauseaccidents,aswellasasystemtoobtaininformationconcerningcertainspecifiedcategoriesofhazardousinstallations;

- Establishingeffectivepublicgovernance forchemical/industrialaccidentprevention,preparednessand response; including land-use planning, inspection strategies, trans-boundary issues,involvementandcommunicationwiththepublic,andaccidentfollow-up;

- Ensureadequatecommunicationonriskamongststakeholders,includingcorporatemanagementinhazardousfacilities,publicauthorities,academia,labourunions,internationalorganizations,NGOs,communityrepresentativesandthemedia;

- Timelyandeffectivesharingofdatabetweenrelevantauthoritiesandstakeholders(i.e.,informationon the location of hazardous facilities, residential areas, critical infrastructure including utilities,transportationroutes,medicalfacilities,schoolsandvulnerableenvironmentalsites);and

- Preparingandmakingavailableproceduresandcommunicationmaterialsforrelevantstakeholderssuchasresponders,publichealthauthoritiesandthepubliconwhatactionstotakeincaseofanaccident;

- For industry, developing a strong operational safety culture in facilities, which is at the heart ofbusiness operations, and understanding the risks posed by organizational activities dealing withhazardoussubstances

16OECDGuidingPrinciplesonChemicalAccidentsPreparedness,PreventionandResponse,200317Theterms“chemicalaccident”and“industrialaccident”areusedinterchangeablyinthisGuide.

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Casestudy:ProtectingtheDanubeDeltafromindustrialaccidentsUnder the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe’s (UNECE) project on hazard and crisismanagementintheDanubeDelta(2010–2015),18ahazardmapwasdevelopedbytheRepublicofMoldova,

RomaniaandUkraineindicatinghazardousfacilitiesintheDanubeDelta. The project aimed at protecting the Danube Delta fromindustrial accidents and to improve cooperation on industrialaccidentsbetweenthethreecountries.Itsoughttoenhanceand,where possible, harmonize the mechanisms and approaches forefficientandeffectivehazardandcrisismanagement.Asa resultof thecooperation,a jointagreementbetweenthethreeprojectcountries was drafted. Another goal was to improveunderstanding between authorities and industrial operators andstrengthen their cooperation. In terms of hazard sources, theprojectfocusedspecificallyontheoilterminalslocatedinallthreecountries directly above the Delta. These terminals generate anincreasedhazardpotentialfortheecosystemandnaturalheritageoftheDelta.See:http://www.unece.org/env/teia/ap/ddp.html

LearningfrompasteventswitheMARSThe Major Accident Reporting System (eMARS) facilitatesthe exchange of lessons learned from accidents and nearmisses involvingdangeroussubstances inorderto improvechemical and industrial accidentpreventionandmitigationof potential consequences. It was established by the EUSeveso Directives and contains reports of chemicalaccidents andnearmisses provided to theMajorAccidentand Hazards Bureau of the European Commission’s JointResearch Centre from EU, OECD and UNECE countries(undertheConventionontheTransboundaryEffectsofIndustrialAccidents).ReportinganeventineMARSis compulsory for EUmember Stateswhena so-called “Sevesoestablishment” is involvedand theeventmeetsthecriteriaofa“majoraccident”asdefinedbyAnnexVIoftheSevesoIIIDirective(2012/18/EU).Fornon-EUOECD andUNECE countries, the reporting of accidents in the eMARSdatabase is voluntary. Theinformationof the reportedevent isentereddirectlyby theofficial reportingauthorityof thecountry inwhichtheaccidentoccurred.See:https://emars.jrc.ec.europa.eu/

18http://www.unece.org/env/teia/ap/ddp.html

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B.Understandingrisk:ThecaseofnuclearorradiologicalhazardsEmergency is sometimesused interchangeablywith the termdisaster, as, for example, in the contextofbiologicalandtechnologicalhazardsorhealthemergencies,which,however,canalsorelatetohazardouseventsthatdonotresultintheseriousdisruptionofthefunctioningofacommunityorsociety19.The InternationalAtomicEnergyAgency (IAEA)definesanemergencyasanon-routinesituationoreventthat necessitates prompt action, primarily tomitigate a hazardor adverse consequences for human life,health,propertyortheenvironment.20Thisincludesnuclearandradiologicalemergencies.Italsoincludessituationsforwhichpromptactioniswarrantedtomitigatetheeffectsofaperceivedhazard.Anuclearorradiologicalemergencyisanemergencyinwhichthereis,orisperceivedtobe,ahazardduetotheenergyresultingfromanuclearchainreactionorfromthedecayoftheproductsofachainreaction,orradiationexposure.21Appropriateauthoritiesshouldact toensurethatarrangementsare inplacetoprovidecommunitiesandthelocalandregionalpublicwhoareaffectedorpotentiallyaffectedbyanuclearorradiologicalemergencywithinformationthatisnecessaryfortheirprotection;forpotentialprotectiveactionsandotherresponseactionstobetaken;andtowarnthempromptlyandtoinstructthemonanyactionstobetaken.Key Considerations22and activities for better understanding the risk of a nuclear or radiological hazardinclude,butarenotlimitedto,thefollowing:

- Identifyhazardsandassesspotentialconsequencesofanemergency.Thisprovidesabasisforestablishingarrangementsforpreparednessandresponseforanuclearorradiologicalemergency,whichshouldbecommensuratewiththehazardsidentifiedandthepotentialconsequencesofanemergency;

- Ensurethatahazardassessmentisperformedtoprovideabasisforagradedapproachinpreparednessandresponseforanuclearorradiologicalemergency;23

- Evaluatingtheimpactsofemergenciesonthepopulationandtheenvironment,takingintoaccountnotonlydirectradiationeffects,butalsonon-radiationhealth,socialandpsychologicaleffectsassociatedwithhumanexposureandvulnerability;and

- Prepareinformationaboutthelocationofsiteswherehazardousradioactivesubstancesarestoredorusedandofnuclearfacilitiesinthearea,andmakingthisinformationpubliclyavailablewherepossible;

- Useevidence-basedriskanalysis(estimates)andriskcommunicationtoensurethatcomprehensiveradiationriskmanagementiseffectiveandcredible;

- FamiliarizerelevantauthoritieswiththeInternationalNuclearandRadiologicalEventsScale24asatooltocommunicatetothepublictheseverityofnuclearandradiologicalevents–andapplyingthisscaleintheeventofanuclearorradiologicalemergency25;

19UNISDRTerminology2017http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/terminology/v.php?id=47520“IAEASafetyGlossary,”(2016revision),50.21Ibid,51.22“PreparednessandResponseforaNuclearorRadiologicalEmergency,”GeneralSafetyRequirementsNo.GSRPart7,(IAEASafetyStandards,2015).23Agradedapproachisastep-by-stepprocessthatidentifieskeyareasofassessment,wherethehighestareasofriskareexpected,directseffortintheareaofcommensurateriskpotential,andseekstominimizetheoverallcostoftheassessment.“UseofaGradedApproachintheApplicationofSafetyRequirementsinResearchReactors,”(IAEASafetyStandards,2012).24http://www-ns.iaea.org/tech-areas/emergency/ines.asp

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- Includesocietalandriskperceptionfactorsintocommunicationmaterials;and- Raiseawarenessforpotentialcross-bordereffectsofradiologicalhazardsandintegratingthis

informationintoemergencyplanning.

Casestudy:NuclearlegacywastemappinginCentralAsiaInmostoftheCentralAsiancountries,uraniumminingandmillingwasanintensiveindustrythathasleftalegacy of radioactive residues. Following the collapse of the former Soviet Union, development ofmosturanium deposits was stopped in the countries of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and partially inKazakhstan.Manyofthecountriescontainingsitesaffectedbytheoperationofuraniumminingandmillingfacilitiesrequiredsafemanagementandremediation.ThisposedchallengestotheCentralAsiancountries,astheissueofgovernmentrestructuringanddecommissioningoftheminesanduraniumfacilitiesaroseatthesametime.Manyoftheuraniumlegacysitesarelocatedadjacenttotributariesintheupperreachesofthewatershed,which has led to concerns regarding adverse environmental impacts and exposure to populations livingnearbyanddownstream.Radiologicalhazardscanposeprotractedmanagementissues,includinglong-termexposure hazards. Acknowledging the toxic and chemical hazards from heavy metals associated withuraniumwastes are of equal concern. Recognizing trans-boundary risks to surrounding communities canalsoimprovecommunicationamongactorsandavoidinternationaldisputes.Oneoftheimportanttasksforpast,presentandfutureuranium-producingMemberStatesoftheIAEAisthesafemanagementofuraniummill tailings. Therefore, incollaborationwiththegovernmentsandtheIAEA,andwithsupportfromadditionalinternationalorganizations,includingtheEuropeanCommission,UNDevelopment Programme, and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), aninitiative26was developed in order to create a commonunderstanding of the risks posedby these sites.With the aim of protecting the populations and environment, the objective of the initiative includeddevelopingadocumentthatprovidedatechnicalframeworkformanagingregionalandsite-specificissues.

25TheUseoftheInternationalNuclearandRadiologicalEventScale(INES)forEventCommunication(http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/INES_web.pdf)26https://gnssn.iaea.org/RTWS/general/Shared%20Documents/Remediation/Remediation%20Evaluation%202012/AssessmentandProposalsforUraniumProductionLegacySitesinCentralAsia.pdf.

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C.Understandingrisk:ThecaseoftransporthazardsForthepurposesofthisGuide,transportaccidentscoverthetypesofaccidentsinvolvingdangerousgoodsand hazardous substances27, which occur during transport, whether by road, rail or pipeline. Maritimetransportincidentsaredescribedasaseparatesubsetoftransportaccidents.The terms dangerous goods and hazardous substances are used interchangeably and encompass allmaterialswhichmay,bynatureorwhenreleasedinspecificquantitiesorforms,poseanunacceptablerisktohealth,safety,propertyortheenvironment.Transport of dangerous goods is regulated in order to prevent, as far as possible, accidents to persons,propertyor theenvironment, themeansof transportemployedor toothergoods.Transport regulationsare, at the same time, framed so as not to impede themovement of such goods, other than those toodangeroustobeacceptedfortransport.Withthisexception,theaimoftheregulationsistomaketransportfeasiblebyeliminatingrisksorreducingthemtoaminimum.Itisthusamatterofsafetyaswellasoneoffacilitatingtransport.KeyConsiderationsandactivitiesforbetterunderstandingtheriskoftransportaccidentsinclude,butarenotlimitedto,thefollowing:

- Usingcontainmentsystemsofgoodquality,adaptedtothedangerpresentedbythegoodstobetransportedandcompatiblewiththem,meetingtheconstructionrequirementsandtheperformancetestsorothertestscontainedintheUNModelRegulationsontheTransportofDangerousGoods;28

- Understandingthesafetyrequirementsneededforvarioustypesofgoodscarried(e.g.tank-vehicles,holdsofships,maritimeorinlandnavigationtankers);

- Establishinggoodoperationalpractices;- Ensuringthatonlythosedangerousgoodswhichareproperlyclassified,packaged,marked,labeled,

placarded,describedandcertifiedonatransportdocument,inaccordancewiththeapplicabletransportofdangerousgoodsregulationsareacceptedfortransport;

- Settingupanadequatehazardcommunicationsystem(labeling,marking,placarding,documentation)whichprovidesappropriateinformationtoallinvolvedparticularlyto:

o Transportworkersinvolvedindangerousgoodshandlingo Emergencyresponderswhohavetotakeimmediateactionincaseofincidentsoraccidents

- Developingandimplementingeffectivecontrolandenforcementbycompetentauthorities:

27“Dangerousgoodsandhazardoussubstances”includeexplosivesandgases,flammableandoxidizingsubstances,toxicandinfectioussubstancesandarticles,radioactiveandcorrosive,environmentallyhazardousandmiscellaneousdangeroussubstancesandarticles.Thesesubstancesareregulatedtopreventaccidentstopersonsandpropertyanddamagetotheenvironment.Theyaredefinedandclassifiedbytypeofdangerpresented,see“UnitedNationsRecommendationsontheTransportofDangerousGoodsModelRegulations”(UN,2015).28Theseshouldbeadapted,asappropriate,towithstandstresses,impactsandotherwearandteartowhichpackagesmaybesubmittedduringnormalconditionsoftransport.Failureofcontainmentsystemscanleadtoleakageorspillagesorevenexplosionofthecontainmentsystemitselfincaseofpressurebuild-up.

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o Ensuringthattheappropriatesecuritymeasuresfordangerousgoodsintransportbyallmodesareconsideredandthattheapplicabletransportsecuritythresholdforhighconsequencedangerousgoodsareobserved29

o EnsureadherencetotheprovisionsoftheIAEA’s‘RegulationsfortheSafeTransportofRadioactiveMaterial’

- Ensuringthatallpersonsengagedinthetransportofdangerousgoodsreceivetheappropriatetraininginthecontentsofdangerousgoodsrequirementscommensuratewiththeirresponsibilities.Incasethistraininghasnotyetbeenprovided,theyonlyperformtheirfunctionsunderthedirectsupervisionofatrainedperson.30

CaseStudy:PipelineTransportAccidents

Transport accidents also include the transport of hazardous substances bypipeline. Pipelines throughout theUNECE region transport large volumesofhazardoussubstances,suchascrudeoil,itsderivatives,andnaturalgas.Theyareessentialfortheindustrialandenergysectorsandhelptomeettheneedsforheatandenergyforalargepartoftheregion’spopulation.Ifpipelinesareconstructed, monitored, operated and maintained as required byinternational and national legislation and according to national andinternational industry standards and good practices, they can be safe andenvironmentally sound. However, they can also represent a serious risk tohumanhealthandtheenvironment.Externalinterference,corrosionandpoormaintenancearethemostcommoncausesofpipelineaccidentsintheUNECEregion.Uncontrolled lossofcontainment, firesorexplosionscan leadto theloss of human life, accidental water pollution and major environmentalcatastrophes-asdemonstratedbyanumberofpipelineaccidentsinthepasttwo decades. In response to the need to improve pipeline safety, UNECE

member Statesdecided todevelop safety guidelines andgoodpractices forpipelines31jointlyunder twoUNECE conventions: The Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents (IndustrialAccidentsConvention)andtheConventionontheProtectionandUseofTransboundaryWatercoursesandInternationalLakes(WaterConvention).See:http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/documents/2015/TEIA/publications/Pipelines-Layout-WEB.pdf

29“Highconsequencedangerousgoods”arethosethathavethepotentialformisuseinaterroristeventandwhichmay,asaresult,produceseriousconsequencessuchasmasscasualtiesormassdestruction,orparticularlyforradioactivematerial,masssocio-economicdisruption.30Morespecificrequirementsfortrainingaredescribedintheapplicablemodalregulations(e.g:ADR,RID,ADN(forlandtransport);IMDGCodeformaritimetransport,ICAOTechnicalinstructionsforairtransport).31http://www.unece.org/index.php?id=41068

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D.MarinePollutionHazardsMarine pollution incidents resulting in oil pollution or the release of other harmful substances into themarineenvironmentcanhavewidespreadimpacts,notjusttotheterritoryofindividualstates,butalsotoneighboringstates. Thesourceofmarinepollutionhazardseventsmaybefromfixedshoreline locationssuch as seaports, oil handling facilities, pipelines and offshore units, or from ships, due to collision forgrounding.The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is the global standard-setting authority for the safety,securityandenvironmentalperformanceof international shipping. Since itwasestablished in1958, IMOhasadoptedawiderangeofmeasurestopreventandcontrolpollutioncausedbyshipsandtomitigatetheeffects of any damage thatmay occur as a result ofmaritime operations and accidents. IMO promotescooperation between countries through bi-lateral, multi-lateral and regional agreements to support theimplementationoftheprovisionsoftheOPRCConventionandOPRC-HNSProtocol.Alongwithsupportingagencies such as UN Environment, IMO works with several Regional Activity Centres (RACs) addressingpreparednessandresponseactivitiesrelatedtomarinepollution incidents, includingtheRegionalMarinePollutionEmergencyResponseCentre(REMPEC).Several IMO Conventions are particularly relevant to marine pollution incidents, including the 1990InternationalConventiononOilPollutionPreparedness,ResponseandCo-operation(OPRC),andthe2000Protocol on Preparedness, Response and Co-operation to Pollution Incidents by Hazardous and NoxiousSubstances(OPRC-HNS),whichtogetherprovideaframeworkforthedevelopmentofanationalresponsesystem and a platform for facilitating international cooperation andmutual assistance at the time of amarine incident. Inrelationtomarinepollution incidents,asystematicapproachcoveringpreventionandpreparednessactivities,aspartoftheriskreductionprocessisincluded.Intheeventofaspill,atimelyandeffectiveresponseaimedataddressingimmediateimpactsandreducingtheconsequencestotheenvironmentisrequired.Thekeyelementintheabilitytoeffectivelyrespondtoamarinepollutionincidentistheexistenceofanexercisedandtestedcontingencyplanthatlinkstheriskofaspill,withtheabilitytorespond,takingintoconsiderationthethreattotheenvironment.Theplanshouldbe developed based on identified risk scenarios and matched to an appropriate response strategy andcapability, with established procedures formobilizing external assistance through a tiered preparednessandresponseapproach.KeyConsiderationstobetakenintoaccountinclude,butarenotlimitedtothefollowing:

- Usereal-timedata,hazardmapping,modelling,sensitivitymapsandotherinformationandcommunicationsystemsandtechnologicalinnovationstobuildknowledgeaboutMarinePollutionIncidents

- Developofanationalsystemforrespondingpromptlyandeffectivelytopollutionincidents,throughthecreationofanationalcontingencyplan,thedesignationofnationalauthoritiesresponsibleforpreparednessandresponsethatwillactasoperationalcontactspointsandwillhaveauthoritytorequestorrenderassistancetootherstateparties.

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- Developmentofmarinepollutionemergencyresponseplansforallpotentialsourcesofpollution,coordinatedwiththenationalresponsesystem

- Establishingmarinepollutionreportingproceduresaswellasacommitmenttoinformallstateswhoseinterestsmaybeaffectedbyapollutionevent.

- Establishing,individuallyorthroughbilateralormultilateralco-operationaminimumlevelofpre-positionedresponseequipmentcommensuratewiththeidentifiedrisk,aprogramofexercisesandtraining,amechanismforincidentresponse,anddetailedplansandcommunicationcapabilitiesforincidentresponse.

- RiskreductionattheinternationallevelisachievedthroughstrengthenedshippingpolicyofIMOconventionsbasedonpracticalexperienceandlessonslearnedthatisthentranslatedbyStatesintonationallegislationandprograms(e.g.doublehulls)

Casestudy:HELCOM(BalticMarineEnvironmentProtectionCommission-HelsinkiCommission)HELCOMisthegoverningbodyoftheConventionontheProtectionoftheMarineEnvironmentoftheBalticSea Area, known as the Helsinki Convention. HELCOM was established in 1974 to protect the marineenvironmentoftheBalticSeafromallsourcesofpollutionthroughintergovernmentalcooperation.Aspartof its activities, HELCOM undertakes specific projects to understand risk. The HELCOM Baltic SCOPE32projectfocusesonplanningvariousmarine-basedactivitiessuchasshipping,fishing,offshorewindfarmingandprotectedareas–morespecifically,shouldsuchactivitiespossiblyco-existorbeseparatedindifferentpartsofthemarineareas.Importantly,theplanningofthecommonseaareaistobeacoordinatedeffort.Theproject iscomprisedof twocasestudies thatbuilduponmarinespatialplanningprocesses.The firstencompassestheBalticSea’ssouthwestareaandaffectsthecountriesofSweden,Denmark,GermanyandPoland.ThesecondprojectcomprisesthemarineareabetweenEstonia,Latvia,andSweden.TheprojectincludestheuseofmaritimeGISdata,especiallyonshipmovementsintheregionbasedontheHELCOMAutomatic Identification System (AIS) network. Both case studies focus on how shipping traffic, energyproduction,fishing,andenvironmentfunctionworktogethertoattaincompromise.See:http://www.helcom.fi/helcom-at-work/projects/baltic-scope

32http://www.balticscope.eu/

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II. SENDAIFRAMEWORKPRIORITYFORACTION2"STRENGTHENINGDISASTERRISKGOVERNANCETOMANAGEDISASTERRISK

Improvedgovernanceofdisasterrisk isvital formoreeffectiveandefficientdisasterriskmanagementatlocal,nationalandglobal levels.Thestrengtheningofdisasterriskgovernanceforprevention,mitigation,preparedness,response,recoveryandrehabilitationbenefitsfromgreatercollaborationacrossmechanismsandinstitutionsinimplementingDRRmeasures.This sectiononSendai Frameworkpriority2 - StrengtheningGovernance forDisasterRisk - addressesallstagesofdisasterriskmanagement,frompreventiontomitigation,preparednessandresponsetorecovery.Since all levels of government and societal sectors are concerned, approaches should be designed tomainstream DRR through legal frameworks and policies, and DRR strategies and plans drawn up andimplementedforman-madehazards.Key Considerations and activities for strengthening governance include, but are not limited to, thefollowing:

- MainstreamingDRRwithinandacrossallsectorsdealingwithman-madehazards,throughrelevantlegalframeworks,policies,regulations,reportingrequirementsandcomplianceincentives;

- Ensuringthatsectorsinvolvedinman-maderiskmanagementareinvolvedinappropriateDRRcoordinationandorganizationalstructures,includingforumsandplatformsatlocalandnationallevels;

- Ensuringthatsectorsinvolvedinman-maderiskmanagementadoptsandappliesnationalandlocalDRRstrategiesandplans,includingtargets,indicatorsandtimeframes,andfollow-upmechanismstoassessprogress;and

- Assigningclearrolesandtaskstorelevantnationalandlocalauthorities,communityleadersandotherstakeholdersinoperationalisingstrategies/plans,whilereinforcingtheroleoftheappropriatenationalauthority(-ies)astheprimaryoneresponsibleforDRR.

A.Strengtheningriskgovernance:Thecaseofchemical/industrialhazardsThepotentialformajorindustrialaccidentshasbecomegreaterwiththeincreasingproduction,storageanduseofhazardoussubstances.Majoraccidentsaswellassmaller,recurrentchemicalaccidentscausesevereharmtoworkers,communities,municipalities,businessesandtheenvironment.Consequently,asystematicapproachtocontrollinghazardoussubstancesisneeded.Centraltosuchanapproachisstrengtheningthegovernanceframework,whichcanbeachievedthroughthedevelopmentofanationalchemicalaccidentsprogram and adapted to a country’s specific circumstances. Effective governance on process safety isessential both for a sustainable business performance and to minimize the frequency and severity ofchemical and industrial accidents. Good governance is particularly important when siting hazardousindustrialactivities,makingchangestosuchactivities,andwhenplanninglandusearoundexistingsites,forexample,forhousing,schools,hospitalsandotherpublicservicesaswellasinfrastructuredevelopment.

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KeyConsiderationsandactivitiesforstrengtheninggovernanceforchemical/industrialriskinclude,butarenotlimitedto,thefollowing:

- IntegratingemergencyplanningforchemicalandindustrialaccidentsintolocalandnationalDRRandemergencyplansandupdatingtheseplansonaregularbasis;

- Makinguseofrelevantguidance,suchasthe"OECDGuidingPrinciplesforChemicalAccidentsPrevention,PreparednessandResponse",whichaimstohelppublicauthorities,industryandcommunitiesworldwidetopreventchemical/industrialaccidentsandimprovepreparednessandresponse,shouldanaccidentoccur;

- Ensuringinvolvementofallrelevantstakeholdersandpublicauthoritiesinthegovernanceofchemicalandindustrialaccidents;

- Furtheringthecooperationandcoordinationofgovernmentauthoritiestoimproveinformationsharingandenableeffectivemanagementacrossthewholeriskmanagementspectrum;

- Developingtheinspectionandsupervisioncapacityofgovernmentauthoritiesandothersectorsinvolvedwithassessingprogress;

- Initiatingaprocessfordeveloping,implementingandreviewinglaws,regulations,policies,guidanceandotherinstruments,aspartofaneffectivechemical/industrialaccidentsgovernanceprogram;33and

- Guaranteeingthatoperators(internationalcompanies,localcompaniesandgovernment-ownedenterprises)ofchemical/industrialfacilitiesoperatetothesamehigheststandardsofsafety,acceptresponsibilityforchemicalandindustrialaccidentriskmanagementatthehighestleveloftheorganization.Thisincludesthesettingofclearpoliciesbyseniorleaders,wherepublicauthoritiesshouldmakethisexpectationknownandpartofaclearriskmanagementenforcementstrategy.34

Case study: the Flexible Framework for Chemical Accident Prevention and Preparedness (CAPP) inTanzaniaOver90%ofchemicalsusedbycompaniesinTanzaniaareimported.Manychemicalspillageaccidentshavebeenreportedinroadtransportofsubstancesbyfueltankersandtrucks.Theseaccidentshaveresultedinfires,andfrequently,humanfatalities.Recognizing the need to improve the sound management of chemicals, the Government ChemistLaboratoryAgency(GCLA),theimplementationAgencyforIndustrialandConsumerChemicalsinTanzania,incollaborationwithUNEnvironmentandtheSwissFederalOffice for theEnvironment (FOEN), initiatedtheChemicalAccidentPreventionandPreparedness(CAPP-TZ)programmeprojectinTanzania,inordertopreventandprepareformajorchemicalandindustrialaccidentsinTanzania.While policies, regulations and guidelines for the propermanagement of chemicals existed in Tanzania,there was an acknowledged need to improve the compliance and enforcement of laws,cooperation/coordination between stakeholders, and greater awareness among stakeholders aboutexisting legislation for improved management. The collaboration among multiple levels of governanceprovidedapositivesettingforthedevelopmentofpoliciesto improvechemicaland industrialsafetyandthesafetyoflocalcommunitiesnearbyareasofpotentialrisk.

33Suchaprocesstypicallyincludesdevelopmentofcommitmentsandmechanismsforcoordination,prioritizationofhazardswithinaregion,determinationofrequiredresources,implementationofmanagementplanaswellastheperiodicreviewandupdateoftheplan.SeetheChemicalAccidentssectionoftheInter-OrganizationProgrammefortheSoundManagementofChemicals(IOMC)Toolbox.Formoredetails:http://iomctoolbox.oecd.org/default.aspx?idExec=fa0a7540-917a-4cd2-b316-c1454399e6f5.34OECD(2013),CorporateGovernanceforProcessSafety:GuidanceforSeniorLeadersinhighHazardIndustry,OECD,Paris,https://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/chemical-accidents/corporate%20governance%20for%20process%20safety-colour%20cover.pdf

24

See:http://www.capp.eecentre.org/upload/images/proj_Tanzania_InceptionReport.pdf

25

Casestudy:Coordinationbetweenauthoritiesonland-useplanninginEstonia.The Estonian Rescue Board (crisis management department and regional and local rescue centres) isresponsible for prevention and emergency preparedness for industrial accidents. The Board is activelyinvolved in siting and land-use procedures, related environmental impact assessment and strategicenvironmentalassessmentprocesses,includingscreeningandscoping,andhasanumberofbindingpowersinthisrespect.Comprehensive,specialordetailedspatialplansandbuildingdesigndocumentationmustbesubmittedtotheBoardforapprovalwhen:(a)Selectingthelocationofanewestablishment;(b) Expanding theoperationsof anexistingestablishmentor increasingproduction,provided that aplanneedstobeinitiatedoramendedorabuildingpermitneedstobegranted;(c) Planning an area located in the danger zone of a hazardous enterprise, an enterprise with a majorhazard,orplanningconstructionworksthere.TheBoardassesseswhether:(a)Theplanorconstructionworksincreasethemajor-accidenthazardortheseverityofitsconsequences;(b)Theplannedaccidentpreventionmeasuresaresufficient;(c)TheoperatoroftheestablishmentalsosubmitsmustsubmitadditionalinformationtothelocalauthorityandtotheBoardbeforetheplanisadoptedorthebuildingpermitisgranted.TheBoardmayrejectaproposal ifaplannedactivity intheplanor inthebuildingdesigndocumentationincreases the risk of amajor accident occurrence, or the severity of its consequences, and the plannedaccidentpreventionmeasuresareinsufficient.Source:excerpt fromGuidanceon land-useplanning, thesitingofhazardousactivitiesand relatedsafetyaspects(UNECE,forthcomingin2017).35

B.Strengtheningriskgovernance:ThecaseofnuclearandradiologicalhazardsThroughouttheworld,butparticularlyintechnologically-advancedcountries,therearealargenumberofnuclear installations. Regulatory bodies require that site-specific emergency preparedness and responseplansaredevelopedandmaintainedfortheseinstallations.Therearealsomanyothertypesoffacilitiesandactivities that involve the use of radiation or radioactive material for agricultural, industrial, medical,scientificandotherpurposes.Suchfacilitiesandactivitiesinclude,forexample,theproduction,use,importandexportofradiationsources;thetransportofradioactivematerial;thedecommissioningoffacilities;orsatellitescarryingradioactivematerial.Governmentsandregulatorybodieshavean importantresponsibilitytoestablishbothstandardsandtheregulatoryframeworkforprotectingpeopleandtheenvironmentagainsttherisksassociatedwithionizingradiationexposure.Aneffective legal andgovernmental framework for safety, including an independentregulatory body,must be established and sustained.However, the prime responsibility for safety of thefacilityandradiationsourcesrestswiththelicensee.

35Thedraftguidanceisavailableathttp://www.unece.org/environmental-policy/conventions/industrial-accidents/envteiaguidelines/envteialup.htmland,oncepublishedinlate2017,itwillbeavailableathttp://www.unece.org/environmental-policy/conventions/industrial-accidents/publications.html.

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Effectivenationaland internationalpreparednessand responsecapabilitiesareessential tominimize theimpacts from nuclear and radiological emergencies and to build public understanding of the safety andsecuritymeasuresfornucleartechnology.The IAEA acts as the global focal point for international emergency preparedness, communication andresponse to nuclear and radiological incidents and emergencies resulting from the civil use of nucleartechnology. The IAEA helps maintain and strengthen effective emergency preparedness and responsecapabilitiesonanationaland international level.Aspartof theseactivities, itdevelopssafety standards,guidelinesandtechnicaltools;assistsMemberStatesinbuildingthecapacityforemergencyresponse;andmaintainstheIAEAIncidentandEmergencySystemtoefficientlyimplementitsroleinresponsetonuclearorradiologicalincidentsandemergencies.KeyConsiderationsandactivitiesforstrengtheninggovernancefornuclearandradiologicalriskinclude,butarenotlimitedto,thefollowing:36

- Ensuringthatanintegratedandcoordinatedemergencymanagementsystemforpreparednessandresponseforanuclearorradiologicalemergencyisestablishedandmaintained;

- Makingadequatepreparationstoanticipate,preparefor,respondtoandrecoverfromanuclearorradiologicalemergencyattheoperatingorganization,local,regionalandnationallevels,andalso,asappropriate,attheinternationallevel.Thesepreparationsinclude;

o Establishingandmaintaininganeffectivelegalandgovernmentalframeworkforsafetyatalllevels,includinganindependentregulatorybody37

o Adoptinginternationalobligationsandstandardswithinthelegalsystem,asmaybenecessarytofulfillallnationalresponsibilities,andensuringtheireffectiveimplementation

o Ensuringthatallrolesandresponsibilitiesforpreparednessandresponseareclearlyallocatedamongoperatingorganizations,theregulatorybodyandresponseorganizations

- Ensuringthatoperatingorganizations,responseorganizationsandtheregulatorybodyestablish,maintainanddemonstrateleadershipinrelationtopreparednessandresponseforanuclearorradiologicalemergency;

- Confirmingthatactionprogramsareputinplacetoreduceradiationrisks,whichincludeemergencyactionssuchasmonitoringreleasesofradioactivesubstancestotheenvironmentandproperlydisposingofradioactivewaste;and

- Providingforcontrolofsourcesofradiationforwhichnootherorganizationhasresponsibility,suchassomenaturalsources,‘orphansources’andradioactiveresiduesfromsomepastfacilitiesandactivities.

36PreparednessandResponseforaNuclearorRadiologicalEmergency,IAEASafetyStandards,GeneralSafetyRequirementsNo.GSRPart7,IAEA,201537Thisframeworkprovidesfortheregulationoffacilitiesandactivitiesthatgiverisetoradiationrisksandfortheclearassignmentofresponsibilities

27

CaseStudy:TheNuclearRegulatoryAuthorityandlocalcentresinJapanFollowing the Fukushima, Japan nuclear power plant (NPP) accident, the Nuclear Regulation Authority(NRA)wasestablishedin2012asanindependentcommissionundertheMinistryoftheEnvironment.Thus,all nuclear regulatory functions are integrated (safety, security and safeguard), and separate from NPPpromotion.38TheNRA’scorevaluesandprinciplesareasfollows:

- learnandabsorblessonsfromFukushimaDaiichiaccidentandneverallowsuchaccidentstohappenagain;

- restorepublictrust;- fosteragenuineradiationsafetyandprotectionculture;and- achieve genuinely effective regulations, independent decision-making based on scientific and

technologicalinformationandfreefromanyoutsidepressureandbiasfollowhighethicalstandards,senseofmissionandrightfulprideasanopenandtransparentorganization.

AspartofNRAactivities, localcentres inJapanhavebeenput inchargeofdevelopingand implementingpreparedness and evacuation guidelines for local communities. In addition to the National Institute ofRadiologicalSciences (QST-NIRS),HirosakiUniversity,FukushimaMedicalUniversity,HiroshimaUniversityandNagasakiUniversityhavebeendesignatedasNuclearDisasterMedicalCare/GeneralSupportCentres.Servingdualpurposes, these five institutionsaredesignatedasAdvancedRadiationEmergencyMedicineSupportCentres,andalsorespondtonucleardisastersintheeventofanotherNPPaccident.See:https://www.nsr.go.jp/english/

C.Strengtheningriskgovernance:ThecaseoftransporthazardsThetransportofdangerousgoodsorhazardousmaterialscanoccurbyvariousmodes(airfreight,road,railandinlandwaterways).Incaseanaccidentoccurs,thesecanhavecriticalimpactsoncommunitiesandtheenvironment near to the areaof an incident. In industrial areas or transport hubs there is also a risk ofcascadingeffects,whichneedtobeconsideredwhenmanagingrisk.Itisthushighlyimportanttoidentifytheactionsandtechnologiescapableofreducingaccidentsandimprovingsafety.Integrated risk management includes effective national and international preparedness and responsecapabilities, combined with improved monitoring and spatial planning networks. When effectivelyimplemented, theseminimize the impacts from transport accidentsand serve toprotectpeopleand theenvironmentagainstrisksfromsuchevents.The“Recommendationsonthetransportofdangerousgoods,ModelRegulations”39developedundertheumbrellaoftheUnitedNations’EconomicandSocialCouncil(ECOSOC)aimatensuringahighlevelofsafetybypreventingaccidentstopersonsandpropertyanddamagetotheenvironmentduringtransport,whileprovidingauniformregulatoryframeworkthatcanbeappliedinallcountriesfornationalorinternationaltransport,byanymodeoftransport.

38https://www.nsr.go.jp/english/index.html39http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/unrec/rev13/13nature_e.html

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TheRecommendationscovertheclassificationofdangerousgoods,theirlisting,theuse,constructionandtestingandapprovalofpackagingandportabletanks,aswellasconsignmentproceduressuchasmarking,labeling, placarding and documentation. They are presented as “Model Regulations”, to facilitate theirdirect integration into all modal, national and international regulatory instruments. The InternationalMaritimeDangerousGoodsCode(IMDGCode)formaritimetransport,theICAOTechnicalInstructionsforthe Safe Transport of DangerousGoods for air transport; the Agreements or regulations concerning theinternationalcarriageofdangerousgoodsbyroad(ADR),40byrail(RID)41andbyinlandwaterways(ADN)42integrate the provisions of the Model Regulations, thereby enhancing international harmonization. TheModel Regulations are also extensively used worldwide as the basis for the development of nationallegislationonthetransportofdangerousgoods.Key Considerations and activities for strengthening risk governance in the transport of dangerous goodsdomaininclude,butarenotlimitedto,thefollowing:

- Ensuringthatanintegratedandcoordinatedemergencymanagementsystemforpreparednessandresponsetotransportationaccidentsisestablishedandmaintained;

- Makingadequatepreparationstoanticipate,preparefor,respondtoandrecoverfromatransportaccidentattheorganizational,local,regionalandnationallevels,and,asappropriate,attheinternationallevel.Thesepreparationsshallincludeadoptinglegislationandestablishingregulationsforeffectivelygoverningthepreparednessandresponseforatransportaccidentatalllevels(see“C.Strengtheningriskgovernance:Thecaseoftransporthazards”paragraphon“ModelRegulations”aboveaswellasKeyConsiderationsundersub-sectionAivTransport);and

- Ensuringthatallrolesandresponsibilitiesforpreparednessandresponseforatransportaccidentareclearlyallocatedinadvanceamongoperatingorganizations,theregulatorybodyandresponseorganizations.

CaseStudy:Coordinationofmajoraccidents'preventionforthetransportofdangerousgoodsbyrailwithspatialplanninginSwitzerlandSwitzerland’s Ordinance on the Prevention of Major Accidents (MAO)43establishes the basis for thecooperationof all actors in theareaofmajor accidentprevention. It sets targetsnotonly for stationaryinstallations, but also for transport and pipeline systems. Since Switzerland’s population density isincreasing,itisobviousthatanaccidentinafactoryoronatransportroutecouldcauseharmtoagreaternumber of people. Hence, the coordination of major accidents' prevention with spatial planning isbecoming ever-more importantwhen it comes tominimizing thepotential damage arising fromamajoraccident. The Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) and the Federal Office for SpatialDevelopmenthavebeenworkingtogethertoensurethatthepreventionofmajoraccidentsisgivengreaterconsiderationinspatialplanning.

40http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/adr/adr_e.html41http://www.cit-rail.org/en/rail-transport-law/cotif/42http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/adn/adn_e.html43https://www.admin.ch/opc/en/classified-compilation/19910033/index.html

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SinceApril2013,theMAOhasbeenupdatedwithanewarticle11arequiringcoordinationwith landuseplanning. The coordination process has been further specified in a guideline.44 Toxic, explosive andotherwisehighlyreactivesubstancesdonotonlyposeariskinlocalstationarycontexts;theyalso-andinparticular-harbourrisksduringtransport.Forthisreason,theauthoritieshavedeveloped,inacooperativeprocess with the railway companies, instruments for identifying the risks arising from the transport ofdangerous goods. By use of these instruments, it was determined in 2011 that the risks will becomeunacceptable for the transport of chlorine gas by rail fromGeneva into the canton of Valais along LakeGenevainapproximately10to20years,duetoplannedsettlementdevelopments.In2016,theFOENandabroad-basedworkinggroupsignedajointdeclaration,inwhichtheobjectivesandriskreductionmeasureswereagreed toavoidunacceptable risks resulting from the transportof chlorinegas in the future.45Theadoptedmeasuresincludeprovisionsforbetter-equippedtankwagons,slowertravellingspeedsandotheroperationalprecautions.Inaddition,theindustrywillundertaketoverifywhetheritsshipmentscouldnotberoutedthroughmoresparselypopulatedareas.See:https://www.bag.admin.ch/bag/en/home/themen/mensch-gesundheit/chemikalien/nanotechnologie/sicherer-umgang-mit-nanomaterialien/stoerfallvorsorge-nanomaterialien.html

CaseStudy:EuropeanMaritimeSafetyAgency(EMSA)TheEuropeanMaritimeSafetyAgency(EMSA)wascreated(EC1406/2002)46in2002followingtwomarineaccidents,Erika(1999)andPrestige(2002)andtheirsubsequentoilspills,whichresultedinlargeeconomicandenvironmentaldamagetothecoastlinesofSpainandFrance.EMSAhasestablishedanetworkofstand-byoilspillresponsevesselsthroughcontractswithcommercialvesseloperators.Intheeventofanoilspill,andfollowingarequestforassistance,themaximumtimeforanoilspillresponsevesseltobereadytosailis24hours.EMSA participates in regional agreements to coordinate preparedness and response efforts in case of alarge-scale marine pollution incident; these include the Bonn Agreement, the Helsinki Convention(HELCOM), theBarcelonaConventionand theLisbonConvention.Recognizing that informationexchangeandaddressingissuesofcommoninterestinthefieldofmarinepollution,preparednessandresponsearevitaltocapacitybuilding,EMSAworksinavarietyof internationalforaandincoordinationwiththeIMO,theEmergencyPrevention,PreparednessandResponseWorkingGroupandothers.In 2009, EMSA’s CleanSeaNet satellitemonitoring system identified an oil spill off the southern coast ofIrelandwhileaRussiantankerwasundergoingrefuelling.EMSAnotifiedtheIrishauthoritieswhodeployedthe Irish Coast Guard to confirm the incident. Initial estimates place the spill at approximately 400-500tonnes,coveringaneightbyonekmarea.EMSAdeployedapollutionresponsevesseltoremainonstandby,andtheIrishauthoritiesworkedwithlocalauthoritiestoimplementemergencyresponseplansforcleaningtheaffectedareas.See:http://www.emsa.europa.eu/csn-menu.html

http://www.emsa.europa.eu/csn-menu/csn-service/oil-spill-detection-examples.html

44http://www.bafu.admin.ch/publikationen/publikation/01741/index.html?lang=fr45https://www.newsd.admin.ch/newsd/message/attachments/45484.pdf46http://www.emsa.europa.eu/operations/pollution-response-services.html

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CaseStudy:theGlobalBallastWaterManagementProgramme(GloBallast)*

Theproblemofinvasivemarinespecieshasbeenidentifiedasoneofthegreatestglobalthreatstooceansandmarineecosystems.Afewexamplesofmajorinvasivespeciesthathaveseverelyimpactednumerousmarinelocationsarethezebramussel,theNorthAmericancombjellyandtheNorthPacificseastar,allofwhichweretransportedinships'ballastwaterfromoneoceanicregiontoothers.

Suchinvasivespeciesnotonlyrepresentamajorthreattobothmarineandfreshwaterecosystemsaroundthe globe, but can also lead to serious economic, environmental and human health impacts. Reducedfisheries production, competition or elimination of local species, damage to aquaculture, beach closuresanddiseaseoutbreaksaresomeofthemajorimpactsthathavebeenexperiencedduetoinvasivespecies.

Tohelpcopewithandreducesuchimpacts,theInternationalMaritimeOrganization(IMO)introducedtheGloBallast Partnerships' Programmewith support from theGlobal Environment Facility (GEF) andUNDP.Themainpurposesof this project that began in 2000are to catalyse innovative global partnerships andsustain momentum in tackling the invasive species problem stemming from ballast water. GloBallastdirectlyassistsdevelopingcountriestoreducethetransferofharmfulaquaticorganismsfromoneglobaloceantoothers;expandinggovernmentandportmanagementcapabilities;aidingrelevantnational legal,policy and institutional reforms; and supporting regional coordination and cooperation in these areas.Currently,GloBallast is focusingon15LeadPartneringCountries (LPCs) inAfrica,EuropeandparticularlyLatinAmerica&Caribbean.

GloBallast has already delivered results in the LPCs in the form of National BallastWaterManagementStrategies,andthenamingofLeadAgenciesandNationalTaskForces.MostoftheLPCshavecompletedaNationalBallastWaterStatusAssessmentandarelatedEconomicAssessment.Whilemuchworkremainstobedonetoaddressthemarineinvasivespeciesproblem-estimatedbyIMOtocausesome$100billionperyearinsocioeconomiccosts-GloBallastwouldappeartobeheadingintherightdirection.

See:http://globallast.imo.org

*ExtractedfromtheUNDP-GEFpublicationentitled"InternationalWaters-deliveringresults";Jan.2016;76pages.

CaseStudy:UNECE’sInlandTransportCommitteeandDangerousGoodsTransport

Following the 2009 Viareggio, Italy train derailment and explosion of flammable gases, and the 2011capsizing of theWaldhof tank-vessel in the Rhine River that led to significant disruption of navigation,transportsafetylevelsreflectednewopportunitiesforimprovement.

AmeetingoftheInlandTransportCommitteeshortlyfollowingtheRhineaccidentincludedparticipationbyauthoritiesfromUNECEgovernments,theIMO,theCentralCommissionfortheNavigationoftheRhine,theEuropeanCommission, theEuropeanChemical IndustryCouncil, the InternationalRoadTransportUnion,andtheInternationalUnionofRailways.

ThediscussionsoftheInlandTransportCommitteereflectedthatthemechanismstoregulatethetransportofdangerousgoodsleadtoahighlevelofsafetywheneffectivelyimplementedbygovernments.Trainingandtheimprovementoftechnicalcapacityareadditionalmethodstostrengthensafetyandsecurityinthetransportofdangerousgoods.

See:https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/press/pr2011/11trans_p02e.htm

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III. SENDAIPRIORITYFORACTION3:INVESTINGINDISASTERRISKREDUCTIONFORRESILIENCE

Preventionandreductionofdisasterriskcanbefosteredthroughprivateandpublicinvestment,includingstructural and non-structural measures. Investment in the form of human and financial resources isessential for enhancing the economic, social, health and cultural resilience of persons, communities,countries and the environment. Investment are not only cost-effective, but also vital for preventing andreducinglossesandsavinglives.InvestinginDRRisacross-sectoralandmulti-leveleffort.Thismeansthatinvestmentsmustbemadeinallsectorsofthesocietyandatalllevels–includinglocal,nationaltoregionallevels.Amulti-facetedapproachis required which involves many types of actions and stakeholders. In addition to prevention andpreparedness,investmentsshouldalsocovertherecoveryandrehabilitationfromman-madedisasters.KeyConsiderationsandactivitiesforinvestinginDRRforman-madehazardsinclude,butarenotlimitedto,thefollowing:

- EnsuretheallocationoffinancialandlogisticalresourcestoimplementDRRplans,policiesandstrategiesatnationalandlocallevels;

- Promotedisasterriskfinancialsharing/transferandinsurancemechanisms;

- Strengthenpublicandprivatesectorinvestmentstopreventandreducetheimpactsofman-madedisasters,includingtheirimpactoncriticalinfrastructureandothersites;

- Improvebuildingcodesandstandardsandenforcespecificstandardsintheconstructionofalltechnologicalfacilities;

- Investinappropriatelanduse,localplanningandzoningpoliciesinrelationtolocationoftechnologicalfacilities;

- Enhancetheresilienceofnationalhealthcaresystemstodealwithspecifichazardtypesandenhancelocalaccesstobasichealthcareservicesandsocialsafety-netmechanismsforpost-disasterassistanceforpopulationsatriskfromman-madedisasters;and

- Protectthemostdisadvantagedpersons,alongwithlivelihoodsandproductiveassets,includingmajorearningsectorsliketourismfromman-madehazards.

A.InvestinginDRRforresilience:Thecaseofchemical/industrialhazardsInvesting in resilience means that chemical safety should be an integral part of all phases of thedevelopment of a hazardous facility: from choosing and planning the location, design and construction,through operation and maintenance, to decommissioning/closure/demolition. This also means thatchemicalaccidentspreventionandresponseshouldbepartofsoundchemicalsmanagement,notonlytoprevent injury, save lives and protect the environment, but also to safeguard the viability of emergingeconomiesandtomaintaintheeconomicviabilityoftheenterprisesconcerned.

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Key considerations and activities for investing in resilience in the chemical/industrial accident domaininclude,butarenotlimitedto,thefollowing:

- Makingresourcesavailabletocapture,analyseandlearnfromadverseorunexpectedoutcomes,inordertoimprovepreventionandresponse.Enhancinglearningfrompasteventsandincidents,recognisingthatmanyaccidentshavesimilarunderlyingcauses;

- Advancingandimprovingtheuseofinherentlysafertechnologies;- Investinginandconductingland-useplanningassessmentspriortodevelopmentofinfrastructure

neartofacilitiescontaininghazardoussubstances;and- DevelopingandusingSafetyPerformanceIndicators(SPIs)tohelpmeasuretheeffectsof

investmentinresilience.SPIsareusedtoassessingperformancerelatedtothepreventionof,preparednessforandresponsetochemicalaccidents.Assuch,theyimprovetheabilityofindustry,publicauthoritiesandcommunityorganizationstomeasurewhetherstepstakentoreducethepreparednessandresponsetoaccidentsleadtosafercommunitiesandreducedriskstohumanhealthandtheenvironment.47

Case Study: Upgrading infrastructures and retrofitting chemical industries: taking earthquakes intoconsiderationSwitzerland’sOrdinanceonthePreventionofMajorAccidents (MAO)48aimsatprotectingthepopulationandtheenvironmentfromseveredamageduetomajoraccidentsthatmayoccurduringtheoperationoffacilities.Itestablishesthebasisforthecooperationofallactorsinmajoraccidentprevention.Article3ofthe MAO stipulates that “The owner of an establishment shall take all appropriate measures that areavailable to reduce risk in accordance with the state of the art of safety technology, supplemented bypersonalexperience,andwhichareeconomicallyviable.Theseshallincludemeasurestoreducethehazardpotential, to preventmajor accidents and to limit the impacts thereof...”Thismeans that facility ownersmust keep installations up-to-date on a permanent basis in order to keep risk as low as possible. Thisincludes seismic design of infrastructures, since seismic risk is considered as a possible cause of majoraccidents.Thisprocessiscontrolledbyfederalandcantonal-levelauthorities.The MAO, through a two-step process, classifies establishments in two categories: the low riskestablishmentsthatdon’thavethepotentialforseveredamage(withaMajorAccidentIndex<0.3,whichrepresents less than 10 potential fatalities) and the high risk establishments (with aMAI >0.3, requiringdetailedriskstudies).49Forlowriskestablishments,twostandardsapplyforseismicdesign/verification:SIA26150(current building codes for new establishments) and SIA 201851(since 2004, the code for seismicverificationandretrofitofexistingbuildings).Forhigh-riskestablishments,noexistingcodesarecurrently47OECD(2003),GuidanceonSafetyPerformanceIndicatorsforIndustry,OECD,Paris,seehttps://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/chemical-accidents/41269710.pdfOECD(2003),GuidanceonSafetyPerformanceIndicatorsforPublicAuthoritiesandCommunities,OECD,Paris,seehttps://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/chemical-accidents/41269639.pdf48https://www.admin.ch/opc/en/classified-compilation/19910033/index.html49EvaluationCriteria50SIA26151SIA2018Internetlink:SeismicretrofittingofStructures-StrategiesandcollectionofexamplesinSwitzerland

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available.Thus,thecurrentpracticeshowseitherthattheseismicriskisinadequatelyaddressed(ifseismicriskistakenintoconsiderationinriskstudies,theriskisunacceptableaccordingMAOcriteria)orthatthebuildingcodesareappliedoutsidetheirscopeofapplication.Thisinconsistentapproachledtoinvestinginaresearchprojectaimingatdefiningclearguidelinesonhowtointegrateseismicriskintonewandexistinghigh-riskestablishments.Thisprojectiscurrentlyrunningandinvolves federal, cantonal and industry stakeholders. The intermediate results of this project show thatincreasingseismicdesignfactorsaloneisnotsufficienttoreachanacceptablelevelofrisk,butthatarisk-basedapproachmustbetakeninordertodefinefurthermeasuresthatwillreducethedamagepotential(e.g.,hazardoussubstancesreduction,implementationofpassivetechnicalmeasures).Casestudy:TailingsmanagementFailuresatTailingsManagementFacilities–whereminewasteisheld–mayleadtomajorenvironmentalcatastropheswithdevastatingeffectsonhumansandtheenvironmentbothwithinandacrosscountries,asdemonstratedbymajorpastaccidentssuchasthedambreakofatailingspondataminingfacilityinBaiaMare(Romania,2000),thealuminumsludgespillinKolontar(Hungary,2010),theaccidentattheTalvivaaraMining Company (Finland, 2012) and the Bento Rodrigues disaster (Brazil, 2015) mentioned in theintroduction.Inresponsetoneededimprovementsinthesafetyoftailingsmanagementfacilities,UNECEmemberStatesdecided to develop safety guidelines and good practices for tailings management facilities under twoUNECE Conventions — the Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents (IndustrialAccidentsConvention)andtheConventionontheProtectionandUseofTransboundaryWatercoursesandInternational Lakes (Water Convention). The guidelines and good practices were published in 2014. Inaddition, a methodology for tailings safety – comprised of a tailings hazard index, and checklists andmeasurescatalogue–wasdevelopedandtestedwithinaprojecton improving tailingssafety inUkraine,financed by Germany under the framework of the Industrial Accidents Convention in 2013-2015. Themethodologyprovidesapracticaltoolforapplicationbyoperatorsandcompetentauthoritiestoreducetherisksposedbytailingsmanagementfacilities.See:https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/publikationen/improving-the-safety-of-industrial-tailingshttp://www.tmf-ukraine.org

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B.InvestinginDRRforresilience:ThecaseofnuclearandradiologicalhazardsForanefficientnationalandinternationalresponsetonuclearorradiologicalemergencies,it isimportanttoinvestintheadequateimplementationofinternationalsafetystandards.52Harmonizationofemergencypreparedness and response arrangements and capabilities requires close collaboration and coordinationamongresponsibleauthoritieswithinacountryandinternationally.Keyconsiderationsandactivities53forinvestinginresilienceinthenuclearandradiologicalhazardsdomaininclude,butarenotlimitedto,thefollowing:

- Ensuringthatauthoritiesforpreparednessandresponseforanuclearorradiologicalemergencyareclearlyestablishedandadequatelyresourced;

- Strengtheninvestmentinresponseorganizations,operatingorganizationsandtheregulatorybodytoensurenecessaryhuman,financialandotherresources,inviewoftheirexpectedrolesandresponsibilitiesandtheassessedhazards,toprepareforandtodealwithbothradiologicalandnon-radiologicalconsequencesofanuclearorradiologicalemergency,whethertheemergencyoccurswithinorbeyondnationalborders;and

- Ensuringthatarrangementsareinplaceforeffectivelyprovidingpromptandadequatecompensationofvictimsfordamageduetoanuclearorradiologicalemergency.

CaseStudy:TheChernobylRecoveryandDevelopmentProgramme(CRDP)

TheCRDPwasdeveloped in2002bytheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)andsoughttoensurethereturntonormallifeasarealisticprospectforpeoplelivinginregionsaffectedbytheChernobyldisaster. The CRDP offers ongoing support to Ukraine's government to elaborate and implementdevelopment-oriented solutions for the affected areas. The CRDP was launched based on therecommendationsofa2002jointUNagencyreport“TheHumanConsequencesoftheChernobylNuclearAccidentastrategyforRecovery”.54Since2003,theCRDPhasactedtoreducelong-termeconomic,environmentalandsocialconsequencesoftheChernobylcatastrophe;rebuildinfrastructureandcreatemorefavorablelivingconditions;andpromotesustainable humandevelopment in theChernobyl-affected regions. Partnerships havebeen formedwithinternationalorganizations,oblasts,rayonsandstateadministrations,villagecouncils,scientificinstitutions,non-governmental organizations and private business. These partnerships allow the CRDP to supportcommunity organizations and help them to implement their initiatives for economic and socialdevelopment, and environmental recovery. Aside from these activities, theCRDPdistributes informationabouttheChernobylcatastropheinternationallyandwithinUkraine.See:https://web.archive.org/web/20090621222509/http://www.crdp.org.ua:80/en/52PreparednessandResponseforaNuclearorRadiologicalEmergency,IAEASafetyStandards,GeneralSafetyRequirementsNo.GSRPart7(IAEA,2015).53Ibid.54http://chernobyl.undp.org/english/docs/Strategy_for_Recovery.pdf

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C.InvestinginDRRforresilience:ThecaseoftransporthazardsInvestinginDRRinthetransportdomainmeansinvolvingactorsfromland-useplanning,thetransportationsector, and local and national governments and financial institutions. Pursuing improved land-usedevelopment,enforcingdisaster-resilientinfrastructure,andfosteringcollaborationamongstakeholdersisvitaltobuildingresilienttransportationsystems.Key considerations and activities for investing in resilience in the transport domain include, but are notlimitedto,thefollowing:

- Makingresourcesavailabletocapture,analyseandlearnfromadverseorunexpectedoutcomes,inordertoimprovepreventionandresponse.Integratethe"lessonslearned"approachfrompasttransportincidents,recognisingthatmanyaccidentshavesimilarunderlyingcauses;

- Investindevelopmentofinspectionandsupervisioncapacityofgovernmentauthorities,makingregularupdatestolocalemergencyresponseplanspossible;

- Ensuringthatalltransportoperators(internationalcompanies,privatecompaniesandgovernment-ownedenterprises)operatetothesamehigheststandardsofsafety;

- Promotingintegrationoflanduseplanningandzoningallowingforimproveddevelopmentcodesthatareapplicablewithinahigh-populationdensityandmarginalhumansettlementcontext.Surveyingandenforcingcodeswithaviewtofosteringdisaster-resilientinfrastructure;and

- Promotingthemainstreamingofdisasterriskassessmentsintoland-usepolicydevelopmentandimplementation,includingurbanplanningandlanddegradationassessments.Ensuringthatfollow-uptoolsareinformedbyanticipateddemographicandenvironmentalchanges.

CaseStudy:U.S.InvestmentinRailCorridorRiskManagementSystemsIn2008U.S.legislationmandatedthatrailroadsimplementPositiveTrainControl(PTC)technologyonmainlinesusedtotransportpassengersandtoxic-by-inhalationmaterials.PTCtechnologyisdesignedtostoporslow a train automatically before certain types of accidents occur, including train-to-train collisions,derailments caused by excessive speed, unauthorized incursions by trains into maintenance areas andswitchesleftinthewrongposition.Thelawrequiresfullimplementationby2015,buttherailindustryhasworkedtorequirehighersafetystandards thanthegovernmentcurrently legislates,whichhas leveragednewtypesofinnovationamongrailcompanies.Developed in coordination with the U.S Department of Homeland Security, the U.S. Department ofTransportation Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration and the Federal RailroadAdministration,theRailCorridorRiskManagement(RCRM)Systemisalsobeingintegratedbyrailroadstohelpdeterminethestatisticalroutingofhazardoussubstancesonroutesthatposetheleastoverallsafetyandsecurityrisk.InadditiontotheRCRMSystem,additionalinvestmentactivitiesinDRRincludeincreasingtracksidesafetytechnology, increasing the number of track inspections, integrating emergency response training anddevelopingemergencyresponsecapabilityplans.

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IV. SENDAIFRAMEWORKPRIORITYFORACTION4:ENHANCINGDISASTERPREPAREDNESSFOREFFECTIVERESPONSEANDBUILDBACKBETTERINRECOVERY,REHABILITATIONANDRECONSTRUCTION

Capacities for effective response and recovery at all levels should be put in place. Increasing populationdensity,urbanizationandpressuresfromarapidlychangingenvironment, includingtheeffectsofclimatechange,showcaseneedtotakeconcretemeasuresthat improvepreparednessandensurethatcapacitiesareinplacetoeffectivelyrespondandrecoveratthelocalandnationalleveltoMan-made/Techhazardevents. The concept of “Building Back Better” is to make communities and nations more resilient todisasters,includingbyintegratingDRRintorecovery,rehabilitationandreconstructionanddevelopment.55KeyConsiderationsandactivitiesrelatedtoenhancingdisasterpreparednessandbuildingbackbetterinclude,butarenotlimitedto,thefollowing:

- Developing and updating disaster preparedness and contingency policies, plans and programs atregional,nationaland local levels, involving relevantauthorities inawholeofgovernment,wholeofsocietyapproach;

- Developing andmaintainingmulti-sectoral rapid alert systems and robustmeans of communicatingwarningstothepublicwhenanincidentoccurs;

- Promotingtheresilienceofkeyinfrastructuresuchasemergencycentres,roadsandwatertreatmentplants,thatarecriticalinpreparingforandrespondingtoman-madedisasters;

- Conductingtargetedtrainingforemergencyworkerse.g.firstresponders,medicalstaff,publicserviceandvoluntaryworkerswhodealwithspecificman-madedisastersandemergencies;

- Organizing and conducting periodic disaster preparedness, response and recovery exercises andevacuationdrills;and

- Promoting cooperation among multiple authorities, relevant institutions and stakeholder groups toassureasmoothandeffectiveMan-made/Techdisasterresponse.

A.Enhancingpreparednessandbuildingbackbetter:Thecaseofchemical/industrialhazardsEnhancingemergencypreparednessrequirescooperationamongvariousstakeholders including,amongstotherthings,responsepersonnel,healthpersonnel,theprivatesectorandrepresentativesofthepublicandthemedia.Forchemicalaccidents, industryhastheprimaryresponsibilityforon-siteplanning,andpublicauthoritieshaveprimaryresponsibility foroff-siteplanning.Themainprinciples to followareavailable inOECD's "Guiding Principles for Chemical Accidents Prevention, Preparedness and Response" and in thechemicalaccidentsschemeoftheIOMCToolbox.KeyConsiderationsandactivitiesrelatedtoenhancingpreparednessforchemical/industrialaccidentsandbuildingbackbetterinclude,butarenotlimitedto,thefollowing:

- Ensuring preparedness policies, plans and programs address cascading events, such as natural-hazardtriggeredindustrialaccidents(Natechs),andotheraccidentsthatcanleadtothereleaseofhazardoussubstances;

55WiAguideonpreparednessforeffectiveresponsehttp://www.preventionweb.net/publications/view/53347

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- Developing minimum standards and guidelines beyond the national level and ensure they areimplemented (i.e., industry, international/regional environmental standards, sector-specificguidelines,orothersasapplicable).Informationtoincludearethecompositionofresponseteams,typeofresponsestrategy,equipmentneededandstand-byorready-to-deploymechanisms;

- Integrating chemical / industrial accident preparedness plans intodevelopment frameworks,withfocusonvulnerableareas;

- Establishingappropriatecommunicationandearlywarningsystemsbetweenpublicauthoritiesandthegeneralpublic.Ensuringthegeneralpublic is informedaboutpotentialchemicalandindustrialhazardsandisengagedinemergencypreparednessmeasuresandresponsethrough,forexample,anationaleducationalcampaignonspecificchemical-andindustry-relatedhazardsandhowtoactintheeventofsuchanaccident;

- Developing capacity of national governments to improve contingency planning and response tochemicalandindustrialemergencies;

o Developing joint public and private capacity building projects to support emergencypreparednessandcontingencyplanningatthelocalandnationallevel

o Liaisingwithorganizationsworking ina specificdomain to implementworkshopsaimedatstrengtheningpreparednessforchemicalandindustrialaccidents

- Regularlyreviewandupdateplans,conductingpreparednessexercisesandsimulations.Incorporatelessonslearntfrompastemergenciesandaccident;and

- Increasing collaboration among private, public and government actors, where preparednessprogramscanbefundedthroughavarietyofnationalgovernmentsandcivilsocietyorganizations.Pilotprojectsaresuggestedifnonecurrentlyexist.

CaseStudy:APELLCamposElíseos,Brasil

AssociaçãodasEmpresasdeCamposElíseos(ASSECAMPE)56isanassociationoftencompaniesoftheoil,naturalgas,chemicalandpetrochemicalsectorsthathavefifteenplantsinanindustrialzonecalledCamposEliseos inthemunicipalityofDuquedeCaxias, intheStateofRiodeJaneiro,Brazil.DuquedeCaxias isadensepopulatedareavulnerabletonaturalandhuman-relatedhazards.

Since2001,ASSECAMPEmanagesandfinanciallysupportstheimprovedpreparednessoflocalcommunitiesfor emergency response, based on UN Environment’s Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies atLocal Level (APELL) process. Over the last 15 years, the effectiveness of the APELL Programme in localcommunities’preparednesstorespondtoman-madedisastershasbeenregularlydemonstrated.

TheSecretariatofCivilDefenseofDuquedeCaxiashasmadegreateffortstoempowerthecommunitytobeinvolvedinemergencyresponseandimprovetheirownsafety.

NumerousprogramsofDuquedeCaxiasmunicipalityresultedinthetrainingofmorethan20,000peopleinlocal communities.Around1,500 community volunteers, alongwith industry and governmental agenciespersonnelparticipateandaretrainedineachAnnualExerciseoftheAPELL-CE.Inaddition,morethan5,500

56www.assecampe.com.br/quem-somos/apell/o-que-e-apell/.

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training certificates have already been issued for competencies such as Safety Health and Environment(SHE),CivilianFirefighter,SearchandRescue,Waterrescue,andAidandAssistanceinDisasters.

See:http://www.assecampe.com.br/quem-somos/apell/grapa/

CaseStudy:UNECEIndustrialAccident-relatedConventionsTo respond effectively and in a coordinated way to an industrial accident with trans-boundary effects,countriesmustbeinformedassoonaspossible,sincetimeisoftheessence.TheUNECEConventionontheTransboundaryEffectsofIndustrialAccidentsconsequentlycallsonitsPartiestosetupspecialnotificationsystems. With this in mind, the UNECE Industrial Accident Notification System was developed andacceptedbytheConferenceoftheParties.Itincludesformsforgivingearlywarning,providinginformationandrequestingassistance.Thissystemmakesiteasierforacountrywhereanindustrialaccidenthastakenplace to notify all others that could be affected and give them the information they need to fight itspossibleeffects.Since2008,theSystemhasbeenoperatedthroughan Internetapplication,and is linkedwithothersuchsystems.See:http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM//env/teia/archive/IAN%20System/systemE.htmCaseStudy:Regional,Trans-boundaryEarlyWarningSystemTheAccidentEmergencyWarningSystem(AEWS)57oftheDanubeRiverBasinisactivatedwheneverthereisa risk of trans-boundarywater pollution, or threshold danger levels of certain hazardous substances areexceeded. The AEWS sends out international warning messages to countries downstream to helpauthoritiesputenvironmentalprotectionandpublicsafetymeasuresintoaction.Thesystemunderwentamajor test in 2000, during the Baia Mare and Baia Borsa spill accidents on the Tisza River. The AEWSoperatesonanetworkofPrincipalInternationalAlertCentresineachoftheparticipatingcountries.Thesecentresaremadeupofthreebasicunits:(i)CommunicationUnit(operating24hoursaday),whichsendsandreceiveswarningmessages;(ii)ExpertUnit,whichevaluatesthepossibletrans-boundaryimpactofanyaccidentusingthedatabaseofdangeroussubstancesandtheDanubeBasinAlarmModel;and(iii)DecisionUnit,whichdecideswhen internationalwarningsaretobesentAsimilarsystemis inplacefortheRhineRiver.See:https://www.icpdr.org/main/activities-projects/aews-accident-emergency-warning-systemCaseStudy:WaterandIndustrialAccidents

ContingencyPlanning iscomplexas it involves thecoordinationofmanyactors.This complexity increases further in a trans-boundary context,withactors fromtwo or more countries being involved. A Joint Expert Group on Water andIndustrial Accidents under two UNECE conventions - the Convention on theTransboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents (Industrial Accidents Convention)and theConventionon theProtectionandUseofTransboundaryWatercoursesand International Lakes - has prepared a checklist for contingency planning for

57https://www.icpdr.org/main/activities-projects/aews-accident-emergency-warning-system

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accidents affecting trans-boundary waters,58by far the most common medium for the effects of anindustrial accident to cross national borders. The checklist is intended to contribute to mitigating theseverity of the consequences of industrial accidents affecting trans-boundary watercourses for humanhealthandtheenvironment.Althoughfocusedontrans-boundarycooperationinrelationtowatercourses,thechecklistisofvalueforalltypesofcontingencyplanning.See:https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/documents/2016/TEIA/ece.cp.teia.34.e_Checklist_for_contingency.pdfCaseStudy:ComprehensiveemergencypreparednessinArmeniaArmenia, and specifically theMinistry of Emergency Situations and Territorial Administration, has beenworking to strengthen its preparedness to chemical accidents with support of the United NationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP),theJointEnvironmentUnit(JEU)ofUNEnvironmentandtheOfficefortheCoordinationofHumanitarianAffairs,SwitzerlandandtheEuropeanCommissionDirectorate-GeneralEuropeanCivilProtectionandHumanitarianAidOperationsProgramme(DGECHO).Aspartof thiswork,missions andworkshopswithmain stakeholders have been organizedwheremain gaps and needs havebeenidentifiedandpresentedtotheGovernmentforfurtherreflectionwhereparticularlytheabsenceofindustrialriskmodellingwasconsideredamajorgap.Apilotprojectwasdesignedwhichwouldsetupthenecessaryinstitutionalproceduresformulti-riskmodellingandriskinformationwhichinturnwouldserveas the basis for relevant institutional and legislative changes. Trainings on the Flash EnvironmentalAssessmentTool(FEAT)wereorganizedinpartnershipwiththeCrisisManagementStateAcademy(CMSA),UNDPandtheJEUwithFEATintegratedintotheeducationalcurriculumofCMSA.Todate,morethan150representatives of different state institutions, local organizations andNGOsdealingwithDRRhave sincecompleted these trainings.As a follow-up to thiswork, in2016UNDP initiated theproject59“StrengthenCommunity-basedResilienceandEnvironmentalEmergencyPreparednessCapacities inArmenia”, fundedbyDGECHO.Theprojectseekstodevelopcomprehensiveandcomparableriskprofilingatthelocal leveland to incorporate disaster risk management into development planning and budgeting. Based on GISbasedmulti-riskprofilingapopulationprotectionplanisbeingdevelopedforKapanandwillformthebasisfor risk-informed development. The establishment of early warning systems will ensure the timelydisseminationofinformationrelatedtoenvironmentalemergenciestotriggerappropriateactionsforcivilprotection and evacuation. The FEAT is used as formal impact assessment tool, facilitating risk-informedmanagementforallstakeholders,whilealsoconsideringenvironmentalprotection.See:http://www.eecentre.org/?p=1117

58http://www.unece.org/index.php?id=4429059http://www.arnap.am/?p=4951&lang=en

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Casestudy:PreparednessandResponseinAntaminaMine(Peru)Antamina established a specialized team prepared to respond to contingencies inside or outside ofoperating facilities. Thenumberof communities involved in theTransAPELLprogramstartedwith sevencommunitiesin2006,andexpandedto17communitiesin2016,includingthelocalandprovincialelectedauthorities,primaryandsecondaryschools,medicalpostsandpolicestationsalongover250kmofroad.Overthelast10years'implementationofTransAPELL,17,855peoplehavebeentrainedandmadeawareoftheriskstowhichtheyarevulnerableintheircommunities.Inaddition,AntaminaadoptedUNEnvironment’sAPELLprogramaspartofitsstrategiccorporateplanning.Resultingfromawareness-raisingactivitiesonhazardsandrisksinthecommunities,volunteersfromeachcommunity canbe trained tobecomemembersof "CommunityBrigades".Thecombinationof volunteerparticipation and personal commitment by members of the communities involved has made the APELLprogramviablenowaswellassustainableinthelongrun.Antaminarecognizedthe importanceofdevelopingpartnerships forcreatingpreventivemeasures,whichbecamethekeyelementofthecompany’sstrategyforresponsiblemining.Asaresult,localcommunities,suppliers and transporters are fully engaged, enabling the development of appropriate local emergencypreparednessandresponseplans.See:http://www.transapell.net/transapell0752.htmlCaseStudy:TheGlobalInitiativeforWest,CentralandSouthernAfrica(GIWACAF)The GI WACAF Initiative is a regional project under the Global Initiative program aimed at improvingregionalexpertiseandspillresponsecapacityinWestandCentralAfricabyassistinginthedevelopmentofregional,sub-regionalandnationalcapacities inoilspillpreparednessandresponsethrough industryandgovernmentcooperation.TheGIWACAFprogramwas initiated in1996by IMOandIPIECA(theglobaloilandgas industryassociation forenvironmentalandsocial issues) toaddressan increased levelofoil spillriskduetohigherlevelsofshippingtraffic,andincreasedexplorationandproductionactivitiesacrosstheregion.TheGIWACAF,covering22countries,aimstoachieveacomprehensivepreparednessandresponsesysteminaccordancewithinternationalguidelines.Specifically,theGIWACAF'smissionfocusesonpromotingtheratification of relevant key international conventions; strengthening existing regional and sub-regionalagreements;assisting inthedevelopmentofnationaloil spillcontingencyplansonregional,nationalandlocallevels;andassistinginthedevelopmentofregional,sub-regionalandnationalcapacities.TheGIWACAFhassupportedthedevelopmentofNationalOilSpillContingencyPlanswithinthecountries,as well as promoting and facilitating the establishment of bilateral cooperation between neighboringcountries.Thisapproachhasprovidedaframeworkforthecountriestocooperateonoilspillpreparednessand responseandpromoteeffectiveandefficientmovementof relevant resourcesandpersonnelacrossinternationalbordersinthecasewhereassistanceisneeded.See:http://www.giwacaf.net/en/

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B.Enhancingpreparednessandbuildingbackbetter:ThecaseofnuclearandradiologicalhazardsEffectivenationalandglobalpreparednessandresponsecapabilitiesareessentialtominimizetheimpactsfromnuclearandradiologicalemergenciesandtobuildpublicawarenessonsafetyandsecuritymeasuresrelatedtonucleartechnology.Preparedness for anuclearor radiological emergencymay involvemanynationalorganizations (e.g., theoperating organization and response organizations at the local, regional and national levels), as well asinternationalorganizations.Thefunctionsofmanyoftheseorganizationsmaybethesamefortheresponseto anuclearor radiological emergency as for the response to a conventional emergency, butmight alsorequiresomespecificknowledge,equipmentandtrainingforthesameorganizations.However,theresponsetoanuclearorradiologicalemergencymightalsoinvolvespecializedagenciesandtechnicalexperts.Thus,inordertobeeffective,theresponsetosuchanemergencymustnotonlybewell-coordinated,buttheseemergencyarrangementsmustalsobewell-integratedwithresponsemeasurestoaconventionalemergencyandwiththosefornuclearsecurityandsafety.It is of utmost importance that the communities at risk are included in the preparedness and responseplanningtoassurethatlocalcapacitiesandconsiderationsareappropriatelytakenintoaccount.Key Considerations and activities 60 related to enhancing preparedness for nuclear and radiologicalemergenciesandbuildingbackbetterinclude,butarenotlimitedto,thefollowing:

- Ensuringthatpolicies,plansandproceduresareinplaceforthecoordinationofpreparedness,responseandrecoveryforanuclearorradiologicalemergencybetweentheoperatingorganizationandauthoritiesatthelocal,regionalandnationallevels,and,whereappropriate,attheinternationallevel;

- Improvingawarenessandcommunicationregardingemergencywarningsystemsandemergencyplansfornuclearorradiologicalemergencies,including:

o Informationonprotectiveactionssuchasshelteringorevacuation–dependingonthelocationandseverityoftheemergency

o Ensuringcredibleandreliableinformationpre-andpost-crisis

- Consistently promote resilience through careful measuring and assessing of radiological impactsarisingfromnuclearorradiologicalemergencies;coveringboththeemergencyandpost-emergencyperiods;

- Ensuringthatrolesandresponsibilitiesforpreparednessandresponseandrecoveryfromanuclearorradiologicalemergencyareclearlyspecifiedandassignedbasedonamulti-hazardassessmentandgradedapproach.Theavailablecapacitiesandresourcesoflocalactorshavetobespecificallytakenintoaccount;

- Developinginternationalpartnershipstosupportnational,regionalandglobalvocationalandtraininginstitutions.Thisfostersrelationshipswithprofessionalscapableofengagingindisasterand

60PreparednessandResponseforaNuclearorRadiologicalEmergency,IAEASafetyStandards,GeneralSafetyRequirementsNo.GSRPart7,IAEA,2015.

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radiation-relatedinterventions,forexampleinaidingintheprotectionandrecoveryofevacuees,andinofferingmedicalandsafetysupportduringemergencies;

- Organizingandconductingregulardrillsandexerciseswithrelevantpersonneltoensurethattheyareabletoperformtheirassignedresponsefunctionseffectivelyinanuclearorradiologicalemergency;and

- Promotingcooperationandcollaborationamongrelevantinternationalorganizationsinpreparingforanuclearorradiologicalemergency.

CaseStudy:VocationalTrainingandCapacityDevelopmentinJapanAfewJapaneseuniversitieshaveinitiatedpost-graduatecoursestotrainprofessionalstoengageinnucleardisasterriskmanagementandrecovery,includingNagasakiUniversity,HiroshimaUniversityandFukushimaMedicaluniversity.The vocational training establishes anetwork among the research institutions inorder todevelop cross-cutting studies through knowledge integration of many specialists in basic sciences, clinical research,epidemiologyand social sciences–all essential for research indisaster recoveryand clinical applicationspertainingtonuclearorradiologicaldisasters.CaseStudy:EnhancingPreparednesstodealwiththeHumanitarianConsequencesofaNuclearAccident

Following the severe earthquake and tsunami that triggered a nuclearaccident in March 2011 in Japan, the Red Cross Red Crescent NationalSocieties (NSs) adopted a resolution on preparedness to respond to thehumanitarian consequences of nuclear accidents. The objective of thisresolutionistoimprovetheknowledgeandcompetenceofIFRCandtheNSsin order to play a greater role in preparedness and response efforts fornuclearandradiologicalemergencies,aswellastoreinforcethecapacitytocopewithhumanitarianconsequencesduringandafteranuclearaccident.

Forthispurpose,theIFRCandJapaneseRedCrosshavepreparedarangeofinformationmaterials,basedonNSstestimonialsanddocumentation,toprovideinterestedstakeholderswithknowledgeonthechallengesfacedbyitsstaffandvolunteersinvariousnucleardisasters.ThesematerialsaremadeavailabletothepublicandinterestedorganizationsthroughtheRedCrossNuclearDisasterResourcecentre–DigitalArchive.http://ndrc.jrc.or.jp/?lang=enThe International Red Cross Red Crescent Movement has a history of

respondingtonuclearandradiologicalemergencies. IFRCandNationalSocietiescandrawonthe lessonslearnedfromtheresponsetotheaccidentsattheThreeMileIslandNPPintheUSA,theChernobylNPPandthe Fukushima Daiichi NPP. In order to deliver the most urgent humanitarian relief and to accompanycommunitiesontheroadtorecovery,veryspecificknowledgeandequipmentarerequired.Drawingfrom

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the experiences of RedCross volunteers and staffwhoworked alongside affected communities, even astheyfacedchallengestotheirownsafetyandhealth,asetofoperationalguidelineshavebeendeveloped.Theaimoftheseguidelinesistohelphumanitarianactorstothinkthroughthevariousscenariostheymayhavetodealwithshouldtheyfaceanuclearorradiologicalemergency.See:http://www.ifrc.org/Global/Documents/Secretariat/201602/1296000-NuclearRadio.Emer.Guide-Int-EN-LR.pdf

C.Enhancingpreparednessandbuildingbackbetter:ThecaseoftransporthazardsImprovingpreparednessandresponsetotransportaccidents involvestheengagementofmultipleactors,includingstateandlocaltransportauthorities,land-useplannersandrailwaymanagers.Theresponsetoatransport accident could also include international organizations, specialized agencies and technicalexperts. Engaging in open communication, and encouraging flexibility among integration of emergencyresponse and contingency planning efforts, will make national and global response capabilities mosteffective.KeyConsiderationsandactivities relatedtoenhancingpreparedness for transportaccidentsandbuildingbackbetterinclude,butarenotlimitedto,thefollowing:

- Encouragingadoptionofnationalandlocalstandardsandindustrybestpractices(i.e.,hazardousmaterialtransporttechnology,emergencypreparednessplans);

- Ensuringthatanintegratedandcoordinatedemergencymanagementsystemforemergencywarningandcommunicationrelatedtoatransportaccidentisestablishedandproperlymaintained;

- Increasingawarenessofemergencyproceduresincaseofanaccidentinvolvingdangerousgoods,suchas:

o formaritimetransport:the“IMOEmergencyProceduresforShipscarryingdangerousgoods”

o forairtransport:the“ICAOEmergencyResponseGuidanceforaircraftaccidentsinvolvingdangerousgoods”

o forinlandtransport,differentsystemsdevelopednationallyorregionally,someofwhichareverywellknownandappliedinmanycountries

o InAmerica,the“EmergencyResponseGuidebook”;inEurope:the“BIGemergencyresponsesystem”61andtheCEFICERICARDS;62InAustralia/NewZealand,63theHAZCHEMsystemusedinUK,Australia,NewZealand,Malaysiaandsomeothercountries64

61https://www.big.be/en-us/62http://www.ericards.net/63https://law.resource.org/pub/nz/ibr/as-nzs.hb.76.2010.pdf64http://the-ncec.com/assets/Resources/EAC-Dangerous-Goods-List-2013.pdf

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- Promotingresiliencethroughtheconsiderationofcommunities,publicfacilitiesandinfrastructurewithinrangeofriskwhendevelopingnewtransport,orduringapost-disasterreconstructionprocess,andensureconsultationwithpeopleaffected;

- Improvingcapacityforpreparednessandresponsebyensuringthatrolesandresponsibilitiestotransportaccidentsareclearlyspecifiedandassignedbasedonamulti-hazardassessmentandgradedapproach;

- Trainingworkforceandvoluntaryworkersindisasterresponserelatedtotransportaccidents,includingtransport-specificissues(e.g.,fatigue,useofnavigationequipmentandemergencyresponseprocedures),andstrengtheninglogisticalcapacitiestoensurebetterresponseduringanemergency;and

- Promotingcooperationamongmultipletransportandland-useauthoritiesandorganizations,andengagingintrainingand/orinformation-sharingexercises.

CaseStudy:JointTrainingonChemicalEmergenciesforEmergencyManagersandHazardousWasteFocalPointsInOctober2016,theUNEnvironment/OCHAJointUnit(JEU)andtheBasel,StockholmandRotterdam(BRS)ConventionsSecretariatrenewedtheirexistinginterfaceagreement,signedin2011,betweenJEUandtheBasel Convention. The agreement covers the responsibilities in case of an accident involving thetransboundarymovementofhazardouswaste,where theConventionSecretariatwill use the servicesofthe JEU to offer joint assistance to affected countries. This agreement is referred to in a number ofConventiondecisions,anda separate trust fundhasbeensetupbyConventionparties tocovercostsofemergency assistance. The agreement also covers preparedness and forms the base of joint trainingactivities.OnesuchtrainingtookplaceinSaoPaulo,BrazilinFebruary2017.ThepurposeofthejointtrainingonhazardouswasteandchemicalemergencieswastoprovideinformationtoBRSconventionfocalpointsandemergencymanagersonbestpracticesforpreventing,preparing,andresponding to chemical emergencies. By having both emergency managers and BRS focal points at thetraining, they could jointly identify challenges and gaps related to the reductionof risks fromhazardouswastetransport.Theyidentifiedoptionsavailableforemergencyassistanceincaseofanincidentcausedbythe transboundarymovement of hazardous and other wastes. Information on existingmechanisms andprocedures put in place by international, regional and national organizations was also shared. Jointpreparednessactivitiesallowparticipatingstakeholdersto identifyhowtomainstreamtechnicalactivitiesrelatedintobroaderemergencypreparednessandresponsestrategiesandplansandworkstostrengthencollaborationbetweenthetwodomains.See:http://www.un.org/depts/los/general_assembly/contributions_2015/BRS.pdf

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PART2:TheMulti-HazardApproachTheSendaiFrameworkemphasizestheimportanceoftakinga"multi-hazardapproach"toDRR.Assuch,itprovidesamajoropportunityfortheman-madehazardscommunitytobetterintegratesuchhazardsintheoverallDRRagenda.Inpracticalterms,andatallgeographiclevels,man-madehazardscanandshouldbeincludedinongoingDRRactivities.Thishastheaddedadvantageofallowingdisastermanagerstobenefitfromresources,expertiseandknowledgeavailablewithinothercommunitiesanddomains.KeyConsiderationsandactivitiesforensuringamulti-hazardapproachinclude,butarenotlimitedto,thefollowing:

- Describinghowtoemployamulti-hazardapproachtomanagementofman-madedisasterrisk;- Integratingman-madehazardsinmulti-hazardearlywarningsystemsandforecasting,aswellasDRR

preparedness,prevention,responseandrecoveryexercisesandplans;- Promotinginvestmentsininnovationandtechnologydevelopmentspecificallyforman-made

hazardsandmulti-hazardresearchintodisasterriskmanagement;- Promotingcomprehensivesurveys,educationalandpublicitycampaigns,andawareness-raisingon

multi-hazarddisasterrisksthatalsoincludeman-madehazards;- Promotingtrainingoflocalauthoritiesresponsibleforemergencypreparednessandresponsein

countriesorareaswithidentifiednaturalorindustrialhazards;65- Usingstrategicenvironmentalassessmentcombinedwithriskassessmentasameanstoconsider,in

atransparentandinclusivemanner,multiplehazardsandpossiblepropagationofdominoeffectsacrossspaceandtime;and

- Conductingfurtherresearchintohownaturaldisasterscancausetechnological("Natech")disasters(e.g.,Fukushima)andpromotingconcretestepstoavoidsuchoccurrences.

65APELLMulti-HazardTrainingKitforLocalAuthorities(2010)http://eecentre.org/Modules/EECResources/UploadFile/Attachment/APELL_Multi-Hazard_training_kit_for_local_authorities.pdf

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I. REDUCINGTHERISKOFNATECHACCIDENTS

Naturalhazards,suchasearthquakes,floods,storms,orextremetemperaturesetc.,cancausethereleaseofdangerous substances fromhazardous installations resulting in fires,explosionsor toxicor radioactivereleases.Theseso-calledNatechaccidentsarefrequentinthewakeofnaturaldisastersandhaveoftenhadsevereandlong-termconsequencesonthepopulation,theenvironmentandtheeconomy.66Interestingly,anykindandsizeofnaturalhazardcantriggeraNatechaccident. Itdoesnotnecessarilyrequireamajornatural hazard event, like a strong earthquake or a major hurricane, to cause a Natech accident.Withincreasing industrialisation and urbanisation coupled with climate change, Natech risk is expected toincreaseinthefuture.KeyConsiderationsandactivitiesforreducingNatechriskinclude:

- UnderstandinghowNatechriskdiffersfromconventionaltechnologicalriskandengagingindedicatedtrainingexercisesforNatechemergencymanagement;

- Promotinganintegratedrisk-governanceapproachtoaddressthesafetyofindividualhazardousinstallationsbutalsotheirinteractionwithotherinstallations,lifelines,andnearbycommunitiesincaseofanaturalevent;

- Reassessingassumptionswithregardtoprotectinghazardousinstallationsfromnaturalhazards,includingrecognitionofdesignlimits,inparticularinthecontextofclimatechange;

- UnderstandingthepotentialforNatechaccidentstodevelopintolarge-scaledisasters,andawarenessthatNatechpreparednesslevelsarelow,eveningenerallywell-preparedcountries;

- PromotingthelearningoflessonsfrompastNatechaccidentsandtheirimplementationtopreventfutureaccidents,enhancepreparednesslevels,andbuildbackbetter;

- DevelopingassessmenttoolsandguidanceforindustryandgovernmentauthoritiestosupportbetterNatechriskmanagementatnationalandlocallevels;and

- Encouragingcooperationamongallstakeholders,andmostimportantlythoseatlocallevel,inthedesignandimplementationofpreparednessplanningforNatechdisasters.

66Krausmann,E.,Cruz,A.M.,Salzano,E.(2017)Natechriskassessmentandmanagement–Reducingtheriskofnatural-hazardimpactonhazardousinstallations,Elsevier,Amsterdam.

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CaseStudy:ConsideringnaturalhazardsintheGermanTechnicalRulesforInstallationSafety

Germanyhas issued twoTechnicalRules for InstallationSafety(TRAS) that support the implementationof theGermanMajorAccidents Ordinance (MAO) with a focus on reducing Natechrisks. TRAS 310 addresses Natech hazards due to floods andprecipitation, while TRAS 320 deals with hazards triggered bywind, snow and ice loads. Both TRAS follow an assessmentapproach that is based on methodologies already applied tooperationalhazards inthechemical industry.TheTRASoutlinethe process to be followed by operators of hazardousinstallations in fulfillment of their obligations with respect tothe MAO. They also define probabilities or intensities of theaddressed natural hazards to be considered in the design andoperationofchemicalinstallations.TRAS310isuniqueinthatitrequires theapplicationof a climate-adaptation factor (1.2) tothetriggeringnatural-hazardintensitiestotakeintoaccounttheexpectedeffectsofclimatechangeinGermanyintheperiodupto 2050. Chemical industry near the Rhine River has alreadyinvested in Natech risk reduction by implementing protection

measuresagainsta500-year flood rather thanonlyagainst theminimum flood severity requiredby law.Thiswillprotectindustryfromwaterintrusionandsubsequenthazardous-substancereleasesbutalsofromlossesduetoprolongedbusinessinterruption.See:https://www.elsevier.com/books/natech-risk-assessment-and-management/krausmann/978-0-12-803807-9

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II. OTHERKEYISSUES/RECURRINGTHEMESOFRELEVANCETOMANMADE/TECHNOLOGICALHAZARDSINSENDAIFRAMEWORKFORDRR

A.Collaboration,engagementandpartnershipsPrevention, preparedness, response and recovery for man-made hazards are complex challenges thatdemand for the collaboration of all relevant stakeholders at all levels. Through the creation andmaintenance of beneficial interactions, partnerships and networks of key players in the realmof hazardmanagement, cooperation at local, regional and national levels can be facilitated. Partnerships andnetworks thus represent a powerful knowledge and capacity basis for successfulman-made hazard riskmanagement.Knowledgeandcapacityexchange, linkagesandcollaborationwithotherexistingnetworks,suchastheonesofthenaturalhazardscommunity,shouldbestrengthenedtobenefitfromsynergiesandmutuallearning.The private sector has to be increasingly included in existing networks. While representing a powerfulplayerinthefieldofhazardriskmanagementwithlargecapacities,italsohasanincontestablyimportantrolewithregardtosustainablebusinessandindustrydevelopment.

B.MultipledimensionsofdisasterriskDisaster risk is the product of an interplay between the physical hazard characteristics, the exposure ofhumansandassetstoitaswellastheirvulnerabilities.Thelatteralsoincludescapacitiestocopewithandadapttooccurringhazardevents.Consequently,thematerializationofman-madedisasterriskcanresultinimpactsonmultipledimensions,highlightingtheimportanceofcomprehensivedisasterriskmanagement.Keyactors in the fieldofman-madehazard riskmanagementneed tobewell informedabout themulti-dimensional character of man-made hazards in order to conduct, among others, comprehensive pre-disaster risk assessments and preparedness activities tailored to prevent potential hazard impacts ondifferentdimensions.

C.Data,GISandremotesensingData,bothstatisticalandgeospatial,playanessential role inadvancingall fouroftheSendaiFrameworkpriorities.Inbetterunderstandingrisksfromman-madehazards,datacanhelpforexampletodocument,enumerateandcategorisevarious risk typesand their impacts in termsofhumanvictims,economicandenvironmental losses. Data are necessary for strengthened governance, both for drawing up improvedlegislationandrelatedmeasurestopreventandprepareforman-madehazardevents,formonitoring,andfor improving futuremanagement of related risks. Investing in resilience also requires accurate data onwhich actions are most effective in mitigating man-made hazard events, so that financial and otherresourcescanbeproperlytargeted.Finally,geospatialandstatisticaldataareindispensableforimprovingemergency preparedness and responsemeasures, not only in terms of localising potential sites ofman-madehazards,butalsoinmakingviableplansforcopingwiththesame.Theutility indevelopingrelatedGeographic InformationSystem(s) (GIS)containingallorat leastmostofthese elements cannot be underestimated, with both relevant statistical and geospatial data, includingwherepossibleup-to-datesatelliteimagery.DynamicmappingandcontingencyplanningbasedonthedataandGISsoftwarecanbeaninvaluableresourcefortherelevantauthorities.UseofGISalsosupportsland-use planning, as well as recognition of potential hazards and appropriate measures to eliminate thosehazards.

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D.Scientificmethodologies;assessmentandmonitoringThe use of scientific methodologies, particularly for conducting assessments and carrying out regularmonitoringofman-madehazards,isalsovaluableintermsofimprovedDRRandmanagement.Contingencyplanningforaccidents,EnvironmentalImpactAssessmentsanduseofSafetyPerformanceIndicators(SPIs)are just threeexamplesofapproaches thatcanbeapplied tobetterunderstandrisks, increaseresilienceand improve emergency preparedness and responsemeasures.Modeling of potentialman-made hazardeventsandtheireventual impactsonsurroundingcommunitiesandthephysicalenvironmentcanhelptoavoid ormitigate such impacts, by planning effective responses far in advance and thus increasing localresiliency, for example. Assessments can also be done on a regular basis within potentially dangerousfacilitiestoimprovesafetyandresponsemeasures,withmajorcostsavingsintermsofhuman,economicandotherlosses.

E.InnovationandtechnologyInordertomeaningfullyimprovedisasterriskmanagementaroundtheworld,enhancingaccessanduseofadvancedtechnologyandinnovationsisessential.Acknowledgingthatespeciallydevelopingcountriesareoftendeprivedfromaccesstotheadvancedtechnologiesandinnovations.Therefore,enhancedknowledgetransfer, exchange and technical assistance between developed and developing countries need to befacilitatedandstrengthened.Inadditiontoimprovedaccess,investmentneedtobemadeformulti-hazard,solution-driven research, innovations and technologies, ensuring long-term disaster risk managementapproaches.

F.Communication,educationandtrainingMan-made hazard risk needs to be understood by all stakeholder, from scholars, over politicians to thegeneralpublic,asonlywidespreadawarenessandknowledgeoftheriskcanhelptoprevent,preparefor,respondtoandrecoverfromhazardeffects.Hence,awarenessraisingandeducation inthefieldofman-madehazardsisofutmostimportance.Whilemediacampaignsandtargetedawarenessraisingstrategiescanhighlight the importanceofman-madehazard risk, tailored trainings canprovide selectedaudienceswith knowledge about causes, assessment methods and tools for specific hazards. Such efforts alsostrengthenpreparednessandpreventionefforts, facilitatemitigationeffortsandworktowards improvinghazard riskmanagement.Besides face-to-face trainingsandworkshops,online learningpackagesplayanincreasingly important role, as they are easily accessible for a wide range of actors from variousbackgrounds.

G.Man-madehazardsandtheirenvironmentalimpactMan-madehazardsoftenhavemajornegativeimpactsontheenvironment.Mainstreamingenvironmentalaspectsinallphasesofdisasterriskmanagement;prevention,preparedness,responseandrecovery,isofutmost importance to achieve sustainable and effective disaster risk management. The UNEnvironment/OCHA Joint Unit67represents an example for how the coordinated collaboration betweenenvironmentalists and humanitarians in the field of man-made hazard preparedness and response canensuretheconsiderationofenvironmentalaspectsthroughoutthedisastermanagementcycle,culminatinginimprovedman-madehazardpreparednessaswellasinthedulyconsiderationofenvironmentalaspectsinhazardriskmanagement.

67http://www.unocha.org/what-we-do/coordination-tools/environmental-emergencies

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Casestudy:TheEnvironmentalEmergenciesLearningCentreThe Environmental Emergencies Learning Centre is a platform developed by theUN Environment/OCHAJointUnitthathostsaseriesoffreeonlinelearningmodulesfocusingonavarietyoftopicsintherealmofenvironmental emergency preparedness and response. Due to the multi-hazard approach the platformtargetsenvironmentalactorsaswellasdisastermanagers.See:http://learning.eecentre.org/login/index.php

H.ExtensivedisasterriskExtensive disaster risk is defined as “The risk of low-severity, high-frequency hazardous events anddisasters,mainly but not exclusively associatedwith highly localized hazards.”68Extensive disaster risk isusuallyhighwherecommunitiesareexposed to,andvulnerable to, recurring localized floods, landslides,stormsordrought.Extensivedisasterriskisoftenexacerbatedbypoverty,urbanizationandenvironmentaldegradation.Similartolarge-scalenaturalhazards,largeman-madedisastersoftenreceivemostattentionwithregardtotheoverall riskmanagementbut inparticularregardingdisasterresponseandrecoveryefforts.However,also low-severity, frequently occurring hazard events can culminate in severe impacts due to theircumulativecharacter.Forexample,sincethedevelopmentoftheoilindustryinNigeria,thecountrysuffersfrequentoilspillsduetotechnicalproblemsandsabotage.AccordingtothelocalDepartmentofPetroleumResourcesabout4,647incidentsresultedinaspillof2,369,470barrelsofoilintotheenvironmentbetween1976and1996,successivelyharmingmangroveforestandcausingdisplacementsandconflicts69.Extensive risk has to be carefully considered within the realm of man-made hazard management.Awareness raising for low-severity hazard events and their cumulative impacts as well as managementstrategiesneedtobeintegratedtocomprehensivelyaddressingman-madehazardrisk.

68UNISDRterminology2017http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/terminology/v.php?id=782369Nwilo,P.C.,Badejo,O.T.(2015):ImpactsandManagementofOilSpillPollutionalongtheNigerianCoastalAreas.Availableonline:http://www.fig.net/resources/publications/figpub/pub36/chapters/chapter_8.pdf

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SummaryUNISDR,UNEnvironmentandOCHAhavepartneredwithseveralkeyagenciesandinstitutionstodevelopthistargetedWiAGuide,withtheaimtostrengthennationalandlocaldisasterriskmanagementplans,bythe inclusion of an all-hazards approach that coversman-made and technological hazards, and to raiseawarenessforbetterprevention,preparednessandresponsetotherisksandimpactsofthesehazards.ThisGuide provides insights on man-made/technological hazards vis-a-vis the Sendai Framework's fourpriorities;namely,1)understandingdisasterrisk;2)strengtheningdisasterriskgovernance;3)investingindisasterriskreductionforresilience;and4)enhancingdisasterpreparednessforeffectiveresponseandto"buildbackbetter"inrecovery,rehabilitationandreconstruction.The Guide highlights the enormous costs andmultiple impacts ofMan-made / Tech hazards in variousdomains, including those stemming from chemical and industrial accidents, nuclear and radiologicalemergenciesaswellasaccidents inthetransport sectorandthoseassociatedwiththeparticularcaseof"Natech"hazards.Man-made/Techdisasters,whethercausedbynaturalorman-madehazards,cancauseseveredamagetoindividuals, communities, economies, supply chains and the environment. Moreover, they may triggersecondary disasters, aggravating initial impacts. Industrial facilities, nuclear and other technologicalinstallations and transport systems are all vulnerable to natural hazards, and their design is not alwaysadequatetowithstandcurrentorfutureimpacts.Inpurelyeconomic terms, thecostofnaturalandman-madedisastersworldwidehasbeenestimatedatUS$175billionfor2016alone,withUS$9billionofthatstemmingfromman-madedisasters.Thisnumberhas risen frompreviousyearsandcontinues togrowdue to increasingdisaster riskasa resultof factorssuchas climatechange, rapidurbanizationand industrialization. In thecaseofonehigh-profileexample,theFukushimaradiologicalemergencydisplaced165,000peopleandhasanestimatedeconomicrecoverycost of US$ 235 billion. In another example, hundreds of hazardous materials were released afterhurricanes Katrina and Rita, while pipeline accidents, train derailments and other transport accidentshauling dangerous goods have caused catastrophic pollution incidents around theworld. Such examplesillustratethe"businesscase"forimprovedpreparednessandresponsetoMan-made/Techhazards,aswellastheimportanceofimplementingmulti-sectoralandmulti-hazardapproachestoreducingriskfromthem. ThisWiAGuideonMan-made/TechHazardsoffersatargetedsetofpracticalactivitiesforimplementationatnationalandlocallevels.Italsoclarifiestherolesandresponsibilitiesofspecializedstakeholderswithineachof the four Priorities forActionwith regard toman-madehazards, and the subset of technologicalhazards.Areviewofover-archingkeyconsiderationsandprominentexamplesof"no-regrets"actions,whichapplyacrossallfouroftheMan-made/Techmentionedaboveincludes:1)Understandingdisasterrisk:- Conductriskassessmentandensureaccesstopre-disasterriskassessmentinformation,withabaseline

forhazards,exposure,risksandvulnerability,includinglocalsourcesofrisks;- Collectinformationonlocalinstitutions,capacitiesandplanstoaddressdisasters;

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- Developandregularlyupdate localandnationalmapsondisasterrisk,hazards,humanexposureandvulnerability,includingkeyinfrastructureelements;

- Engagewithcommunitiesatrisktounderstandcommunitystructuresandsupportinclusiveness,whileensuringaccessofcommunitiestorelevantriskinformation;

- Enhanceunderstandingof disaster risks amongall stakeholders, including governmentofficials at alllevels, civil society and NGOs, local communities, the private sector, disaster and emergencyrespondersaswellasvolunteers;

- Improve the flow of disaster risk information from scientific and technical experts to policy-makers,communitiesandotherstakeholders,andassureappropriateuseofthesame;

- Strengthenunderstandingofdisaster risk at the local level througheducationandawareness-raisingcampaigns;

- ApplyriskinformationtodevelopandimplementDRRpoliciesandstrategies.2)Strengtheningdisasterriskgovernance:- MainstreamDRRwithinandacrossallsectorsdealingwithman-madehazards,throughrelevantlegal

frameworks,policies,regulations,reportingrequirementsandcomplianceincentives;- Ensure that sectors involved in man-made risk management are involved in appropriate DRR

coordinationandorganizationalstructures,includingforumsandplatformsatlocalandnationallevels;- Ensure that sectors involved inman-made riskmanagementadoptandapplynationaland localDRR

strategies and plans, including targets, indicators and timeframes, and follow-up mechanisms tomonitorprogress;

- Assign clear roles and tasks to relevant national and local authorities, community leaders andotherstakeholders to operationalize strategies and plans, while reinforcing the role of the appropriatenationalauthority(-ies)ashavingprimaryresponsibilityforDRR.

3)Investingindisasterriskreductionforresilience:- Ensure the allocation of financial and logistical resources to implement DRR plans, policies and

strategiesatnationalandlocallevels;- Promotedisasterriskfinancialsharing,transferandinsurancemechanisms;- Strengthen public and private sector investments to prevent and reduce the impacts of man-made

disasters,includingtheirimpactoncriticalinfrastructure;- Improve building codes and standards and enforce specific standards in the construction of all

technologicalfacilities;- Invest in appropriate land use, local planning and zoning policies in relation to the location of

technologicalfacilities;- Enhancetheresilienceofnationalhealthcaresystemstodealwithspecifichazardtypes,andenhance

localaccesstobasichealthcareservicesandsafety-netsforpost-disasterassistanceforpopulationsatriskfromman-madedisasters;

- Protectthemostdisadvantagedpersons,alongwithlivelihoodsandproductiveassets,includingmajorearningsectorssuchastourism,fromman-madehazards.

4) Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and to "build back better" in recovery,rehabilitationandreconstruction:- Developandupdatedisasterpreparednessandcontingencyplans,programsandpoliciesat regional,

national and local levels, involving relevant authorities and stakeholders in a "wholeof government,wholeofsociety"approach;

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- Developandmaintainmulti-sectoralrapidearlywarningandalertsystemsincludingrobustmeansofcommunication to inform the public prior to and during an incident to prevent and/ormitigate theimpactsandfacilitatetheresponse;

- Develop and enforce improved building codes and standards for the (re-) construction of alltechnologicalfacilitiesforpreventingfutureMan-made/Techdisasters;

- Promotetheresilienceofkeyinfrastructuresuchaspower,water,emergencycenters,roadsandwatertreatmentplants,thatarecriticalinpreparingforandrespondingtoman-madedisasters;

- Conducttargetedtrainingforemergencyworkerse.g.firstresponders,medicalstaff,publicserviceandvoluntaryworkerswhodealwithspecificman-madedisasters;

- Organizeandconductperiodicdisasterpreparedness,responseandrecoveryexercisesandevacuationdrills,withtheinvolvementofthepublic;

- Promote cooperation among multiple authorities, relevant institutions and stakeholder groups toassureasmoothandeffectiveMan-made/Techdisasterresponse.

Insummary,puttinginplaceasmanyaspossibleofthemeasureslistedabovewillhelpanygovernmenttobebothbetterpreparedforapossibleMan-made/Techemergencyevent,andtomitigatethepotentialimpactsofsuchaneventonpeople,society,theeconomyandtheenvironment,whileaddressingthefourprioritiesoftheSendaiFramework.

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FinalTake-awayMessagesGovernmentsareincreasinglyrecognizingthecriticalroleofriskreductioninrelationtoMan-made/Techhazards, initiating the integration of improved mitigation and preparedness measures. Among otherprogress, this development has facilitated the adoption of innovative technologies, the development ofeducational programsand awareness-raising campaigns, aswell as the implementationof structural andnon-structuralmethodstoprotectat-riskpopulationsandphysicalassets.Despitethis,Man-made/Techhazards are still occurring and will continue to occur around the world. Many of these happen widelyunnoticed, causing varying degrees of harm to the environment as well as individuals, with highlyvulnerablegroupssufferingthemostsevereeffects.Inaddition,Man-made/Techaccidentstakeaheavytoll on affected economies as they cause high financial losses, sometimes with long-term impacts oneconomic structures. Inorder to reduce theprevalent risk,political leadership isneeded to facilitate thedevelopmentofpoliciesandframeworksfordisasterpreparednessforandresponsetoMan-made/Techhazards. Political will can also help to integrate this topic into existing national and local disaster riskreductionandmanagementstrategiesandplans.ThisWiAGuideonMan-made/TechHazardshasreviewedthediverseinstitutionalandlegalmechanisms,thematic frameworks, financial considerations and potential collaborations and partnerships available tosupportcountryandlocal-levelimplementationofDRRmeasures.Inordertomakemeaningfulprogressindisaster riskmanagement in relation toMan-made / Techhazards, it is essential to fullyunderstand therisksstemmingfromtheseparticularhazards.Therefore,furtherresearcheffortsandanintegratedmulti-hazard approach need to be taken. In addition, the involvement and accountability of all relevantstakeholders in managing disaster risk caused by man-made hazards are important for successful riskgovernance on all levels. Governance also requires increased financial investments in risk reduction andmitigationstrategies,aswellasinpreparednessefforts.Inconclusion,thesuccessfulreductionofdisasterriskemergingfromMan-made/Techhazardscanonlybeachieved when the risk is comprehensively understood, acknowledged and addressed through a multi-hazard,multi-stakeholderandfullyintegratedapproach.Moreover,stakeholdersneedtobeequippedwithsufficient financial means to advance targeted risk reduction, mitigation and preparedness policies andactions.Finally,learningfrompastMan-made/Techhazardsandinvestinginandapplyingthese“lessonslearnt”iskeytoavoidandmitigatefutureimpactsofMan-made/Techhazards.

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AnnexThissectionprovidesalistingofkeydocuments,majorentitiesandinitiativesthatcanbeusedasfurther,moredetailedentrypointstoman-madehazards,alongwithpreparednessfor,preventionofandresponsetosame.Wherepossible,URLaddressesareincludedtofacilitateaccessbyman-madehazardcommunitypractitioners.Italsoprovideslinkstoexistingcommunitiesandnetworksofman-madehazardgroups.

I.KEYDOCUMENTSFORMAN-MADE/TECHHAZARDS

AlternativeClassificationSchemesforMan-MadeHazardsintheContextoftheImplementationoftheSendaiFramework,workingpaper,theUNISDRandOpen-endedIntergovernmentalExpertWorkingGrouponIndicatorsandTerminologyRelatingtoDisasterRiskReduction,5June2016,21pages.Anoverviewofmethodologiesforhazardratingofindustrialsites,EuropeanCommissionJointResearchCentreandUNECE,IspraandGeneva,2016,76pages.www.unece.org/index.php?id=41786APELLMulti-HazardTrainingKitforLocalAuthoritiesforcommunityvulnerabilityreduction,prevention,andpreparedness;UNEP/DTIE,Paris,2010,50pages.AssessmentandProposalsforUraniumProductionLegacySitesinCentralAsia:anInternationalApproach;Reportcompiledintwomeetingsoftechnicalexperts,IAEADivisionofRadiation,TransportandWasteSafety,Vienna,2010(?),163pages.Checklistforcontingencyplanningforaccidentsaffectingtransboundarywaters,UNECE,UNsymbolECE/TEIA.CP/34,NewYorkandGeneva,2016,51pages.www.unece.org/index.php?id=44290CorporateGovernanceforProcessSafety:OECDGuidanceforSeniorLeadersinHighHazardIndustries;OECDEnvironment,HealthandSafety;ChemicalsAccidentsProgramme;June2012,20pages.==>https://www.oecd.org/env/ehs/chemical-accidents/corporategovernanceforprocesssafety.htmDirective2008/96/ECoftheEuropeanParliamentandoftheCouncilof19November2008onRoadInfrastructureSafetyManagement,aspublishedintheOfficialJournaloftheEuropeanUnion,volumeL319/59-67,29November2008,ninepages.EMSA'sBestPracticeGuidanceontheInventoryofHazardousMaterials(IHM),EuropeanMarineSafetyAgency(EMSA),Lisbon,October2016,40pages.http://www.emsa.europa.eu/news-a-press-centre/external-news/item/2874-emsa-s-best-practice-guidance-on-the-inventory-of-hazardous-materials.html

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EnvironmentalEmergencyPreparedness:IndustrialAccidentsinToamasina,Madagascar.FinalReportfromtheScopingMissionoftheUNEP/OCHAEnvironmentUnitandtheEuropeanUnionCivilProtectionMechanism.UNEP/OCHAJEU,Geneva,2013,30pages.EnvironmentalExposureAssessmentStrategiesforExistingIndustrialChemicalsinOECDMemberCountries,OECDSeriesonTestingandAssessment,Number17,ENV/JM/MONO(99)10,OECD,April1999,31pages.www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?doclanguage=en&cote=env/jm/mono(99)10EuropeanAgreementconcerningtheInternationalCarriageofDangerousGoodsbyRoad(ADR2017),UNECE,September2016,VolumeIandII,1282pages.www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/adr/adr_e.htmlandhttp://www.unece.org/index.php?id=43866EuropeanAgreementconcerningtheInternationalCarriageofDangerousGoodsbyInlandWaterways(ADN2017),UNECE,September2016,VolumeIandII,1024pages.http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/adn/adn_e.htmlandhttp://www.unece.org/index.php?id=45005FlexibleFrameworkforAddressingChemicalAccidentPreventionandPreparedness:aGuidanceDocument,UNEP/DTIE/SustainableConsumptionandProduction(SCP)Branch,2010,180pages.www.unep.org/resourceefficiency/Portals/24147/Safer%20Production%20(Web%20uploads)/UN_Flexible_Framework_WEB_FINAL.pdfGuidelinesforRapidEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentinDisasters,BenfieldHazardResearchCentre,UniversityCollegeLondonandCAREInternational,version4.4,April2005,99pages.GuidingPrinciplesfortheDevelopmentoftheUNModelRegulations,UnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCouncil,CommitteeofExpertsontheTransportofDangerousGoods,2015,41pages.http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/unrec/guidingprinciples/guidingprinciplesrev15_e.htmlIMO:Whatitis/OMICequ'elleest/OMIQuées,InternationalMaritimeOrganization,London,October2013,74pages(inEnglish,FrenchandSpanish;separatelyinArabic).http://www.imo.org/en/About/Documents/What%20it%20is%20Oct%202013_Web.pdfIntroductiontoIndustrialAccidents(on-linetrainingcourseinChinese,English,FrenchandRussian),UNECE,theJointUNEP/OCHAEnvironmentUnitandUNEP,Geneva,2013.www.unece.org/index.php?id=32240IOMCToolbox,SchemeonChemicalAccidents;MajorHazardPrevention,PreparednessandResponse.http://iomctoolbox.oecd.org/default.aspx?idExec=fa0a7540-917a-4cd2-b316-c1454399e6f5JointRadiationEmergencyManagementPlanofInternationalOrganizations,IncidentandEmergencyCentre,DepartmentofNuclearSafetyandSecurity,IAEA,Vienna,2017,151pages.

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Natechriskassessmentandmanagement-Reducingtheriskofnatural-hazardimpactonhazardousinstallations,E.Krausmann,A.M.CruzandE.Salzano,ElsevierPress,Amsterdam,2017.NaturaldisastersintheUnitedStatesasreleaseagentsofoil,chemical,orradiologicalmaterialsbetween1980-1989:analysisandrecommendations,P.S.ShowalterandM.F.MyersinRiskAnalysis,Vol.14,no.2,169,1994.NuclearandRadiationStudiesBoard,LessonslearnedfromtheFukushimanuclearaccidentforimprovingsafetyofU.S.nuclearplants.NationalAcademiesPress(US),WashingtonDC,October2014.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK253939/ObjectiveandEssentialElementsofaState’sNuclearSecurityRegime,IAEANuclearSecuritySeriesno.20,IAEA,Vienna,Austria,February2013,32pages.www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/Pub1590_web.pdf*OECDGuidingPrinciplesforChemicalAccidentPrevention,PreparednessandResponse:guidanceforindustry(includingmanagementandlabour),publicauthorities,communitiesandotherstakeholders,OECD,2003,209pagesplus29-pageannex.http://www.oecd.org/env/ehs/chemical-accidents/Guiding-principles-chemical-accident.pdfOECD(2015)NatechAddendumtotheOECDGuidingPrinciplesforchemicalaccidentprevention,preparednessandresponse(2nded.),OECD,Paris,seehttp://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=env/jm/mono(2015)1&doclanguage=enOECD(2013),CorporateGovernanceforProcessSafety:GuidanceforSeniorLeadersinhighHazardIndustry,OECD,Paris,https://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/chemical-accidents/corporate%20governance%20for%20process%20safety-colour%20cover.pdfOECD(2003),GuidanceonSafetyPerformanceIndicatorsforIndustry,OECD,Paris,seehttps://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/chemical-accidents/41269710.pdfOECD(2003),GuidanceonSafetyPerformanceIndicatorsforPublicAuthoritiesandCommunities,OECD,Paris,seehttps://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/chemical-accidents/41269639.pdf*-AllpublicationsoftheOECDChemicalAccidentsProgrammeareavailableatthefollowingwebsite:http://www.oecd.org/env/ehs/chemical-accidents/OverviewofMethodologiesforHazardRatingofIndustrialSites,theJointResearchCentre(JRC)oftheEuropeanCommunityandUNECE,Nov.2015,82pages.www.unece.org/index.php?id=41786PreparednessandResponseforaNuclearorRadiologicalEmergency,GeneralSafetyRequirements,IAEASafetyStandardsSeriesno.GSRPart7,Vienna,2015,102pages.

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RecommendationsontheTransportofDangerousGoods,ModelRegulations,19threvisededition,UnitedNationsPublication(NewYorkandGeneva),2015,VolumeIandII,862pages.fullversionaspublishedbyUNECE:www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/danger/publi/unrec/rev17/English/Rev17_Volume1.pdfRegulationconcerningtheInternationalCarriageofDangerousGoodsbyRail(RID)RID2017,IntergovernmentalOrganisationforInternationalCarriagebyRail(OTIF) http://otif.org/en/?page_id=744

Safetyguidelinesandgoodindustrypracticesforoilterminals,UNECE,UNsymbolECE/CP.TEIA/28,NewYorkandGeneva,2015,65pages.www.unece.org/index.php?id=41066Safetyguidelinesandgoodindustrypracticesforpipelines,UNECE,UNsymbolECE/CP.TEIA/27,NewYorkandGeneva,2014/2015,22pages.www.unece.org/index.php?id=41068Safetyguidelinesandgoodindustrypracticesfortailingsmanagementfacilities,UNECE,UNsymbolECE/CP.TEIA/26,2014,34pages.www.unece.org/index.php?id=36132SendaiFrameworkforDisasterRiskReduction(DRR)2015-2030,fromtheThirdUNWorldConference,SendaiheldinSendai,Japan,March2015,aspublishedbytheUNOfficeforDisasterRiskReduction(UNISDR),32pages.http://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/publications/43291TerminologyrelatedtoDisasterRiskReduction(anupdatedtechnicalnon-paper),Open-endedIntergovernmentalExpertWorkingGrouponIndicatorsandTerminologyRelatedtoDisasterRiskReduction(OIEWG)andUNISDR,Nov?2016,42pages.http://www.preventionweb.net/drr-framework/open-ended-working-group/25YearsofChemicalAccidentPreventionatOECD:HistoryandOutlook(brochure),OrganisationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD),2013,46pages.https://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/chemical-accidents/Chemical-Accidents-25years.pdfUpdatedtechnicalnon-paperonindicatorsforglobaltargetsA,B,C,D,EandGoftheSendaiFrameworkforDisasterRiskReduction,UNISDR,September2016,45pages.UNISDRDRRTerminology.2017.http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/terminology/TheUNISDR2009terminologyhttp://www.preventionweb.net/publications/view/7817UNISDR Words into Action Guide on national and local platforms- Interim

http://www.preventionweb.net/publications/view/53055

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UNISDR Words into Action Guide on Build back better in recovery- Interim http://www.preventionweb.net/publications/view/53213 UNISDR Words into Action Guide on National risk assessment- Interim http://www.preventionweb.net/publications/view/52828 UNISDR Words into Action Guide on Preparedness for effective response- Interim http://www.preventionweb.net/publications/view/53347 UNISDR Words into Action Guide on Preparedness for effective response- Interim (addendum simulation exercises) http://www.preventionweb.net/publications/view/53348 WorkoftheCommitteeofExpertsontheTransportofDangerousGoodsandontheGloballyHarmonizedSystemofClassificationandLabellingofChemicals(reportoftheSecretary-General),UNECOSOC,E/2017/53,2017.

II.EXISTINGKEYCOMMUNITIES/NETWORKSOFMAN-MADE/TECHHAZARDSGROUPS

AwarenessandPreparednessforEmergenciesatLocalLevel(APELL)www.unep.org/apellFlexibleFrameworkforAddressingChemicalAccidentPreventionandPreparedness(CAPP)www.unep.org/flexibleframeworkInter-AgencyCoordinationMeetingsonIndustrialAccidentsMembersincludeUNEPandSAICM,UNECE,UNISDR,WHO,theEuropeanCommission,OECDandtheJointUNEP/OCHAEnvironmentUnit.RedCrossNuclearDisasterResourceCentre/DigitalArchivehttp://ndrc.jrc.or.jp/?lang=enEnvironmentalEmergenciesCentrewww.eecentre.org

III.OTHERRELEVANTWEBSITESOFNOTE:

EuropeanCommissionScienceandKnowledgeServicehttps://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/research-topic/reference-materials-nuclear-safeguards-safety-and-securityEuropeanMaritimeSafetyAgency(EMSA):www.emsa.europa.euEuropeanProcessSafetyCentre(EPSC):www.epsc.orgEUDirectiveonRoadInfrastructureSafetyManagement: eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:32008L0096Inter-OrganisationProgrammefortheSoundManagementofChemicals (IOMC):www.who.int/iomc/en/

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IntergovernmentalForumonChemicalSafety(IFCS):www.who.int/ifcs/en/InternationalAtomicEnergyAgency(IAEA):www.iaea.orgIAEASafetyStandardsSerieshttp://www-pub.iaea.org/books/IAEABooks/Series/33/Safety-Standards-SeriesIAEAResourcesinEmergencyPreparednessandResponsehttps://www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/fukushima/emergency-preparednessIAEA:NuclearSecuritySeriespublicationswww-ns.iaea.org/security/nss-publications.asp?s=5&l=35#sIAEAReportonFukushimaDaiichiaccident,ReportbytheDirectorGeneralhttp://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/Pub1710-ReportByTheDG-Web.pdfIAEA,TheInternationalChernobylproject,TechnicalReporthttp://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub885e_web.pdfInternationalFederationofRedCrossandRedCrescentSocieties(IFRC):http://www.ifrc.orgNuclearandRadiologicalEmergencyGuidelines(Preparedness,ResponseandRecovery)http://www.ifrc.org/Global/Documents/Secretariat/201602/1296000-NuclearRadio.Emer.Guide-Int-EN-LR.pdfChernobylHumanitarianAssistanceandRehabilitationProgramme(CHARP)http://www.ifrc.org/en/publications-and-reports/evaluations/?c=&co=&fy=&mo=&mr=1&or=&r=&ti=charp&ty=&tyr=&z=InternationalMaritimeOrganization:www.imo.org (tolist:atleastfivepollution-relatedconventions?)www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/Default.aspx

• InternationalConventiononOilPollution,Preparedness,ResponseandCo-operation,1990(OPRC)

• ProtocolonPreparedness,ResponseandCo-operationtoPollutionIncidentsbyHazardousandNoxiousSubstances,2000(OPRC-HNSProtocol)

• ConventionforthePreventionofPollutionfromShips,1973,asmodifiedbythe1978and1997Protocols(MARPOL)

• InternationalConventiononLiabilityandCompensationforDamageinConnectionwiththeCarriageofHazardousandNoxiousSubstancesbySea,1996asrevisedbytheProtocolof2010totheConvention(2010HNSConvention)

• InternationalConventiononCivilLiabilityforBunkerOilPollutionDamage(BunkerConvention)

OECDProgrammeonChemicalAccidents(PCA):ChemicalAccidentPrevention,PreparednessandResponse:www.oecd.org/env/ehs/chemical-accidentsSevesoDirectiveonIndustrialAccidents:ec.europa.eu/environment/seveso/StrategicApproachtoInternationalChemicalsManagement(SAICM): www.saicm.orgUNECEIndustrialAccidentsConvention:www.unece.org/env/teia.html

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UNECEIndustrialAccidentNotification(IAN)System:www.unece.org/env/teia/pointsofcontact.htmlUNECESustainableTransportDivision(TransportofDangerousGoods)http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/danger.htmlUNEnvironment/OCHAJointUnit(JEU):www.unocha.org/unepUNISDR-WordsintoActionInitiativehttp://www.preventionweb.net/drr-framework/sendai-framework/wordsintoaction/UNISDRGlobalAssessmentReporthttp://www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/gar/UNISDR-Factsheet:HealthinthecontextoftheSendaiframeworkfordisasterRiskReductionhttps://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/publications/46621UNISDR-InternationalconferenceontheimplementationofthehealthaspectsoftheSendaiFrameworkforDRRhttp://www.unisdr.org/conferences/2016/healthUNISDR-BangkokPrinciplesfortheimplementationofthehealthaspectsoftheSendaiFrameworkforDisasterRiskReduction2015-2030http://www.preventionweb.net/files/47606_bangkokprinciplesfortheimplementati.pdfUNISDR-UnderstandingRiskhttp://www.preventionweb.net/riskWHOonEnvironmentalHealth:www.who.int/topics/environmental_healthWHOEnvironmentalHealth"FactSheets":www.who.int/topics/environmental_health/factsheets/en/WHO'sInternationalHealthRegulations:www.who.int/topics/international_health_regulations/enWHORadiationEmergencyhttp://www.who.int/ionizing_radiation/a_e/en/

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