words: 1000 area editor: munro - northwestern university

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ECONOMIC HISTORY ENTRY TERMS 4/14/99 1: GEOGRAPHY 1-A: COUNTRIES AND REGIONS 1-A-i: EUROPE Alsace

Words: 500 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Describe the period(s) in which this region was significant and explain its special standing in economic

history, highlighting those economic sectors in which it was prominent. Describe the central economic changes and events taking place in this area. Distinguish from Lorraine. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a role in the economy of the region. Evaluate the importance of the region in the context of the greater economy in which it was situated.

Austria: Austria before 1867

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: General overview of the economic history of Austria up to 1867, including a broad discussion of the main

areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Austria during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Austria after 1918.

Austria: Austro-Hungarian Empire

Words: 2500 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Discuss the history and economic interactions between the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1867-1918) and its

regions, briefly describing the economic impact on both economies and distinguishing the development of respective sectors and regions, and the economic policies of the Imperial government. Survey the literature proposing and criticizing the economic interpretation of the rise and fall of this empire. Separate entries on Austria and Hungary are also planned.

Austria: Modern Austria

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: General overview of the economic history of Austria from 1918 to the present, including a broad discussion of

the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Austria during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Austria before 1867 and the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

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Balkans

Words: 3000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: General overview of the economic history, up to the present, of the Balkans (Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia,

Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, and Slovenia), including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of the Balkans throughout history.

Baltic States

Words: 2500 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: General overview of the economic history, up to the present, of the Baltic States (Lithuania, Estonia, and

Latvia), including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of the Baltic States throughout history.

Bavaria


history, highlighting those economic sectors in which it was prominent. Describe the central economic changes and events taking place in this area. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a role in the economy of the region. Evaluate the importance of the region in the context of the greater economy in which it was situated.

Belgium

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: General overview of the economic history of Belgium after 1830, including a broad discussion of the main

areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Belgium during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on the Southern Netherlands before 1830 and on the Northern Netherlands after 1568, as well as on the Dutch Empire. It will also provide the context for entries on Antwerp, Brussels, and Ghent.

Cross-Reference(s): Belgian Empire; Low Countries: The Low Countries before 1585 Black Country

Words: 500 Area Editor: Berg

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Scope: Describe the period(s) in which this region was significant and explain its special standing in economic history, highlighting those economic sectors in which it was prominent. Describe the central economic changes and events taking place in this area. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a role in the economy of the region. Evaluate the importance of the region in the context of the greater economy in which it was situated.

Catalonia

Words: 500 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Describe the period(s) in which this region was significant and explain its special standing in economic


Coal Basins

Words: 2000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Survey the main characteristics and historical development of the Ruhr, Donets, and U.S. coal basins.

Describe the period(s) in which each region was significant and explain its special standing in economic history, highlighting those economic sectors in which each was prominent. Describe the central economic changes and events taking place in each area. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a role in the economy of each region. Evaluate the importance of each region in the context of the greater economy in which it was situated.

Czech and Slovak Republics

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: General overview of the economic history of the Czech and Slovak Republics from 1918 to the present,

including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of the republics during this period. This article will be complemented by separate coverage of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Slavic Central Europe before 1918.

Danube

Words: 500 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Describe the period(s) in which this river was significant to the regions it flows through and explain its special

standing in economic history, highlighting those economic sectors in which it was prominent. Describe the central economic changes and events taking place in this area. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a role in the economy of the region. Evaluate the importance of the region in the context of the greater economy in which it was situated.

France: Early and Medieval Periods

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Munro

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Scope: General overview of the economic history of France, from the era of later-Roman and Merovigian Gaul, and including all of the subsequent Carolingian Empire; thereafter Capetian and Valois France, roughly according to her modern boundaries (thus including Artois, Franche Comte, Alsace, Lorraine, Provence; up to about 1500; to include a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, finance, industrialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal structures [set-up], and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of France during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on France after 1500, on the French Empire, and on Alsace, Provence, and Paris specifically. It will also provide the context for entries on Lyon and Paris.

France: Early Modern Period

Words: 3000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: General overview of the economic history of France from 1500 to 1789, including a broad discussion of the

main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of France during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on France before 1500 and after 1789, on the French Empire, and on Alsace, Provence, and Paris specifically. It will also provide the context for entries on Lyon and Paris.

France: Modern Period

Words: 4000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: General overview of the economic history of France from 1789 to the present, including a broad discussion of

the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of France during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on France before 1789, on the French Empire, and on Alsace, Provence and Paris specifically. It will also provide the context for entries on Lyon and Paris.

France: French Empire until 1789

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: Discuss the history and economic interactions between France and its colonized regions until 1789, briefly

describing the economic significance of its overseas possessions in N. America, the Caribbean, and Asia. Assess the impact on both colonizer and colonized economies and distinguishing respective sectors and regions, and the institutional tools through which colonial control took place. Survey the literature proposing and criticizing the economic interpretation of the rise and fall of this empire. This article will be supported by separate and more detailed entries on the colonized regions themselves. An article on the French Empire after 1789 is also planned.

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France: French Empire between 1789 and 1950

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: Discuss the history and economic interactions between France and the regions she colonized between 1789

and 1950, including North Africa. Describe the economic impact on both colonizer and colonized economies and distinguish respective sectors and regions, and the institutional tools through which colonial control took place. Discuss the importance of capital flows and emigration as well as the trade in raw materials and manuf. goods. Survey the literature proposing and criticizing the economic interpretation of the rise and fall of this empire. This article will be supported by separate and more detailed entries on the colonized regions themselves. An article on the French Empire before 1789 is also planned.

Germany: Early and Medieval Periods

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Munro Scope: General overview of the economic history of Germany up to 1500, including a broad discussion of the main

areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Germany during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Germany after 1500 and on Bavaria, Prussia, Saxony, and the Ruhr coal basin, as well as on the Danube and Rhine regions. It will also provide the context for entries on Hamburg and Lubeck.

Germany: Early Modern Period

Words: 2000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: General overview of the economic history of Germany from 1500 to 1871, including a broad discussion of the

main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Germany during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Germany before 1500 and after 1871 and on Bavaria, Prussia, Saxony, and the Ruhr coal basin, as well as on the Danube and Rhine regions. It will also provide the context for entries on Hamburg and Lubeck.

Germany: Modern Germany

Words: 5000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: General overview of the economic history of Germany from 1871 to the present, including a broad discussion

of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a

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significant role in the economy of Germany during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Germany before 1871 and on Bavaria, Prussia, Saxony, and the Ruhr coal basin, as well as on the Danube and Rhine river regions. It will also provide the context for entries on Hamburg and Lubeck.

Great Britain: Early and Medieval Periods up to 1500

Words: 4000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: General overview of the economic history of Great Britain during the early and medieval periods up to 1450,

including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, with a major emphasis upon agrarian changes; and also other institutional changes, demographic changes, monetary changes, and secular price trends; in general, economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, industrialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Great Britain during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Great Britain after 1450 as well as entries on Scotland, Ulster, Wales, Black Country, and Lancashire specifically. It will also provide the context for entries on London and Manchester.

Great Britain: Early Modern Period (from approx. 1500)

Words: 4000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: General overview of the economic history of Great Britain from 1450 to 1760, including a broad discussion of

the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Great Britain during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Great Britain before 1450 and after 1760 as well as entries on the British Empire, Scotland, Ulster, Wales, Black Country, and Lancashire specifically. It will also provide the context for entries on London and Manchester. An entry on the industrial revolution is also planned.

Great Britain: Modern Period

Words: 4000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: General overview of the economic history of Great Britain from 1760 to the present, including a broad

discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Great Britain during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Great Britain before 1760 as well as articles on the British Empire, Scotland, Ulster, Wales, Black Country, and Lancashire specifically. It will also provide the context for entries on London and Manchester. An entry on the industrial revolution is also planned.

Great Britain: British Empire

Words: 3000 Area Editor: de Vries

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Scope: Discuss the history and economic interactions between Britain and its colonized regions, briefly describing the economic impact on both economies and distinguishing respective sectors and regions, and the institutional tools through which colonial control took place. Discuss the role of the British Empire in the Industrial Revolution both as a source of raw materials and as a market and the “Williams Thesis.” Survey the literature proposing and criticizing the economic interpretation of the rise and fall of this empire and the concept of “imperialism of free trade.”. This article will be supported by separate and more detailed entries on the colonized regions themselves.

Greece: Classical Period

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: General overview of the economic history of Greece from 1000 BCE to 400 CE, including a broad discussion of

the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Greece during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Greece from 400 CE onward.

Greece: Byzantine and Ottoman Periods

Words: 2000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: General overview of the economic history of Greece from 400 CE to 1830, including a broad discussion of the

main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Greece during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Greece before 400 CE and after 1830.

Cross-Reference(s): Byzantine Empire; Ottoman Empire Greece: Modern Period

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: General overview of the economic history of Greece from 1830 to the present, including a broad discussion of

the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Greece during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Greece before 1830.

Hungary

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Buyst

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Scope: General overview of the economic history of Hungary, with emphasis on the periods before and after the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Include a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Hungary. Because separate coverage of the Austro-Hungarian Empire is also planned, only brief mention need be given in this article to the period in which Hungary belonged to that empire.

Cross-Reference(s): Austria: Austro-Hungarian Empire Ireland: Ireland before 1800

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: General overview of the economic history of Ireland before 1800, including a broad discussion of the main

areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Ireland during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Ireland after 1800.

Ireland: Ireland from 1800 to 1922

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: General overview of the economic history of Ireland from 1800 to 1922, including a broad discussion of the

main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Ireland during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Ireland before 1800 and after 1922. A separate entry on the Irish famine is also planned.

Ireland: Ireland after 1922

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Berg Scope: General overview of the economic history of Ireland from 1922 to the present, including a broad discussion of

the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Ireland during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Ireland before 1922.

Italy: Classical Period


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Scope: General overview of the economic history of Italy from 1000 BCE to 500 CE, including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Italy during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Italy after 500 CE, on the Roman Empire, and on Lombardy and Tuscany specifically. It will also provide the context for entries on Florence, Genoa, Naples, Rome and the Papal State, and Venice.

Italy: Medieval Period

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: General overview of the economic history of Italy from 500 to 1500 CE, including a broad discussion of the

main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Italy during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Italy before 500 CE and after 1500 and on Lombardy and Tuscany specifically. It will also provide the context for entries on Florence, Genoa, Naples, Rome and the Papal State, and Venice.

Italy: Early Modern and Modern Periods (to 1861)

Words: 1500 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: General overview of the economic history of Italy from 1500 to 1861, including a broad discussion of the main

areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Italy during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Italy before 1500 and after 1861, and on Lombardy and Tuscany specifically. It will also provide the context for entries on Florence, Genoa, Naples, Rome and the Papal State, and Venice.

Italy: United Italy

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: General overview of the economic history of Italy from 1861 to the present, including a broad discussion of

the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Italy during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Italy before 1861 and on Lombardy and Tuscany specifically. It will also provide the context for entries on Florence, Genoa, Naples, Rome and the Papal State, and Venice.

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Lancashire

Words: 500 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Describe the period(s) in which this region was significant and explain its special standing in economic


Lombardy



Low Countries: The Low Countries before 1568

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: General overview of the economic history of the Low Countries (including the territory of modern-day

Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxemburg, and the former French provinces/districts of French Flanders and Artois) up to 1568, including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, finance, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of the Low Countries during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on the Northern and Southern Netherlands after 1568 as well as on the Dutch Empire. It will also provide the context for entries on Antwerp, Bruges, Ghent, and Amsterdam.

Low Countries: Northern Netherlands between 1568 and 1815

Words: 2500 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: General overview of the economic history of the Northern Netherlands between 1568 and 1815, including a

broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of the Northern Netherlands during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on the Northern Netherlands after 1815 and on the Southern Netherlands after 1568, as well as on the Dutch Empire. It will also provide the context for an entry on Amsterdam.

Low Countries: Northern Netherlands after 1815

Words: 1000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: General overview of the economic history of the Northern Netherlands after 1815, including a broad

discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes,

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and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of the Northern Netherlands during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on the Northern Netherlands before 1815 and on the Southern Netherlands after 1568, as well as on the Dutch Empire. It will also provide the context for an entry on Amsterdam.

Low Countries: Dutch Empire

Words: 1500 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Discuss the history and economic interactions between the Netherlands and its colonized regions (both in the

East Indies and the Carbbean), briefly describing the economic impact on both colonizer and colonized economies and distinguishing respective sectors and regions, and the institutional tools through which colonial control took place. Survey the importance of the Dutch Empire on the “golden age.” Discuss specific topics such as the “cultivation system.” Survey the literature proposing and criticizing the economic interpretation of the rise and fall of this empire. This article will be supported by separate and more detailed entries on the colonized regions themselves.

Low Countries: Southern Netherlands Between 1585 and 1830

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: General overview of the economic history of the Southern Netherlands between 1585 and 1830, including a

broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of the Southern Netherlands during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Belgium after 1830 and on the Northern Netherlands after 1568, as well as on the Dutch Empire. It will also provide the context for entries on Antwerp, Brussels, and Ghent.

Mediterranean Sea and Islands

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: General overview of the economic history of Mediterranean sea and its islands (especially but not exclusively

Cyprus and Malta) up to the present day, including a broad discussion of the role of the “Mare Nostrum” as a channel of trade in classical times and subsequent periods). For the islands, discuss main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Discuss briefly Braudel’s magisterial work on the topic and its importance in economic history. Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places that played a significant role in the economy of these islands throughout history.

Nordic Countries: General Overview

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: This entry should survey the economic history of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden prior to the

twentieth century by highlighting the various periods in which one or the other country was "dominant". Include a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment within each country, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization,

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living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of these countries prior to 1900. Individual articles on Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden during the twentieth century are also planned.

Nordic Countries: Modern Denmark

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: General overview of the economic history of Denmark in the twentieth century, including a broad discussion

of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Denmark during this period.

Nordic Countries: Modern Finland

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: General overview of the economic history of Finland in the twentieth century, including a broad discussion of

the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Finland during this period.

Nordic Countries: Modern Norway

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: General overview of the economic history of Norway in the twentieth century, including a broad discussion of

the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Norway during this period.

Nordic Countries: Modern Sweden

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: General overview of the economic history of Sweden in the twentieth century, including a broad discussion of

the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Sweden during this period. A separate entry on the Wallenberg family is also planned.

Poland: Early and Medieval Periods

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: General overview of the economic history of Poland up to 1492, including a broad discussion of the main areas

of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development

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broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Poland during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Poland after 1492.

Poland: Early Modern Period

Words: 1000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: General overview of the economic history of Poland from 1492 to 1918, including a broad discussion of the

main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Poland during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Poland before 1492 and after 1918.

Poland: Modern Period

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: General overview of the economic history of Poland from 1918 to the present, including a broad discussion of

the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Poland during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Poland before 1918.

Portugal: An Overview

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: General overview of the economic history of Portugal (up to the present day), including a broad discussion of

the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Portugal throughout its history. This article will be complemented by a separate article on the Portuguese Empire.

Portugal: Portuguese Empire

Words: 2000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Discuss the history and economic interactions between Portugal and its colonized regions (including Brazil,

Macao, Timor, and Goa and the Portuguese possessions in Africa), briefly describing the economic impact on both colonizer and colonized economies and distinguishing respective sectors and regions, and the institutional

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tools through which colonial control took place. Survey the literature proposing and criticizing the economic interpretation of the rise and fall of this empire. This article will be supported by a separate and more detailed entry on Brazil.

Provence

Words: 500 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Include the city of Marseilles and its hinterland. Describe the period(s) in which this region was significant

and explain its special standing in economic history, highlighting those economic sectors in which it was prominent. Describe the central economic changes and events taking place in this area. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a role in the economy of the region. Evaluate the importance of the region in the context of the greater economy in which it was situated.

Prussia



Rhine

Words: 500 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Describe the period(s) in which this river was significant to the regions it flows through and explain its special


Roman Empire

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Discuss the history and economic interactions between the colonial power in question and its colonized

regions, briefly describing the economic impact on both economies and distinguishing respective sectors and regions, and the institutional tools through which colonial control took place. Survey the literature proposing and criticizing the economic interpretation of the rise and fall of this empire. This article will be supported by separate and more detailed entries on the colonized regions themselves.

Russia: Early and Medieval Periods

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: General overview of the economic history of Russia up to 1462, including a broad discussion of the main areas

of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate

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economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Russia during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Russia after 1462 and the Russian Empire as well as by coverage of Ukraine and the Donets coal basin.

Russia: Early Modern Period

Words: 1500 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: General overview of the economic history of Russia from 1462 to 1700, including a broad discussion of the

main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Russia during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Russia before 1462 and after 1700 and the Russian Empire as well as by coverage of Ukraine and the Donets coal basin.

Cross-Reference(s): Collective Agriculture; Russia: Modern Period

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: General overview of the economic history of Russia from 1700 to 1917, including a broad discussion of the

main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Russia during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Russia before 1700 and after 1917 and the Russian Empire as well as by coverage of Ukraine and the Donets coal basin. It will also provide the context for biographical entries on Mikhail Bakunin, V.I. Lenin, and Leon Trotsky.

Cross-Reference(s): Collective Agriculture Russia: Communist Russia

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: General overview of the economic history of Russia from 1917 to 1989, including a broad discussion of the

main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Russia during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Russia before 1917 and after 1989 and the Russian Empire as well as by coverage of Ukraine and the Donets coal basin. It will also provide the context for biographical entries on V.I. Lenin and Leon Trotsky.

Cross-Reference(s): Collective Agriculture Russia: Post-communist Russia

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: General overview of the economic history of Russia since 1989, including a broad discussion of the main areas

of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development

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broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Russia during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Russia before 1989 as well as by coverage of Ukraine and the Donets coal basin.

Russia: Russian Empire

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Overview of the economic history of Siberia, Caucasian lands, and the states of the Caucasus (Georgia,

Armenia) and Central Asia (Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan etc. ) when they belonged to the Russian Empire. Discuss the history of the economic interactions between Russia and these regions, briefly describing the economic impact on both economies and distinguishing respective sectors and regions, and the institutional tools through which colonial control took place. Survey the literature proposing and criticizing the economic interpretation of the rise and fall of this empire. This article will be complemented by a separate entry on Central Asia. Separate coverage of Russia per se is also planned.

Cross-Reference(s): Central Asia Saxony



Scotland

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: General overview of the economic history of Scotland (up to the present day), including a broad discussion of

the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the Scottish economy throughout its history.

Cross-Reference(s): Great Britain Slavic Central Europe

Words: 1500 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: General overview of the economic history of Slavic Central Europe (Czech and Slovak Republics up to 1918

and Bohemia), including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in this region's economy during this period. This article will be complemented by separate entries on the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Czech and Slovak Republics after 1918.

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Spain: Early and Medieval Periods

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: General overview of the economic history of Spain up to 1479, including a broad discussion of the main areas

of economic activity and employment: agrarian changes, institutional changes, demographic changes, monetary changes, secular price trends, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, industrialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal structures [set-up], and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Spain during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Spain after 1479, on the Spanish Empire, and on Catalonia specifically. It will also provide the context for entries on Granada and Seville.

Spain: Modern Spain

Words: 3000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: General overview of the economic history of Spain from 1479 to the present, including a broad discussion of

the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Spain during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Spain before 1479, on the Spanish Empire, and on Catalonia specifically. It will also provide the context for entries on Granada and Seville.

Spain: Spanish Empire

Words: 4000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Discuss the history and economic interactions between Spain and its colonized regions (mostly in Spanish

America, but mention Morocco and the Philippines as well) briefly describing the economic impact on both colonizers and colonized economies. Distinguish respective sectors and regions, and the institutional tools through which colonial control took place. Survey the literature proposing and criticizing the economic interpretation of the rise and fall of this empire. This article will be supported by separate and more detailed entries on the colonized regions themselves.

Switzerland: Switzerland before 1815

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Munro Scope: General overview of the economic history of Switzerland up to 1815, including a broad discussion of the main

areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant

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role in the economy of Switzerland during this period. This article will be complemented by a separate article on Switzerland after 1815.

Switzerland: Switzerland after 1815

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: General overview of the economic history of Switzerland from 1815 to the present, including a broad

discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Switzerland during this period. This article will be complemented by a separate article on Switzerland before 1815.

Tuscany



Ukraine

Words: 500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Describe the period(s) in which this region was significant and explain its special standing in economic


Cross-Reference(s): Russia Ulster

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: General overview of the economic history of Ulster (up to the present day), including a broad discussion of

the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Special emphasis on the economic history of the six counties of Northern Ireland after 1922. Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Ulster throughout its history.

Cross-Reference(s): Great Britain, Ireland Wales


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Scope: General overview of the economic history of Wales (up to the present day), including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the Welsh economy throughout its history.

Cross-Reference(s): Great Britain 1-A-ii: THE AMERICAS Amerindian Economies: General Overview

Words: 1000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Description of the main economic features of the pre-1492 Americas, including technology, main forms of

economic organization, commerce, and living standards. Salisbury, and Linda Barrington, a Amerindian Economies: Inca Economy

Words: 1500 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: General overview of the economic history of the Incas, including a broad discussion of the main areas of

economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of the Incas.

Cross-Reference(s): Andean Region; Argentina; Central South American States; Chile Amerindian Economies: Aztec Economy

Words: 1500 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: General overview of the economic history of the Aztecs, including a broad discussion of the main areas of

economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of the Aztecs.

Cross-Reference(s): Central American Countries; Mexico Amerindian Economies: Maya Economy

Words: 1500 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: General overview of the economic history of the Mayas, including a broad discussion of the main areas of

economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate

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economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of the Mayas.

Cross-Reference(s): Central American Countries; Mexico Amerindian Economies: Indigenous North American Economy

Words: 2000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: General overview of the economic history of the various tribes of indigenous people in North America,

including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of these people.

Cross-Reference(s): Canada; United States Andean Region

Words: 1000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: General overview of the economic history of Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru during the postcolonial period (up to

the present), including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of these countries during this period.

Cross-Reference(s): Amerindian Economies: Inca Economy; Spain: Spanish Empire Argentina

Words: 2000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: General overview of the economic history of Argentina during the postcolonial period (up to the present),

including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Argentina during this period.

Cross-Reference(s): Amerindian Economies: Inca Economy; Spain, Spanish Empire Barbados

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: General overview of the economic history of Barbados in the postcolonial period (up to the present), including

a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic

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changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Barbados during this period.

Cross-Reference(s): Caribbean Region Brazil

Words: 2500 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: General overview of the economic history of Brazil during the colonial and postcolonial period (up to the

present), including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Brazil during this period.

Cross-Reference(s): Portugal: Portuguese Empire Canada

Words: 4000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: General overview of the economic history of Canada, including a broad discussion of the main areas of

economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Canada. This article will provide the context for separate entries on Montreal and Toronto.

Cross-Reference(s): Amerindian Economies Caribbean Region: Colonial Period

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: General overview of the economic history of the Caribbean region from 1500 to the end of the colonial period,

including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of this region during this period. Special emphasis should be given to tropical agriculture, slave labor, and trade with the motherland(s) and other colonies. This article will be complemented by separate articles on the Caribbean region in the postcolonial period as well as on the British, Spanish, and French empires. Entries on Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, and Barbados in the postcolonial period are also planned.

Caribbean Region: Postcolonial Period

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Lovejoy

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Scope: General overview of the economic history of the Caribbean region in the postcolonial period (up to the present), with emphasis on Antigua, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic. Discussion should broadly cover the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of this region during this period. This article will be complemented by a separate article on this region during the colonial period. Separate entries on Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, and Barbados in the postcolonial period are also planned; hence your article should only mention them in order to provide a context for these other entries.

Central American Countries

Words: Area Editor: de Vries Scope: General overview of the economic history of Central American countries (Costa Rica, Salvador, Guatemala,

Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama) during the postcolonial period (up to the present), including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of these countries during this period. This article provide the context for a separate entry on the Panama Canal.

Cross-Reference(s): Amerindian Economies: Aztec Economy; Amerindian Economies: Maya Economy; Spain: Spanish Empire

Central South American States

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: General overview of the economic history of Gran Chaco area (Bolivia, N. Argentina and Paraguay) during the

postcolonial period (up to the present), including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of these countries during this period.

Cross-Reference(s): Amerindian Economies: Inca Economy; Spain: Spanish Empire, Andean Economies Chile

Words: 1000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: General overview of the economic history of Chile during the postcolonial period (up to the present),

including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places

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(e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Chile during this period. Cross-Reference(s): Amerindian Economies: Inca Economy; Spain: Spanish Empire

Romano. Colombia

Words: 1000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: General overview of the economic history of Colombia during the postcolonial period (up to the present),

including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Colombia during this period.

Cross-Reference(s): Spain: Spanish Empire (does he mean Safford?). Cuba

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: General overview of the economic history of Cuba in the postcolonial period (up to the present), including a

broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Cuba during this period.

Cross-Reference(s): Caribbean Region; Spain: Spanish Empire Alan D. Dye. Guyana

Words: 500 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: General overview of the economic history of Guyana during the postcolonial period (up to the present),

including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Guyana during this period. France: French Empire; Low Countries: Dutch Empire; Great Britain: British Empire.

Haiti

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: General overview of the economic history of Haiti in the postcolonial period (up to the present), including a

broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards,

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commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Haiti during this period.

Cross-Reference(s): Caribbean Region; France: French Empire; Spain: Spanish Empire Jamaica

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: General overview of the economic history of Jamaica in the postcolonial period (up to the present), including a

broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Jamaica during this period.

Cross-Reference(s): Caribbean Region; Great Britain: British Empire Mexico

Words: 4000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: General overview of the economic history of Mexico during the postcolonial period (up to the present),

including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Mexico during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Aztec and Mayan economies as well as on the Spanish Empire. It will also provide the context for an entry on Mexico City.

Panama Canal

Words: 500 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Describe the history of the canal from its inception to the completion, and the use made of it and its

significance after its opening to the present day. United States: Precolonial Period

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Cain Scope: General overview of the economic history of the United States during the precolonial period up to 1600,

including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of United States during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on the United States after 1600 as well as on the economies of North

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American tribes. It will also provide the context for entries on New York and Philadelphia. Cross-Reference(s): Amerindian Economies

United States: Colonial Period

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Cain Scope: General overview of the economic history of the United States from 1600 to 1776, including a broad discussion

of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of United States during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on the United States before 1600 and after 1776 as well as on the economies of North American tribes. It will also provide the context for entries on New York and Philadelphia.

United States: Antebellum Period

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Cain Scope: General overview of the economic history of the United States from 1776 to 1860, including a broad discussion

of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of United States during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on the United States before 1776 and after 1860 as well as on the economies of North American tribes. It will also provide the context for entries on Chicago, New York, Philadelphia, and San Francisco

United States: Modern Period

Words: 4000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: General overview of the economic history of the United States from 1860 to the present, including a broad

discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of United States during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on the United States before 1860 as well as on the economies of North American tribes. It will also provide the context for entries on Chicago, New York, Philadelphia, and San Francisco.

Uruguay

Words: 500 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: General overview of the economic history of Uruguay during the postcolonial period (up to the present),

including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as

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those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Uruguay during this period.

Cross-Reference(s): Spain: Spanish Empire Venezuela

Words: 1000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: General overview of the economic history of Venezuela during the postcolonial period (up to the present),

including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Venezuela during this period.

Cross-Reference(s): Spain: Spanish Empire 1-A-iii: ASIA Arabia

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of the economic history of the region, with emphasis on Saudi Arabia and Yemen (up to the

present), including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of these countries.

Bangladesh

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of the economic history of Bangladesh (up to the present), including a broad discussion of

the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Bangladesh.

Cross-Reference(s): India; Pakistan Byzantine Empire

Morrisson; Angeliki E. Laiou; Warren Treadgold; Kenneth W. Harl; Tia Kolbaba; John Smedley; Michael Hendy Words: 2000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Discuss the history and economic interactions between the colonial power in question and its colonized

regions, briefly describing the economic impact on both economies and distinguishing respective sectors and regions, and the institutional tools through which colonial control took place. Survey the literature proposing

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and criticizing the economic interpretation of the rise and fall of this empire. This article will be supported by separate and more detailed entries on the colonized regions themselves.

Central Asia

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of the economic history of the states of Central Asia, including Mongolia, Turkmenistan,

Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgystan, and Kazakhstan before they were incorporated into the Russian Empire. Include a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in agricultural practices, settlement, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of these states during this period. This article will be complemented by a separate entry on the Russian Empire. Entries on the Silk Route and the silk industry are also planned.

China: Ancient and Feudal China

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of the economic history of China from 2357 BCE to 221 BCE, including a broad discussion of

the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of China during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on China after 221 BCE. Entries on Guangzhou, Hankou, Shanghai, and Suzhou are also planned.

China: Tang, Song, and Yuan Dynasties

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of the economic history of China from 221 BCE to 1368 CE, including a broad discussion of

the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of China during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on China before 221 BCE and after 1368 CE. Entries on Guangzhou, Hankou, Shanghai, and Suzhou are also planned.

China: Ming and Qing Dynasties

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of the economic history of China from 1368 to 1912, including a broad discussion of the main

areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of China during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on China

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before 1368 and after 1912. Entries on Guangzhou, Hankou, Shanghai, and Suzhou are also planned. China: Republican Period

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of the economic history of China from 1912 to 1948, including a broad discussion of the main

areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of China during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on China before 1912 and after 1948. Entries on Guangzhou, Hankou, Shanghai, and Suzhou are also planned.

China: Communist China

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of the economic history of China from 1949 to the present, including a broad discussion of

the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of China during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on China before 1949. Entries on Guangzhou, Hankou, Shanghai, and Suzhou are also planned.

Hong Kong

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of the economic history of Hong Kong (up to the present), including a broad discussion of

the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Hong Kong.

Cross-Reference(s): China; Great Britain: British Empire India: Early Indian Civilization

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of the economic history of India (including Bengal and Bangladesh) from ca. 1500 BCE to

1200 CE, including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of India during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on India after 1200 and entries on Pakistan and Bangladesh. Entries on Bombay and Calcutta are also planned.

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India: Muslim Period and Mughal Empire

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of the economic history of India (including Bengal and Bangladesh) from 1200 to 1761,

including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of India during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on India before 1200 and after 1761 as well as entries on Pakistan and Bangladesh. Entries on Bombay and Calcutta are also planned.

India: Colonial Period

Words: 3000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: General overview of the economic history of India (including Bengal and Bangladesh) from 1761 to 1947,

including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of India during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on India before 1761 and after 1947 as well as entries on the British Empire, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Entries on Bombay and Calcutta are also planned.

India: Independent India

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of the economic history of India (including Bengal and, to some degree, Bangladesh) from

1947 to the present, including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of India during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on India before 1947 as well as entries on the British Empire, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Entries on Bombay and Calcutta are also planned.

Indochina

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of the economic history of Indochina (up to the present), including of Cambodia, Laos, and

Vietnam. Include a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such

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as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of these countries.

Cross-Reference(s): France: French Empire Indonesia

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of the economic history of Indonesia (up to the present), including a broad discussion of

the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Discuss the economic structure of the colonial economy and the post 1948 changes. Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Indonesia.

Cross-Reference(s): Low Countries: Dutch Empire Iran: Ancient Period

Manning; Robert McAdams; C. Scott Littleton; Morris Silver; K. D. Irani; Halil Inalcik; Sevket Pamuk Words: 1500 Area Editor: Munro Scope: General overview of the economic history of Iran from 2700 BCE to 640 CE, including a broad discussion of the

main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Iran during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Iran after 640.

Iran: Islamic Period

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of the economic history of Iran from 640 CE to 1925, including a broad discussion of the

main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Discuss Iran’s special position vis à vis Mongol invasions and their impact. Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, the Moslem religion and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Iran during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Iran before 640 and after 1925.

Iran: Modern Iran

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of the economic history of Iran after 1925, including a broad discussion of the main areas of

economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy

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of Iran during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Iran before 1925. Iraq: Ancient Period

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: General overview of the economic history of Iraq from 4000 BCE to 630 CE, including a broad discussion of the

main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Iraq during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Iraq after 630. It will also provide the context for an entry on Baghdad.

Iraq: Islamic Period

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of the economic history of Iraq from 630 to 1918, including a broad discussion of the main

areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Iraq during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Iraq before 630 and after 1918. It will also provide the context for an entry on Baghdad.

Iraq: Modern Iraq

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of the economic history of Iraq after 1918, including a broad discussion of the main areas of

economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Iraq during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Iraq before 1918. It will also provide the context for an entry on Baghdad.

Japan: Ancient and Medieval Periods

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of the economic history of Japan up to 1570, including a broad discussion of the main areas

of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Japan during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Japan after 1600 as well as on the Japanese Empire. It will also provide the context for an entry on Tokyo.

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Japan: Early Modern Period Words: 2000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of the economic history of Japan from 1570 to 1850, including a broad discussion of the main

areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Japan during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Japan before 15700 and after 1850 as well as on the Japanese Empire. It will also provide the context for an entry on Tokyo.

Japan: Modern Period

Words: 3500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of the economic history of Japan from 1850 to the present, including a broad discussion of

the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Japan during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Japan before 1850 as well as on the Japanese Empire. It will also provide the context for an entry on Tokyo.

Japan: Japanese Empire

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Discuss the history and economic interactions between Japan and the regions it colonized, briefly describing

the economic impact on both colonizer and colonized economies and distinguishing respective sectors and regions, and the institutional tools through which colonial control took place. Survey the literature proposing and criticizing the economic interpretation of the rise and fall of this empire. This article will be supported by separate and more detailed entries on the colonized regions themselves such as Korea and Taiwan.

Korea: Korea before 1945

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of the economic history of Korea up to 1945, including a broad discussion of the main areas

of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Korea during this period. This article will be complemented by separate entries on North and South Korea.

Korea: North Korea

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Words: 500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of the economic history of North Korea from 1945 to the present, including a broad

discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of North Korea during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Korea before 1945 and on South Korea after 1945.

Korea: South Korea

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of the economic history of South Korea from 1945 to the present, including a broad

discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of South Korea during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Korea before 1945 and on North Korea after 1945.

Levant: General Overview

Words: 500 Area Editor: Munro Scope: General overview of the Levant, identifying what is meant by that designation and setting up a context for

separate articles that have been planned on the region during different periods and on specific areas (e.g., Lebanon, Israel, Syria, etc.)

Levant: Ancient Period

Manning; Robert McAdams; Morris Silver; Halil Inalcik; David Jacoby; Boaz Shoshan Words: 4000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: General overview of the economic history of the Levant from 4180 to 330 BCE, including a broad discussion of

the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of the Levant during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on the Levant after 330 BCE. A separate entry on ancient Turkey (Anatolia) is also planned.

Levant: Roman and Byzantine Periods

Robert McAdams; Morris Silver; Halil Inalcik; Paolo Malanima Words: 3000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: General overview of the economic history of the Levant from 330 BCE to 634 CE, including a broad discussion

of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a

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significant role in the economy of the Levant during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on the Levant before 330 BCE and after 634 CE, as well as on the Roman and Byzantine empires.

Levant: Islamic Rule

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of the economic history of the Levant from 634 to 1920, including a broad discussion of the

main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of the Levant during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on the Levant before 634 and after 1920 as well as on the Ottoman Empire.

Levant: Modern Lebanon

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of the economic history of Lebanon from 1920 to the present, including a broad discussion

of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Lebanon during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on the Levant region before 1920.

Levant: Palestine during the English Mandate

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: General overview of the economic history of Palestine from 1920 to 1948, including a broad discussion of the

main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Palestine during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on the Levant region before 1920 and on Israel after 1948.

Levant: Israel

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: General overview of the economic history of Israel from 1948 to the present, including a broad discussion of

the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Israel during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on the Levant region before 1920 and on Palestine during the British Mandate.

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Levant: Modern Syria Words: 1000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of the economic history of Syria from 1920 to the present, including a broad discussion of

the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Syria during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on the Levant region before 1920.

Malaysia

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of the economic history of Malaysia (up to the present), including a broad discussion of the

main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Malaysia.

Myanmar

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of the economic history of Myanmar (up to the present), including a broad discussion of the

main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Myanmar.

Nepal

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of the economic history of Nepal (up to the present), including a broad discussion of the

main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Nepal.

Ottoman Empire

Words: 3000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Discuss the history and economic interactions between the colonial power in question and its colonized

regions, briefly describing the economic impact on both economies and distinguishing respective sectors and regions, and the institutional tools through which colonial control took place. Survey the literature proposing and criticizing the economic interpretation of the rise and fall of this empire. This article will be supported by

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separate and more detailed entries on the colonized regions themselves. Pakistan

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of the economic history of Pakistan (up to the present), including a broad discussion of the

main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Pakistan.

Cross-Reference(s): Bangladesh; India Philippines

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of the economic history of the Philippines (up to the present), including a broad discussion

of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of the Philippines.

Cross-Reference(s): Spain: Spanish Empire Silk Route

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Define and describe the Silk Route, discussing the period(s) in which it was significant and explaining its

special standing in economic history, highlighting its role in long-distance trade. Describe how this route was used and the central economic changes and events of relevance to the topic. As appropriate, mention major figures and places involved. Evaluate the importance of the Silk Route in the context of the economies in which it was situated.

Cross-Reference(s): Central Asia; Silk Cultivation; Silk Industry Singapore

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of the economic history of Singapore (up to the present), including a broad discussion of

the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Singapore.

Sri Lanka

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of the economic history of Sri Lanka (up to the present), including a broad discussion of the

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main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Sri Lanka.

Cross-Reference(s): Great Britain: British Empire Taiwan

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of the economic history of Taiwan to the present, including a broad discussion of the main

areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Taiwan.

Cross-Reference(s): China; Japan: Japanese Empire Thailand

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of the economic history of Thailand (up to the present), including a broad discussion of the

main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Thailand.

Turkey: Premodern Turkey

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Munro Scope: General overview of the economic history of premodern Turkey (Anatolia only), with emphasis on ancient

Near East civilizations like the Hittites. Include a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of this region during this period. This article will be complemented by separate entries on the Byzantine and Ottoman empires as well as an article on the ancient period in the Levant. Separate coverage of Turkey after 1920 and Istanbul is also planned.

Turkey: Modern Turkey

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: General overview of the economic history of Turkey from 1920 to the present, including a broad discussion of

the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic

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development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Turkey during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Turkey before 1920 as well as entries on the Byzantine and Ottoman empires. It will also provide the context for an entry on Istanbul.

1-A-iv: AFRICA Central Africa: Ancient Period

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: General overview of the economic history of Central Africa (including Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Gabon,

Rwanda, and Zambia) during the ancient period up to 1500, including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Central Africa during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Central Africa after 1500.

Central Africa: Central Africa from 1500 to 1850


Rwanda, and Zambia) from 1500 to around 1850, including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Central Africa during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Central Africa before 1500 and after 1850.

Cross-Reference(s): Slave Trade Central Africa: Central Africa from 1850 to the Present


Rwanda, and Zambia) from around 1850 to the present, including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Central Africa during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Central Africa before 1850.

East Africa: Precolonial Period


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Scope: General overview of the economic history of East Africa (including Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Madagascar, Malagash, Mauritius, and Seychelles) during the precolonial period, including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of East Africa during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on East Africa during the colonial and modern periods.

East Africa: Colonial Period

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: General overview of the economic history of East Africa (including Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Madagascar,

Malagash, Mauritius, and Seychelles) during the colonial period until about 1960, including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of East Africa during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on East Africa before and after the colonial period.

East Africa: Modern Period

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: General overview of the economic history of East Africa (including Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Madagascar,

Malagash, Mauritius, and Seychelles) during the modern period (after about 1960), including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of East Africa during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on East Africa before the modern period.

Egypt: Ancient and Classical Periods

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: General overview of the economic history of Egypt from 3100 BCE through the Hellenistic and Roman periods

up to 630 CE, including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Egypt during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Egypt after 630 CE and on the Roman Empire. It will also provide the context for an entry on the Nile.

Egypt: Islamic and Modern Periods


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Scope: General overview of the economic history of Egypt after 630 CE, including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Egypt during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Egypt before 630 CE and on the Ottoman Empire. It will also provide the context for entries on the Nile and the Suez Canal.

Ethiopia

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: General overview of the economic history of Ethiopia (up to the present), including Eritrea and Somalia.

Include a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of these countries.

Ghana and Ivory Coast

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: General overview of the economic history of Ghana and the Ivory Coast (up to the present), including a broad

discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of these countries.

Liberia and Sierra Leone

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: General overview of the economic history of Liberia and Sierra Leone (up to the present), including a broad

discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of these countries.

Maghreb

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: Describe the period(s) in which this region was significant and explain its special standing in economic


Cross-Reference(s): North Africa

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Nigeria

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: General overview of the economic history of Nigeria (up to the present), including a broad discussion of the

main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Nigeria. This entry will provide the context for a separate entry on Lagos.

Nile

Words: 500 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: Describe the period(s) in which this river was significant to the regions it flows through and explain its special


North Africa: Ancient Period

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: General overview of the economic history of North Africa (including Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Morocco, and

Mauritania) during the ancient period prior to the Moslem conquests, including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of North Africa during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on North Africa after the ancient period. It will also provide the context for an entry on Carthage.

North Africa: Independent Islamic Period

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: General overview of the economic history of North Africa (including Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Morocco, and

Mauritania) during the independent Islamic period after 700 CE and before colonial times, including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of North Africa during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on North Africa both before and after this period. It will also provide the context for an entry on Carthage.

North Africa: Colonial and Modern Periods


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Scope: General overview of the economic history of North Africa (including Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Morocco, and Mauritania) during the colonial and modern periods including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of North Africa during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on North Africa before the colonial and modern eras.

Sahara



Cross-Reference(s): North Africa Sahel



Southern Africa: Early Period

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: General overview of the economic history of Southern Africa (including Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia,

Zambia, Zimbabwe, and the area of the South African Republic) during the early period up to 1600, including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Southern Africa during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Southern Africa after 1600.

Southern Africa: Colonial Period


Zambia, Zimbabwe, and the area of the South African Republic) during the colonial period from 1600 to 1890, including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Southern Africa during this period. This article will

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be complemented by separate articles on Southern Africa before 1600 and after 1890. Southern Africa: Modern Period


Zambia, Zimbabwe, and the area of the South African Republic) from 1890 to the present, including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Southern Africa during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on Southern Africa before 1890.

Sudan: Western Sudan

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: General overview of the economic history of Western Sudan (up to the present), including Mali, Burkina Faso,

Senegal, Guinea, and Niger. Include a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of these countries. Separate entries on Ouidah and Timbuktu are also planned.

Sudan: Central Sudan

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: General overview of the economic history of Central Sudan (up to the present), including Chad. Include a

broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Central Sudan.

Sudan: Eastern Sudan

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: General overview of the economic history of Eastern Sudan (up to the present), including a broad discussion

of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Eastern Sudan.

Suez Canal


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Scope: Describe the period(s) in which the Suez Canal was significant and explain its special standing in economic history, highlighting those economic sectors in which it was prominent. Describe the central economic changes and events of relevance to the topic, and mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that are significant to the canal. Evaluate the importance of the canal in the context of the greater economy in which it was situated.

1-A-v: OCEANIA Australia

Words: 4000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of the economic history of Australia (up to the present), including a broad discussion of the

main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of Australia.

New Zealand

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of the economic history of New Zealand (up to the present), including a broad discussion of

the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of New Zealand.

Pacific Islands

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of the economic history of Tahiti, Fiji, Polynesia, and New Guinea (up to the present),

including a broad discussion of the main areas of economic activity and employment, institutional changes, demographic changes, and economic development broadly defined (including changes in urbanization, living standards, commercialization, and technology). Relate economic change to other changes in society such as those in family structure, legal set-up, and government. As appropriate, mention major figures and specific places (e.g., cities) that played a significant role in the economy of these islands.

1-B: CITIES 1-B-i: EUROPE Amsterdam

Words: 1000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Describe the economic importance of this city in its heyday, highlighting the economic sectors in which it was

prominent and its importance in the long-term development of the entire region. As appropriate, major figures

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and events that played a role in the city's economy should also be mentioned briefly. Antwerp

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Describe the economic importance of this city in its heyday, highlighting the economic sectors in which it was

prominent and its importance in the long-term development of the entire region. As appropriate, major figures and events that played a role in the city's economy should also be mentioned briefly.

Bruges



Florence



Genoa



Ghent



Granada



Hamburg


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London

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Describe the economic importance of this city in its heyday, highlighting the economic sectors in which it was


Lübeck



Lyon



Manchester

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Describe the economic importance of this city in its heyday, highlighting the economic sectors in which it was


Naples



Paris



Rome and the Papal State

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Words: 1000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Describe the period(s) in which Rome and the Papal State were significant, highlighting the economic sectors

in which they were prominent and their importance in the long-term development of the entire region. As appropriate, major figures and events that played a role in their economy should also be mentioned briefly.

Cross-Reference(s): Roman Empire Seville



Venice


prominent and its importance in the long-term development of the entire region. As appropriate, major figures and events that played a role in the city's economy should also be mentioned briefly. Include discussion of the Venetian terra firma.

1-B-ii: THE AMERICAS Chicago

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Describe the economic importance of this city in its heyday, highlighting the economic sectors in which it was


Mexico City



Montreal



New York


prominent and its importance in the long-term development of the entire region. As appropriate, major figures

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and events that played a role in the city's economy should also be mentioned briefly. Philadelphia



San Francisco



Toronto



1-B-iii: ASIA Baghdad



Bombay

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Describe the economic importance of this city in its heyday, highlighting the economic sectors in which it was


Calcutta



Guangzhou (Canton)

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Hankou



Istanbul



Shanghai



Tokyo



1-B-iv: AFRICA Carthage

Words: 500 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: Describe the economic importance of this city in its heyday, highlighting the economic sectors in which it was

prominent and its imp ortance in the long-term development of the entire region. As appropriate, major figures and events that played a role in the city's economy should also be mentioned briefly.

Lagos



Ouidah

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Timbuktu



2: AGRICULTURE 2-A: BASIC CONCEPTS AND PHENOMENA Agricultural Marketing: Regional Trade

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Broad overview of the development of regional and local trade (including market integration) in agricultural

products, with reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts and, when applicable, to relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Impact of urban demand on agricultural productivity and technology. Define and discuss major concepts and issues. Outline the historiographical debates on the subject as well as major strands in the literature and in recent research. Cross reference: urbanization.

Agricultural Marketing: International Trade

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Broad overview of international (long-distance) trade (including market integration) in agricultural products,

with reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts and, when applicable, to relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Define and discuss major concepts and issues. Outline the historiographical debates on the subject as well as major strands in the literature and in recent research.

Agricultural Marketing: Agricultural Marketing Boards

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Broad overview of the history and function of agricultural marketing boards worldwide (including corners and

antitrust policy), with reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts. Define and discuss major concepts and issues. Outline the historiographical debates on the subject as well as major strands in the literature and in recent research.

Agricultural Policy

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Outline the government's role and intervention to sustain, improve, and affect agricultural output,

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productivity, prices, and trade. Also discuss the place of government in agricultural research and in the development and diffusion of new crops and cultivation techniques. Define and discuss major concepts and issues. Outline the historiographical debates on the subject as well as major strands in the literature and in recent research.

Agricultural Prices

Michael E. Turner Words: 2000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Broad overview of the historical behavior of agricultural prices (including long-term trends in wheat and other

crops). Explain the special nature and volatility of farm prices and delineate long-term trends in relative agricultural prices and the terms of trade faced by agriculture. Discuss elements on the supply side (agricultural productivity, weather related shocks) and those on the demand side (population growth, income changes; urbanization). Refer to all relevant geographical and historical contexts, and when applicable, to relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Outline the historiographical debates on the subject as well as major strands in the literature and in recent research.

Cross-Reference(s): Agricultural Risk Management; Crop Failures; CropYields; Famines; Engel’s Law; Total Factor Productivity

Agricultural Revolution: Europe

Words: 2500 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Broad overview of the agricultural revolution in Europe after 1750, with reference to all relevant geographical

and historical contexts and, when applicable, to relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Define and discuss major concepts and issues and ensure adequate coverage of both Britain and the Continent. Outline the historiographical debates on the subject, as well as major strands in the literature and in recent research. This article will be complemented by separate coverage of the agricultural revolution elsewhere in the world.

Cross-Reference(s): Open Fields System Agricultural Revolution: Asia, Africa, and the Americas

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Broad overview of agricultural revolutions worldwide after 1750 (outside Europe), with reference to all relevant

geographical and historical contexts. Define and discuss major concepts and issues and discuss the developments in the main crops and their impact. Outline the historiographical debates on the subject, as well as major strands in the literature and in recent research. This article will be complemented by separate coverage of the agricultural revolution in Europe.

Cross-Reference(s): Open Fields System Agricultural Risk Management: Historical Overview

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Broad overview of the various ways (storage, public granaries, scattering, crop diversification, share

contracts, agricultural insurance, agricultural price stabilization, future contracts) through which agricultural risk-- in the sense of output and price volatility-- has been dealt with in various historical and geographical contexts worldwide. Discuss agricultural insurance arrangements. When applicable, refer to relevant economic theories regarding the topic; define and discuss major concepts and issues; and outline the historiographical debates on the subject, as well as major strands in the literature and in recent research. This article will provide an introduction to more detailed articles on agricultural insurance, price stabilization, storage, and future contracts.

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Cross-Reference(s): Agricultural Marketing: Agricultural Prices; Crop Failures; Crop Yields; Famines Risk Management." Agricultural Risk Management: Agricultural Price Stabilization

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Broad overview of agricultural price stabilization, with reference to all relevant geographical and historical

contexts and, when applicable, to relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Define and discuss major concepts and issues, and describe how various economies attempted to carry out price stabilization. Outline the historiographical debates on the subject as well as major strands in the literature and in recent research.

Cross-Reference(s): Agricultural Marketing: Agricultural Prices; Crop Failures; Crop Yields; Famines Agricultural Risk Management: Storage

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Broad overview of agricultural storage (including public granaries) techniques and practices worldwide, with

reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts and, when applicable, to relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Define and discuss major concepts and issues. Outline the historiographical debates on the subject as well as major strands in the literature and in recent research.

Cross-Reference(s): Agricultural Marketing: Agricultural Prices; Crop Failures; Crop Yields; Famines Agriculture: Historical Overview

Words: 5000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad survey of the history of agriculture from its earliest practice to the present, and of the various types of

agricultural systems that have evolved over time, with selective reference to various geographical contexts worldwide, including Africa, the Middle East, and Amerindian cultures. Distinguish between nomadic versus stationary agriculture, commercial agriculture versus subsistence crops, livestock versus arable farming, food versus industrial crops, etc. Measurement of agricultural productivity, including TFP, yield ratios etc. Long-terms trends in agricultural productivity and their sources. The relationship between agriculture and other sectors in the economy should also be discussed. When applicable, define and discuss major concepts and issues as well as relevant economic theories regarding the topic, and outline historiographical debates on the subject as well as major strands in the literature and in recent research. This article will provide a context for and be supported by separate and more detailed articles on such topics as technological change in agriculture, specific agricultural systems, property rights and tenure systems, agricultural inputs, productivity, and wages, and so on.

Cross references: Agriculture: Agricultural Inputs, Productivity, and Wages; Agriculture: Technological Change Agriculture: Technological Change

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad survey of technological change in agriculture throughout history worldwide. Distinguish four major

classes, with emphasis on their economic impact: (1) tools, implements, and machinery (e.g., from the most basic such as sickles and scythes to more complex equipment such as reapers, combine harvesters, tractors, cotton pickers; dairy machinery, lawn mowers, plows, etc.); (2) environmental control (fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation,

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drainage); (3) crops and hybrids; and (4) animals (include breeding). Key figures responsible for advancing agricultural technology should also be mentioned when appropriate. This article will provide a context for and be supported by separate and more detailed articles on specific crops, animals, tools and implements, and technological processes (e.g., fertilizing, irrigation, etc.).

Cross References: Agriculture: main tools and implements, agricultural production systems Agriculture: Main tools and implements

Words: 2500 Area editor: Mokyr Scope: Main technological development of the most important tools and implements used in the most common

forms of arable such as ploughs, sickles, reapers, hoes, harrows, etc. Include both tools used most commonly in Western agriculture and those in non-Western systems.

Agriculture: Agricultural Production Systems

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad historical overview of various types of agricultural production systems that have existed worldwide,

with emphasis on their economic nature and impact such as slash and burn, pastoral, mixed farming, dairy farming and so on.When applicable, define and discuss major concepts and issues, and outline historiographical debates on the subject as well as major strands in the literature and in recent research. This essay will provide the context for and be supported by separate and more detailed entries on topics such as hunting and gathering, various types of farming (dairy, etc.), and so on.

Agriculture: Property Rights and Tenure Systems

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad historical overview of the various types of agricultural property rights and tenure systems that have

existed worldwide, with emphasis on their economic impact. When applicable, define and discuss major concepts and issues as well as relevant economic theories regarding the topic, and outline historiographical debates on the subject as well as major strands in the literature and in recent research. This essay will provide the context for and be supported by separated and more detailed entries on such topics as property rights in land, tenant farming, farmer cooperatives, and so on.

Agriculture: Agricultural Inputs, Productivity, and Wages

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad historical overview of the basic inputs worldwide in agriculture--land, labor, and capital--with emphasis

on their economic impact.. Mention should also be made of seeds, fertilizers, agricultural credit, farmstead machinery, and equipment as inputs in the agricultural production process. The markets for these inputs, together with their prices (wages, rents, and profits), should also be broadly discussed, and basic concepts of agricultural productivity (crop yields, total factor productivity) should be mentioned. When applicable, outline historiographical debates on the subject as well as major strands in the literature and in recent research. This essay will provide the context for and be supported by separated and more detailed entries on crop yields,

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agricultural wages, agricultural credit, etc. Enclosures

Words: 2000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Broad overview of enclosures (including their institutional and economic background, and the political and

economic issues surrounding them), with reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts. Outline the historiographical debates on the subject, as well as major strands in the literature and in recent research.

Cross-Reference(s): Open Fields System; Property Rights in Land: Communal Ownership Engel's Law

Words: 500 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Define and discuss Engel's law and its historical significance for the demand for agricultural products,

agricultural prices, and incomes. Farm Scale

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Define and discuss the scale of farming (including farm size, incidence of inheritance patterns on farm size,

economies of scale, farm consolidation, land fragmentation), with reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts and, when applicable, to relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Define and discuss major concepts and issues. Outline the historiographical debates on the subject as well as major strands in the literature and in recent research.

Green Revolution

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Broad overview defining and discussing the green revolution, with reference to all relevant geographical and

historical contexts and the transformation of the technologies of major foodcrops. Define and discuss major concepts and issues. Outline the historiographical debates on the subject, as well as major strands in the literature and in recent research.

Meadows and Water Meadows

Words: 500 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Overview of meadows and water meadows technology, with reference to all relevant geographical and

historical contexts. Define and discuss major concepts and issues. Cross-Reference(s): Open Fields System

Grassland farming

Words: 500 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Historical development of grassland and ley farming and its significance, distinguish between dry and irrigated, enclosed and unenclosed etc. Economic significance of hay farming and grazing lands.

Open Fields System


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Scope: Define the main features of the open field system, underline its spread in many historical and geographical contexts, and refer to the most significant theories that explained the origin, development, impact, operation, and demise of the open fields system. Explain in detail differences between open fields, common lands, scattering and intermingling, and 2- and 3 field systems of rotation. Mention meadows and water meadows; commons and wastes; and the system's relationship with protoindustrialization. Outline historiographical debates on the subject as well as major strands in the literature and in recent research.

Cross-Reference(s): Agricultural Revolution; Crop Rotations; Enclosures; Property Rights in Land: Communal Ownership

Settlement

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Broad overview of agricultural settlement patterns, from nomadic herdsman to permanent settlements with

reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts and, when applicable, to relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Define and discuss major concepts and issues.

Cross-Reference(s): Internal Migration; International Migration; Settler Economies Tithe

Scope: Broad overview of tithes (including zakat) in agriculture, with reference to all relevant geographical and

historical contexts. Define and discuss major concepts and issues. Outline the historiographical debates on the subject as well as major strands in the literature and in recent research.

2-B: AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Agribusiness

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Brief essay defining and describing agribusiness as a system of agricultural production, including a broad

discussion of its historical development, its special practices and technologies, its economic importance, and, if appropriate, its impact (e.g., environmental, sociopolitical). Locate the topic in space and time, with reference to relevant geographical and historical context s worldwide.

Animal Husbandry

Words: 2000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Brief essay defining and describing animal husbandry worldwide, including a broad discussion of its historical

development, its special technologies, its economic importance, and, if appropriate, its impact (e.g., environmental, sociopolitical). The entry should also include a brief survey of the types of animals and processes (domestication, stall feeding, fodder crops) involved. This essay serves as background and framework for more detailed essays on different animals.

Cross References: cattle, sheep and goats, horses

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Apiculture Words: 500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Brief essay defining and describing apiculture as a system of agricultural production, including a broad

discussion of its historical development, its special technologies, its economic importance, and, if appropriate, its impact (e.g., environmental, sociopolitical). Locate the topic in space and time, with reference to relevant geographical and historical contexts worldwide. If appropriate, the entry should also include a brief survey of the types of products produced by the system.

Dairy Farming

Words: 2000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Brief essay defining and describing dairy farming (including creameries) as a system of agricultural

production, including a broad discussion of its historical development, its special technologies, its economic importance, and, if appropriate, its impact (e.g., environmental, sociopolitical). Locate the topic in space and time, with reference to relevant geographical and historical contexts worldwide. If appropriate, the entry should also include a brief survey of the types of products (milk, cheese, butter, etc.) produced by the system.

Farming Intensity

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Brief essay defining and describing farming intensity (in the context of Boserup's work), with a discussion of

the connection between population density, fallowing, crop rotations, 2- and 3 field systems, multiple cropping, farming intensity and the choices of crops and techniques. Locate the topic in space and time, with reference to relevant geographical and historical contexts worldwide.

Gathering

Words: 500 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: Brief essay defining and describing gathering as a system of agricultural production, including a broad

discussion of its historical development, its special technologies, its economic importance, and, if appropriate, its impact (e.g., environmental, sociopolitical). Locate the topic in space and time, with reference to relevant geographical and historical contexts worldwide. If appropriate, the entry should also include a brief survey of the types of products produced by the system.

Grazing and Ranch Farming

Words: 1000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Brief essay defining and describing grazing and ranch farming (cattle, buffaloes, bullocks, etc.) as a system of

agricultural production, including a broad discussion of its historical development, its special technologies, its economic importance, and, if appropriate, its impact (e.g., environmental, sociopolitical). Locate the topic in space and time, with reference to relevant geographical and historical contexts worldwide. If appropriate, the entry should also include a brief survey of the types of products produced by the system.

Cross Reference: Cattle

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Horticulture and Truck Farming Words: 1500 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Brief essay defining and describing horticulture and truck farming (including viticulture and greenhouse

agriculture) as a system of agricultural production, including a broad discussion of its historical development, its special technologies, its economic importance, and, if appropriate, its impact (e.g., environmental, sociopolitical). Locate the topic in space and time, with reference to relevant geographical and historical contexts worldwide. If appropriate, the entry should also include a brief survey of the types of products produced by the system.

Hunting

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: Brief essay defining and describing hunting, including a broad discussion of its historical development, its

special technologies, its economic importance, and, if appropriate, its impact (e.g., environmental, sociopolitical). Locate the topic in space and time, with reference to relevant geographical and historical contexts worldwide.

Irrigated Farming

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: Brief essay defining and describing the main forms and occurrences of irrigated farming as a system of

agricultural production, including a broad discussion of its historical development, the main causes of its appearance, its special technologies, its economic importance, and, if appropriate, its impact (e.g., environmental, sociopolitical). Locate the topic in space and time, with reference to relevant geographical and historical contexts worldwide. Include irrigated farming techniques in the precolonial plain of Mexico, Sinaloa; precolonial South America; West Africa; Indus valley; Mesopotamia; Nile valley); runoff farming (Great Basin of North America); sunkens garden (Sinai Peninsula); and dry farming. If appropriate, the entry should also include a brief survey of the types of products produced by the system.

Arable Husbandry and Large-Scale Grain Production

Words: 1500 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Brief essay defining and describing large-scale grain production (including the maize-squash-beans complex

and the corn belt) as a system of agricultural production, including a broad discussion of its historical development, its special technologies, its economic importance, and, if appropriate, its impact (e.g., environmental, sociopolitical). Locate the topic in space and time, with reference to relevant geographical and historical contexts worldwide. If appropriate, the entry should also include a brief survey of the types of products produced by the system.

Mixed Farming

Words: 2000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Brief essay defining and describing mixed farming as a system of agricultural production, including a broad

discussion of its historical development, its special technologies, its economic importance, and, if appropriate, its impact (e.g., environmental, sociopolitical). Locate the topic in space and time, with reference to relevant geographical and historical contexts worldwide. If appropriate, the entry should also include a brief survey of the types of products (animal, vegetable, etc.) produced by the system.

Cross-Reference(s): Animal Husbandry

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Pastoralism Words: 1500 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: Brief essay defining and describing pastoralism (including nomadic herding, transhumance, semi-nomadism)

as a system of agricultural production, including a broad discussion of its historical development, its special technologies, its economic importance, and, if appropriate, its impact (e.g., environmental, sociopolitical). Locate the topic in space and time, with reference to relevant geographical and historical contexts worldwide. If appropriate, the entry should also include a brief survey of the types of products (animal, vegetable, etc.) produced by the system.

Rice Farming

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Brief essay defining and describing rice farming (including paddy rice, wet-rice cultivation, dry rice) as a

system of agricultural production, including a broad discussion of its historical development, its special technologies, its economic importance, and, if appropriate, its impact (e.g., environmental, sociopolitical). Locate the topic in space and time, with reference to relevant geographical and historical contexts worldwide.

Swidden Agriculture

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: Brief essay defining and describing the main forms and occurrences of swidden agriculture as a system of

agricultural production, including a broad discussion of its historical development, the main causes of its appearance, its special technologies, its economic importance, and, if appropriate, its impact (e.g., environmental, sociopolitical). Locate the topic in space and time, with reference to relevant geographical and historical contexts worldwide. Include fallowing: Barbecho, Chinampas, Conuco, Milpa, RoHa systems (Central and Latin America); rotational bush fallowing (West Africa); and slash-and-burn farming. If appropriate, the entry should also include a brief survey of the types of products (animal, vegetable, etc.) produced by the system.

Terracing

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Brief essay defining and describing terracing as a system of agricultural production, including a broad

discussion of its historical development, its special technologies, its economic importance, and, if appropriate, its impact (e.g., environmental, sociopolitical). Locate the topic in space and time, with reference to relevant geographical and historical contexts worldwide. If appropriate, the entry should also include a brief survey of the types of products (animal, vegetable, etc.) produced by the system.

Vegeculture

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: Brief essay defining and describing vegeculture as a system of agricultural production, including a broad

discussion of its historical development, its special technologies, its economic importance, and, if appropriate, its impact (e.g., environmental, sociopolitical). Locate the topic in space and time, with reference to relevant geographical and historical contexts worldwide, especially Southeast Asia (taro, greater yam, breadfruit, sago palm, bamboo, coconuts, legumes), West Africa (oil-palm tree), and South America (manioc, sweet potato and arrowroot, sugar beet).

2-C: AGRICULTURAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND TENURE SYSTEMS

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Agricultural Rents Words: 2000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Broad overview of agricultural rents (including money rent, real rent, average rent per acre, market rent,

customary rent, rack rent, rent in kind, perpetual rent; entry fines). Define and describe the topic. Refer throughout the article to all relevant geographical and historical contexts worldwide and, when applicable, to relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Discuss in particular the importance of the subject to the distribution of income and social status; how it influenced economic incentives, risk sharing, and efficiency; what kind of contracts were involved.

Cross-Reference(s): Tenant Farming Clan Land

Words: 500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Broad overview of clan land. Define and describe the topic; when, where, and how it evolved; what its

economic impact was (or still is); and, if warranted, how and why it disappeared. Refer throughout the article to all relevant geographical and historical contexts worldwide and, when applicable, to relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Discuss in particular the importance of the subject to the distribution of income and social status; how it influenced economic incentives, risk sharing, and efficiency; what kind of contracts were involved.

Collective Agriculture

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Broad overview of collective agriculture and collectivization. Define and describe the topic; when, where, and

how it evolved; what its economic impact was (or still is); and, if warranted, how and why it disappeared. Refer throughout the article to all relevant geographical and historical contexts worldwide (including Kibbutzim, Moshavim, and Kvutzot in Israel and Kolkhoz in Russia) and, when applicable, to relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Discuss in particular the importance of the subject to the distribution of income and social status; how it influenced economic incentives, risk sharing, and efficiency; what kind of contracts were involved.

Cross-Reference(s): Collectivization; Property Rights in Land: Communal Control Crofters

Words: 500 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Broad overview of crofters. Define and describe the phenomenon; when, where, and how crofters evolved;

what its economic significance and impact was; and, if warranted, how and why they disappeared. Crown and Public Lands

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Broad overview of crown and public lands. Define and describe the topic; when, where, and how it evolved;

what its economic impact was (or is); and, if warranted, how and why it disappeared. Refer throughout the article to all relevant geographical and historical contexts worldwide (e.g., England, ancient Egypt); what kind of

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contracts were involved, their fiscal significance and management problems. Educational Land

Words: 500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Broad overview of educational land. Define and describe the topic; when, where, and how it evolved; what its


Emiri Lands

Words: 500 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: Broad overview of emiri lands . Define and describe the topic; when, where, and how it evolved; what its


Cross-Reference(s): Mulk Lands; Waqf Cooperative Agriculture and Farmer Cooperatives

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Broad overview of farmer cooperatives. Define and describe the topic; when, where, and how it evolved; what

its economic impact was (or still is); and, if warranted, how and why it disappeared. Refer throughout the article to all relevant geographical and historical contexts worldwide (e.g., Denmark, Yugoslavia, North America, Latin America [ejido, village community]; India [village economy], and so on) and, when applicable, to relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Discuss in particular the importance of the subject to the distribution of income and social status; how it influenced economic incentives, risk sharing, and efficiency; what kind of contracts were involved.

Homesteading

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Broad overview of the origins and long-term development of homesteading. Define and describe the topic;

when, where, and how it evolved; what its economic impact was (or still is); and, if warranted, how and why it disappeared. Refer throughout the article to all relevant geographical and historical contexts; what kind of contracts were involved and how much land changed hand and at what prices.

Landlordism

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Broad overview of landlordism and related concepts. (including, e.g., Junkers, gentry, absentee landlords).

Define and describe the topic; when, where, and how it evolved; what its economic impact was (or still is); and, if warranted, how and why it disappeared. Describe relations with tenants such as serfdom, paternalism, sharecropping etc. Refer throughout the article to all relevant geographical and historical contexts worldwide and, when applicable, to relevant economic theories regarding the topic.

Land Ordinances

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Words: 500 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Broad overview of land ordinances. Define and describe the topic; when, where, and how it evolved; what its

economic impact was (or still is). Land Reform and Confiscations

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Broad overview of land reform. Define and describe the topic; when, where, why and how it took place, its

economic and social origins, and what its economic impact was; compensation schemes and reallocation mechanisms should be described for the mo st important instances. Refer throughout the article to all relevant geographical and historical contexts worldwide and, when applicable, to relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Discuss in particular the importance of the subject to the distribution of income and social status; how it influenced economic incentives, risk sharing, agriculture technology and efficiency; what kind of contracts were involved.

Land Tenure

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Broad overview of land tenure. Define and describe the topic; when, where, and how it evolved; what its

economic impact was (or still is). Describe the main types of land tenure and their most important economic attributes. Refer throughout the article to all relevant geographical and historical contexts worldwide and, when applicable, to relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Discuss in particular the importance of the subject to the distribution of income and social status; how it influenced economic incentives, risk sharing, technological change, and efficiency; what kind of contracts were involved.

Cross-Reference(s): Collective Agriculture; Farmer Cooperatives; Latifundia; Property Rights in Land; State Farms; Tenant Farming

Latifundia

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Broad overview of latifundia, including Bonanza farms, Hacienda, Facienda, Fundos, Mesta, Russian estates,

etc. Define and describe the topic; when, where, and how it evolved during and since antiquity; what its economic impact was; and, if warranted, how and why it disappeared. Refer throughout the article to all relevant geographical and historical contexts worldwide and, when applicable, to relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Discuss in particular the importance of the subject to the distribution of income and social status; how it influenced economic incentives, risk sharing, and efficiency; what kind of contracts were involved.

Cross-Reference(s): Plantation System Liangtian zhi

Words: 500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Broad overview of liangtian zhi. Define and describe the topic; when, where, and how it evolved; what its


Livestock Leases

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Words: 1000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Broad overview of livestock leases (including gasaille, soccida). Define and describe the topic; when, where,

and how it evolved; what its economic impact was (or still is); and if warranted, how and why it disappeared. Discuss in particular the importance of the subject to the distribution of income and social status; how it influenced economic incentives, risk sharing, and efficiency; what kind of contracts were involved.

Merced

Words: 500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Broad overview of merced. Define and describe the topic; when, where, and how it evolved; what its economic

impact was (or still is); and, if warranted, how and why it disappeared. Refer throughout the article to all relevant geographical and historical contexts. Discuss in particular the importance of the subject to the distribution of income and social status; how it influenced economic incentives, risk sharing, and efficiency; what kind of contracts were involved.

Minifundia

Words: 500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Broad overview of minifundia. Define and describe the topic; when, where, and how it evolved; what its

economic impact was (or still is); and, if warranted, how and why it disappeared. Refer throughout the article to all relevant geographical and historical contexts worldwide.

Mulk Lands

Words: 500 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: Broad overview of mulk lands. Define and describe the topic; when, where, and how it evolved; what its

economic impact was (or still is); and, if warranted, how and why it dis appeared. Refer throughout the article to all relevant geographical and historical contexts worldwide and, when applicable, to relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Discuss in particular the importance of the subject to the distribution of income and social status; how it influenced economic incentives, risk sharing, and efficiency; what kind of contracts were involved.

Cross-Reference(s): Emiri Lands; Waqf Peasantry

Words: 4000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Broad overview of peasantry world wide. Define and describe the topic; when, where, and how peasantry

evolved; what the most important economic attributes are of peasantry and how the concept changed in the long run. Refer throughout the article to all relevant geographical and historical contexts worldwide and, when applicable, to relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Mention Chayanov's theory of peasant economy and its critics. Discuss notions such as agrarian class, evictions, expropriations, and the agricultural ladder hypothesis. Discuss the most important peasants' rebellions and uprisings.

Plantation System

Words: 4000 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: Broad overview of the plantation system. Define and describe the topic; when, where, and how it evolved;

what its economic impact was (or still is); and, if warranted, how and why it disappeared. Refer throughout the article to all relevant geographical and historical contexts worldwide and, when applicable, to relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Discuss institutional aspects , such as the organization of the labor force, management, capital, relations with international markets, and property rights in land; relation to colonialism;

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types of crops grown (e.g., tobacco, tea, rubber, sugar cane, coffee, and especially cotton); the size of farming, possible economies of scale, and technology.

Cross-Reference(s): Latifundia; Slavery Private Plots

Words: 500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Broad overview of private plots. Define and describe the topic; when, where, and how it evolved; what its

economic impact was (or still is); and, if warranted, how and why it disappeared. Discuss in particular the importance of the subject to the distribution of income and social status; how it influenced economic incentives, risk sharing, and efficiency; what kind of contracts were involved.

Cross-Reference(s): Collective Agriculture Property Rights in Land: Historical Overview

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Broad overview of how land ownership emerged and developed in various historical and geographical

contexts worldwide, referring, when applicable, to relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Discuss cases of independent control of workers over land. Broad overview of independent (owner-cultivator) control of land, including family farms, dwarf farms (Eastern Europe), fellahin, tezukuri (Japan), smallholder system, ranchos (Latin America), Yeoman, Kulaks, and so on. Mention should be made of the legal, political, and social frameworks that enhanced or hindered the development of property rights in land. Differentiate between ownership, control, and access. Describe the distribution of land and how these rights have been purchased and/or sold in the land markets, and how they are transmitted via inheritance systems (mention mortmain).

Property Rights in Land: Communal Control

Words: 2000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Broad overview of communal control of land, including the common fields system; commoners; calpulli

(Aztec), ayllu (Inca), Kipat system (Nepal), and so on. Define and describe the topic; when, where, and how it evolved; what its economic impact was (or still is); and, if warranted, how and why it disappeared. Refer throughout the article to all relevant geographical and historical contexts worldwide and, when applicable, to relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Discuss in particular the importance of the subject to the distribution of income and social status; how it influenced economic incentives, risk sharing, and efficiency; what kind of contracts were involved.

Cross-Reference(s): Common Goods; Open Fields System place, I made this the primar Land Markets

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Broad overview of land markets (including land prices and speculation). Define and describe the topic; when,

where, and how it evolved; what its economic impact was (or still is); how efficient these markets were in its allocation and what factors impeded their operation. Refer throughout the article to all relevant geographical and historical contexts worldwide and, when applicable, to relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Discuss in particular the importance of the subject to the distribution of income and social status; how it influenced economic incentives, risk sharing, and efficiency; what kind of contracts were involved.

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Land Inheritance Patterns Words: 2000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Broad overview of the different systems of inheritance of rights in land. Define and describe the topic; when,

where, and how it evolved; what its economic impact was (or still is); Economic aspects of primogeniture, etc. Refer throughout the article to all relevant geographical and historical contexts worldwide and, when applicable, to relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Discuss in particular the importance of the subject to the distribution of income and social status; how it influenced economic incentives, risk sharing, and efficiency; what kind of contracts were involved.

Cross reference: Inheritance Systems: Impartible and Partible Inheritance

Religious Lands

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Broad overview of religious lands (e.g., mortmain). Define and describe the topic; when, where, and how it

evolved; what its economic impact was (or still is); and, if warranted, how and why it disappeared. Refer throughout the article to all relevant geographical and historical contexts worldwide and what kind of contracts were involved.

Repartimiento and Encomienda

Words: 500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Broad overview of repartimiento and encomienda. Define and describe the topic; when, where, and how it

evolved; what its economic impact was; and, if warranted, how and why it disappeared. Its impact on the colonial settlements in Latin America and the indigenous populations.

Share-cropping

Words: 2000 Area editor Brandt Scope: Description of sharecropping, and its various forms in different economies and periods. Arguments and

debates about its efficiency or lack thereof, and reasons for its persistence. State Farms

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Broad overview of state farms (e.g.,Sovkhozes; Raikar system [Nepal, with Birta, Guthi, Jagir], etc). Define and

describe the topic; when, where, and how it evolved; what its economic impact was (or still is); and, if warranted, how and why it disappeared. Refer throughout the article to all relevant geographical and historical contexts worldwide and, when applicable, to relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Discuss in particular its political and ideological roots, how it influenced economic incentives, risk sharing, and efficiency; what kind of contracts were involved.

Tenant Farming

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Broad overview of tenant farming. Define and describe the topic; when, where, and how it evolved; what its

economic impact was (or still is); and, if warranted, how and why it disappeared. When applicable, refer throughout the article to relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Discuss in particular the importance of the subject to the distribution of income and social status; how it influenced economic incentives, risk sharing,

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and efficiency; and what kind of contracts were involved. Outline the most significant types of agrarian contracts, highlighting the features that were common to many contracts in different geographical and historical contexts, but also pointing out unique or peculiar features of certain contracts that appeared in a single or a few instances. Among the topics to define and mention in the course of the article: colonate (Roman Empire); free mansi; share cropping, cost-share leases, Conacre, freehold, leasehold, copyhold, tenant at will, tenant right, co-joint tenancy, multiple tenancy, Mir (Russia), mahalwari (India).

Cross-Reference(s): Rents; Tenant Right, sharecropping. Tenant Right

Words: 500 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Broad overview of tenant right and the “Ulster custom.”. Define and describe the topic; when, where, and how

it evolved; what its economic impact was and why it disappeared; how it influenced economic incentives, risk sharing, and efficiency; what kind of contracts were involved. Various interpretations of its origins and significance, and attempts to introduce it elsewhere.

Cross-Reference(s): Ireland Tianti

Words: 500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Broad overview of tianti. Define and describe the topic; when, where, and how it evolved; what its economic

impact was (or still is); and, if warranted, how and why it disappeared. Refer throughout the article to all relevant geographical and historical contexts worldwide and, when applicable, to relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Discuss in particular the importance of the subject to the distribution of income and social status; how it influenced economic incentives, risk sharing, and efficiency; what kind of contracts were involved.

Waqf

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: Broad overview of waqf. Define and describe the topic; when, where, and how it evolved; what its economic

impact was (or still is); and, if warranted, how and why it disappeared. Refer throughout the article to all relevant geographical and historical contexts worldwide and, when applicable, to relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Discuss in particular the importance of the subject to the distribution of income and social status; how it influenced economic incentives, risk sharing, and efficiency; what kind of contracts were involved.

Cross-Reference(s): Emiri Lands; Mulk Lands "Well-Field" Land System

Words: 500 Area Editor: Brandt

Scope: Broad overview of the "well-field" land system. Define and describe the topic; when, where, and how it

evolved; what its economic impact was (or still is); and, if warranted, how and why it disappeared. Refer throughout the article to all relevant geographical and historical contexts worldwide and, when applicable, to relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Discuss in particular the importance of the subject to the distribution of income and social status; how it influenced economic incentives, risk sharing, and efficiency; what kind of contracts were involved.

Zhitian

Words: 500 Area Editor: Brandt

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Scope: Broad overview of zhitian. Define and describe the topic; when, where, and how it evolved; what its economic impact was (or still is); and, if warranted, how and why it disappeared. Refer throughout the article to all relevant geographical and historical contexts worldwide and, when applicable, to relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Discuss in particular the importance of the subject to the distribution of income and social status; how it influenced economic incentives, risk sharing, and efficiency; what kind of contracts were involved.

2-D: AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES AND PRODUCTS Alkaloids

Words: 500 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: Describe the cultivation and development of alkaloids, including their importance in economic history, with

reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts. Locate the main developments in time and space, and briefly discuss the technological and economic features and importance of this crop.

Animal and Livestock Diseases

Words: 2000 Area Editor: De Vries Scope: Survey of animal and livestock diseases such as rinderpest and their importance in economic history, with

reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts. Cross-Reference(s): Crop and Plant Diseases

Cassava

Words: 500 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: Describe the cultivation and development of cassava, including its importance in economic history, with


Cattle

Words: 2000 Area editor De Vries Discuss the importance of cattle (cows, buffalo, etc.) in economic history, with reference to all relevant geographical

and historical contexts. Locate the main developments in time and space, and briefly discuss the technological and economic features and importance of these animals and the products obtained from them

Cereals

Words: 3000 Area editor De Vries Discuss the importance of cereals and grains in economic history such as wheat, rye, oats and rice, with reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts. Locate the main developments in time and space, and briefly discuss the technological and economic features and importance of these crops and the products obtained from them

Cross Reference: Rice farming, Large-Scale Grain Production and Arable Husbandry Cocoa


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Scope: Describe the cultivation and development of cocoa, including its importance in economic history, with reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts. Locate the main developments in time and space, and briefly discuss the technological and economic features and importance of this crop.

Coffee

Words: 750 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: Describe the cultivation and development of coffee, including its importance in economic history, with


Cotton

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: Describe the cultivation and development of cotton, including its importance in economic history, with

reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts. Locate the main developments in time and space, and briefly discuss the technological and economic features and importance of this crop

Cross-Reference(s): Cotton Industry; Textiles Crop and Plant Diseases

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Survey of crop and plant diseases and their importance in economic history, with reference to all relevant

geographical and historical contexts. Include discussion of phylloxera, potato blight, febrine, boll weevil, locust, and so on.

Cross-Reference(s): Animal and Livestock Diseases; Crop Failures; Famines; Irish Famine Draft and Pack Animals

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: Discuss the importance of draft and pack animals in economic history, with reference to all relevant

geographical and historical contexts. Discuss the use of animals is haulage and riding as well. Briefly survey the types of animals (e.g., horses, mules, donkeys, oxen, camels, llamas, etc.) and the types of ownership involved (individual ownership, common ownership, leasing). Locate the main developments in time and space, and briefly discuss the technological and economic features and importance of these animals. This article will be supplemented by an special article on horses.

a Dye Crops

Words: 750 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Describe the cultivation and development of dye crops such as madder, indigo and so on, including their

importance in economic history, with reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts. Locate the main developments in time and space, and briefly discuss the technological and economic features and importance of these crops.

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Fiber Crops

Words: 750 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Describe the cultivation and development of fiber crops (flax, hemp, ramie, jute, etc.), including their

importance in economic history, with reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts. Locate the main developments in time and space, and briefly discuss the technological and economic features and importance of these crops.

Fur Trapping and Trade

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Describe the production methods and main sources of supply of furs, their main uses in consumption, and the impact of fur production and trade on newly settled areas. Locate the main developments in time and space, and briefly discuss the technological and economic features and importance of this product.

Horses

Words: 1000 Area Editor Mokyr Scope: Discuss the importance of horses in economic history, with reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts. Discuss the breeding and markets in horses, their importance in farming and as a source of power in industry and transport.Locate the main developments in time and space, and briefly discuss the technological and economic features and importance of these animals and the services they rendered as a source of motive power in transportation, agriculture, manufacturing, and other uses.

Kola

Words: 500 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: Describe the cultivation and development of kola, including its importance in economic history, with reference

to all relevant geographical and historical contexts. Locate the main developments in time and space, and briefly discuss the technological and economic features and importance of this crop.

Cross-Reference(s): Alkaloids Legumes and Pulses

Words: 1000 Area Editor: De Vries Scope: Describe the cultivation and historical development of crops such as beans, peas, and lentils including their

importance in economic history, with reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts. Emphasize their unique role both as a nutrient and as a part of crop rotations. Locate the main developments in time and space, and briefly discuss the technological and economic features and importance of this crop.

Oil Crops

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Scope: Describe the cultivation and development of oil crops (peanuts, olives, palm oil, kernels, etc.), including their

importance in economic history, with reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts. Locate the main developments in time and space, and briefly discuss the technological and economic importance of these crops.

Opium and Narcotics

Scope: Describe the cultivation and development of opium and narcotics (heroin, marijuana, etc.), including their importance in economic history, with reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts. Locate the main developments in time and space, and briefly discuss the technological and economic features and importance of these items.

Pigs

Scope: Discuss the importance of pigs in economic history, with reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts. Locate the main developments in time and space, and briefly discuss the technological and economic features and importance of these animals and the products obtained from them.

Potato

Scope: Describe the cultivation and development of the potato, including its importance in economic history, with reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts. Locate the main developments in time and space, and briefly discuss the technological and economic features and importance of this crop. In particular, discuss the importance of the diffusion of the potato to Europe and its impact on Ireland, Flanders, and other places were it was adopted.

Poultry

Scope: Discuss the importance of chickens, turkeys, ducks, and other poultry in economic history, with reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts. Locate the main developments in time and space, and briefly discuss the technological and economic features and importance of these animals and the products obtained from them.

Sheep and Goats

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Discuss the importance of sheep and goats in economic history, with reference to all relevant geographical

and historical contexts. Locate the main developments in time and space, and briefly discuss the technological and economic features and importance of these animals and the products obtained from them. Describe sources

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of raw wool and the technological developments in its production. Cross-Reference(s): Pastoralism; Wool Industry

Silk Cultivation

Scope: Describe the cultivation and development of silk, including its importance in economic history, with reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts. Locate the main developments in time and space, and briefly discuss the technological and economic features and importance of this crop.

Cross-Reference(s): Silk Industry; Silk Route; Textiles Sugar

Scope: Describe the cultivation and development of sugar (sugar beet, sugar cane), including its importance in economic history, with reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts. Locate the main developments in time and space, and briefly discuss the technological and economic features and importance of this crop.

Tea

Scope: Describe the cultivation and development of tea, including its importance in economic history, with reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts. Locate the main developments in time and space, and briefly discuss the technological and economic features and importance of this crop.

Tobacco

Scope: Describe the cultivation and development of tobacco, including its importance in economic history, with reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts. Locate the main developments in time and space, and briefly discuss the technological and economic features and importance of this crop.

Cross-Reference(s): Tobacco Industry Vines and viticulture

Scope: Describe the cultivation and development of vine crops, including their importance in economic history, with reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts. Locate the main developments in time and space, and briefly discuss the technological and economic importance of these crops. Mention Mediterranean agriculture in the course of your article.

Cross-Reference(s): Horticulture and Truck Farming; Wine and Wineries

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2-E: AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY AND PROCESSES Crop Rotations

Scope: Brief essay defining and describing most important crop rotations, including a broad discussion of their historical development in various geographical contexts (including in African and Amerindian farming), their specific technological character, their economic importance, any special technical issues that pertain to them, and, if appropriate, their impact (e.g., environmental, sociopolitical). Include discussion of the two-fields system, three-fields system, fallowing, annual cropping, double cropping, multiple cropping, intercropping (mention Mediterranean agriculture), infield-outfield, Norfolk system, Suffolk system, and so on.

Cross-Reference(s): Open Fields System Fertilizing

Scope: Briefly define and describe fertilizing (including various types--liming, manuring, chemical fertilizers, etc.), and discuss its historical development in various geographical contexts, its specific character, its economic importance, special technical issues that pertain to it, and, if appropriate, its impact (e.g., environmental, sociopolitical).

Cross-Reference(s): Agriculture: Technological Change; Soil and Soil Conservation Irrigation: Technological Change

Scope: Brief essay outlining the historical development and economic importance of irrigation technologies in various historical and geographical contexts; include discussion of irrigation canals, and various implements and tools employed in irrigation.

Cross-Reference(s): Agriculture: Technological Change Irrigation: Institutional Features

Scope: Describe the main institutional features that made large-scale irrigation projects possible, including the "hydraulic despotism" thesis of Karl Wittfogel and its critics; more modern problems and solutions to collective action difficulties in organizing irrigation; markets in water in the U.S., including "Western water rights."

Processing Crops

Scope: Brief essay defining and describing the processing of crops (threshing, drying, storage, etc.), including a

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broad discussion of their historical and technological development in various geographical contexts, their economic importance, special technical issues that pertain, and, if appropriate, its impact (e.g., environmental, sociopolitical).

Seed and Seed Varieties

Scope: Brief essay discussing the development of seed and semination and of improved seed/yield ratios and seed varieties over time, with reference to relevant geographical contexts as appropriate. The specific technological character, economic importance, and environmental significance of these developments .

2-F: AGRICULTURAL INPUTS, PRODUCTIVITY, AND WAGES Agricultural Credit

Scope: Broad overview of agricultural credit, referring, when applicable, to relevant economic theories. Survey the various types of agricultural credit (e.g., agricultural loans, mortgage loans, pawnbroking, future contracts) and credit sources (e.g., rural banks, credit cooperatives, individual moneylenders, international organizations; informal credit sources, reciprocal insurance, etc.). Discuss the major historical developments in agricultural credit over time, with reference to relevant geographical contexts worldwide. Discuss the economic importance and general impact of these developments, and address any specific technical, social, and economic problems connected with this topic. Also mention rural interest rates, debt peonage, and interlinkage.

Cross-Reference(s): Informal Credit Agricultural Labor

Scope: Broad overview of agricultural labor. Discuss size and composition, seasonality, and type of labor (e.g., women and children, year-round laborers, tenant-laborers, casual and migrant workers, cotters, etc.). Survey the major historical developments in agricultural labor over time, with reference to relevant geographical contexts worldwide. Discuss the forms that agricultural labor took, from slavery to a free rural proletariat, and the various ways in which labor markets and other institutional arrangements emerged to resolve the supply of labor. Survey issues such as labor conflict, family vs. hired labor, incentives in agricultural labor.

Cross-Reference(s): Agricultural Wages Agricultural Wages

Scope: Broad overview of agricultural wages, referring, when applicable, to relevant economic theories. Include discussion of money wages, real wages, and wage discrimination (gender, age, race). Survey the major historical developments in agricultural wages over time, with reference to relevant geographical contexts worldwide. Discuss the economic importance and general impact (environmental, sociopolitical) of these developments, and address any specific technical, social, and economic problems connected with this topic.

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Cross-Reference(s): Agricultural Labor Crop Failures

Scope: Broad overview of crop failures, their causes (including drought, pests, etc.), and their impact, referring to relevant historical and geographical contexts worldwide. Discuss the economic importance and general impact (environmental, demographic, sociopolitical) of these events, and address any specific technical, social, and economic problems connected with this topic.

Cross-Reference(s): Crop and Plant Diseases; Crop Yields; Famines Crop Yields

Scope: Broad overview of various measures of crop yields (yields per acre, yields per seed), referring, when applicable, to relevant economic theories. Survey the major historical developments in crop yields over time, with reference to relevant geographical contexts worldwide. Discuss the economic importance and general impact (environmental, sociopolitical) of these developments, and address any specific technical, social, and economic problems connected with this topic.

Cross-Reference(s): Crop Failures; Famines; Total Factor Productivity Famines

Scope: Broad overview of famines, their causes, and their impact, referring to relevant historical and geographical contexts worldwide and, when applicable, to relevant economic theories, especially Amartya Sen's theory of famines and his critics. Discuss the economic importance and general impact (environmental, sociopolitical) of famines and the various policy measures that have been taken to prevent and alleviate them.

Cross-Reference(s): Crop and Plant Dis eases; Crop Failures; Crop Yields; Irish Famine Farm Capital

Scope: Broad overview of farm capital (including various types--e.g., animals and animal fodder, fertilizers, pesticides, farm buildings, mills, seeds, farmstead machinery and equipment, and so on), referring, when applicable, to relevant economic theories. Survey the major historical developments in farm capital over time, with reference to relevant geographical contexts worldwide. Discuss the economic importance and general impact (environmental, sociopolitical) of these developments, and address any specific technical, social, and economic problems connected with this topic.

Cross-Reference(s): Agriculture: Technological Change; Draft and Pack Animals; Fertilizing Farm Management

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Scope: Broad overview of farm management. Survey the major historical developments in farm management over time, with reference to relevant geographical contexts worldwide. Specifically, discuss the use of agents (such as bailiffs) and the special informational problems associated with farm management. Discuss the economic importance and general impact (environmental, sociopolitical) of these developments.

Hedges and Fences

Scope: Brief discussion of hedges and fences and their importance in establishing property rights on land, surveying the major historical developments over time, with reference to relevant geographical contexts worldwide, e.g., the use of hedges in enclosures and the use of fences and barbed wire in western farms. Discuss the economic importance and general impact of these developments on agricultural technology and property rights, and address any specific technical, social, and economic problems connected with this topic.

Irish Famine

Scope: Broad overview of the Irish Famine and its causes and impact. Discuss the economic importance and general impact (environmental, demographic, sociopolitical) of this event, and address specific social and economic problems connected with this topic.

Cross-Reference(s): Crop and Plant Diseases; Crop Failures; Ireland; Famines; Potato 3: PRODUCTION SYSTEMS, BUSINESS HISTORY, AND TECHNOLOGY 3-A: BASIC CONCEPTS AND PHENOMENA Accounting and Bookkeeping

Words 2000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Broad overview of accounting techniques over the ages and the rise of double entry and modern accounting and its importance to capitalist organization and efficient business management. Changes in accounting procedures in modern times thanks to advances in computer technology.

Capitalism

Scope: Broad overview of capitalism. Survey the various definitions of the term and the debates about its usefulness. Discuss the historical evolution of capitalism in its various forms, and the uses made of the term in the literature of economic history. In the course of your article, the following should also be discussed: industrial and non-industrial capitalism; early forms of capitalism and "protocapitalism"; market economies, free enterprise and its role in economic history; the transformation of the notion of capitalist economies over history, mature capitalism and modern mixed economies; and historical Marxist and non-Marxist theories of capitalism.

Cross-Reference(s): Markets, Chaebol

Scope: Brief essay on chaebol. Define and discuss the institution, its origins and recent development. Assess its

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importance to economic history. Interesting comparative cases would be particularly welcome. When appropriate, mention relevant historiographical interpretations in the literature regarding the topic.

Command Economies

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Broad overview of the economic history of command economies. Define and discuss the main historical

developments in the long run and their importance to economic history. Describe the origins of command economies in earlier times and their re-emergence in Europe and North America in the twentieth century. Describe the basic conceptual elements of the topic, with reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts, including Russia, China, Cuba, etc. Interesting comparative cases would be particularly welcome. When appropriate, mention relevant historiographical interpretations in the literature regarding the topic. The main differences with market economies should also be highlighted.

Cross-Reference(s): China: Communist China; Marxism and Marxist Historiography; Russia: Communist Russia Corporatism

Words: 1500 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Broad overview of corporatism. Define and describe the main features characterizing trade associations, and

discuss the main historical developments in the long run and their importance to economic history, overviewing the economic consequences of corporatism for producers and consumers. Describe the basic conceptual elements of the topic, with reference to the most significant geographical and historical contexts. Interesting comparative cases would be particularly welcome. When appropriate, mention relevant historiographical interpretations in the literature regarding the topic.

Cross-Reference(s): Craft Guilds; Merchant Guilds Domestic Industry

Words: 5000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Broad overview of domestic industry, including cottage industry, the putting-out system, and proto-

industrialization, and the transformation of domestic industry during and after the Industrial Revolution. Define and discuss the main historical developments in the long run and their importance to economic history. Interesting comparative cases would be particularly welcome. When appropriate, mention relevant historiographical interpretations in the literature regarding the topic.

Cross-Reference(s): Factory System; Mass Production Economies of Scale

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Brief essay on the historical phenomenon of economies of scale. Define and discuss the main historical

developments in the long run and their importance to economic history. Discuss the sources and significance of scale economies at the level of plant, firm and the economy. Interesting comparative cases would be particularly welcome. When appropriate, mention relevant historiographical interpretations in the literature regarding the topic.

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Cross-Reference(s): Integration; Mass Production Economies of Scope

Words: 500 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Broad overview of economies of scope. Describe the basic conceptual elements of the topic, with reference to

all relevant geographical and historical contexts. Interesting comparative cases would be particularly welcome. When appropriate, mention relevant historiographical interpretations in the literature regarding the topic.

Cross-Reference(s): Integration; Mass Production Entrepreneurship

Words: 3000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Broad overview of entrepreneurship. Define and discuss the importance of entrepreneurship in economic

history and the forces governing its supply and demand. Interesting comparative cases would be particularly welcome. When appropriate, mention relevant historiographical interpretations in the literature regarding the topic. In the course of your article, the following should also be discussed: Schumpeterian and similar views of capitalist development; "creative destruction" and technological progress; relationship between entrepreneurship and business history; "Robber Baron" and "Vital Few" phenomena; entrepreneurship in poor societies and its relationship to economic development; "bureaucratic entrepreneurs" phenomena, and so on.

Gunderson. Factory System

Words: 3500 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Broad overview of the factory system in manufacturing. Define and discuss the main historical developments,

beginning with the proto-factories before 1750 and surveying the growth of the system during the Industrial Revolution and after. Importance of the system to economic history should be addressed. Interesting comparative cases would be particularly welcome. When appropriate, mention relevant historiographical interpretations in the literature regarding the topic. In the course of your article, the following should also be discussed: interpretations of the rise of factories: economies of scale and fixed costs; interchangeable parts; continuous flow processes; information costs; coordination and the division of labor; and social control.

Cross-Reference(s): Domestic Industry; Mass Production Feudalism: Historical Overview

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Broad overview of feudalism. Define and discuss the concept and its main historical developments in the long

run and importance to economic history. Describe the basic conceptual elements of the topic, with reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts, including in medieval Europe, Japan, late antiquity Persia, the Byzantine world, and so on. Interesting comparative cases would be particularly welcome. When appropriate, mention relevant historiographical interpretations in the literature regarding the topic. This article will provide an introduction to more detailed articles that have been planned on the manorial system and taxation in feudal systems.

Cross-Reference(s): Serfdom

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Feudalism: Manorial System

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Broad overview of manorialism and related manorial systems that both preceded the emergence of feudalism

and survived the subsequent decay or disappearance of military-political feudal institutions, in Europe and elsewhere. Define and discuss the main historical developments in the long run and its importance to economic history. Describe the basic conceptual elements of the topic, with reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts. Interesting comparative cases would be particularly welcome. When appropriate, mention relevant historiographical interpretations in the literature regarding the topic. In the course of your article, the following should also be discussed: demesne, free and servile mansi, serfdom, corvees, labor services, economic autarchy, barter economy, pannage, etc.

Cross-Reference(s): Serfdom Feudalism: Taxation

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Broad overview of taxation in feudal systems. Define and discuss the main historical cases and developments

in the long run and their importance to economic history. Describe the main forms of feudal taxation and their impact on the economy. Interesting comparative cases would be particularly welcome. When appropriate, mention relevant historiographical interpretations in the literature regarding the topic. In the course of your article, the following should also be discussed: taxes banalités, dues (including in kind, money, personal, harvest), heriot, pannage, fines (including entry, succession, transfer), alms, gifts, etc.

Cross-Reference(s): Serfdom Firm: The Firm before 1800

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Broad overview of the firm before ca. 1800, including classical, family, joint-stock companies, joint ventures,

partnerships, private, public, and regulated monopolies. Interesting comparative cases would be particularly welcome. When appropriate, mention relevant historiographical interpretations in the literature regarding the topic. This article will be complemented by a separate discussion of firms after 1800.

Cross-Reference(s): Entrepreneurship Firm: The Firm after 1800

Words: 4000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Broad overview of the firm after 1800, including classical, conglomerate, corporate, employee-owned, family,

functionally organized, limited liability corporations, partnerships, holding companies, joint-stock companies, joint ventures, franchising, multidivisional organization, multinational firms, private firms, public firms, and regulated firms. Describe the basic conceptual elements of the topic, with reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts. Interesting comparative cases would be particularly welcome. When appropriate, mention relevant historiographical interpretations in the literature regarding the topic. This article will be complemented by a separate discussion of firms before 1800. Separate and more detailed entries on multinational corporations and on firm management are also planned.

Cross-Reference(s): Entrepreneurship

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Flexible Specialization

Words: 500 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Brief essay on flexible specialization. Define and discuss the concept and its main historical developments and


Habakkuk Hypothesis

Words: 500 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Define and discuss the Habakkuk hypothesis and its importance in the understanding of the history of

technological change and the difference between US and British technology. Mention relevant historiographical interpretations in the literature regarding the topic.

Cross-Reference(s): Technology Industrial Revolution

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad overview of the history and historiography of the industrial revolution. Define the term and discuss the

main historical developments and their importance to economic history. Describe the basic conceptual elements of the topic, with reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts. Discuss the literature on the origins and effects of the British Industrial Revolution and its spread to other economies.

Cross-Reference(s): Patents; Technology Keiretsu

Words: 500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Brief essay on keiretsu. Define and discuss the institution, its origins and recent development. Assess its


Management

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Broad overview of historical issues in firm management. Define and discuss changes in firm management since

the start of the Industrial Revolution, including changes in corporate management technique and their impact on productivity and technology. In the course of your article, the following should also be discussed: Chandler's idea of a visible hand in large corporations and economies of scale; Taylorism and the rise of modern scientific management; historical changes in intrafirm information and control; and outsourcing and subcontracting. Interesting comparative cases would be particularly welcome. When appropriate, mention relevant historiographical interpretations in the literature regarding the topic.

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Marxism and Marxist Historiography

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Broad overview of Marxism and Marxist historiography. Describe the Marxist tradition of historical materialism

and its impact on the writing and teaching of economic and social history and the development of the profession. In the course of your article, items in the Marxist traditions such as capitalism, socialism, communism, market socialism, petty commodity production, class relations and conflict, proletariat, imperialism, and exploitation might be discussed and the differences between Marxist and non-Marxist economic history should be outlined.

Cross-Reference(s): Command Economies Mass Production

Words: 4000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Broad overview of mass production. Define and discuss the origins of the phenomenon and the main

historical developments and their importance to economic history. Define the “American System” and its historical origins and economic significance. Discuss elements on the technological and management side as well as demand for mass-produced products. Distinguish between large throughput in the Chandlerian sense, interchangeable parts, and continuous flow processes. Interesting comp arative cases would be particularly welcome. When appropriate, mention relevant historiographical interpretations in the literature regarding the topic. In the course of your article, Fordism and Taylorism should also be discussed. Mention economies of scale and economies of scope by way of providing a context for separate articles that have been planned on these topics.

Cross-Reference(s): Domestic Industry; Factory System Multinational Corporations

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Broad overview of multinational corporations. Define and discuss the institution, its origins and recent

development. Assess its importance to economic history. Interesting comparative cases would be particularly welcome. When appropriate, mention relevant historiographical interpretations in the literature regarding the topic.

Nationalization and Privatization

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Broad overview defining and describing the major processes of nationalization and privatization throughout

history, with references to the most significant cases worldwide. Discuss the causes of the nationalization of utilities, industries and mines in free market economies and the privatization movements in the 1980s and 1990s. Describe the economic consequences of the two phenomena for market structures, prices, product quality, government revenues, and consumers' welfare.

Patents

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad overview of patents. Define and discuss the main historical developments in the long run since the late

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fifteenth century and their importance to technological progress. Describe the basic conceptual elements of the topic, with reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts. Interesting comparative cases would be particularly welcome. When appropriate, mention relevant historiographical interpretations in the literature regarding the topic. In the course of your article, also discuss the adoption of national and international patent legislation in major countries and the effect of patent legislation on technological progress. The use of patent statistics as a historical source should be addressed as well.

Cross-Reference(s): Technology Social Savings

Words: 500 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Brief essay on social saving: define the basic meaning of the term in measuring the impact of a technological

innovation, and discuss uses of the term since its first introduction by R.W. Fogel in the New Economic History. Cross-Reference(s): Technology

Technology

Words: 5000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad overview of technology. Define and discuss the main historical developments in the long run and their

importance to economic growth. Describe the basic conceptual elements of the topic, with reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts. Interesting comparative cases would be particularly welcome. When appropriate, mention relevant historiographical interpretations in the literature regarding the topic. In the course of your discussion, the following should also be described and put in context: (1) main roots of technological change: induced technological change, the causal connection between science and technology, differences between "invention," "innovation," and "diffusion"; (2) dynamic processes such as path dependence and learning by doing; and (3) the effects of technological change: factor savings, classification of inventions, social savings, linkages and spillover effects. Discuss broad trends in technological change, their effect on economic growth, employment, productivity, and economic welfare. Also discuss long-term differences in technological creativity. Mention interesting historiographical debates in economic history such as the Habakkuk hypothesis, social saving debate, and so on.

Cross-Reference(s): Habakkuk Hypothesis Social Savings; Industrial Revolution; Patents; detailed essays on various industries and techniques.

3-B: INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION Antitrust

Words: 3500 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Broad overview of the historical development of antitrust theory and policy. Define and discuss the topic,

with reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts and, when applicable, to relevant economic theories. Anchor your discussion firmly in time and space. Discuss the implications for efficiency, technological change (e.g., patents as a mean of restricting competition, as in General Electric Company and Westinghouse, AT&T), economic policy, and long-run change in the industries. If possible, connect the essay to recent and relevant work in the I.O. literature. When appropriate, cite significant firms that exemplify the topic in question

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(broad geographical and historical coverage is particularly advised). Comparative cases, where appropriate, would be welcome. In the course of your article, also discuss significant antitrust statutes, e.g., Sherman Act, Clayton Act, Federal Trade Commission Act, Joint Stock Companies Act (Great Britain, 1844), etc.

Cartels and Collusion: Historical Overview

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Broad overview of cartels and collusion. Define the major categories (cartels, trusts, Konzerne, amalgamation,

combines, pools) and discuss the production and market strategies of each, with reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts, especially in North America and Europe. When applicable, relate to relevant economic theories. Discuss the consequences of these strategies in terms of prices, quality, quantity, and producers' and consumers' surpluses. Anchor your discussion firmly in time and space. Comparative cases, where appropriate, would be welcome. This article will provide the context for and be supported by separate articles on concentration, entry, price fixing and vertical restrictions, and price discrimination.

Cartels and Collusion: Concentration and entry

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Broad overview of historical development of market concentration and its economic impact. Define and

discuss the topic, with reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts and, when applicable, to relevant economic theories. Broad overview of entry (including entry barriers, exit barriers, and free entry) and of the economic consequences of entry for firms and consumers in terms of prices, profits, etc. Anchor your discussion firmly in time and space. Discuss the implications for efficiency, technological change, economic policy, and long-run change in the industries. If possible, connect the essay to recent and relevant work in the I.O. literature. When appropriate, cite significant firms that exemplify the topic in question (broad geographical and historical coverage is particularly advised). Comparative cases, where appropriate, would be welcome.

Cartels and Collusion: Price Fixing, and Vertical Restrictions

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Broad overview of price fixing and vertical restrictions and of their economic consequences for firms and

consumers in terms of prices, profits, consumers' welfare, etc. Define and discuss the topic, with reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts and, when applicable, to relevant economic theories. Anchor your discussion firmly in time and space. Discuss the implications for efficiency, technological change, economic policy, and long-run change in the industries. If possible, connect the essay to recent and relevant work in the I.O. literature. When appropriate, cite significant firms that exemplify the topic in question (broad geographical and historical coverage is particularly advised). Comparative cases, where appropriate, would be welcome. In the course of your article, the following should also be discussed: exclusive dealing (e.g., Standard Fashion Company v. Magrane-Houston Company in U.S. in 1922; Standard Oil of California in 1949); tying (e.g., Eastman Kodak in U.S., 1954); resale price maintenance or vertical price fixing (e.g., Dr. Miles Medical Co. v. John D. Park & Sons in U.S., 1911; Miller-Tydings Act in U.S., 1937); territorial restraints (e.g., U.S. soft drink industry: Coke, Pepsi, Dr. Pepper, 1973).

Cartels and Collusion: Price Discrimination

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Cain

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Scope: Broad overview of price discrimination in history and of its economic consequences for firms and consumers in terms of prices, profits, etc. Define and discuss the topic, with reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts and, when applicable, to relevant economic theories. Anchor your discussion firmly in time and space. Describe the most important industries in which price discrimination occurred. Discuss the implications for efficiency, technological change, economic policy, and long-run change in the industries. If possible, connect the essay to recent and relevant work in the I.O. literature. Comparative cases, where appropriate, would be welcome. In the course of your article, the following should also be discussed: primary-line discrimination (e.g., Utah Pie, U.S., 1958); predatory pricing (e.g., Standard Oil); and secondary-line discrimination (e.g., Morton Salt, U.S., 1948).

Company Towns

Words: 500 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Brief essay on company towns. Define and discuss the topic, with reference to all relevant geographical and

historical contexts and, when applicable, to relevant economic theories. Anchor your discussion firmly in time and space. Discuss the implications for competition in labor markets and relations. If possible, connect the essay to recent and relevant work in the I.O. literature. When appropriate, cite significant firms that exemplify the topic in question (broad geographical and historical coverage is advised). Comparative cases, where appropriate, would be welcome.

Competition

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Broad overview of the historical dimensions of price and quantity competition, product differentiation,

predation, preemption, and dumping. Discuss the changes in the intensity and nature of competition over time, the importance of transactions- and information costs, the rise of natural monopolies and barriers to entry and provide some illustrative examples. Anchor your discussion firmly in time and space. Discuss the implications for efficiency, technological change, economic policy, and long-run change in the industries. If possible, connect the essay to recent and relevant work in the I.O. literature. When appropriate, cite significant firms that exemplify the topics in question (e.g., Standard Oil for dumping), providing broad geographical and historical coverage where possible. Comparative cases, where appropriate, would be welcome.

Cross references: Market Structure; Monopoly; Oligopoly; Antitrust

Diversification

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Overview of the historical development of how large capitalist firms diversified their activities. Define and

discuss the topic, with reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts and, when applicable, to relevant economic theories. Anchor your discussion firmly in time and space. Discuss the implications for efficiency, technological change, economic policy, and long-run change in the industries. If possible, connect the essay to recent and relevant work in the I.O. literature. When appropriate, cite significant firms that exemplify the topic in question (broad geographical and historical coverage is advised). Comparative cases, where appropriate, would be welcome.

Industrial Districts

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Words: 1000 Area editor Cain Scope: Brief explanation of the concept and the debates it produced, and a discussion of its importance in the industrialization and development literature.

Integration: Horizontal Integration

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Broad overview of horizontal integration, including mergers, acquisition, rationalization, takeovers, and the

great waves of mergers after 1896. Define and discuss the topic, with reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts and, when applicable, to relevant economic theories. Anchor your discussion firmly in time and space. Discuss the implications for efficiency, technological change, economic policy, and long-run change in the industries. If possible, connect the essay to recent and relevant work in the I.O. literature. When appropriate, cite significant firms that exemplify the topic in question (e.g., U.S. Steel Corporation (1901); Standard Oil; American Tobacco, Bethlehem Steel; Continental Can and Hazel-Atlas Glass (1964); RJR Nabisco; Eastman Kodak, although broad geographical and historical coverage is advised). Comparative cases, where appropriate, would be welcome.

Integration: Vertical Integration

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Broad overview of vertical integration. Define and discuss the topic, with reference to all relevant geographical

and historical contexts and, when applicable, to relevant economic theories. Anchor your discussion firmly in time and space. Discuss the implications for efficiency, technological change, economic policy, and long-run change in the industries. If possible, connect the essay to recent and relevant work in the I.O. literature. When appropriate, cite significant firms that exemplify the topic in question (e.g., Alcoa; Brown Shoe case, U.S., 1962; the petroleum industry, etc.), providing broad geographical and historical coverage where possible. Comparative cases, where appropriate, would be welcome. In the course of your article, the following should also be discussed: antitrust legislation dealing with vertical integration.

International Cartels

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Broad overview of the major international cartels since 1900. Discuss which industries they occurred in (with

reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts), how they operated, and what their objectives were, and assess their success. Discuss the implications for efficiency, technological change, economic policy, and long-run change in the industries. If possible, connect the essay to recent and relevant work in the I.O. literature.

Market Structure: General Introduction

Words: 500 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Brief essay on market structures. Define and distinguish between structures (from perfect competition to

monopoly) and practices (pricing, collusion, cooperation, sharing of information, joint lobbying, etc.). This article will provide the context for and be supported by separate and more detailed articles on monopolies and natural monopolies as well as on oligopolies and monopolistic competition.

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Cross References: Competition; Monopoly; Oligopoly; Antitrust Market Structure: Monopoly and Natural Monopoly

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Broad overview of the major features of a monopolistic industry and of a natural monopoly, in terms of price,

quantity, quality, and producers' and consumers' surpluses. Discuss the most significant historical cases of both types (broad geographical and historical coverage is particularly advised), and discuss technological factors and the role of government intervention to sustain or eliminate them. When applicable, refer to relevant economic theories about each type. Discuss the implications for efficiency, technological change, economic policy, and long-run change in the industries. If possible, connect the essay to recent and relevant work in the I.O. and antitrust literature. Comparative cases, where appropriate, would be welcome.

Market Structure: Oligopoly and Monopolistic Competition

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Brief description of the major features of an oligopoly and of monopolistic competition, with reference to the

most significant historical cases (broad geographical and historical coverage is particularly advised). When applicable, refer to relevant economic theories about each type. Discuss the implications for efficiency, technological change, economic policy, income distribution and long-run change in the industries. If possible, connect the essay to recent and relevant work in the I.O. literature. Comparative cases, where appropriate, would be welcome. This article will provide an introduction to the more detailed article on cartels and collusion.

Cross-Reference(s): Cartels and Collusion 3-C: INDUSTRIES SURVEYS Advertising

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Broad historical overview of the origins and development to the present of the advertising industry, with

reference to the most significant cases worldwide. Discuss the changes in the industry's function from information to marketing, its interaction with various mass media, and the various types of selling strategies involved, etc. Also address the importance of advertising in the emergence of modern consumerism and commercialism. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry.

Air Transportation: Historical Overview

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Broad historical overview of the origins and development to the present of the civilian aerospace industry,

with reference to the most significant cases worldwide, and of the importance of air transportation in economic history; special problems associated with aerospace industries should be addressed in the course of your discussion. Describe the sources of demand, sources of labor and capital, production location, relations with

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public bodies such as the state and so on. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry. This article will provide the context for and be supported by separate essays on technological change in the industry and on its industrial organization and regulation.

Air Transportation: Technological Change

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad historical overview of the major technological developments in air transportation worldwide, including

of various types of airplanes and airliners, turbojets, helicopters, sea planes, gliders, zeppelins, and so on. Discuss developments in airports, radar, air traffic control, jet propulsion, gyroscopes, and other related topics. Mention should be made of the impact of military aircraft on the technology as well as space travel. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in these developments.

Air Transportation: Industrial Organization and Regulation

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Historical overview of the types of market structures that have characterized airplane construction and use,

transportation, and of the major developments in (and impact of) the nationalization and regulation of air transportation, with examples of the most important cases worldwide. Discuss the establishment and abolition of the CAB. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in this regard.

Antiques Trade

Words: 1000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Broad overview of the origins and development to the present of the antiques trade, the role of antiquarians,

and the appearance of auction houses. The economic importance of the trade should be highlighted. Describe how antiques markets have been organized throughout history, with reference to the most significant cases worldwide. Discuss the consequences on the antiques market of the appearance of imitations and fake antiques.

Arms Industry: Historical Overview

Words: 5000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Broad historical overview of the origins and development to the present of the arms industry and of its

importance in economic history, with reference to the most significant cases worldwide. Also survey the most significant technological developments in the production of various types of weaponry from antiquity to the present. Describe the sources of demand, trade routes, sources of labor and capital, production location, relations with public bodies such as the state, and so on. Also discuss the imp act of the weaponry industry on other sectors, including spillover effects on the civilian economy such as iron and steel, chemicals and mass production technology; impact on regional development (e.g., Liège area). Discuss the role of the arms industry

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as a technological model (e.g., in the iron industry or in interchangeable parts). As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry. A separate article on the market structure of the arms industry is also planned.

Arms Industry: Industrial Organization

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Broad historical overview of the market structure of the weaponry industry, with reference to the most

significant cases worldwide. Discuss the interface between private armorers and military procurement. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in this regard.

Art Industry and Market

Words: 5000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Broad historical overview of the origins and development to the present of the art market worldwide--from the

commission of paintings and statues until the appearance of auction houses (such as Sotheby's). Survey the major technological developments in the production of paintings and sculptures and in their conservation. The impact (economic or otherwise) of these developments should also be discussed, as appropriate. Also describe how art markets have been organized throughout history, with reference to the most significant cases worldwide. Describe the appearance of auction houses and galleries, together with their buying and selling strategies. Major discussion should be given to various types of auction methods throughout history. Also discuss the consequences on the art market of the appearance of imitations and fake paintings and statues. As warranted, mention key figures, auction houses, etc., that have played a significant role in the art industry.

Cross-Reference(s): Antiques Trade; Museums

Automobile and Truck Industry: Historical Overview

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Broad historical overview of the origins and development to the present of the automobile and trucking

industry and of the importance of automobiles and trucks in economic history (work commuting, the transition from being a luxury good to a mass production good, etc.). The demand side and changes in it should be made explicit, including the role of advertising. Reference to the most significant automobile and trucking companies worldwide should be given in the course of your discussion. Also discuss the changes in location of the automobile industry and its worldwide distribution. Congestion, pollution, and other externalities should be mentioned as well. As warranted, mention key figures who have played a significant role in the industry. This article will provide the context for and be supported by separate essays on technological change in the industry and on its industrial organization and regulation.

Automobile and Truck Industry: Technological Change

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad historical overview of the major technological developments worldwide in the production of the

automobile and truck. Include discussion of internal combustion engines, steering, tires, etc. The impact (economic or otherwise) of these developments industry should also be discussed, as appropriate. As warranted,

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mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in these developments. Automobile and Truck Industry: Industrial Organization and Regulation

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Historical overview of the market structures that have characterized the automobile and trucking industry, the

major producers, and the major developments in (and impact of) the regulation of the industry (environmental, safety, fuel economy etc.), with examples of the most important cases worldwide. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in this regard.

Beer and Breweries

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad historical overview of how beer is produced. Survey the most significant breweries throughout history,

and describe their price, quality, and selling strategies. The changes in demand, as well as the fall and rise of small breweries and their competition with the "majors," should also be discussed. Mention the impact of tariffs and imports quota on the beer trade.

Bessemer Process

Words: 500 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Short description of the technical aspects of the process. Highlight the importance of the process for the

technological and economic development of the metallurgic industry. Cross-Reference(s): Metallurgic Industry; Steel Making, Henry Bessemer

Blast Furnaces

Words: 500 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Short description of blast furnaces, highlighting their importance for the technological and economic

development of the metallurgic industry. Book Industry: Historical Overview

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Broad overview of the history of the book from antiquity up to the early modern age. Discuss the impact of the

printing press and other technologies; the function of the book in the dissemination of ideas; the development of reading as mass entertainment in the nineteenth century, and the beginnings of the modern publishing industry. The importance of the book in economic history, with reference to the most significant cases worldwide, should highlighted. Discuss changes in the types of books demanded. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry during this period. Separate articles focused specifically on modern book publishing (early 1900s on), printing, and on libraries and bookstores are also planned.

Cross-Reference(s): Information and Communication; Magazines; Newspapers; Printing Industry

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Book Industry: Modern Book Publishing

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Historical overview of the development of the modern book publishing industry from the early 1900s to the

present and of its various branches (trade, textbook, professional, university press, etc.), with reference to the most significant cases worldwide. Outline the price and selling strategies of the various publishers, subsidiary rights, and which types of market structures have characterized the industry. A discussion of the impact of changing technologies (e.g., in printing, computers, the Internet, etc.) on contemporary publishing practice (e.g., pricing, copyright issues) should also be included. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry during this period. This article will be complemented by separate articles on the industry prior to 1900 and on libraries and bookstores.

Cross-Reference(s): Information and Communication; Magazines; Newspapers; Printing Industry Book Industry: Libraries and Bookstores

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Broad historical overview of the diffusion of books through lending libraries and sales. Survey the origins and

development to the present of libraries, distinguishing between private and public libraries and discussing their policies in terms of book acquisitions. Highlight the feature of libraries of being a club good, and outline how the admission to public and private libraries has been regulated throughout history, making reference to the most significant cases worldwide. Also discuss the origins and development of bookstores (including latter-day megastores and chains), their selling strategies, and the market structures that have characterized the industry, with reference to the most significant case worldwide. This article will be complemented by separate articles on the book publishing industry.

Burial and Funeral Services

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Broad survey of the major technologies involved in burial and funeral services (cemeteries, cremation,

mummification, etc.) worldwide. Discussion of the economic cost and impact of burial services and ceremonies from antiquity to modern times should be included.

Ceramics

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Broad historical overview of origins and development of ceramics worldwide from antiquity to the present,

with emphasis on the major technological developments in their production. Describe the sources of demand, trade routes, sources of labor and capital, production location relations with public bodies such as the state, the church, and so on. Discuss the early pottery industry, chinaware (trade in and production of), Delftware, changes during the Industrial Revolution, Wedgwood, and the modern tableware industry. Discuss the importance of ceramics as conspicuous consumption and a fashion good

Chemical Industries: Chemical Industries before 1850

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Words: 3000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Identify and describe the major chemical industries before 1850, providing a broad historical overview of the

major steps in their development, with examples of the most significant historical cases worldwide. In the course of your article, discuss the major technological developments in and their importance to these industries, including classical and medieval chemical industries and Islamic advances before 1400. Describe the sources of demand, sources of raw materials, labor and capital, production location relations with public bodies such as the state, the church, and so on. Significant materials and processes (e.g., bleaching, chlorination, Leblanc process, alcohol, dyes [natural], soap, and soda) should also be discussed. Mention as well the important relationship between science and technology. Your article should also provide an overview of the types of market structures that have characterized chemical industries before 1850, citing the most significant historical cases worldwide to illustrate your point. Key figures who played a significant role in these industries should also be mentioned. This article will be complemented by a separate essay on chemical industries after 1850.

Cross-Reference(s): Chemicals; Oil Industry Chemical Industries: Chemical Industries after 1850

Words: 4000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Identify and describe the major chemical industries from 1850 to the present, providing a broad historical

overview of the major steps in their development, with examples of the most significant historical cases worldwide. In the course of your article, discuss the major technological developments in and their importance to these industries, identifying the main categories in organic and inorganic materials (e.g., synthetic dyes, explosives, fertilizers, plastics; other synthetics; petrochemicals, electrochemicals pharmaceutics, synthetics). Significant materials and processes (e.g., Solvay process, Haber-Bosch process) should also be discussed. Discuss the important relationship between science and technology and the institutional framework in which it took place. Your article should also provide an overview of the types of market structures that have characterized chemical industries after 1850, citing the most significant historical cases worldwide to illustrate your point. Underline the economies of scale in chemical plants. Also discuss work safety regulation and its impact in chemical industries. Key figures who played a significant role in these industries should also be mentioned. This article will be complemented by a separate essay on chemical industries before 1850.

Cross-Reference(s): Chemicals; Oil Industry Chemicals: an introduction

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Introductory overview of the main products of the chemical industry throughout history (dyes, fertilizers,

pharmaceutics, synthetics, refining, etc.) and of the importance of this industry in economic history. Discuss the differences between organic and inorganic, heavy and light, and when various chemical industries came into existence. This article will serve as an introduction to two detailed essays on the chemical industries before and after 1850.

Cross-Reference(s): Chemical Industries Clock Making and Time Measurement

Words: 4000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad historical overview of the major technological developments in, and the impact of, the production of

clocks and watches. Overview of the major producers, their production and selling strategies, and the market structures. Also discuss local concentration of clockmaking in specific areas (e.g., Switzerland) and the changes

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therein; the main sources of demand for clocks; introduction of mass production; and spillovers to other industries. Issues of standardization and the social control involved in time management could also be included.

Clothing Trades

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Broad historical overview of the origins and development to the present of the clothing trades and of their

economic importance, with reference to the most significant cases worldwide. Include discussion of main trading routes and major producers and consumers. Describe the sources of demand, trade routes, sources of labor and capital, production location, relations with public bodies such as the state (e.g. the military), the church, and so on. Include tailors, hatters, furriers, stocking frame knitters, and so on. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in these trades.

Cross-Reference(s): Cotton Industry; Linen Industry; Fashion Industry; Silk Industry; Textiles; Wool Industry Coke Smelting

Words: 500 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Short description of the process and the historical circumstances of its emergence in Coalbrooksdale and its

spreading elsewhere. Highlight the importance of the process for the technological and economic development of the metallurgic industry.

Computer Industry

Words: 4000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Broad historical overview of the origins and development to the present of the computer industry (both hard-

and software, mainframe and personal computers), identifying and surveying the major technological issues. Describe the sources of demand, sources of labor and capital, production location, relations with public bodies such as the state (e.g. the military), and so on. The economic importance and the productivity debates of the industry should be highlighted. Discuss technological lock-in and network externalities, as well as price and selling strategies of the various companies, with reference to the most significant historical cases worldwide such as the roles of IBM, Intel, Microsoft. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry.

Cross-Reference(s): Information and Communication Construction Industry: Historical Overview

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad historical overview of the origins and development to the present of the construction industry and of

its importance in economic history, with reference to the most significant cases worldwide. Outline how the design, cost, and quality of residential dwellings, palaces, churches, temples, towers, castles, and other public buildings changed over time, how the industry mobilized labor, and required large capital investments. Underline the importance of urbanization and public buildings for the development of the construction industry. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry. This article will provide the context for and be supported by separate essays on technological change in the industry, on its industrial organization and markets, and on regulation.

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Construction Industry: Technological Change

Words: 3500 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad historical overview of the major technological developments in the construction industry and in

architecture worldwide. The impact (economic or otherwise) of these developments should also be discussed, as appropriate. Mention the development of specific types of building materials and features (e.g., bricks, cement, mortar, concrete, steel, masonry, pipe making; heating; cooling and air-conditioning), types of construction (e.g., roof construction; floor construction; windows, chimneys, plumbing, foundations; hydraulic engineering, etc.), and significant tools, machines, and equipment. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in these developments.

Construction Industry: Industrial Organization and Markets

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Broad historical overview of the development of market structures in the construction industry up to and

including the modern period. Unionization and cartelization should also be discussed. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry in terms of its market structure and industrial organization.

Construction Industry: Regulation

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Outline how the construction industry has been regulated worldwide, discussing especially the origins and

developments of safety regulation (foundations, fire codes, earthquake codes, zoning regulations, hydraulic engineering, heating, etc.).Economic impact of such regulations should also be discussed.

Cosmetic Industry

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Broad historical overview of the origins and development of the cosmetic industry worldwide, outlining the

major products used in the production of cosmetics (perfumes, makeup, moisturizers, etc.) from the antiquity until modern times. The economic importance of the industry should be highlighted. Describe the sources of demand, trade routes, sources of labor and capital, production location, relations with public bodies, and so on. Also discuss the development of the industry's market structure, with reference to the most significant cases. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry.

Cross-Reference(s): Fashion Industry Cotton Industry: Historical Overview

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad historical introductory overview of the origins and development to the present of the cotton industry,

including its early roots and importance in Asian and Mediterranean economies; its introduction to Europe; the importance of the cotton industry in the British Industrial Revolution; trade in raw materials; the move of the core of the industry from India to Britain, then to other areas. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry. Also discuss the importance of cotton in catering to fashion

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because of its easy acceptance of dyes as well as its social importance as a source of cheap clothing and material to the lower classes. This article will provide the context for and be supported by separate essays on technological change in the industry as well as on industrial organization, markets, and trade.

Cross-Reference(s): Clothing Trades; Cotton; Textiles Cotton Industry: Technological Change

Words: 4000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad historical overview of the major technological developments in cotton production worldwide--e.g.,

ginning, carding, spinning, weaving, printing, bleaching, dyeing, apparel, sewing, and tailoring. The impact (economic or otherwise) of these developments should be discussed, as appropriate. Also discuss the development and importance of significant tools, machines, and equipment (including power equipment and machinery) used in cotton preparation (e.g., various types of mills, looms, the cotton gin, the sewing machine, etc.). As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in these developments.

Cotton Industry: Industrial Organization, Markets, and Trade

Words: 4000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad historical overview of the major changes in the organization of the cotton production process -- from

domestic production to large firms (specialized as in Britain, integrated as in America). The article should also describe the major features of the markets and trade in raw cotton, yarn and cotton goods. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry in terms of its market structure and industrial organization.

Diamond Industry: Historical Overview

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad historical overview of origins and development to the present of the diamond industry and of its

economic importance, with reference to the major producers and traders of diamonds throughout history. Describe the sources of demand, trade routes, sources of labor and capital, production location, relations with public bodies such as the state, the church, and so on. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry. This article will provide the context for and be supported by separate essays that have been planned on technological change in the industry as well as on its industrial organization.

Cross-Reference(s): Jewelry Industry; Luxury Trades Diamond Industry: Technological Change

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad historical overview of the major technological developments in the production of diamonds through the ages worldwide (such as diamond cutting). The impact (economic or otherwise) of these developments should be discussed, as appropriate. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in these developments.

Diamond Industry: Industrial Organization

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Words: 2000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad historical overview of the market structure of the diamond industry worldwide, from antiquity until

modern times. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry in terms of its market structure and industrial organization. Discuss especially the monopoly role of De Beers and their unique selling strategy.

Distilleries and Spirits

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad historical overview of the main developments in the strong liquor industry (including whiskey, vodka,

brandy, aqua vite, sake, palm wine, etc.). Discuss main historical trends on both the supply and demand side. Describe the sources of demand, trade routes, sources of labor and capital, production location, relations with public bodies such as the state (e.g. the military), the church, and so on.

Domestic Service

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Overview of the various forms and economic importance of domestic service from antiquity to modern times,

with reference to the most significant cases worldwide. Distinguish between slaves, servants, and modern housekeeping services.

Electrical Industry: Historical Overview

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Broad historical introductory overview of the origins and development to the present of the electrical industry

and of its economic importance, with reference to the most significant cases worldwide. Discuss early developments of power networks, applications in homes, manufacturing, transportation, and streetlighting, electrification, standardization of current, "battle of the systems" (a.c. vs. d.c.), and development of public utilities, and the special economic issues involved in networks. As warranted, mention key figures (e.g., Edison, Westinghouse, Insull, Sarnoff) and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry. This article will provide the context for and be supported by separate essays on technological change in the industry, on its industrial organization, and on regulation.

Electrical Industry: Technological Change

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad historical overview of the major technological developments worldwide in electricity and electrical

engineering. Discuss early developments by Faraday and others. Include coverage of various types of lighting (e.g., lightbulb, arc lighting, safety lamp, etc.) and electric power (e.g., generators, hydroelectric, induction motor, nuclear power, laser, etc.), development of appliances, electrical motors, etc. The impact (economic or otherwise) of these developments should also be discussed, as appropriate. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in these developments.

Cross-Reference(s): Nuclear Power

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Electrical Industry: Industrial Organization and Regulation

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Historical overview of the types of markets through which electricity has been provided. The focus should be

on public utilities, their regulation, and on the process from nationalization to privatization (and vice versa), with reference to the most significant cases worldwide. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in this regard.

Electronic Industry

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Broad historical overview, from the late nineteenth century onward, of the electronic industry, with reference

to the most significant cases worldwide (especially major consumer industries such as radio, TV, and microprocessors). Describe the sources of demand, sources of labor and capital, production location, relations with public bodies such as the state (e.g. the military), and so on. Highlight the economic importance of the industry. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry.

Cross-Reference(s): Computer Industry Fashion Industry

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Broad historical overview of the origins and development to the present of the fashion industry and of its

economic importance, with reference to the most significant cases worldwide. Include discussion of the relation between art and fashion industry, of the major firms and designers, their production and selling strategies, the various segments of the market (haute couter, pret-a-porter, etc.), the major types of raw materials used, and the role of craftsmanship in the industry. Muslim, Chinese, African, and other non-European styles should be mentioned.

Cross-Reference(s): Clothing Trades; Cosmetic Industry; Cotton Industry; Jewelry Industry; Linen Industry; Silk Industry; Textiles; Wool Industry

Film Industry

Words: 4000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Broad historical overview of the origins and development to the present of the film industry as a "business"

since its invention. Make reference to major movie companies and key figures worldwide, problems of distribution, copyrights, etc., and discuss the type of contracts offered to actors and directors, and the role of agents and intermediaries. Also include a historical overview of the major technological developments in cinema, from the invention of photography to the present, including VCRs. The impact (economic or otherwise) of these developments should also be discussed, as appropriate.

Food Processing Industry: Historical Overview

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad historical introductory overview of the origins and development to the present of the main features of

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the food processing industry and of its economic importance, with reference to the most significant cases worldwide. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry. Include discussion of the major categories of food -- meat and fish, vegetables and fruit, milk and dairy products, bread, pasta, and rice. This article will provide the context for and be supported by separate essays on technological changes in food production and preservation, on the organization of food production, on markets and trade in food, on food regulation, as well as on specific types of food (e.g., spices, etc.)

Food Processing Industry: Technological Change

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad historical overview of the major technological developments (e.g., milling, baking, distilling,

meatpacking, confectionary, sugar refining, etc.) in the food industry and of the major steps in the preservation of food (e.g., salting, curing, canning, dehydration, refrigeration, pasteurization, fish preservation, etc.) worldwide. The impact (economic or otherwise) of these developments should also be discussed, as appropriate. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in these developments.

Food Processing Industry: Industrial Organization, Markets, and Trade

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Broad historical overview of the main local and international markets for food, with reference to the most

significant historical cases worldwide. Include coverage of the grain trade and the growth of nineteenth-century international trade in food and its relation to transport costs. Also discuss the market structure and practices of the food trade and food processing, including of large food companies such as meatpackers, United Fruit, and so on. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry in this regard.

Food Processing Industry: Food Safety Regulation

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Outline how the food industry has been regulated worldwide, and discuss the economic impact of such

regulations. Focus especially on the origins and developments of food and product safety regulation in meat and dairy products. Discuss the costs and benefits of these programs and their political background.

Gambling and Gambling Industry

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Broad historical overview of the origins and development to the present of gambling and the gambling

industry, with reference to the most significant cases worldwide. The economic importance of the industry should be highlighted as well as state-run gambling such as fiscally driven lotteries. Coverage should also include discussion of technological developments, industrial organization, and regulation. Connection to government and crime should be emphasized, and some special attention paid to Las Vegas, Monte Carlo and similar centers.

Cross-Reference(s): Lotteries Gas Industry

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Words: 1500 Area Editor Berg Scope: Broad historical overview of the origins and development to the present of the gas industry, with reference to the most significant cases worldwide. Describe the sources of demand, sources of labor and capital, production location, relations with public bodies such as the state, and so on. Distinguish between different uses (heating, lighting) and the main technological developments that made it possible. The economic importance of the industry should be highlighted. Coverage should also include discussion of industrial organization, and regulation.

Cross Reference: Public Utilities Glass Products Industry

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Broad historical overview of the origins and development of glassmaking worldwide from antiquity to the

present, with emphasis on the major technological developments in the glass production (e.g., window glass, mirrors, glasses, lens and spectacles, etc.). Describe the sources of demand, trade routes, sources of labor, raw material, fuel, and capital, production location, relations with public bodies such as the state, the church, and so on. The economic importance of the industry should be highlighted. Also identify the major firms that produced these products.

Gold and Silver Industry: Historical Overview

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad historical introductory overview of origins and development to the present of the gold and silver

industry and of the important economic roles of gold and silver throughout history -- as material for coins, jewelry, and as a store of value. Describe the sources of demand, trade routes, sources of labor and capital, production location, relations with public bodies such as the state, the church, and so on. Describe the major producers of gold and gold jewelry, silver and silver-plating, with reference to the most significant historical cases (e.g., California gold rush, Mali Empire, boom mining in the sixteenth century in the Americas, modern major producers, location and development of silver mining). As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry. This article will provide the context for and be supported by separate essays that have been planned on technological change in the industry as well as on its industrial organization.

Cross-Reference(s): Jewelry Industry; Mining Gold and Silver Industry: Technological Change

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad historical overview of the major technological developments in the extraction of gold and silver

worldwide and, broadly speaking, in the production of gold and silver jewelry. The impact (economic or otherwise) of these developments should be discussed, as appropriate. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in these developments. This article will be complemented by separate and more detailed entries on the jewelry industry and mining.

Gold and Silver Industry: Industrial Organization

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Words: 2000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad historical overview of the market structures that have characterized the gold and silver industries, and

firms' selling and pricing strategies, with reference to the most significant cases worldwide. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry in terms of its market structure and industrial organization.

Health Industry: Historical Overview

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad historical introductory overview of the origins and development to the present of the health industry

worldwide and of its importance in economic history (e.g., the impact on mortality and morbidity rates). Survey the main components of the industry, from individual doctors, midwives, surgeons, and other health providers to the establishment of private and public hospitals, health maintenance organizations, socialized providers, etc. Also discuss the development of alternative medicine, patent medicine, and "quackery." This article will provide the context for and be supported by separate articles on technological change in the industry, and on the pharmaceutical industry, medical practitioners, and hospitals.

Cross-Reference(s): Health; Insurance: Health and Accident Insurance Health Industry: Technological Change

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad historical overview of the most significant discoveries in medicine across several classes: (1) preventive

(immunization, inoculation, vaccination); (2) curative (antibiotics, quinine, digitalis, chemotherapy, surgery and anaesthesia, antiseptic methods, dentistry); (3) palliative (aspirin and other analgesics); (4) obstetrics (including midwifery); and (5) diagnostics (stethoscope, X-rays, etc.). The impact (economic or otherwise) of these developments should also be discussed, as appropriate. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in these developments. This article will be complemented by a separate essay on the pharmaceutical industry and medical practitioners

Health Industry: Pharmaceutical Industry

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Broad historical survey of the origins and development to the present of the pharmaceutical industry

worldwide and of its importance in economic history. Discuss the most significant pharmaceutical industries, including a description of their price and quality strategies and their R&D. Government role in pharmaceutical research should also be addressed, discussing patents and the way governments have regulated this industry, with reference to the most significant historical cases worldwide. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies who have played a significant role in the industry.

Health Industry: Medical Practitioners

Words: 2500 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Describe the economic role of medical practitioners (including doctors, nurses, midwives, etc.) throughout

history, their salaries and compensation schemes from late antiquity until now, including coverage of their organization in guilds during the Middle Ages, the transformation of their roles in last third of the nineteenth century, and then again after 1945.

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Health Industry: Hospitals

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad historical overview of the origins, development, and economic importance of hospitals -- both private

and public -- from the Middle Ages until now. Discuss how they have been managed, with reference to the most significant historical cases worldwide.

Hemp Industry

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Broad historical overview of the origins and development to the present of the hemp industry, with reference

to the most significant cases worldwide. Describe the sources of demand, trade routes, sources of labor and capital, production location, relations with public bodies such as the state (e.g. the military), and so on. Highlight the industry's economic importance and connection to shipbuilding; include discussion of technological developments and the development of the hemp market up to and including the modern period. Outline the great importance of the rural industry in the production of hemp an its importance in Asian economies. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry.

Cross-Reference(s): Fiber Crops Hospitality Industry

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Broad historical overview of the economic and social importance of the hospitality industry, including taverns,

bars, pubs, restaurants, cafes, bars, brothels, and hotels. Discuss price policies (discounts, price discrimination, etc), competition over prices and quality, fire safety and other regulation. Discuss some significant historical case studies, such as McDonald's. The emergence of chain and franchise businesses vs. independent units should also be addressed. Discuss marketing and pricing strategies as well.

Information and Communication Technology

Words: 5000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: General history of information and communication, including a broad survey of the various forms from

antiquity to the modern age and briefly describing each form and its the importance to economic history. Reference to the most significant cases worldwide should be included to illustrate your point. In the course of your discussion, also identify briefly the major developments in communication and information technologies, highlighting the fundamental distinction between the storage and transmission of information. Discussion should range from language and writing technologies (e.g., alphabets, writing materials and tools, recording devices, printing, etc.) to signaling devices (e.g., semaphore) and more sophisticated long distance communication (e.g., telegraph, telephone) to broadcast communication (radio, television), publishing (books, newspapers, magazines), and electronics (computers, calculators, vacuum tube, surveying, etc.). This article will provide the context for and be supported by separate entries on major industries (e.g., computer, telephone, book publishing, radio and television, newspapers and magazines, etc.), and as such your discussion of these topics need only be general and introductory in nature.

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Cross-Reference(s): Advertising; Book Industry; Computer Industry; Magazines; Newspapers; Radio and Television Industry; Telephone Industry

Insurance: Historical Overview

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad historical introductory overview on the origins of insurance worldwide, from maritime insurance in

medieval Genoa, its importance in the growth of trade in medieval and early modern times, until the development of life insurance, fire insurance, crop insurance, and other forms of insurance, which your article should survey briefly. Relate to theoretical problems of moral hazard, adverse selection, information costs, and other failures. This essay will provide the historical context for separate and more detailed articles that have been planned on specific types of insurance (e.g., maritime, fire, life, health and accident, unemployment, etc.).

Insurance: Maritime Insurance

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Survey of the major steps in the development of maritime insurance and of its different premium policies, with

reference to the most significant historical cases (such as Lloyds) worldwide. Insurance: Fire Insurance

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Survey of the major steps in the development of fire insurance and of its different premium policies, with

reference to the most significant historical cases worldwide. Also discuss insurance with regard to damage to property by other forces such as earthquakes and floods.

Insurance: Life Insurance

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Survey of the major steps in the development of life insurance and of its different premium policies, with

reference to the most significant historical cases worldwide. Discuss the growth of special institutions such as Actuaries, term insurance, etc.

Insurance: Health and Accident Insurance

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Survey of the major steps in the development of health and accident insurance and of its different premium

policies, with reference to the most significant historical cases worldwide. Compare the developments in the United States (Medicare, HMO’s) with that of other countries and their socialized Health services.

Cross-Reference(s): Health Industry; Income Maintenance: Social Insurance Insurance: Unemployment Insurance

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Survey of the major steps in the development of unemployment insurance and of its different premium

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policies, with reference to the most significant historical cases worldwide. Discuss the impact of trade unionism, the Depression, and the rise of the Welfare State on Unemployment Insurance and the debate on the moral hazards of unemployment insurance.

Cross-Reference(s): Income Maintenance: Social Insurance Insurance: Old Age Insurance

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Survey of the major steps in the development of old age insurance and of its different premium policies, with

reference to the most significant historical cases worldwide. Cross-Reference(s): Income Maintenance: Social Insurance

Jewelry Industry

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Broad historical introductory overview of the origins and development to the present of the jewelry industry

and of its economic importance, with reference to the most significant cases worldwide. Include discussion of the major materials --gold, silver, diamonds, pearls, gems, etc.--used in making jewelry. Highlight the interaction between art and economics as far as jewelry is concerned. Mention the role of kings and the Church as "consumers" of jewelry. Mention the most significant figures and firms involved in the production of jewelry. This article will provide a context for other more detailed articles on the fashion as well as the gold, silver, and diamond industries.

Jute Industry

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Broad historical overview of the origins and development to the present of the jute industry, with reference to

the most significant cases worldwide. Highlight the industry's economic importance and include discussion of technological developments and the development of the jute market up to and including the modern period. Describe the sources of demand, trade routes, sources of labor and capital, production location, relations with public bodies such as the state, and so on. Outline the great importance of the rural industry in the production of jute an its importance in Asian economies. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry.

Cross-Reference(s): Fiber Crops Leather Industry

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Broad historical overview of the origins and development to the present of leather-based industries (including

shoe and boot, as well as saddle, belt, and leather clothing industries), with reference to the most significant cases worldwide. Describe the sources of demand, trade routes, sources of labor and capital, production location, relations with public bodies such as the state (e.g. the military), and so on. Highlight the economic importance of the industries and include discussion of technological developments (e.g., tanning technology, traditional manual shoe-making industries, use of automated equipment in the shoe and boot industries, etc.). As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in these industries.

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Legal Profession

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Description of the economic role of lawyers, pettyfoggers, and notaries throughout history, with reference to

all relevant geographical contexts. Include discussion of the formation of their guilds in medieval times; the role of lawyers in contract enforcement and dispute arbitrations; and their training, income, and compensation schemes in later periods.

Leisure Industries: Historical Overview

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Introductory survey of the major leisure industries (e.g., tourist, hobby, sports, etc.), with reference to the

most significant cases worldwide. Discuss the evolution of leisure as a concept, the rise of the leisure class, etc. This article will provide an introduction to more detailed articles that have been planned on the travel and tourist industries and the hobbyist enterprise.

Leisure Industries: Travel and Tourist Industries

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Broad historical overview of the origins, development to the present, and economic importance of the travel

and tourist industries. Discuss price policies (discounts, price discrimination, etc.) and competition over prices and quality. Discuss some significant historical case studies. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in these industries.

Leisure Industries: Hobbies Industry

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Broad historical overview of how hobbies have been a business throughout history, with reference to the

most significant cases worldwide, such as stamp and coin collections, adult toys, and so on. Discuss the special markets that arose in some of those industries. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in these industries.

Linen Industry: Historical Overview

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Broad historical introductory overview of the origins of the linen industry in antiquity and of its main

development in later periods, including coverage of its changing role during the Industrial Revolution and the modern age and the transition of linen from a major textile to a niche industry. Describe the sources of demand, trade routes, sources of labor, raw material, and capital, production location, relations with public bodies such as the state (e.g. the military), the church, and so on. Highlight the industry's economic importance, with reference to the most significant cases worldwide. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry. This article will provide the context for and be supported by separate entries that have been planned on technological change in the industry, as well as on its industrial organization, markets, and trade.

Cross-Reference(s): Clothing Trades; Textiles

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Linen Industry: Technological Change

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Broad historical overview of the major technological developments in linen preparation worldwide -- e.g.,

scutching, hackling, soaking, spinning, weaving, printing, knitting, bleaching, dying, apparel, sewing and tailoring. The impact (economic or otherwise) of these developments should be discussed, as appropriate. Discuss as well the development and importance of significant tools, machines, and equipment used in linen preparation. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in these developments. Discuss the invention and diffusion of the wet spinning process.

Linen Industry: Industrial Organization, Markets, and Trade

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Broad historical overview describing the rise and fall of linen guilds and the development of market structures

up to and including the modern period worldwide. Outline the great importance of the rural industry in the production of linen. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry in terms of its market structure and industrial organization.

Luxury Trades

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Broad historical survey of the production of and trade in luxury goods such as paintings, other works of art,

chinaware, etc., with reference to the most significant routes worldwide. Discuss the economic impact of the trade in luxury goods on various economies, and if and/or how governments regulated this trade.

Cross-Reference(s): Antiques Trade; Art Industry and Market; Ceramics industry; Diamond Industry; Jewelry Industry

Machine Tools Industry: Historical Overview

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Broad historical overview of the origins and development to the present of the machine tools industry and of

its economic importance, with reference to the most significant cases worldwide. Discuss developments in the eighteenth century and their connection to the Industrial Revolution. Discuss the importance of the industry for the development of mass production, standardization, interchangeable parts, and precision instruments. Briefly discuss the industrial structure of the machine tools sector. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry. This article will provide the context for and be supported by a separate essays on technological change in the industry.

Machine Tools Industry: Technological Change

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad historical overview of the major technological developments worldwide in the production of various

types of machine tools (e.g., cutlery, locks, governors, lathes, files, ball bearings, cam and crankshaft, milling machines, boring machines, planing machines, measuring machines, couplings, barometer, thermometer, thermostats, etc.). The impact (economic or otherwise) of these developments should also be discussed, as

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appropriate. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in these developments.

Magazines

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Broad historical overview of the origins and development to the present of the magazine industry, surveying

the major categories of magazines and their selling strategies, with reference to the most significant cases worldwide. The economic importance of the industry should be highlighted. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry.

Cross-Reference(s): Advertising; Information and Communication; Newspapers Meat-Packing Industry

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Broad historical overview of the origins and development to the present of the meat-packing industry, with

reference to the most significant cases worldwide. The economic importance of the industry should be highlighted. Coverage should also include discussion of technological developments, especially the pioneering of continuous flow process. Discuss industrial organization, markets, trade, and regulation, especially the Clean Food and Drug Act and the furor following the muckraking attacks on the industry early innthe twentieth century. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry.

Metallurgic Industry: Historical Overview

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Introductory overview of the major materials (bronze, copper, tin, iron, steel, aluminum) used in the metallurgic

industry throughout history, long-term changes in their production and use, historical function, and military and civilian sources of demand, with reference to the most significant cases worldwide. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry. This article will provide the context for and be supported by separate coverage of technological change in the industry and on its industrial organization and markets.

Metallurgic Industry: Technological Change

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad historical overview of the major technological developments in metallurgy, with reference to the most

significant cases worldwide, including developments in various processes and materials (e.g., smelting, casting, pig iron, forging, charcoal, steel making, and so on), as well as in significant equipment (e.g., furnaces, stoves, chimneys, etc.). The impact (economic or otherwise) of these developments should also be discussed, as appropriate. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in these developments. This entry will provide the context for and be supported by separate and more detailed entries on steel making, puddling and rolling, the Bessemer process, Siemens Martin process, blast furnaces, and coke smelting. As such, this overview essay need only introduce and briefly describe these topics.

Metallurgic Industry: Industrial Organization and Markets

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Words: 3000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Broad historical overview of the development of market structures in the metallurgic industry up to and

including the modern period, with reference to the most significant cases worldwide (especially steel cartels and conglomerates such as Thyssen, Krupps, U.S. Steel and so on). As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in this regard.

Mining: Historical Overview

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Broad historical introductory overview of the origins and development to the present of the mining industry,

with reference to the most significant cases worldwide, and of the major materials (coal, peat, anthracite, iron, other [nonferrous] metals, salt, and other minerals, etc.), including coverage of their common stages of production and importance to the rest of the economy. Discuss the central technical problems of mining technology. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry. This article will provide the context for and be supported by separate coverage of technological change in the industry, on property rights and industrial organization and on work safety regulation.

Cross-Reference(s): Gold and Silver Industry; Salt and Salt Making Mining: Technological Change

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Broad historical overview of the major technological developments worldwide in mining and quarrying of

various materials (coal, salt, ore, coal gas, lignite, peat, etc.). The impact (economic or otherwise) of these developments should also be discussed, as appropriate. Discuss special mining problems such as pumping, explosions, diseases, cave-ins environmental degradation, and so on. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in these developments.

Mining: Property Rights and Industrial Organization

Words: 3500 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Outline the property rights issue regarding mining rights; the common goods problem, and the externality

problem regarding pollution. In relation to the property rights issue, describe the arrangements and institutions that characterized the industry. Outline the market structures that have characterized the mining industry, with reference to the most significant cases worldwide. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in this regard.

Mining: Work Safety Regulation

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Broad historical overview of the development and impact of work safety regulation in the mining industry

worldwide. Museums

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Words: 1000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Broad historical overview of the origins and development to the present of museums as nonprofit

organizations, with reference to the most significant cases worldwide. The economic importance of museums should be highlighted.

Music Industry: Historical Overview

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Broad historical overview of music as a "business" throughout history up to the present. Describe the various

stages, from musicians being paid to write down music for their patrons until the creation of record companies, with reference to the most significant historical cases worldwide. Also make reference to the most significant orchestras and musical groups, how they have been organized and paid, which kind of contracts they have been offered. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry. This article will provide the context for and be supported by separate essays on technological change in the music industry and on property rights and industrial organization.

Cross-Reference(s): Theater Arts Music Industry: Technological Change

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Broad historical overview of the major developments worldwide in the production of musical instruments and

in music reproduction technology (disks, CDs, cassettes, stereos, etc.). The impact (economic or otherwise) of these developments should also be discussed, as appropriate. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in these developments.

Music Industry: Property Rights and Industrial Organization

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Discuss how property rights for original music written by composers have been protected (or not), and which

kind of contracts and copyright protection they have been offered. Highlight the difficulties in protecting the property rights of the producers, publishers and recording companies. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in this regard.

Newspapers: Historical Overview

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Broad historical overview of the origins and development to the present of newspapers, with reference to the

most significant cases worldwide. The economic importance of newspapers should also be addressed. Also include a short historical overview of the major technological developments in newspaper production. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry. A separate article focused on the industrial organization and regulation of the industry is also planned.

Cross-Reference(s): Advertising; Information and Communication; Magazines Newspapers: Industrial Organization and Regulation

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Words: 3000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Discuss the role of advertisement in the newspaper industry and the different sale strategies (subscriptions,

discounts, etc.), with reference to the most significant historical cases worldwide. As warranted, mention key figures (e.g., Hearst, Murdoch) and major companies that have played a significant role in this regard. Discuss also how states and governments have regulated this industry and the impact of such regulations upon it.

Cross-Reference(s): Advertising Oil Industry: Historical Overview

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Broad historical overview of the origins and development to the present of the oil industry worldwide,

including a discussion of its main products (oil, gasoline, kerosene), its major producers and corporations (e.g., Standard Oil, etc.), and its economic importance, including the impact of the collusive behavior of OPEC on world prices. Describe the sources of demand, trade routes, sources of labor and capital, production location, relations with public bodies such as the state (e.g. the military), and so on. This article will provide the context for and be supported by separate essays on technological change in the industry, on its industrial organization, and on property rights.

Cross-Reference(s): Chemical Industries; Chemicals Oil Industry: Technological Change

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad historical overview of the major technological developments in the oil industry worldwide, including in

surveying, drilling, extracting, transporting, and refining technologies. The impact (economic or otherwise) of these developments should also be discussed, as appropriate. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in these developments.

Oil Industry: Property Rights

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Discuss the issue of property rights in oil drilling, the auction of rights, and its historical development in

different oil regions. Describe the arrangements made by Western Oil companies in the Middle East, Nigeria and elsewhere, and contrast them with the arrangements in Texas and Oklahoma.

Oil Industry: Industrial Organization

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Historical overview of the types of market structures that have characterized the oil industry, with reference to

the most significant cases worldwide. As warranted, mention key figures (e.g., John D. Rockefeller, Paul Getty) and major companies that have played a significant role in this regard. Also discuss oil cartels and the impact of government regulation and antitrust action on the industry.

Papermaking

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Words: 2000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Broad historical overview of the origins and development to the present of the papermaking industry and of

its economic importance. Describe the sources of demand, trade routes, sources of ram materials, labor and capital, production location, relations with public bodies such as the state, and so on. Coverage should also include a survey of the major technological developments in the industry. Assess the changes in the nature of the product, costs, and productivity due to changes in raw materials and machinery. Discuss the major producers, with reference to the most significant cases worldwide. The impact of regulation (e.g., environmental laws) should also be addressed.

Cross-Reference(s): Printing Industry Personal Services

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Overview of the economic role throughout history of barbershops, beauty clinics, hairdressers, dentists and

so on, changes in technology and industrial organization, and emergence of new services in recent decades. Popular Entertainment

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Survey of forms of popular entertainment (e.g., circuses, freakshows, fireworks, animal fights, etc.). Discuss

the sources of demand and supply for this industry, and its various forms according to different cultural and economic circumstances.

Power Technology

Words: 5000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: General essay discussing the economic and historical importance of various developments in power

technology worldwide, with special focus on the Industrial Revolution and afterward. Distinguish between animate and inanimate power; water, wind, and heat engines (both external and internal combustion); and power transmission and transformation from circular to reciprocating motion. Distinguish between two major classes and survey each one's methods of transmission: (a) motive power (water: waterwheel, water mill, overshot wheel, breast wheel, etc.; reciprocating motion, circular motion; and wind power: windmill, tidal mill, forge windpower, solar energy); and (b) engines (pumps, various types of engines, etc.). Discuss major modes of power transmission (cranks, lever, pulley, gears). Compare physical efficiency with economic efficiency. The impact (economic or otherwise) of these developments should also be discussed, as appropriate.

Printing Industry

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Broad historical overview of the origins and development to the present of the printing industry worldwide,

from the invention of early Chinese blockprinting and European moveable type and other devices (e.g., linotype) to modern printing presses. Include coverage of the major technological developments in typesetting (from linotype and earlier to computer-driven phototypesetting and scanning) and printing presses. The economic and social impact of printing should also be discussed. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry.

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Cross-Reference(s): Book Industry; Magazines; Newspapers Puddling and Rolling

Words: 500 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Short description of the technology of puddling and rolling. Highlight the importance of the process for the

technological and economic development of the metallurgic industry. Cross-Reference(s): Henry Cort; Metallurgic Industry

Radio and Television Industry: Historical Overview

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Broad historical introductory overview of the origins and development to the present of the radio and

television industry, with reference to the most significant cases worldwide. The economic importance of the industry should be highlighted. Social and political significance, importance of advertising, government regulation and control, and solutions to "free rider" issue should also be addressed. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry. This article will provide the context for and be supported by separate essays on technological change in the industry and on its industrial organization and regulation.

Cross-Reference(s): Advertising; Film Industry; Information and Communication Radio and Television Industry: Technological Change

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Broad historical overview of the major technological developments in the radio and television industry

worldwide: FM radio, cable, VCRs, satellite dishes, etc.). The impact (economic or otherwise) of these developments should also be discussed, as appropriate. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in these developments.

Radio and Television Industry: Industrial Organization and Regulation

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Discuss the role of advertisement in the radio and television industry, the different ways the rights to

broadcast are allocated (actions, purchase, etc.), with reference to the most significant historical cases worldwide. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in this regard. Discuss also how states and governments have regulated this industry and the impact of such regulations.

Cross-Reference(s): Advertising Railroads: Historical Overview

Words: 5000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Broad historical introductory overview of the origins and development to the present of the railroad industry

and of the importance of railroads in economic history (social savings, etc.). Refer to the most significant railroad systems and/or companies worldwide. Discuss the growth of railroad networks in various countries and the importance of government policies and subsidies, capital markets, foreign investment, etc., on their growth.

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Survey main historiographical debates such as the "indispensability axiom" and contribution of cliometrics. As warranted, mention key figures who have played a significant role in the industry. This article will provide the context for and be supported by separate essays on technological change in the industry and on its industrial organization and regulation.

Railroads: Technological Change

Words: 4000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad historical overview of the major technological developments in railroads worldwide. Discuss early

developments (1800-1830) of proto-trains as well as subsequent nineteenth-century advances, including of various types of trains (e.g., high velocity trains, bullet trains, locomotives, electric locomotives, funicular trains, trams, subways, etc.) and of ancillary technology (e.g., tracks, brakes, springs, track design, tunnels, bridges, railroad cars, etc.). Also discuss railroads as a "modern industry": capital, engineering, modern management, standardization, continuous technological progress. The impact (economic or otherwise) of these developments should also be discussed, as appropriate. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in these developments.

Railroads: Industrial Organization and Regulation

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Historical overview of the types of market structures that have characterized railroads and of the major

developments in (and impact of) the regulation of them, with reference to the most significant cases worldwide. Discuss railroads and their impact on the rise of modern management and the large corporation; government role in railroad construction, finance, operation, and maintenance; nationalization and price and schedule regulation; safety regulation, labor legislation, and nationalization. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in this regard.

Retail Trade

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Broad historical overview of the origins and development to the present of the retail trade, with reference to

the most significant cases worldwide. The economic importance of the industry should be highlighted. Coverage should also include discussion of technological developments, industrial organization, separation of retail and wholesale markets, and regulation. Discuss the rise of department stores, discount stores, etc. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry.

Road Transportation: Historical Overview

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad historical overview of the origins and development to the present of road transportation (including

roads, bridges, vehicles, etc.) and of its importance in economic history, with reference to the most significant cases worldwide. The main distinction between wheeled and non-wheeled transport should be addressed. Also discuss the development of private roads (turnpikes) and public road-transport networks as part of the state-financed infrastructure, including the development of the interstate highway system. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in road transportation. This article will provide the context for and be supported by separate essays on technological change in road transportation and on regulation.

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Road Transportation: Technological Change

Words: 4000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad historical overview of the major technological developments in road transportation worldwide,

including in road construction (Roman roads, Macadam roads, modern asphalt and concrete roads, highway systems, etc.); bridges; tunnels; and various vehicles (carriages, coaches, caravans, carts, whippletree, harness, motorcycle and scooters, bicycles, streetcars, trolleys, other mass transit; and, briefly, automobiles). The impact (economic or otherwise) of these developments should also be discussed, as appropriate. As warranted, mention key figures (e.g. Telford) and major companies that have played a significant role in these developments. A separate and more detailed entry on the automobile and truck industry is also planned.

Road Transportation: Regulation

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Survey the major developments in, and impact of, the regulation of road transportation, road safety,

government construction, toll roads (private and public), with examples of the most significant historical cases worldwide.

Salt and Salt Making

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Overview of the economic importance of salt throughout history, of the major technological developments in

mining and drilling for brine, on the sale rights over the mines, and on the numerous "salt taxe s" implemented by various governments to raise revenues, etc. Describe the sources of demand, trade routes, sources of labor and capital, production location, relations with public bodies such as the state (e.g. the military), the church, and so on. The salt trade in Africa and the Islamic world should also be discussed. Highlight the demand for salt for food preservation and taste.

Cross-Reference(s): Food Industry; Mining Siemens Martin Process

Words: 500 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Short description of the process. Highlights the importance of the process for the technological and economic

development of the metallurgic industry.

Cross References: Steelmaking Silk Industry: Historical Overview

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Broad historical overview of the origins of the silk industry in antiquity and of its development in later periods,

from medieval growth to the modern age. Highlight the industry's economic importance, with reference to the most significant cases worldwide. Describe the sources of demand, trade routes, sources of raw materials, labor and capital, production location, relations with public bodies such as the state (e.g. the military), the church, and

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so on. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry. This article will provide the context for and be supported by separate articles on technological change in the industry and as on its industrial organization, markets, and trade. An entry on the Silk Route has also been planned, but mention of its historical importance should be given in this article for context. Separate coverage on silk as an agricultural product is planned as well.

Cross-Reference(s): Central Asia; Clothing Trades; Silk Cultivation; Silk Route; Textiles Silk Industry: Technological Change

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Broad historical overview of the major technological developments in silk preparation worldwide (throwing,

reeling) and the use of draw and Jacquard looms in silken cloth. The impact (economic or otherwise) of these developments should be discussed, as appropriate. Discuss as well the development and importance of significant tools, machines, and equipment used in silk preparation. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in these developments.

Silk Industry: Industrial Organization, Markets, and Trade

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Broad historical overview describing the rise and fall of silk guilds and the development of market structures

up to and including the modern period worldwide. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry in terms of its market structure and industrial organization. Outline how the industry has been regulated, and discuss the economic impact of such regulations.

Spices and Spice Trade

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Broad historical overview of the spice industry: identify the major spices (pepper, nutmeg, saffron, etc.) and describe the major producers of spices throughout history, as well as the most significant routes in the spice trade, the supremacy of the Venetians, the temporary supremacy of the Portuguese, etc. Describe the sources of demand, sources of labor and capital, production location, relations with public bodies such as the state, the church, and so on.

Cross-Reference(s): Salt and Salt Making Sports and Sport Industry

Words: 4000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Broad historical overview of how sports and sporting goods have been a business throughout history, with

reference to the most significant cases worldwide. The economic importance of the industry should be highlighted. Describe the unusual labor market in professional sports and various contractual arrangements that have emerged. Underline the role of price caps and other price strategies that are used in many sport industries to compensate the players.

Steel Making

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Words: 2000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Short description of the steel industry before the Bessemer process (ca. 1860). Describe the sources of

demand, trade routes, sources of labor and capital, production location, relations with public bodies such as the state (e.g. the military), the church, and so on. Explain the different ways of making steel (re-carburization, etc.), the techniques used in the Middle East and India, and the importance of the crucible process. Highlight the importance of the industry for the technological and economic development of the ironware and metallurgic industry.

Cross-Reference(s): Bessemer Process; Metallurgic Industry, Siemens Martin Process Synthetic Fibers Industry: Historical Overview

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad historical introductory overview of the origins and development to the present of the synthetic fibers

industry, including a description of the major synthetic fibers: nylon, rayon, and polyesters. Outline the importance of synthetic fibers in economic history, with reference to the most significant cases worldwide. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry. This article will provide the context for and be supported by separate entries that have been planned on technological change in the industry as well as on its industrial organization, markets, and trade.

Synthetic Fibers Industry: Technological Change

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad historical overview of the major technological developments in production of synthetic fibers

worldwide and their relation to other developments in the chemical industry. The impact (economic or otherwise) of these developments should be discussed, as appropriate. Discuss as well the development and importance of significant tools, machines, and equipment used in the preparation of these fibers. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies (e.g. DuPont) that have played a significant role in these developments.

Synthetic Fibers Industry: Industrial Organization, Markets, and Trade

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad historical overview of the market structures that have characterized the synthetic fibers industry

worldwide. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry in terms of its market structure and industrial organization. Also discuss government regulation, if appropriate.

Teaching Profession

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Description of the economic role of teachers throughout history, with reference to all relevant geographical

contexts. Include discussion of the distinction between private and public teachers, their salaries and compensation schemes, and the role of teachers' unions. Special emphasis on the nature and development of teaching in Muslim and other non-European societies should be provided.

Telegraph

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Words: 1500 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Broad historical description of telegraphic communication, including precursors of the electric telegraph such as semaphore systems; emergence and technological progress of the electric telegraph and its economic significance. Description of main institutions supporting the industry such as Western Union and international telegraph agreements.

Telephone Industry

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Broad historical overview of the origins and development, from Bell onward, of the telephone industry,

highlighting its economic importance. Survey the major telephone companies--describing how they appeared, became successful, and eventually disappeared--and discuss their price and selling strategies, with reference to the most significant historical cases worldwide. Also discuss the main technological developments in networks, lines, switchboards, microphones, dialing technology, and so on. The role of government regulation and significant antitrust cases should be discussed as well. As warranted, mention key figures who have played a significant role in the industry.

Cross-Reference(s): Information and Communication Textiles

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Broad general introductory overview of the fibers from which fabric is made (e.g., linen, silk, wool, cotton,

synthetics, and a few minor ones) and of their common stages of production (preparation of the material, spinning, weaving, finishing). This article will provide an introduction to more detailed articles that have been planned on the major textile industries.

Cross-Reference(s): Clothing Trades; Cotton; Cotton Industry; Fashion Industry; Linen Industry; Sheep and Goats; Silk Industry; Wool Industry

Theater Arts: Historical Overview

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Broad historical overview of the economic importance of theatrical productions (including dramatic, dance,

opera, etc.) throughout history up to the present: in terms of architecture and the construction industry; as a consumption good (for spectators); and as a production activity (for those working in theater, such as singers, actors, conductors, sound and light technicians, tailors, hairdressers and make up artists, etc.). Make reference to the most significant cases worldwide, and, if warranted, mention key figures who have played a significant role in this area. This article will be provide the context for and be supported by separate entries on technological change in theater and on industrial organization.

Cross-Reference(s): Music Industry Theater Arts: Technological Change

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Broad historical overview of the major technological developments worldwide in the construction of theaters,

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sound and light technology, fire safety equipment, special effects, etc. The impact (economic or otherwise) of these developments should also be discussed, as appropriate. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in these developments.

Theater Arts: Industrial Organization

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Broad historical overview of how theaters have been run and managed, the types of contracts offered to

various categories of workers, and the privatization and/or nationalization of theaters, with reference to the most significant cases worldwide. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in this regard.

Timber and Logging Industry

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Broad historical overview of the origins and development to the present of the timber and logging industry,

including a survey of the major technological developments in the industry. Describe the sources of demand, trade routes, sources of labor and capital, production location, relations with public bodies such as the state (e.g. the military), and so on. Discuss the major producers, with reference to the most significant cases worldwide. The impact of regulation (e.g., environmental laws) should also be addressed. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry.

Cross-Reference(s): Forests and Deforestation; Woodworking Industry Tobacco Industry

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Broad historical overview of the origins and development to the present of the tobacco industry, with

reference to the most significant cases worldwide. Highlight the economic importance of the industry. Describe the sources of demand, trade routes, sources of labor and capital, production location, relations with public bodies such as the state, and so on. Coverage should also include discussion of technological developments, industrial organization, markets, trade, and regulation. As warranted, mention key figures (e.g., James Duke) and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry.

Cross-Reference(s): Tobacco Water Transportation: Historical Overview

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad historical introductory overview of the origins and development to the present of water transportation,

and of its importance in economic history, with reference to the most significant cases worldwide. Distinguish main modes of water transportation: river, canal, ocean, lake, and coastal shipping. Discuss main trends in its importance and the rise of European shipping in the later Middle Ages, decline of Chinese shipping after 1450, etc. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in the development of water transportation. This article will provide the context for and be supported by separate essays on technological change in water transportation and on ocean shipping, canal transportation, and regulation.

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Water Transportation: Technological Change

Words: 5000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad historical overview of the major technological developments in water transportation and shipbuilding

worldwide. Include a survey of various sailing ship designs (Viking ships, sailing ship, clinker vs. Caravel planking, steam ship, caravels, galleys, fluyt, carrack, dhow junk, clipper, etc.), as well as early ships that used other means of propulsion (barges, ferries, motor ships, hovercrafts, tankers, bulk carriers, ocean liners). Also discuss navigational instruments and accessories (masting, compass, marine chronometer, quadrant, astrolabe, rudder, naval stores, navigational maps); and means of propulsion and steering (sail design, lateen sail, masting, rudder, paddle wheels, screw propellor, marine engine, boiler, triple-expansion engine). The impact (economic or otherwise) of these developments should also be discussed, as appropriate. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in these developments.

Water Transportation: Ocean Shipping

Words: 2500 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Discuss the major economic features of ocean shipping worldwide, growth in volume, various wind-dependent

trade routes, the impact of technological developments on freight rates, impact of main ocean canals, and the corresponding impact on the costs , productivity, and profitability of ocean shipping. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in ocean shipping.

Water Transportation: Canal Transportation

Words: 2500 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Discuss the major economic features of canal transportation; history of canals; use of canals before 1750; and

the golden age of canals between 1750 and 1850 in Britain, the US and the European Continent. Detail the technological and organizational issues involved, including construction technology, government assistance, modes of financing, and land acquisition. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in canal transportation.

Water Transportation: Regulation

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Survey the major developments in, and impact of, the regulation of water transportation, with examples of the

most significant historical cases worldwide. Wine and Wineries

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Broad historical overview of how wine is produced, including a history of wine in classical times. Discuss

most significant wineries throughout history, and describe their price, quality, and selling strategies. Describe the sources of demand, sources of labor and capital, production location, relations with public bodies such as the state (e.g. the military), the church, and so on. Make reference to the most significant trade routes for wine and the impact of tariffs and imports quota on the wine trade. Main long-term changes in the demand side should also be discussed.

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Cross-Reference(s): Vines Woodworking Industry

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Broad historical overview of the origins and development to the present of the woodworking industry and of

its economic importance. Coverage should also include a survey of the major technological developments in the industry (including carpentry, barrel- and cabinet-making) and a discussion of the major producers, with reference to the most significant cases worldwide.

Cross-Reference(s): Timber and Logging Industry Wool Industry: Historical Overview

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Broad historical introductory overview of the evolution of the wool-based textile industries (woolens,

worsteds, flannels, and mixed fabrics) from antiquity through the medieval, early-modern and modern periods, including in particular the changing role of wool after the Industrial Revolution and in the modern age. The industry's economic importance, with reference to the most significant cases worldwide, should be highlighted. Describe the sources of demand, trade routes, sources of labor and capital, production location relations with public bodies such as the state, the church, and so on. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry. This article will provide the context for and be supported by separate articles that have been planned on technological change in the industry as well as on its industrial organization, markets, and trade.

Cross-Reference(s): Clothing Trades; Sheep and Goats; Textiles Wool Industry: Technological Change

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Broad historical overview of the major technological developments in wool preparation worldwide--e.g.,

spinning, weaving, carding, fulling, printing, shearing, finishing, knitting, bleaching, dyeing, apparel, sewing and tailoring, and combing. Discuss the impact (economic or otherwise) of these developments, as appropriate. Differentiate between woolen cloth, worsteds, and knitting industries. Include carpet making. Discuss as well the development and importance of significant tools, machines, and equipment used in wool preparation. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in these developments.

Wool Industry: Industrial Organization, Markets, and Trade

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Broad historical overview describing the evolution of various modes of industrial organization in wool-based

cloth making, rise and fall of woolen cloth guilds, and the development of market structures up to and including the modern period worldwide. As warranted, mention key figures and major companies that have played a significant role in the industry in terms of its market structure and industrial organization. Outline how the wool industry has been regulated and discuss the economic impact of such regulations.

Zoos and Other Animal Parks

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Words: 1000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Broad historical overview of the origins and development to the present of zoos and other animals parks as

businesses or nonprofit organizations with reference to the most significant cases worldwide. The economic importance of these places should be highlighted.

4: DEMOGRAPHY 4-A: BASIC CONCEPTS Age Composition

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Define and discuss age composition, including age pyramid, age heaping, dependency ratio and its effect on

labor force participation, the composition of demand, baby boom effects, population pyramid, and so on. As appropriate, place the article in historical and geographical context. Also briefly discuss the main analytical issues involved, the long-term trends that are most pertinent, and the main historiographical issues involved.

Cross-Reference(s): Baby Boom Anthropometric History

Words: 3500 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Broad overview of anthropometric history, including the origins and development of the discipline; the main

sources and methods of analysis; the questions to which these sources can be applied; remaining controversies; and major contributors and results. As appropriate, place the article in historical and geographical context, and briefly discuss the main analytical issues involved, the long-term trends that are most pertinent, and the main historiographical issues involved.

Steckel; John Komlos; Dora Costa. Demographic Methods

Words: 2000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Broad overview of demographic methods widely used in history and employed by demographic historians.

Identify and describe the various methods (e.g., family reconstitutions and record linking; time-series analysis [back and inverse projections]); life tables; cohort analysis; event-history; factor analysis; indirect estimation techniques; Lexis diagrams; matching studies; population models; sampling methods; small-area analysis; statistical methods, and so on).

Demographic Transition

Words: 2000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Broad overview of demographic transition; define the term and discuss its relationship with mortality decline,

family limitation, fertility transition, and fertility decline. As appropriate, place the article in historical and geographical context (e.g., discuss the different experiences of various European societies; applications to non-European societies; and economic ramifications). Also briefly discuss the main analytical issues involved, the

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long-term trends that are most pertinent, and the main historiographical issues involved. Discuss specifically to what extent the Western experience can serve as a model for less developed economies today.

Family Structures and Kinship

Words: 3000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Broad overview of family structures and kinship. Make the distinction between household as a production

unit and family as a reproduction unit and kinship (e.g., extended family, joint family [India], nuclear family, peasant family, stem family, nontraditional family forms [binuclear family, multi-adult households, open family, step family, single-parent family], etc.). As appropriate, place the article in historical and geographical context, discussing family forms worldwide that have been relevant for economic history.

Cross-Reference(s): Children; Family Policies; Household; Marriage Gender Relations

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Broad overview of gender relations of the division of household production and housework between genders;

the role and bargaining power of women in household decision making; the legal and social status of women relative to their husbands; the status of widows; the economic role of unmarried women, and so on. As appropriate, place the article in historical and geographical context. Also briefly discuss the main analytical issues involved, the long-term trends that are most pertinent, and the main historiographical issues involved.

Household

Words: 3000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Broad overview of historical development of the household. Make the distinction between household as a

production unit and family as a reproduction unit and kinship. Describe the difference between extended and nuclear household. Also discuss household demography; household production; housework; Chayanov theory; modern theories of household (such as Becker’s view and bargaining models); different historical forms worldwide of economic organization at the household level; choices between household production and market-orientation; and "Industrious Revolution" literature. Discuss modern economic theories of bargaining in households and their potential historical application.

Cross-Reference(s): Children; Family Structures and Kinship; Marriage Malthusian and Neo-Malthusian Theories

Words: 3000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Broad overview defining and describing Malthusian and Neo-Malthusian theories, including Malthusian

population dynamics; positive checks; preventive checks, Iron Law of Wages, etc. Also discuss long-term trends in population; population homeostasis; and anti-Malthusian critics. As appropriate, place the article in

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historical and geographical context. Also briefly discuss the main analytical issues involved, the long-term trends that are most pertinent, and the main historiographical issues involved. Specifically discuss the influence this model has had on the writing of economic history in our age.

Cross-Reference(s): Thomas Malthus in au db.) Minorities

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: Broad discussion of the importance of religious and ethnic minorities (Jews, Chinese, Armenians, Indians, in

commercial and entrepreneurial activities; and of discrimination against them and its economic effects. As appropriate, place the article in historical and geographical context. Also briefly discuss the main analytical issues involved, the long-term trends that are most pertinent, and the main historiographical issues involved.

Cross-Reference(s): Commercial and Trade Diasporas Population

Words: 3500 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Broad introductory overview of population: identify and describe the various definitions of the term (e.g.,

active, aging, closed, de facto, de jure, farm, quasi-stable, rural, stable, stationary, total, urban, etc.) and discuss the outlines of the history of population change (secular trends for the six continents). As appropriate, place the article in historical and geographical context, and briefly discuss the main analytical issues involved, the long-term trends that are most pertinent, and the main historiographical issues involved. Connect wherever possible the demographic questions to those of economic history, such as resource use, standard of living, choice of technique, prices and so on.

Slave Demography

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: Broad overview of slave demography in various slave societies. As appropriate, place the article in historical

and geographical context. Also briefly discuss the main analytical issues involved, the long-term trends that are most pertinent, and the main historiographical issues involved.

Cross-Reference(s): Slavery; Slave Trade Social Mobility

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Survey the literature on social and occupational mobility, describing its importance for economic efficiency.

As appropriate, place the article in historical and geographical context, discussing the main long-term trends in mobility and the differences among various societies. Also briefly discuss the main analytical and historiographical issues involved.

4-B: BIRTH

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Adoption

Words: 500 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Define and discuss child adoption (including fictive kinship) and survey the main long-term trends in history.

Highlight its importance for specific economies. Discuss major issues in the literature, and when applicable, cite relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. The history should be linked to modern thinking by economists on the issue, in the Becker-Mincer-Easterlin, etc., mode of analysis.

Baby Boom

Words: 500 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Define and discuss the phenomenon and survey its main long-term trends. Highlight its importance for

specific economies, and discuss why and how it has had a significant impact on economic variables. Cross-Reference(s): Age Composition

Birth Control and Contraceptives

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Define and discuss birth control methods (abstinence; contraception, abortion, infanticide, sterilization, etc.)

and survey the main long-term trends in these methods and their use. Highlight the importance of birth control for specific economies. Also discuss social attitudes to contraception; family planning programs; education; government policy; modern birth control movements in less developed countries; birth intervals; and so on. Measures of birth control such as Coale-Trussell and CPA indices of fertility control should also be mentioned. In the course of your article, discuss major issues in the literature, and when applicable, cite relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Child Care

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Define and discuss historical issues in child care (including breast-feeding, wet nursing, weaning, swaddling,

other child-care practices) and survey the main long-term trends in child nutrition, health care, etc. Highlight the importance of child care for specific economies. In the course of your article, discuss major issues in the literature, and when applicable, cite relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. The history should be linked to modern thinking by economists on the issue, in the Becker-Mincer-Easterlin, etc., mode of analysis.

Children

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Define and discuss the main sources of "demand" for children; the value and cost of children; “pension” and

“insurance” demand for children; the effect of education and child labor laws; the choice between "quantity" and "quality" of children; and the connection to demographic transition. Highlight the importance of children for

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specific economies. In the course of your article, discuss major issues in the literature, and when applicable, cite relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. The history should be linked to modern thinking by economists on the issue, in the Becker-Mincer-Easterlin, etc., mode of analysis.

Cross-Reference(s): Child Labor; Child Care; Family Structures and Kinship; Household Fertility

Words: 4000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Define and discuss the historical aspects of fertility and list relevant concepts (including adolescent, age-

specific, cohort, controlled, completed, cumulative, marital, natural, nonmarital, premodern, total, uncontrolled, fecundity, etc.). Survey (1) the long-term changes in historical birth rates, fertility rates, live vs. still births, childbearing, illegitimacy, prenuptial births, child spacing, etc); (2) reproductivity (total fertility rates, age-specific rates; reproduction rates); and (3) fertility determinants (age of mother at first and last birth; fecundity; birth intervals). The main factors affecting these variables, and the economic impact of changes in them, should also be described. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. The history should be linked to modern thinking by economists on the issue, in the Becker-Mincer-Easterlin, etc., mode of analysis. This article will provide the context for and be supported by separate and more detailed entries on topics such as birth control, children, the Baby Boom, etc.

Gender Selection

Words: 500 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Define and discuss the artificial choice of gender of children through abortion and discriminatory child care

and identify the demographic and economic consequences of gender selection on sex ratios, inheritance rules, etc. Discuss major issues in the literature, and when applicable, cite relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Prostitution

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Define and discuss the phenomenon and survey the main long-term trends. Highlight the effects of

prostitution on specific economies, (e.g., demographic patterns, illegitimacy, and marital fertility). The social impact on women and the changes in social taboos and their economic roots should be addressed as well. Changes in government policy and social attitudes to prostitution and their effects should also be discussed.

4-C: MARRIAGE Marriage

Words: 5000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Broad overview of the historical aspects of marriage, including (1) marriage and family theories (e.g., marriage

market; family substitutes, such as child-care alternatives); (2) long-term trends in marriage demography (e.g., nuptiality indexes; marriage seasonality; duration of marriage; age at marriage); (3) marriage termination (divorce,

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remarriage; widowhood); and (4) patterns and customs such as exogamy; monogamy, polygamy, and concubinage; and consensual unions. Also discuss broad historical patterns such as the Hajnal (European) patterns and their economic roots and consequences. In the course of your discussion, highlight the importance of marriage for specific economies, and discuss why and how it has had a significant impact on economic variables. When applicable, cite relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Link, as much as possible, past historical patterns to theories of choice and sorting, if applicable. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. The history should be linked to modern thinking by economists on the issue, in the Becker-Easterlin, etc., mode of analysis.

Cross-Reference(s): Family Structures and Kinship; Marriage Payments Marriage Payments

Words: 1000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Define and discuss marriage payments and list relevant taxonomy (e.g., bride price, bride wealth, dowry,

marriage gifts, etc.). Highlight the importance of marriage payments for specific economies, and discuss their impact on economic variables. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. The history should be linked to modern thinking by economists on the issue, in the Becker-Easterlin, etc., mode of analysis.

Cross-Reference(s): Inheritance Systems; Marriage Sumptuary Legislation

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Define and discuss the phenomenon in its historical context and the reasons for its occurrence. Highlight its

importance and significance. When applicable, cite relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Widowhood

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Discuss the economic status of widows, their legal and social rights, control over property and remarriage

patterns. Link, as much as possible, past patterns to theories of rational choice and sorting, if applicable. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. The history should be linked to modern thinking by economists on the issue, in the Becker-Easterlin, etc., mode of analysis.

4-D: HEALTH, MORBIDITY, AND MORTALITY Diseases: Infectious Diseases

Words: 5000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Survey of infectious diseases (including diphtheria, influenza, diarrhea, dysentery and enteritis, measles,

mumps, bubonic plague, pneumonia, poliomyelitis, yellow fever, typhus, relapsing fever, smallpox, syphilis, venereal diseases, tuberculosis, leprosy, cholera, typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, and AIDS), and their causes,

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course, and impact on morbidity, mortality, etc. Survey the literature in each case and connect it to important demographic phenomena. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. A separate entry on major epidemics is also planned.

Cross-Reference(s): Epidemics; Health; Health Industry; Public Health Diseases: Deficiency and Parasitic Diseases

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Survey of historical aspects of deficiency and parasitic diseases (including scurvy, beri-beri, ricketts, malaria,

schistosomiasis, tapeworm, etc.), and their causes, course, and impact on morbidity and mortality. Survey the literature in each case and connect it to important demographic phenomena. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Epidemics

Words: 5000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Survey of the major epidemics in history and their causes, course, and impact on economic variables. Survey

the literature in each case and connect it to important demographic phenomena. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical (including China, India, Europe, Africa, and the Americas) and historical dimensions. Include discussion of the Plague of Justinian (sixth century CE), the Black Death (fourteenth-seventeenth centuries), syphilis, Amerindian epidemics (measles and smallpox, sixteenth century), the nineteenth-century outbreak of cholera, the influenza epidemic of 1918-1920, and AIDS.

Cross-Reference(s): Diseases Health

Words: 3500 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: General introductory essay surveying the main historical trends in health and physical well-being worldwide.

Broadly discuss the impact on health of causal agents (various diseases, nutritional status); environmental agents (climate, bacterial regimes, macroparasites, housing, working conditions); education (hygiene and hygienic science, food hygiene); and occupation. Discuss long-run trends in morbidity, dental health, sexual maturation, height, biomass etc. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. This article will provide the context for and be supported by separate and more detailed entries on such related topics as public health, diseases and epidemics, mortality, climate, and technological change in the health industry (e.g., in surgery, anaesthesia, antiseptic methods, dentistry, preventive medicine, pharmaceuticals, etc.).

Mortality

Words: 4000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Discuss mortality and survey and define relevant concepts used in historical demography (e.g., endogenous

and exogenous mortality;, infant mortality, child mortality; urban-rural differentials). Also dis cuss (1) mortality analysis (crude death rates, adjusted death rates; levels of mortality; survivorship; life expectancy; mortality trends; seasonality; life tables; survival models; generation or cohort analysis of death rates; indirect estimation of mortality); and (2) the main mortality crises in history, the changes in historical level of mortality rates and life expectancy and their economic analysis. Survey the literature in each case and connect it to important demographic phenomena. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical

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dimensions. Public Health

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Discuss the economic and social impact on public health issues of sewerage, sanitation, water supply, insect

control, quarantines, chlorination, disinfectants, drainage, and food inspection, and underline the public good problem. Compare premodern and modern approaches. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Drainage and Hydraulic Works; Food Industry: Food Safety Regulation; Sanitation; Sewerage; Water Supply

4-E: MIGRATION Immigration Policy

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Define and discuss immigration policy, including immigration laws, quotas, and other restrictions, illegal

immigration, constraints on alien employment, and the motives for these policies, as well as their effects on labor supply and economic activity. Survey the main currents in the literature and the major issues involved, and when applicable, cite relevant economic theories regarding the topic.

Internal Migration

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Define and discuss internal migration, highlighting its importance for specific economies and discussing why

and how it has had a significant impact on economic variables. Survey the main currents in the literature and the major issues involved, and when applicable, cite relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. In the course of your article, discuss regional and urban migration; urban-rural selectivity; theories of migration (laws of migration, intervening opportunities, push-pull theory); migration rates; seasonal migration; selectivity; and Harris -Todaro models. The choices made by individuals and collectives in migration decisions should be related as much as possible to rational economic choices. Self-selection models should also be discussed. The economic effects on the migrants themselves, those who stayed behind, and those in whose areas migration took place merit discussion. A separate article on international migration is also planned.

Cross-Reference(s): Urbanization International Migration

Words: 5000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Define and discuss international migration, including both free migration (seasonal, nomadic, temporary,

permanent) and forced migration (slave trade, refugees), migration in large groups and individual migration.

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Highlight long-run trends in the phenomenon, its importance for specific economies, and discuss why and how it has had a significant impact on economic variables. Survey the main currents in the literature and the major issues involved, and when applicable, cite relevant economic theories regarding the topic (e.g. push-pull; selectivity, etc). The economic effects on the migrants themselves, those who stayed behind, and those in whose areas migration took place merit discussion. A separate article on internal migration is also planned.

Cross-Reference(s): Economic Imperialism; Indigenous Economies; Settler Economies Settler Economies

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Define and discuss settler economies. Highlight their special characteristics and discuss their impact on

indigenous populations. Survey the main currents in the literature and the major issues involved, and when applicable, cite relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Economic Development; Economic Imperialism; Indigenous Economies; International Migration Urbanization

Words: 5000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Broad historical overview of urbanization, including discussion of (1) the secular changes in the importance of

cities; (2) demographic factors (such as high urban mortality rates) in rural-urban movements; (3) institutional factors (greater freedom, social opportunities, and occupational mobility in cities; liberation of serfs); (4) economic factors (higher incomes, economic opportunities, better jobs, positive and negative nonpecuniary factors in urban living); (5) models of urban growth and their application to historical cases. (6) urban provisioning and economic impact on surrounding agriculture. Deliberate policies affecting urban-rural movements should also be discussed. Suburbanization, commuting, and so on should be discussed as well. In the course of your article, survey the main currents in the literature and the major issues involved. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Internal Migration 5: INSTITUTIONS, GOVERNMENT, AND MARKETS 5-A: INSTITUTIONS Barter and Barter Economies

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Define barter and barter economies, discussing primitive markets and exchange without money in

underdeveloped or hyperinflationary economies and explaining the limitations of this type of exchange. Survey the most important literature on the topic, cite relevant economic theories when applicable. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Black Markets, Underground Economies, and the Informal Sector

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Broad overview of where and when these markets have occurred and the major features that have

characterized black markets and underground economies. Discuss bootlegging and similar phenomena. Define

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and discuss each term, highlighting the circumstances that led to their emergence and their impact on specific economies.

Charities

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Define and discuss charities, both religious and secular, and list relevant taxonomy, whenever applicable.

Discuss their activities in providing assistance to the sick, orphans, and able-bodied poor. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Poor Relief Collective Action

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Broad historical introductory overview of various forms of collective action such as public works, lobbying,

defense, and the setting-up of social and political institutions that benefit the community. Discuss historical solutions. Connect to current strands in political economy and the work of Olson, Buchanan, North, and so on. Discuss the Olson thesis relating economic performance to collective action and the literature it spawned. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Contract Enforcement and Legal Systems

Words: 3000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Broad historical overview of contract enforcement and legal systems (including Roman law, common law, and

civil law) in various societies, surveying various means of legal recourse and litigation, arbitration, retaliation, threats, reputation mechanisms, and so on. Discuss and compare different systems and survey changes over the long term and their impact on economic performance and the efficacy of markets and exchange systems. Survey the most important literature on the topic and cite relevant economic theories when applicable. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Property Rights Economic and Industrial Espionage

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Discuss historical cases of economic and industrial espionage and the use of secrecy and security measures

to prevent it. Define the term, explain its importance, and describe interesting and important episodes. Industrial espionage as a form of technological diffusion should also be discussed. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Famine Relief

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Present case studies of famine relief during periods of extreme scarcity and discuss long-term changes in the

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form of famine relief and its effectiveness. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions, but with special attention given to nineteenth-century famines, famines following world wars and civil wars, and recent famines in the developing world.

Cross-Reference(s): Famines; Irish Famine Gifts and Gift Giving

Words: 500 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: Define and discuss gifts and gift giving, their role in exchange economies as signaling devices, etc. Coverage

should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Inheritance Systems: Historical Overview

Words: 4000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Define and describe inheritance systems. Provide a broad historical overview of the origins and development

of inheritance systems, including lineage, matrilineage, and patrilineage; and the development of bequests and wills. Define and discuss impartible and partible inheritance, including primogeniture, entail, gavelkind, women's inheritance, and so on. Highlight the importance of inheritance systems to economic organization, agricultural tenancy, and the establishment and survival of "family firms," and discuss long-term changes in inheritance customs and laws. Survey the most important literature on the topic, cite relevant economic theories when applicable. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. A separate article on impartible and partible inheritance is also planned, as is an entry on land inheritance patterns.

Markets

Words: 5000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Discuss the long-term trends in the rise of markets in various economies worldwide over the past six thousand

years. Identify and discuss various types of markets (product, labor, land, and capital); personal and impersonal; monetized and barter; and survey the literature on market efficiency and integration, including the formal tests of the operation of markets. Discuss the economic and social effects of commercialization and its relation to monetization and "capitalism." Describe the forms that markets took, from concrete fairs and shops where trade was based on personal cognizance to abstract entities where trading occurs between anonymous agents. Survey the various legal and social arrangements (e.g., contract enforcement) necessary for markets to work. Discuss concepts such as "caveat emptor" and trust and their role in market development. Government regulation of markets and its causes should also be covered.

Cross-Reference(s): Capitalism; Command Economies Monasteries

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Discuss the role of monasteries as poor-relief agencies, as landowners, entrepreneurs, and as agents of

economic and technological changes. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

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Cross Reference: Lynn White; Religion

Organized Crime

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Historical overview of organized crime from antiquity till modern times. Define the term, highlight its impact on

specific economies (including the economic consequences of organized crime for production and economies of organized crime should also be discussed. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross Reference: Gambling, piracy, prostitution, smuggling, opium and narcotics Piracy

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Historical overview of the most significant cases of piracy from antiquity till modern times. Define the term,

discuss the origins of piracy, highlight its impact on specific economies (including the economic consequences literature on the topic. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Poor Laws

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Define and discuss specifically the British poor laws, including the "old" poor law (1601-1834) and the new

poor law (after 1834). Give the history of these laws, discuss the Poor Law reform literature, and assess their impact on British economic development and income distribution. Discuss contemporary and modern debates on the Poor Laws and their impact on labor supply, birth rates, mobility, and so on.

Cross-Reference(s): Poor Relief Poor Relief

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Broad historical overview of poor relief and the various forms it took over the long term in different societies

(making comparisons between modern and traditional societies). Survey the main theories explaining poor relief arrangements. Discuss interpretations of the impact of poor relief on economic performance and income distribution, and explain the various ways in which "free rider" and "moral hazard" problems were solved. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Poor Laws Property Rights

Words: 4000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Broad overview of the origins and development of property rights, defining and surveying their main forms in

various economies. Discuss security and the definition of property rights as a main determinant of economic performance and precondition to growth and efficiency. Link to legal and political structures. Identify the

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differences among societies and their legal systems in the definition of various forms of rights. Survey the technology of property rights and enforcement, from fences and locks to contracts and their enforcement to police and private security guards. Discuss intellectual property rights and its protection through secrecy and patents, as well as the infringement of intellectual property rights through espionage and patent violation. Survey the most important literature on the topic and cite relevant economic theories, and relate institutional change with economic growth. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Contract Enforcement; Inheritance Systems; Patents; Property Rights in Land Religion

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Discuss the long-term connections between religion and economic change, including the impact of various

religions on technological change, the rise of commerce, financial markets, and entrepreneurship. Survey the most important literature on the topic, and discuss various hypotheses such as the Weber thesis, Lynn White thesis, various views that relate Islam and Eastern religions to economic backwardness, and the argument that religion itself is partially endogenous to economic factors. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. This article will provide the context for and be supported by a mo re detailed entry on the Weber thesis.

Cross References: Monasteries, Weber Thesis

Rent Seeking

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Describe historical aspects and important instances of rent-seeking behavior and the conditions that

furthered it, and discuss the connection between this behavior and long-term economic performance. Survey modern literature on the subject (Baumol, Krueger, etc.). Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions, but with emphasis on providing historical examples of rent seeking in medieval and early modern European economies (monopolies and "privileges") and in modern economies.

Smuggling

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Historical overview of smuggling from antiquity till modern times. Define the term, highlight its impact

changes. Survey the most important literature on the topic, cite relevant economic theories when applicable and attempts to measure its extent. The attemps of government intervention to reduce or eliminate smuggling should also be discussed. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Taboos

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Define and discuss economic taboos on the operation of certain markets (e.g., in adoption) certain products

(e.g., narcotics and contraceptives) and on prices (e.g., usury laws on interest rates). Highlight the economic and social causes of these customs and assess their impact on specific economies, and discuss long-term changes.

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Survey the most important literature on the topic, cite relevant economic theories when applicable. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Traditions and Customs

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Discuss the importance of informal constraints (including unwritten laws, norms, rules, conventions and

regulations) inherited from the past on economic behavior and property rights. Include coverage of customary rights to land and labor and to certain products of the land, as well as the allocation of time (holidays, Sabbaths, etc.). Discuss the viability of such traditions, and describe the economic arguments for their inertia. Survey the most important literature on the topic, cite relevant economic theories (including game theory) when applicable. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Weber Thesis

Words: 1000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Define the Weber thesis and discuss its historiographical treatment through Weber, Tawney, and modern

treatments and critiques. Discuss the impact of the Reformation on economic performance. Cross Reference: Maxc Weber, Religion. 5-B: EXTERNALITIES, PUBLIC GOODS, AND COMMON GOODS Common Goods

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of the common goods problem in its historical contexts, defining the term and explaining

why and where problems of common resources arose, relating it to the property rights literature. Highlight its importance for specific economies, connecting the material to the economic performance of specific industries or sectors. Discuss “tragedy of the commons” literature (incl. common lands in farming). Survey the main strands in the literature regarding this topic, and cite relevant economic theories when applicable. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions, but with emphasis on the main historical trends in recent times. This article will provide the context for and supported by separate and more detailed entries on fisheries, forests, etc.

Cross-Reference(s): Environment; Fisheries; Forests and Deforestation; Mining; Soil and Soil Conservation; Water Resources; Whaling;

Drainage and Hydraulic Works

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Broad introductory overview of the origins and development of drainage and hydraulic works and their

economic importance, with reference to the most significant cases worldwide. Special reference should be given to the "hydraulic societies" of Asia along the big rivers in India, the Middle East, and China, and to the Dutch polderings. Drainage of English fens should also be discussed. Connect the topic to main developments in

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engineering and include a survey of the most significant technologies. Cross-Reference(s): Public Goods, irrigation, flood control

Local Public Goods

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Define local public goods and highlight their importance for specific historeconomies, connecting the material

to the economic performance of specific industries or sectors. Survey the main strands in the literature regarding this topic, and cite relevant economic theories when applicable. Relate to the Tiebout hypothesis literature. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions, but with emphasis on the main historical trends in recent times.

Public Goods

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General overview of public goods and externalities in history, defining the term. Briefly distinguish between

general and local public goods, and highlight importance for specific economies, connecting the material to the economic performance of specific industries or sectors. Survey the main strands in the literature regarding this topic, and cite relevant economic theories when applicable. Discuss specific historical instances of solutions to the provision of public goods problem. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions, but with emphasis on the increase in the supply of public goods in modern times and its attribution to supply and demand factors. This article will provide an introduction to more detailed entries that have planned on sanitation, sewerage, water supply, etc. A more detailed entry on local public goods is planned as well.

Cross-Reference(s): Drainage and Hydraulic Works; Environment; Irrigation; Natural Resources; Public Utilities; Sanitation; Sewerage; Water Supply

Sanitation: Historical Overview

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Broad introductory overview of the origins and development of sanitation and its economic importance, with

reference to the most significant cases worldwide. Briefly define and describe the central issues and various types of sanitation in order to provide a general context for separate entries that have been planned on water supply, urban drainage, sewage and refuse disposal, and public utilities.

Cross-Reference(s): Public Goods; Public Health Sanitation: Water Supply

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Discuss development of the private and public water supply, and highlight importance for specific economies.

Main technological developments from Roman aqueducts to modern centralized supplies. Survey the main strands in the literature regarding this topic. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions, but with emphasis on the main historical trends in recent times.

Sanitation: Urban Drainage

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Words: 1500 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Discuss the development and management of urban drainage, and highlight its importance for specific cities

and areas. Survey the main strands in the literature regarding this topic. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions, but with emphasis on the main historical trends in recent times.

Sanitation: Sewage and Refuse Disposal

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Discuss the development and management of sewage and refuse disposal, and highlight their importance for

specific areas and economies. Survey the main strands in the literature regarding this topic. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions, but with emphasis on the main historical trends in recent times.

Weights and Measures

Words 1500 Area editor Mokyr Scope description: Historical development of weights and measures. Importance of weights and measures and their standardization for the development of trade. Role of government as a coordinating agent. Introduction and brief history of the Metric system and its economic significance.

5-C: PUBLIC FINANCE Asiento

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Define and discuss asiento, and highlight its importance for specific economies. Discuss its origins,

importance to the slave trade, government finance, and so on. Survey the main strands in the literature, and assess the major economic and social effects of asientos as well as how it affected the relation between the public and private sectors. Cite examples to illustrate your point and make meaningful comparisons, explaining differences in practices and policies. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Bank of International Settlement

Words: 500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Define and discuss the Bank of International Settlement, describe its history and functions, and highlight its

importance in economic history for specific economies. Central Banking


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Scope: Define and discuss the main outline of the History of central banking (including banks of issues, banker of last resort, etc.), list relevant taxonomy, whenever applicable, and highlight its importance for specific economies. Survey the history and development of the most important central banks (e.g., Bank of England, Federal Reserve System, etc.) and their original functions and subsequent development. Relate to monetary policy and banking regulation. When applicable, cite relevant economic theories regarding the topic. As necessary, cite examples to illustrate your point and make meaningful comparisons, explaining differences in central banking practices and policies. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Domesday Book

Words: 500 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Define and discuss the Domesday Book as a historical source, its compilation, how it reflects on the medieval

English economy and its public finance. Discuss the literature using the Domesday Book and the debates about its use as a source.

Dowry Fund

Words: 500 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Define and discuss dowry funds, their role in marriage markets and arrangements, and their social and

economic importance. Education

Words: 5000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: History of formal education (public and private; preschool to higher education; training programs; social

services, etc.) as "investment in human capital," surveying how it has affected economic performance and growth in the past. Discuss the role of education in technological progress and the growth of labor productivity; reforms in education and their role in the diffusion of new technology; sources of "market failure" in education and the different division between private and public sectors in different economies. When applicable, cite relevant economic theories regarding the topic, especially human capital theory. As necessary, cite examples to illustrate your point and make meaningful comparisons, explaining differences in practices and policies. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Human Capital; Literacy Family Policies

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Define and discuss the historical development of family policies (including child support and subsidization

policies, maternal and paternal leaves, etc.), including their impact on the modern family and labor force participation decisions and their interaction with other aspects of the modern welfare state.

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Government Borrowing: Government Borrowing before 1500

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Munro Scope: History and economic impact of government borrowing up to 1500, including voluntary loans, forced loans

(e.g., prestanze and prestanzoni in Florence; Monte Vecchio in Venice, and Monte Comune in Florence), and debt repudiations and defaults (Bardi's and Peruzzi's bankruptcies). Survey the main strands in the literature, and assess the major economic and social effects of the topic in question, as well as how it affected the relation between the public and private sectors. As necessary, cite examples to illustrate your point and make meaningful comparisons, explaining differences in practices and policies. Discuss the amount of money raised, political ramifications, effects on capital markets, and so on. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Separate articles on government borrowing after 1500 are also planned.

Government Borrowing: Government Borrowing in early modern society between about 1500 and about 1800

Words: 1500 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: History and economic impact of government borrowing from 1500 to 1800, including voluntary loans, forced

loans (e.g., in England during the sixteenth century), foreign loans, bonds and debentures, government-issue mortgages (e.g., British Crown), debt repudiations and defaults (ancient-regime France). Survey the main strands in the literature, and assess the major economic and social effects of the topic in question, as well as how it affected the relation between the public and private sectors. As necessary, cite examples to illustrate your point and make meaningful comparisons, explaining differences in practices and policies. Discuss the amount of money raised, political ramifications, effects on capital markets, and so on. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Separate articles on government borrowing before 1500 and after 1800 are also planned.

Government Borrowing: Government Borrowing after 1800

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: History and economic impact of government borrowing from 1800 to the present, including loans (voluntary;

forced, foreign); bonds and debentures (short-term bonds, Exchequer bill in England, annuities, consols, Treasury bill (Britain, 1877), tontines, foreign-government bonds); government-issue mortgages; debt repudiations and defaults. Discuss the rise of government debt and its economic implications, as well as the "Ricardo-neutrality" of debt and its historical implications. Survey the main strands in the literature, and assess the major economic and social effects of the topic in question, as well as how it affected the relation between the public and private sectors. As necessary, cite examples to illustrate your point and make meaningful comparisons, explaining differences in practices and policies. Discuss the amount of money raised, political ramifications, effects on capital markets and so on. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Separate articles on government borrowing before 1800 are also planned.

Income Maintenance: Transfer Payments and Public Assistance

Words: 4000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Define and discuss transfer payments and public assistance. Discuss the main historical developments.

Include coverage of supplementary security, grants, housing assistance, food stamps, school lunches, and various forms of modern welfare in different societies. Make explicit comparisons between different economies on

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the level and duration of the support and discuss them against the background of the economics of the welfare state. In particular, discuss the economic and social issues involved, including labor supply responses and concerns with adverse selection. As necessary, cite examples to illustrate your point and make meaningful comparisons, explaining differences in practices and policies. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Poor Laws; Poor Relief list. Income Maintenance: Social Insurance

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Define and discuss in general the historical significance of social insurance, briefly surveying the various

types (e.g., social security, pensions, other old age insurance, social insurance, unemployment insurance, public health insurance, etc.). Describe the various institutions in some detail and their emergence in industrialized economies after 1880. Compare different types of social insurance in different countries. When applicable, cite relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Compare different institutions, explaining differences in practices and policies. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. This article will serve as a general introductory essay for more detailed separate entries on retirement and insurance (health, unemployment, old age, etc.).

Inflation Tax

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Define inflation tax (including seignorage, debasement, devaluation), and discuss the main episodes of the use

of inflation taxes in ancient and mo dern times, using commodity and fiat money. Survey the costs and advantages of this form of taxation and its relation with fiscal crises during and after times of war. When applicable, cite relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Survey the main strands in the literature, and assess the major economic and social effects of the topic in question. As necessary, cite examples to illustrate your point and make meaningful comparisons, explaining differences in practices and policies. In particular, discuss the economic impact of inflation taxes on monetization, the amount of money raised, political ramifications, and so on. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Public Revenue Lotteries

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Munro Scope: History of lotteries as a revenue-raising device, highlighting the merits and costs of the system, the success

rates, and consequences for specific economies. Cite examples to illustrate your point and make meaningful comparisons, explaining differences in practices and policies. In particular, discuss the economic impact of taxes and government policies, incidence, impact on the allocation of resources and incentives, the amount of money raised, political ramifications, and so on. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

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Cross-Reference(s): Gambling; Public Revenue National Defense

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Discuss the historical economics of the military: procurement, mobilization of resources, economic costs and

merits of the draft, and its use in recent history; also discuss "peace subsidies" in the past (1865, 1919, 1945) compared to more recent ones. Discuss "spillover" effects from military to civilian sectors, implications for public finance, and so on. Make sure your coverage includes brief surveys of antiquity and medieval topics and has wide geographic range.

Public Administration

Words: 4000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: General introductory history of the involvement of the public sector with the economy, including a general

discussion of the economics of law enforcement, police, defense, prisons, and fire protection. Survey the growth of the size of the government sector in the economy and employment and the various theories proposed to explain the "Governmental Habit." Compare the experience in North America, Europe, and some developing countries. Survey the issues of corruption and inefficiency in public vs. private spending. Discuss various recent explanations of the phenomena in the literature, including Hughes, Higgs, and so on.

Public Housing and Housing Policies

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Define and discuss various forms of public ("council") housing, housing subsidies (including rent control

policies and tax relief for mortgage holders), and their purpose and effects on the housing market. Discuss its interaction with other aspects of the modern welfare state.

Cross-Reference(s): Consumption: Housing; income maintenance Public Revenue

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Munro Scope: General overview of the history of government taxation (direct and indirect), with reference to the most

significant cases worldwide. Survey the various types of public revenue; inflation tax; government borrowing and confiscations; revenues from state property such as crown lands, waste and grazing rights, forests, mining rights, fishing and hunting rights, etc.; public utilities' and public enterprises' revenues; lotteries; and so on. This entry will provide an introduction to more specialized entries that have been planned on taxation, tariffs, lotteries, etc.

Cross-Reference(s): Government Borrowing; Lotteries; Inflation Tax; Taxation Public Utilities: Historical Overview


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Scope: Broad historical introductory overview of the origins and development of public utilities worldwide, including a brief survey of the various types of utilities and their common features, especially economies of scale, network and other externalities, public safety considerations, and so on. Discuss how public utilities came to be regulated by governments, how they were managed, and how "efficient" they were. Survey the main strands in the literature. This article will provide a general introduction to more detailed essays that have been planned on specific utilities, including sanitation, sewerage, water supply, electricity, gas supply, mass transit, and postal service.

Cross-Reference(s): Public Goods; Public Health Public Utilities: Electricity Supply and Networks

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Discuss the history of electricity supply and networks and highlight their development in and importance for

specific economies. Discuss in particular T.P. Hughes's work on networks and the issues raised in technological coordination, finance, and rural electrification. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Public Utilities: Gas Supply and Network

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Discuss gas supply and networks from the early 1800s to the present. Highlight their development in and

importance for specific economies. As necessary, cite examples to illustrate your point and make meaningful comparisons, explaining differences in practices and policies. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross Reference: Gas Industry Public Utilities: Mass Transit

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Discuss the historical development of mass transit. Highlight its importance for specific economies. As necessary, cite examples to illustrate your point and make meaningful comparisons, explaining differences in practices and policies. Discuss in particularly the problems that mass transit raises for local public finance, and the interrelation between the solutions found and social and environmental conditions. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Public Utilities: Postal Service

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Discuss the history of postal services from the earliest times to the present. Survey the main strands in the

literature, and assess the major economic and social effects of postal services. As necessary, cite examples to illustrate your point and make meaningful comparisons, explaining differences in practices and policies. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Taxation: Direct Taxation


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Scope: Define and discuss the historical dimensions of direct taxation, its development from earliest times to today, the various forms it took, and highlight its importance for specific economies. Include coverage of, e.g., income tax, wealth tax, transfer tax (inheritance tax, gift tax), land tax (capitatio), capital gains tax (property, profits), wage tax (social security payroll taxes), interest income tax, corporate tax, poll tax. When applicable, cite relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Survey the main strands in the literature, and discuss broad historical trends. In particular, discuss the economic impact of taxes and government policies, incidence, impact on the allocation of resources and incentives, the amount of money raised, political ramifications, and so on. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Separate articles on indirect and local taxation are also planned.

Cross-Reference(s): Public Revenue Taxation: Indirect Taxation

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Define and discuss indirect taxation and its various forms and highlight its importance for specific economies.

Include coverage of, e.g., sales taxes (ad valorem, gabelle; value-added tax); taxes from state monopolies (salt, tobacco); excises and duties; stamp tax; cite briefly customs and tariffs. When applicable, cite relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Survey the main strands in the literature, and assess the major economic and social effects of the topic in question, as well as how it affected the relation between the public and private sectors. In particular, discuss the economic impact of taxes and government policies, incidence, impact on the allocation of resources and incentives, the amount of money raised, political ramifications, and so on. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Separate articles on tariffs, direct taxation and local taxation are also planned.

Cross-Reference(s): Public Revenue; Tariffs Taxation: Local Taxation

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Define and discuss local taxation (including fiscal federalism, municipal finance), and what set it apart from

central taxation. The historical effect of the use of local taxes to finance local public goods and education should also be described. As necessary, cite examples to illustrate your point and make meaningful comparisons, explaining differences in practices and policies. In particular, discuss the economic impact of taxes and government policies, incidence, impact on the allocation of resources and incentives, the amount of money raised, political ramifications, and so on. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. A separate article on direct taxation is also planned.

Tax Farming

Words: 1000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Define and describe tax farming (including Great Farm of the Customs, French Fermiers généraux, etc.),

economic causes for its emergence and its consequences. When applicable, cite relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Survey the main strands in the literature, and assess the major economic and social effects of tax farming, as well as how it affected the relation between the public and private sectors. As necessary, cite examples to illustrate your point and make meaningful comparisons, explaining differences in practices and policies. In particular, discuss the economic impact of tax farming, its political ramifications, and so on. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Taxation: Indirect Taxation

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War Finance

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Discuss the uniqueness of war finance as a sudden increase in government spending without matching

income and how it has been dealt with in past societies in terms of taxation, borrowing, confiscation, money printing, and foreign aid. As necessary, cite examples to illustrate your point and make meaningful comparisons, explaining differences in practices and policies.

5-D: REGULATION Deregulation

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Broad historical introductory overview of the main trends of deregulation, and their economic and political

causes and consequences, in deregulation and privatization in the developed world since the 1970s. When applicable, cite relevant economic theories regarding the topic.

Energy Regulation

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Define and discuss energy regulation, explaining the special features of energy requiring regulation. Include

discussion of price ceilings, oil prorationing, mandatory oil import programs, crude oil price controls, price regulation of the natural gas, and so on. Discuss the specific market failure requiring this type of regulation, and how it was resolved in different economies. Discuss in detail the economic impact of energy regulation and deregulation in terms of economic performance and the growth of the economy. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Product Safety Regulation

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Define and discuss product safety regulation. Include a discussion of product safety and liability in such

industries as pharmaceuticals, toys, and automobiles; mention food safety regulation as well. Discuss the rise and fall of "caveat emptor" doctrines and the growing belief in market failure in the late nineteenth century. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. This article will be complemented by separate entries on various aspects (including regulation) of the pharmaceutical, food, and automobile industries.

Regulation: Historical Overview


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Scope: General overview of the history of regulation, including a brief survey of various types, with reference to the most significant cases worldwide. This article will provide the context for and be supported by separate entries on specific types of regulation (e.g. control of prices, energy regulation, product safety, quantity, quality, and entry and exit).

Regulation: Control of Prices

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Define and discuss price controls (e.g., by medieval guilds, the telephone industry, etc.). Include a discussion

of anti-inflation "incomes policy" (i.e., price freezes). When applicable, cite relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Discuss the specific market failure requiring regulation, and how it was resolved in different economies. Discuss in detail the effectiveness and economic impact of this form of regulation. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Regulation: Control of Quantity

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Define and discuss control of output quantity (e.g., oil production in oil-producing states like Texas,

Oklahoma in 1930s-1970s), and highlight its importance for specific economies and industries. When applicable, cite relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Discuss the specific market failure requiring this type of regulation, and how it was resolved in different economies. Discuss in detail the economic impact of this form of regulation . Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Regulation: Control of Quality

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Define and discuss control of product quality (e.g.,by medieval guilds, the Food and Drug Administration,

etc.), and highlight its importance for specific industries. When applicable, cite relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Discuss the specific market failure requiring this type of regulation, and how it was resolved in different economies. Discuss in detail the effectiveness and economic impact of this form of regulation. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Regulation: Control of Entry and Exit

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Define and discuss licensing, control of entry and exit (e.g., MCI in 1969, etc.), and highlight its importance for

specific industries . When applicable, cite relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Discuss the specific market failure requiring this type of regulation, and how it was resolved in different economies. Discuss in detail the economic impact of this form of regulation and deregulation. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

5-E: INSTITUTIONAL FEATURES OF TRADE Beggar-Thy-Neighbor Policies

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Words: 1000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Define and discuss these policies, survey their emergence, and highlight their impact on employment in

specific economies. Choose particularly enlightening episodes as illustrative examples. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Survey, when appropriate, the main strands in the historical literature evaluating their success.

Commercial and Trade Diasporas

Words: 1500 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Discuss various commercial and trade diasporas (e.g., Armenians, "Portuguese Jews," Chinese, Indian,

Lebanese, Huguenots, etc.), survey their evolution over time, and describe the special economic characteristics of diaspora entrepreneurs, networks, and their impact on long-distance trade and finance. Choose particularly enlightening episodes as illustrative examples. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Survey, when appropriate, the main strands in the historical literature. A separate essay on the Jewish diaspora is also planned.

Commercial Partnerships

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Describe commercial partnerships (including Commenda, Societas, Fraterna, Colleganza), discuss their

evolution over time, the differences between them, highlight their importance for specific economies, and relate them to economic performance and development. Discuss the different forms of partnership and the way they allocated the risks and costs of commercial venture and distributed the profits. The advantages and disadvantages of each form, where and when it was used, and how it transformed itself into something else should also be covered. Choose particularly enlightening episodes as illustrative examples. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Survey, when appropriate, the main strands in the historical literature.

Commercial Policy: Tariffs

Words: 4000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: General discussion of tariffs as a policy measure for raising revenues and protecting domestic interests.

Survey the main trends in this policy since 1500 and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of tariffs. Also discuss the rise of mercantilism and the liberal reaction; the political economy of protectionism and free trade; and the long-term effects of tariffs on economic performance, technological progress, and competition. Choose particularly enlightening episodes as illustrative examples. When applicable, cite relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Survey, when appropriate, the main strands in the historical literature. Separate articles on non-tariff barriers and custom unions are also planned, as is an entry on free trade.

Commercial Policy: Non-Tariff Barriers

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Discuss non-tariff barriers (including quotas, quality regulation etc.) and the main historical trends in the use

of this measure as a means toward protection, highlighting their importance for specific economies and relating them to economic performance and development. Choose particularly enlightening episodes as illustrative

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examples. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Survey, when appropriate, the main strands in the historical literature. Separate articles on tariffs and custom unions are also planned, as is an entry on free trade.

Commercial Policy: Custom Unions

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Discuss custom unions (including Zollverein and the common market) and the political and economic causes

of their emergence. Highlight their importance for specific economies, and relate them to economic performance and development. Choose particularly enlightening episodes as illustrative examples. When applicable, cite relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions, with special attention given to post-1945 custom unions in Europe and elsewhere. Survey, when appropriate, the main strands in the historical literature. Separate articles on tariffs and non-tariff barriers are also planned, as is an entry on free trade.

Corn Laws

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Define and discuss the history of the British corn laws, highlight their importance, and relate them to British

economic history, including an assessment of their impact on living standards and its agricultural sector. Choose particularly enlightening episodes as illustrative examples. When applicable, cite relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Survey, when appropriate, the main strands in the historical literature.

Cross-Reference(s): Commercial Policy, Free Trade Fairs: European Fairs

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Survey the various local and regional fairs in Europe from early medieval times, the kind of goods traded and

the traders who were active, and their functions and impact on the emergence of commerce. Discuss the role of governments in setting up the rules and enforcing them. Choose particularly enlightening episodes as illustrative examples. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Survey, when appropriate, the main strands in the historical literature.

Cross-Reference(s): Staple Markets and Entrepots Fairs: Emporia and Bazaars

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: Define emporia and bazaars, discuss their evolution over time, and highlight their importance for specific

economies. Discuss the kind of goods traded and the traders who were active, and their functions and impact on the emergence of commerce. Discuss the role of governments in setting up the rules and enforcing them. Choose particularly enlightening episodes as illustrative examples. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Survey, when appropriate, the main strands in the historical literature. A separate article on European fairs is also planned.

Cross-Reference(s): Staple Markets and Entrepots

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Free Trade

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Discuss the main policy elements in free trade: free trade agreements, Most Favored Nation clauses, and

bilateral and multilateral treaties. Include a historical discussion of the economic and ideological roots of free trade in the nineteenth century with special emphasis on the anti-corn-law league. Choose particularly enlightening episodes as illustrative examples. When applicable, cite relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Survey, when appropriate, the main strands in the historical literature.

Cross-Reference(s): Commercial Policy Hanseatic League

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Discuss the rise and fall of the Hanseatic League, its main functions and purposes, its long-term impact on the

growth of international trade in Northern Europe, the terms of membership, and the causes of its eventual decline. Survey the main strands in the historical literature on the causes and effects of the league.

Jewish Diaspora

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Survey of the economic aspects of the Jewish Diaspora worldwide from its earliest days to the present.

Discuss the special characteristics of Jewish economic activity, the economic results of their unique functions, and the consequences of discrimination. Choose particularly enlightening episodes as illustrative examples. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Survey, when appropriate, the main strands in the historical literature.

Joint-Stock Trading Companies

Words: 3500 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Discuss the history of various joint-stock trading companies (e.g., East India Companies, Royal Africa

Company; Hudson Bay, etc., as well as agency houses) and survey their trading activities (e.g., in calicoes, cotton, wool, coffee, cotton, grain, silk, spices, sugar, tea, tobacco, wine, etc.). Discuss the main advantages of this form of business organization for trade, their contribution to the evolution of trade, their relation with the government, their performance, successes, and failures. Choose particularly enlightening episodes as illustrative examples. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Survey, when appropriate, the main strands in the historical literature.

Mercantilism


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Scope: Historical overview of mercantilism as an economic and political system involving public finance, monetary policy, foreign trade, regulation, and employment since 1500. Mention the main figures in both policy and theory (such as J-B Colbert). Assess the impact of mercantilist theory and practice on economic history and survey its long-term economic and political development. Choose particularly enlightening episodes as illustrative examples. When applicable, cite relevant economic theories regarding the topic, especially the work of E.F. Hekscher. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Survey, when appropriate, the main strands in the historical literature.

Merchant Guilds

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Discuss the rise and fall of merchant guilds, their original purpose and function, and their impact on the

development of commerce. Distinguish between European guilds and comparable institutions in the Orient. Choose particularly enlightening episodes as illustrative examples (e.g., Hang in medieval China). Discuss the various functions served by these guilds and their impact on commercial development. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Survey, when appropriate, the main strands in the historical literature.

Navigation Acts

Words: 1000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Define and discuss these acts, highlight their importance for the British Empire and its colonies, and relate

them to economic performance and commercial development. Choose particularly enlightening episodes as illustrative examples, including the alleged role of these acts in triggering the American Revolution. Survey, when appropriate, the main strands in the historical literature.

Slave Trade

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: History of the slave trade from antiquity through the Middle Ages to the nineteenth century, including the

trans-Atlantic slave trade. Discuss the main sources and destinations of slaves, identify merchants and financiers, and describe the role of various middlemen. Also discuss the economics of the slave trade: profitability; relation to other international flows of commodities and capital; causes of its rise and decline; and long-term demographic consequences for source areas. The economic impact on target areas and the effects on long-distance trade (triangular trade) should also be discussed. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Survey, when appropriate, the main strands in the historical literature.

Cross-Reference(s): Asiento; Slave Demography; Slavery Staple Markets and Entrepots

Words: 1500 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Define staple markets and entrepots, discuss their evolution over time, highlight their importance for specific

economies, and relate them to commercial development and economic performance. Choose particularly enlightening episodes as illustrative examples -- e.g., the Amsterdam staple market in the seventeenth century. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Survey, when appropriate, the main strands in the historical literature.

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Cross-Reference(s): Fairs 6: MACROECONOMIC HISTORY AND INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS 6-A: NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTS Consumption: Consumer Durables

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Discuss long-term series of expenses in durables goods with international comparisons. Define the term and

survey its development over time in various places of interest. Link the concept with appropriate theoretical concepts of economic growth and business cycles. Describe the main sources from which information on this subject comes. Survey the major strands and controversies in the literature on the topic and the policy relevance where applicable. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Luxury Trades; National Income Accounts: Consumption Consumption: Housing

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Discuss the long-term development of expenses in housing with international comparisons. Define the term

and survey its development over time in various places of interest. Link the concept with appropriate theoretical concepts of economic growth and business cycles. Describe the main sources from which information on this subject comes. Survey the major strands and controversies in the literature on the topic and the policy relevance where applicable. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Public Housing and Housing Policies Consumption: Leisure

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Discuss the long-term development of expenses in leisure activities with international comparisons. Define the

term and survey its development over time in various places of interest. Link the concept with appropriate theoretical concepts of economic growth and business cycles. Describe the main sources from which information on this subject comes. Survey the major strands and controversies in the literature on the topic and the policy relevance where applicable. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Consumption: Non-Durables

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Discuss the long-term development of expenses in non-durable goods with international comparisons. Define

the term and survey its development over time in various places of interest. Link the concept with appropriate theoretical concepts of economic growth and business cycles. Describe the main sources from which information on this subject comes. Survey the major strands and controversies in the literature on the topic and the policy relevance where applicable. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical

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dimensions. Consumption: Services

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Discuss the long-term development of expenses in services with international comparisons. Define the term

and survey its development over time in various places of interest. Link the concept with appropriate theoretical concepts of economic growth and business cycles. Describe the main sources from which information on this subject comes. Survey the major strands and controversies in the literature on the topic and the policy relevance where applicable. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Inequality of Wealth and Income Distribution

Words: 2500 Area editor Buyst Scope: Discuss long terms trends in the inequality in income and wealth distribution and their main determinants. Describe the literature around the “Kuznets curve” and the impact of political and social changes on the size distribution of income, with special emphasis on the history of the West after the Industrial Revolution and developments in developing countries.

Cross Reference: Living Standards Living Standards

Words: 5000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Define and discuss living standards and economic well-being; alternative ways of measuring it (income,

consumption, biological and other proxies); long-term trends in living standards in the industrialized world; trends in living standards elsewhere; and the connection between income distribution and living standards. Link the concept with appropriate theoretical concepts of economic welfare and growth. Describe the main sources from which information on this subject comes. Survey the major strands and controversies in the literature on the topic and the policy relevance where applicable. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions, with special mention of the standard of living debate in the British Industrial Revolution.

Cross-Reference(s): Economic Development; Economic Convergence and Divergence; Inequality; Economic Growth National Income Accounts: Historical Overview

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Broad historical overview of the development of national income accounts from the first political

arithmeticians to Kuznets and Maddison, including long-term series of income and product accounts with international comparisons. Define the term and provide a typology of the different types of accounts, describing each briefly to set up a context for separate and more detailed articles that have been planned on consumption, exports and imports, public expenditures, investment and savings, wages and labor income, interest and profit income, and rental income.

National Income Accounts: Consumption

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Words: 1500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Discuss long-term trends of aggregate consumption accounts with international comparisons. Define the term

and survey its development over time in various places of interest. Describe the main sources from which information on this subject comes. Discuss what is included and what is not, and what uses can be made from the data. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Savings, non-durable consumption, durable good consumption National Income Accounts: Exports and Imports

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Discuss long-term series and trends of export and import accounts from the eighteenth century accounts to

modern ones. Emphasize international comparisons. Define the terms and survey their development over time in various places of interest. Link the concept with appropriate other concepts in national income accounting. Describe the main sources from which information on this subject comes and the pitfalls in the various sources. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

National Income Accounts: Public Expenditures

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Discuss long-term series of public expenditure accounts with international comparisons. Define the term and

survey its development over time in various places of interest. Link the concept with appropriate other concepts in national income accounting. Describe the main sources from which information on this subject comes. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

National Income Accounts: Investment and Savings

Words: 4000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Discuss long-term series of capital stocks and its compnents, savings and investment, with international

comparisons. Define the terms and survey their development over time in various places of interest. Link the concept with appropriate other concepts in national income accounting. Describe the main sources from which information on this subject comes. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Consumption National Income Accounts: Wages and Labor Income

Words: 3000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Discuss long-term series of aggregate labor income (as distinguished from wage rates), money and real, with

international comparisons. Discuss the changes in the share of labor in income and factors affecting it. Define the term and survey its development over time in various places of interest. Describe the main sources from which information on this subject comes. Survey the major strands and controversies in the literature on the topic and the policy relevance where applicable. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

National Income Accounts: Interest and Profit Income

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Words: 2000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Discuss long-term trends and development of profit and interest income accounts with international

comparisons. Define the terms and survey their development over time in various places of interest. Define the term and survey its development over time in various places of interest. Discuss the changes in the share of capital in income and factors affecting it. Describe the main sources from which information on this subject comes. Survey the major strands and controversies in the literature on the topic and the policy relevance where applicable. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

National Income Accounts: Rental Income

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Define the term and survey its development over time in various places of interest. Discuss the changes in the

share of land and real estate in income and factors affecting it. Define the term and survey its development over time in various places of interest. Describe the main sources from which information on this subject comes. Survey the major strands and controversies in the literature on the topic and the policy relevance where applicable. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Total Factor Productivity

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Discuss developments in total factor productivity in aggregate series and different sectors; measuring

techniques (through the primary and dual techniques); and the interpretation of the "residual" as productivity growth. Survey its development over time in various places of interest and their significance to economic history. Describe the main sources from which information on this subject comes. Survey the major strands and controversies in the literature on the topic and the policy relevance where applicable. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

6-B: BUSINESS CYCLES AND STABILIZATION POLICIES Bubble Act of 1720

Words: 500 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Brief discussion of the Bubble Act and of its causes and consequences.

Business Cycles: Historical Overview

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Broad historical overview of business cycles, including fluctuations in output (GNP), unemployment, inflation

(deflation), investment (inventories cycles, building cycles), Juglar cycles, Kitchin cycles, Kondratieff cycles, Kuznets cycles, and so on. Provide a brief description of the cycle from the early 1800s to the present. Define the terminology, and survey the appropriate literature. Describe the main theories of the business cycle and assess

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their historical applicability. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Separate articles on depressions in general and on the Great Depression in particular are also planned, as is an entry on financial panics and crashes.

Cross-Reference(s): Stabilization Policies Business Cycles: Depressions

Words: 3500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Survey of various depressions in history, including those of 1837, 1847-48, 1856, 1873, 1883, 1893, 1907, and

1920-21. Discuss the main aggregate variables affected. Define the terminology, and survey the appropriate literature. Analyze how the events and phenomena discussed affected the dynamics of the economy, as well as economic policy of the time. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. A more detailed article on the Great Depression is also planned.

Financial Panics and Crashes

Words: 2500 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Survey of financial panics and crashes worldwide, from the sixteenth century to the present, including the

South Sea Bubble, the Tulip Mania, and so on. Analyze how the events and phenomena discussed affected the dynamics of the economy, as well as economic policy of the time. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Business Cycles; Great Depression Great Depression

Words: 5000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Survey the main events leading up to and constituting the Great Depression of 1929-39 in North America and

Europe, with attention to the effects in the developing world. Discuss the main symptoms on the aggregate level (output decline, prices, unemployment, investment) and its impact on various sectors (international trade, financial, agriculture, manufacturing). Survey policy measures tried in various countries. Analyze long-term effects on the structure of the economy and the relation between public and private sector. Various historical interpretations of the event, monetary and non-monetary, should be discussed as well. Survey the appropriate literature, and connect, whenever applicable, the analysis and data with theories of the business cycle.

Cross-Reference(s): Business Cycles; Financial Panics and Crashes; New Deal New Deal

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Define and describe the New Deal in its various stages (1933-1941), and survey the appropriate literature.

Identify the main objectives of the policy and the means by which they were attempted. Evaluate the program's success in attaining its objectives.

Cross-Reference(s): Great Depression Phillips Curve


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Scope: Define the Phillips Curve, survey its history, and discuss the long-term connection between price fluctuations and economic activity and its significance for economic history.

Seasonality

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Describe the importance of seasonality in production and the changes from the problem in the past (due to the

impact of weather on agricultural production) and the present (demand-related seasonality) and the implications for unemployment and productivity.

Stabilization Policies

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Broad overview of stabilization policies and of the various instruments: fiscal policy, monetary policy, direct

controls (price controls known as income policies, wage controls, consumer rationing, materials allocation, selective credit controls). Discuss the effects of stabilization policies on government expenditures, tax changes, money creation, and debt finance (crowding-out effect). Define the terminology and survey the appropriate literature. Connect, whenever applicable, the analysis and data with theories of the business cycle. Analyze how the events and phenomena discussed affected the dynamics of the economy, as well as economic policy in the past. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Business Cycles; Great Depression 6-C: ECONOMIC GROWTH AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Economic Convergence and Divergence

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Define the terms, and discuss their main significance for short- and long-term economic growth. Relate,

whenever applicable, the terms and concepts you use to theories of economic growth and economic development, especially the work of Kuznets, Solow, and modern "new" growth theorists, and more recently that of Abramowitz and Barro. Use comparisons wherever possible. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Economic Development; Economic Growth; Industrial Revolution; Living Standards Economic Development: Historical Overview

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Broad historical overview of “economic development.” Define the term, comparing and distinguishing it from

economic growth, and discuss its main significance for short- and long-term economic growth. Include coverage of dependency theory, Staple Thesis, "Big Push" theory, "structural change," sectoral composition, dual economy, enclave economies, and import substitution/exp ort expansion. Relate, whenever applicable, the terms and concepts you use to theories of economic growth and economic development, especially modern "development theory." Use comparisons wherever possible. Relate the secular variables to long-term changes in economic welfare. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. A

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separate article on specific development policies is also planned. Cross-Reference(s): Economic Convergence and Divergence; Economic Growth; Economic Imperialism; Labor Surplus

Models; Living Standards Economic Development: Development Policies

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Survey the most important economic development policies in history, primarily in developing countries after

1945. Discuss their main significance for short- and long-term economic growth. Also mention the social consequences. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Economic Convergence and Divergence; Economic Growth; Economic Imperialism; Labor Surplus Models; Living Standards

Economic Growth

Words: 5000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: General discussion of economic growth. Define the term and briefly survey the historical literature since

Kuznets. Discuss the various sources of economic growth: productivity analysis, productivity changes (output per unit of input), investment, technological change, improved resources allocation, economies of scale, factor mobility and commerce (regional and international trade), institutions, property rights, legal systems, and so on. Include coverage of both Western and non-Western growth. Relate, whenever applicable, the terms and concepts you use to theories of economic growth and economic development, especially the work of Kuznets, Lewis, Abramowitz, Solow, and modern "new" growth theorists. Use comparisons wherever possible. Relate the secular changes in income to long-term changes in economic welfare. Discuss the kind of proxies we use in economic history absent accurate data on income. Also mention the social consequences of economic growth. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Economic Convergence and Divergence; Economic Development; Industrial Revolution; Living Standards

Labor Surplus Models

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Define the term, describe the models since their inception by Ricardo and reformulation by Lewis, and discuss

thei main significance for short- and long-term economic growth. Describe the uses made of this by economic historians. Discuss the main criticisms leveled against the approach. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Economic Development Marshall Plan

Words: 500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Describe the Marshall Plan, and discuss its main significance for the recovery of Europe after 1945 and its

effects on post-war growth and prosperity. War and Economic History

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Words: 2000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Discuss the historical impact of war on long-term economic development, including the destruction of

physical and human capital, the spread of disease, taxation, confiscation, inflation, conscription, and other fiscal effects, as well as technology, spillover effects, and so on. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions, especially differentiating between European and Asian wars and their long-term effects, and the difference in the impact of wars after 1914.

Cross-Reference(s): War Finance 6-D: INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS AND TRADE Balance of Payments

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Define the term and place it in historical context. Include coverage of clearance mechanisms, means of

international settlement of debts, long-term trends in international indebtedness and deficits or surpluses, price-specie-flow mechanisms, the monetary approach to the balance of payments and its historical significance. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross Reference: National Income Accounts, imports and exports

Comparative Advantage and Economic Specialization

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Describe the concept and relate it to the standard theories. Discuss the main trends in international and

regional economic specialization over time, in terms of physical resource endowments, capital accumulation, technological change, human capital and skills, economies of scale, government policies, and so on. Describe how "revealed" comparative advantage can be inferred from trade data. Highlight the importance of comparative advantage and economic specialization for specific economies and their connection to economic performance and long-term change. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions

Economic Imperialism

Words: 5000 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: Survey the major historical stages in economic imperialism: 1500-1650; 1650-1850; the late nineteenth century;

up through the decline in imperialism in the twentieth century. For each stage, discuss geographical distribution, the impact on imperialist and indigenous economies, and the connection to economic performance and long-term change. Also discuss the main theories of economic imperialism: exploitation, rate of return on investment, markets, strategic goods, raw materials; Provide an assessment of the costs and benefits of imperialism. Survey major strands and controversies in the literature as well. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Economic Development; Geographical Exp ansion; International Migration; Settler Economies Geographical Expansion

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Words: 2500 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Discuss the main economic effects of European expansionism after 1450, including the creation of a "world

system" in the tradition of Wallerstein; movement of products, technologies, factors, immigrants, and their effects on trade flow; and trade in new or largely new products (tobacco, sugar, spices, cotton, etc.). Highlight importance of this expansion for specific economies, both European and overseas, and its connection to economic performance and long-term change on one side and dependency on the other. Whenever applicable, relate the main developments discussed with theories of international economic relations and trade. Survey major strands and controversies in the literature. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Economic Imperialism Long-Distance Trade: Long-Distance Trade before 1500

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Discuss the main trends in long-distance international trade from antiquity to 1500, in terms of volume,

composition, identity of traders, institutions involved, distances covered, means of transport, and impact on production and consumption. Highlight the importance of long-distance trade for specific economies during this period and discuss its connection to economic performance and long-term change. Whenever applicable, relate the main historical developments discussed with theories of international economic relations and trade. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Separate articles on long-distance trade after 1500 are also planned.

Cross-Reference(s): Road Transportation; Water Transportation Long-Distance Trade: Long-Distance Trade between 1500 and 1750

Words: 2000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Discuss the main trends in long-distance international trade from 1500 to 1750, in terms of volume,

composition, identity of traders, institutions involved, distances covered, means of transport, and impact on production and consumption. Highlight the importance of long-distance trade for specific economies during this period and discuss its connection to economic performance and long-term change. Whenever applicable, relate the main historical developments discussed with theories of international economic relations and trade. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Separate articles on long-distance trade before 1500 and after 1750 are also planned.

Cross-Reference(s): Road Transportation; Water Transportation Long-Distance Trade: Long-Distance Trade between 1750 and 1914

Words: 2000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Discuss the main trends in long-distance international trade from 1750 to 1914, in terms of volume,

composition, identity of traders, institutions involved, distances covered, means of transport, and impact on production and consumption. Highlight the importance of long-distance trade for specific economies during this period and discuss its connection to economic performance and long-term change. Whenever applicable, relate the main historical developments discussed with theories of international economic relations and trade. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Separate articles on long-distance trade before 1750 and after 1914 are also planned.

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Cross-Reference(s): Air Transportation; Railroads; Road Transportation; Water Transportation Long-Distance Trade: Long-Distance Trade since 1914

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Discuss the main trends in long-distance international trade from 1914 to the present, in terms of volume,

composition, identity of traders, institutions involved, distances covered, means of transport, and impact on production and consumption. Highlight the importance of long-distance trade for specific economies during this period and discuss its connection to economic performance and long-term change. Whenever applicable, relate the main developments discussed with theories of international economic relations and trade. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Separate articles on long-distance trade before 1914 are also planned.

Cross-Reference(s): Air Transportation; Railroads; Road Transportation; Water Transportation 6-E: INTERNATIONAL FINANCE AND EXCHANGE RATES Bretton Woods System

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Describe the main characteristics of the Bretton Woods system as agreed upon in 1943 and practiced after

1945. Assess the effect of the Bretton Woods system on the post-war international economy and its stability and describe the ultimate demise of the system in the early 1970s and its causes.

Cross-Reference(s): Exchange Rates Capital and Reserve Flows, International

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: General survey of international capital flows since 1815, including main source and destination countries;

different investment projects; government intervention and control; role of international agencies; and the main causes of international capital flow. Distinguish between short-run (including "hot money") and long-run flows, between passive and active flows of short-term capital; and between private and public funds. Also discuss the impact of differentials in interest rates and savings rates; the connection between capital and technology flows; and the importance of multinational corporations in international capital flows. Anchor the phenomena and facts described carefully in time and space, and connect them, wherever applicable, to economic theories of international finance and capital flows as well as to interpretations of the relative performance of lending and borrowing countries.

Exchange Rates


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Scope: Define the term and discuss the importance of exchange rates in economic history. Anchor the phenomena and facts described carefully in time and space, and connect them, wherever applicable, to economic theories of international finance and capital flows as well as to the theories of exchange rates and international equilibrium. Include coverage of fixed and floating exchange rate systems and switches between them; exchange rates in monometallic, bimetallic, and other standards. Describe long-term changes in exchange rates systems; fixed rates and suspension; and briefly the Bretton Woods System (which will get a separate entry).

Cross-Reference(s): Bretton Woods System; Gold Standard; Monetary Standards

Gold Standard

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: History of the gold standard since 1821, its expansion after 1870, and its collapse in the twentieth century.

Discuss alternative views of "how the gold standard worked," and assess the gold standard as a stabilizing factor in the world economy. Anchor the phenomena and facts described carefully in time and space, and connect them, wherever applicable, to economic theories of international finance and capital flows as well as to the theories of exchange rates and international equilibrium. The impact of the gold standard on business cycles and international stability should also be discussed.

Cross-Reference(s): Monetary Standards Gresham's Law

Words: 500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Define the Gresham's law and discuss its importance in economic history. Anchor the phenomena and facts

described carefully in time and space, and connect them, wherever applicable, to economic theories of international finance and capital flows as well as to the theories of exchange rates and international equilibrium.

Cross-Reference(s): Monetary Standards Monetary Standards

Words: 000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Define the term and provide an introduction to its importance in economic history.and connect it, wherever

applicable, to economic theories of international finance and capital flows as well as to the theories of exchange rates and international equilibrium. Discuss various systems of metallic standards of fixed exchange rate systems. Include bimetallic standard, gold bullion standard, monometallism, silver standard, silver/copper standard, symmetallism, trimetallism, etc. Mention briefly exchange rates, Gresham’s Law, and the gold standard, for which separate entries have been planned.

Cross-Reference(s): Exchange Rates; Gold Standard; Gresham's Law Money Changing

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Words: 1500 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Define the term and discuss its importance in economic history. Anchor the phenomena and facts described

carefully in time and space, and connect them, wherever applicable, to economic theories of international finance and capital flows as well as to the theories of exchange rates and international equilibrium.

Cross-Reference(s): Fairs: European Fairs; Pawnbroking and Personal Loan Markets; Usury Laws Banking

7: MONEY, BANKING, AND FINANCE 7-A: MONEY AND PRICES Bullion

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Define the concept and describe gold’s unique role as a "monetary base" and why it played this role. Include

coverage of bullion famine and bullion trade. Discuss the main trends in bullion production, developments in mining technology, and discoveries that affected the gold stocks of the world. Anchor your discussion carefully in time and space, and make sure that specialized concepts are well explained. Survey the main issues debated in the literature, and connect them whenever appropriate to current views in monetary theory and finance. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Eurodollar

Words: 500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Define the topic and discuss its historical origins and development over time. Assess the importance of the Eurodollar for specific economies, as well as its role in the commercial and financial world. Survey the main issues debated in the literature, and connect them whenever appropriate to current views in monetary theory and finance. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

European Monetary System

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Define the topic and discuss its origins and historical development from 1945 to the present. Assess its

importance and success for specific economies, as well as its role in the international commercial and financial world. Survey the main issues debated in the literature, and connect them whenever appropriate to current views in monetary theory and finance. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Florin

Words: 500 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Describe the history of the florin and discuss its origins and historical development. Assess its importance for

specific economies, as well as its role in the commercial and financial world in which it existed; if its role changed over time, explain how. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Inflation and Hyperinflation


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Scope: Define the topic and discuss its importance for specific economies, its causes and consequences. Anchor your discussion carefully in time and space, and make sure that specialized concepts are well explained. Survey the main issues debated in the literature, and connect them whenever appropriate to current views in monetary theory and finance. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions, including discussion of major historical short-term episodes of severe inflation and hyperinflation--e.g., during the U.S. War of Independence and Civil War; during the French Revolution; the post-1918 inflations in Central and Eastern Europe; China in the 1940s; and the global inflation of the 1970s.

Cross-Reference(s): Price Revolution; Prices Money and Coinage: General Overview

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Broad overview of money in its various forms and functions. Survey the main theories why money exists and

summarize the major transformations of "money" as means of exchange, measure of value, and storage of value. Trace the broad historical trends in monetization and the nature of money, and describe the historical transformations from commodity money to coinage to paper money and bank money to electronic payments. Discuss the social and economic conditions that have to exist for money to function and the ways in which money helped and lubricated the "real" economy. This article will provide the context for and be supported by separate articles on money and coinage during various periods in history.

Money and Coinage: Money and Coinage before 1750

Words: 4000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Broad historical overview of money and coinage up to 1750. Anchor your discussion carefully in time and

space, and make sure that specialized concepts are well explained. Define and briefly describe (1) the taxonomy of money (e.g., commodity money: grain, hides, etc.; token coinage; paper money; Sichuan paper, billon, black money, flying money in China, etc.); (2) mintage (e.g., mints, counterfeiting, seigniorage, recoinage, coin shortages, debasement; accession minting in Roman Empire, etc.); and (3) the most significant metallic coins and currencies worldwide; the relative use of copper, vellon, silver, and gold should also be discussed. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. A separate article on money and coinage after 1750 is also planned.

Money and Coinage: Money and Coinage after 1750

Words: 4000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Broad historical overview of money and coinage from 1750 to the present. Anchor your discussion carefully in

time and space, and make sure that specialized concepts are well explained. Define and briefly describe (1) most significant coins and currencies (mark, sterling, dollar) worldwide. Survey the main issues debated in the literature, and connect them whenever appropriate to current views in monetary theory and finance. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. A separate article on money and coinage before 1750 is also planned.

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Price Revolution

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Define the topic of the "price revolution" of the sixteenth century and discuss its causes and consequences.

Anchor your discussion carefully in time and space, and make sure that specialized concepts are well explained. Survey the main issues debated in the literature, and connect them whenever appropriate to current views in monetary theory and finance. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Inflation and Hyperinflation; Prices Prices

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: General introductory survey of long-term trends in the aggregate price level and its determinants. Make the

distinction between absolute and relative prices, and discuss the main factors responsible for these trends. The economic effects of inflation and deflation on government finance, income distribution, economic performance, and the use of money should also be discussed. Anchor your discussion carefully in time and space, and make sure that specialized concepts are well explained. Survey the main issues debated in the literature, and connect them whenever appropriate to current views in monetary theory and finance. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Inflation and Hyperinflation; Price Revolution

7-B: BANKING Bank Failures

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Discuss specifically some spectacular and instructive episodes of banking failures, their causes and effects,

and how the phenomenon reflects on the instability of the financial sector and the economy at large and the policies followed in different countries to prevent bank failures.

Cross-Reference(s): Barings Bank; Great Depression Banking: Classical Antiquity

Words: 500 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Brief discussion of banking in classical antiquity (including trapeza in Athens). Describe the origins and

institutional features of this activity. Discuss especially how and when the topic in question was instrumental in the operation of markets and commerce. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Banking: Middle Ages and Early Modern Period

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Words: 2500 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Broad historical overview of the development of banking during the Middle Ages and early modern period (up

to 1800). Identify and survey its main activities and assess its importance to specific economies, as well as its contribution to the operation of capital markets, money supply, credit, and economic activity. Discuss especially how and when the topic in question was instrumental in the operation of markets and commerce. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions, including financial institutions in the Muslim world. Major figures who played a significant role in the development of banking during this period should also be discussed. Refer to significant theories regarding the topic when applicable. Include coverage of money changing, important medieval fairs (e.g., Champagne, Frankfurt, Geneva, Antwerp, Lyon, Piacenza), letter of credit, and briefly mention such key banks as Banco di San Giorgio, Medici, Fuggers, Acciaiuoli, Alberti, Bardi, Peruzzi, Rialto banks (Venice); Monti di Pieta, and so on. A separate article on banking after 1800 is also planned.

Banking: Modern Period

Words: 5000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Broad historical overview of banking from 1800 to the present, surveying the various types (e.g., commercial

vs. investment banks, local vs. national and super-national banks), describing their origins and main functions, and explaining how they changed over time. Discuss their importance in the growth of industrial capitalism and their role in financing trade, agriculture, and industry. Also discuss banking's profitability and the industry’s political power and its change over time; sources of banking instability and/or failure; relation to the public sector and central bank, regulation, and control. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions especially comparing the importance of banks on the European continent vs. the Anglo-Saxon world. Major figures who played a significant role in the development of banking during this period should also be discussed. Refer to significant theories regarding the topic when applicable.

Cross-Reference(s): Central Banking

Barings Bank

Words: 1000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Provide a brief history of the Barings Bank, its origins, special characteristics, and importance in the history of

banking. Cross-Reference(s): Bank Failures; Banking: Modern Period

Cooperative Credit Banks

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Discuss the special role of these institutions in channeling local saving to local investment projects and in

generating local credit. Also discuss the role of trust, information, reputation mechanism, etc. Identify and survey the main activities of these institutions and assess their importance to specific economies, as well as their contribution to the operation of capital markets, especially their effect on consumer and agricultural credit Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Include coverage of

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Raiffeisen Institutions, Schulze-Delitsch Banks, Mutual Credit Banks (Russia), Credit Unions, and so on. Fugger Bank

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Provide a brief history of the Fugger Bank, its origins, special characteristics, and importance in the history of

banking and public finance. Major figures who played a significant role should also be mentioned. Cross-Reference(s): Banking: Middle Ages and Early Modern Period

Glass Steagall Act

Words: 500 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Describe the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933, its main features, origins, and long-run effects on the American

financial sector. Assess its success in view of what it was intended to do. Investment Banks

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Describe the rise of investment banks in the nineteenth century. Identify and survey their main activities (e.g.,

role in investment in large projects in railroads, public works, manufacturing, mining, etc.) and describe their special characteristics, distinguishing them from commercial banking. Assess the importance of investment banking to specific economies, as well as its contribution to the operation of capital markets, money supply, credit, and economic activity. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions, including reference to early examples in Belgium and France, subsequent German and American investment banking, and their offshoots in Italy, Austria, etc.

Local Banks

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Describe the origins of local banking and its development over time. Identify and survey the main activities of

these banks (e.g., role in financing local projects), point out their advantages and disadvantages; and discuss their rise and fall as well as their competition with large-scale national banks. Assess their importance to specific economies, as well as their contribution to the operation of capital markets, money supply, credit, and economic activity. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions, including coverage of, for example, country banks (England), municipal banks (Germany), regional banks, provincial government banks (China), district banks (China), native banks (China), city banks, and so on.

Medici Bank

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Provide a brief history of the Medici Bank, its origins, special characteristics, and importance in the history of

banking as well as its impact of the Florentine economy. Major figures who played a significant role should also be mentioned.

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Cross-Reference(s): Banking: Middle Ages and Early Modern Period Monti di Pieta

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Describe the institution, its origins, and functions. Assess its importance in the development of early financial

institutions and its impact on society. Cross-Reference(s): Banking: Middle Ages and Early Modern Period

Mortgage Banks

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Broad historical overview of the rise and spread of mortgage banks and building societies, their role in the

finance of real estate, agricultural investment, residential construction, home ownership, as well as the savings end of the market. Identify and survey the main activities of these banks and assess their importance to specific economies as well as their contribution to the operation of capital markets, money supply, credit, and economic activity. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Banking: Modern Period; Pawnbroking and Personal Loan Markets Postal Savings

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Discuss the rise of postal savings banks in the U.S. and Europe, the reasons for their success, their

advantages (government backing and accessibility of offices), and the causes of their subsequent decline. Identify and survey their main activities and assess their importance to specific economies. Discuss especially how and when the topic in question was instrumental in the operation of markets and commerce.

Rotating Saving-Societies

Words: 500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Discuss the special role of these institutions in channeling local saving to local investment projects and in

generating local credit. Also discuss the role of trust, information, reputation mechanism, etc. Identify and survey the main activities of these institutions and assess their importance to specific economies as well as their contribution to the operation of capital markets, especially their effect on consumer and agricultural credit Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Rothschild Family

Words: 1000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Provide a brief history of the Rothschild Bank, its origins, special characteristics, and importance in the history

of banking and public finance. Major figures who played a significant role should also be mentioned.

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Cross-Reference(s): Banking: Modern Period 7-C: CREDIT, FINANCE, AND INTEREST RATES Bills of Exchange

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Describe the historical origins and development of bills of exchange. Discuss their importance for savings and

investment behavior, the supply of capital, the operation of markets and commerce, and its role in economic performance and the allocation of capital. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Bonds

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Discuss the origins and development of government securities, including gilts, consols, treasury bills, and

other forms. Survey the main markets in which these securities were traded, how their prices and market rates were set, the changes in coupon rates, term structure, and risk premia. The effects of inflation and fear of default should also be discussed. Emphasize the international aspects of these markets and their political aspects. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Refer to significant theories when applicable.

Cross-Reference(s): Government Borrowing Capital Markets: Capital Markets before 1750

Words: 2500 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Broad historical overview of the development of the main markets for securities, debentures, stocks, bills of

exchange, and other debt instruments before 1750. Describe the physical set-ups, the economic operation of these markets, how "efficient" they were, and how important they were in the creation of credit and the supply of working and long-term capital. Discuss the significance of financial markets to economic performance and change. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions, including discussion of both regional and international markets, credit arrangements in Islamic countries and Africa, and so on. A separate article on capital markets after 1750 is also planned as well as on government borrowing are also planned.

Capital Markets: Capital Markets after 1750

Words: 3500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Broad historical overview of the development, from 1750 to the present, of major security markets in the world,

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including stock and bond markets and their growth and function in the finance of business and government. Discuss the advantages of various financial instruments, as well as market fluctuation, vulnerability of asset values, speculation and "real" investment. Theories of corporate finance and their use in historical analysis should also be discussed. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions, including regional and international markets. A separate article on capital markets prior to 1750 is also planned as well as on government borrowing are also planned.

Cross-Reference(s): Interest Rates Consumer Credit

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Define the topic (including installment credit, consumer finance, secondary mortgage markets) and its

historical importance. Discuss the role of credit in the growth of demand for consumer durables; household balance sheet effects and their impact. Discuss the importance of consumer credit for savings and investment behavior. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Refer to significant theories when applicable.

Corporate Finance

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: General introductory essay on the main avenues that corporations have historically used to finance capital

outlays, stock issue, bond issue, direct borrowing, retained earning. Discuss sectoral and national differences in the use of these sources of funds and their causes and importance. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Refer to significant theories when applicable. Separate essays on stockmarkets and bonds are also planned.

Futures Markets

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Survey briefly the origins and history of futures markets, their function and institutional set-up, their

significance in risk-spreading, and the smooth supply of certain commodities. Discuss their importance in reducing agricultural risk. Speculation and market efficiency should also be discussed. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Refer to significant theories when applicable.

Informal Credit

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Define informal credit (including reciprocal credit; family loans etc.) and its historical importance. Discuss its

importance for savings and investment behavior, the supply of capital. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Agricultural Credit; Gifts and Gift Giving; Pawnbroking and Personal Loan Markets; Usury Laws Interest Rates

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Define the topic and its historical importance. Discuss the historical determinants of interest rates, real vs.

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nominal values, and the macroeconomic effects of movements in interest rates. Survey long-term movements in money and real interest rates, term structure, risk premia, and so on. Discuss the importance of interest rates for savings and investment behavior, the supply of capital, government finance, the operation of markets and commerce, and its role in economic performance and the allocation of capital. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Refer to significant theories when applicable.

Cross-Reference(s): Capital Markets; Pawnbroking and Personal Loan Markets; Usury Laws Mutual Funds

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Survey the main mutual funds and investment trusts in history, their rise, the way they reduced risks and

transaction costs, their regulation, and their connection with private pension funds. Emphasize their demise in the 1930s and resurfacing in the 1950s, their role in financial markets, and the international differences in their size and structure. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Refer to significant theories when applicable.

Pawnbroking and Personal Loan Markets

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Describe the origins and development of pawnbroking and personal loan markets (including mortgages, "loan

sharking," "debt-peonage," collateral) and their historical importance. Discuss the organization of these markets, their regulation, and their economic function in consumption smoothing. Discuss their importance for savings and investment behavior. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions, including reference to phenomena in Africa, Asia (e.g., chop loans in China, blind pawnbrokers in Japan, Holy in India), the Middle East (Taccavi loans), and Europe (e.g., bottomry and respondentia loans in ancient Athens, dry exchange, Lombards, Jewish moneylenders; sea-loans, maritime loans in Venice, etc.).

Real Bills Doctrine

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Define the topic and its historical importance. Describe the impact of the doctrine on banking practices and

legislation, and assess its effect on the development of financial institutions. Stock Markets

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Survey the origins, growth, and development of stock markets, including a history of major stock exchanges

and other securities markets. Discuss their role in raising capital as well as speculative bubbles; als o describe the differences in their institutional structure and rules of operation through floor traders, participation restrictions, etc.; the electronic stock exchange; measures of performance (history of the Dow-Jones Industrial Index and similar measures), macroeconomic implications of fluctuations, and volatility bounds. Survey the literature regarding the debate on "efficient markets." Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and

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historical dimensions. Cross-Reference(s): Business Cycles; Financial Panics and Crashes; Great Depression

Usury Laws

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Define and describe usury and its historical importance in terms of the regulation of capital markets and its

connection to major religions. Discuss the economic and ideological reasons for usury laws and their effects. Assess their importance for savings and investment behavior, the supply of capital, the operation of markets and commerce, and their role in economic performance and the allocation of capital. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

8: LABOR 8-A: BASIC CONCEPTS Apprenticeship

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Define the topic and describe its importance for specific economies, past and present, anchoring your

discussion firmly in time and space. Survey the main developments in apprenticeship, institutional and economic structure and form, relation to guilds and trade associations, role in the transmission of skills and the accumulation of human capital, its effects on technological progress, and so on. Include mention of locatio-conductio, collegium (Roman Empire), medieval and later guilds, and so on. Connect the topic to relevant economic concepts and theories whenever applicable and discuss how they help us understand and analyze the historical phenomena and events you describe. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Craft Guilds; Journeymanship Human Capital

Words: 5000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Define the topic and describe the long-term trends in the accumulation of human capital, as well as its role in

economic growth. Survey the importance of human capital for specific economies, past and present, anchoring your discussion firmly in time and space. Describe the ways in which human capital was accumulated in the past, through formal (apprenticeship, schools) and informal channels. Connect the topic to relevant economic concepts and modern theories of human capital in the Mincer-Becker tradition whenever applicable. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. In the course of discussion, define and briefly describe skilled versus unskilled labor, the relationship of human capital with technological change, formal and informal education, on-the-job training, the sources of market failure in education and government intervention, and so on.

Cross-Reference(s): Education; Labor Productivity; Literacy; apprenticeship Journeymanship

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Words: 500 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Define the topic and describe its importance for specific economies, past and present, anchoring your

discussion firmly in time and space, its importance in vocational training, and the regulation of entry into crafts. Cross-Reference(s): Apprenticeship; Craft Guilds

Labor

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: General introductory survey of the main forms of labor and of the main issues in labor history and related

questions. Define and briefly discuss historical evolution of such concepts as free and unfree labor, participation rates and dependency rates , human capital, operation of labor markets in history, unemployment, leisure-income choices, and so on. Define wage labor (including seasonal, permanent, "iron ricebowl," etc.), and provide a brief general survey of formal labor markets and their connection to industrial capitalism and commercial agriculture. Discuss the rise of a proletariat in various societies. Distinguish between formal and informal, short-term and long-term, individual and collective bargained contracts, and comment on their significance and enforceability. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Connections should also be made, when possible, to related topics in social history, such as matters of labor conflict, class, race, age, gender, and living standards, as well as of policy and collective action. This article will provide the context for and be supported by more detailed entries on related topics such as labor markets, child labor, human capital, slavery, serfdom, contract labor and indenture, labor productivity and so on.

Labor Productivity

Words: 2000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Define the topic and discuss the main historical trends in labor productivity in aggregate and various sectors

(including agriculture, industry, and service). Also briefly discuss the main factors affecting labor productivity, such as incentives, organization, technology, capital/labor ratios, etc. Connect the topic to relevant economic concepts and theories whenever applicable and discuss how they help us understand and analyze the historical phenomena and events you describe. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Connections should also be made, when possible, to related topics in social history, such as matters of labor conflict, class, race, age, gender, and living standards, as well as of policy and collective action.

Cross-Reference(s): Total Factor Productivity Literacy

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Define the topic broadly (including numeracy, school enrollment, school retention) and describe the different

levels of literacy. Discuss the distribution of literacy amongst genders, social Assess its importance for specific economies, past and present, anchoring your discussion firmly in time and space. Survey the main trends in the demand and supply of literacy, and discuss its economic significance as a form of human capital and as a factor in economic growth as opposed to a consumer good. Its relation with industrialization, technological change, and economic performance should also be discussed. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions, comparing the experience of different Western countries as well as that of non-

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Western nations, different experiences of social and ethnic groups, by gender, urban-rural differences, and so on. Cross-Reference(s): Education; Human Capital

8-B: FORMS OF LABOR CONTRACTS Contract Labor and Indenture System

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: Define the topic, provide a brief historical sketch of various contract labor systems, and discuss their roles in

emigration and its connection to imperfect capital markets and labor scarcities. Include coverage of human pawns in loan markets. Distinguish between formal and informal, short-term and long-term, individual and collective bargained contracts, and comment on their significance and enforceability. Coverage should be as broad and as comparative as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Mention significant legislation, if appropriate.

Serfdom

Words: 3500 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Define serfdom and analyze it as both an economic institution and a historical phenomenon. Highlight the

importance of serfdom for the functioning of labor economies and for performance and efficiency of economies, past and present. Discuss its meaning in terms of income distribution and the allocation of economic power, and the efficiency implication and long-term consequences for economic development. Coverage should be as broad and as comparative as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Include discussion of various forms of medieval serfdom, second serfdom in European economies and the debate around it; emancipation and its causes; and serfdom in non-European societies wherever applicable (e.g., genin, fudai, nago in Japan).

Cross-Reference(s): Feudalism Slavery

Words: 5000 Area Editor: Lovejoy Scope: Define the topic and provide a discussion of the economics and history of slavery in different slave societies.

Discuss the economic rationale for the system and its historical roots; describe such topics as incentives provided to slaves, sources of slave supply, prices, and slave markets; survey the various uses and costs of slave labor; and provide an economic analysis of its decline in Europe in the early Middle Ages and the Americas in the nineteenth century (include yo system in Japan; murgu). Cite relevant debates in the literature and economic and social theories regarding slavery and show how they help us to analyze the historical experience. Coverage should be as broad and as comparative as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Slave Trade; Slave Demography 8-C: LABOR MARKETS

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Child Labor

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Define the topic, put it in historical context, and discuss its main elements. Relate child labor to conditions in

the labor markets, such as supply, demand, contract and transactions costs, government intervention, and so on. Describe social attitudes to children and child labor and their impact on the regulation of these markets. Describe in detail the main elements governing the demand for and supply of child labor and how they have changed over the ages. Also relate the topic to the performance of labor markets and their efficiency. When applicable, cite relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions, comparing the experience of different economies. Special emp hasis should be placed on the role of the Industrial Revolution in child labor.

Labor Markets: Historical Overview

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Broad historical overview of the evolution of labor markets: define what they are, explain their imp ortance,

putting the topic in historical context, and discuss their main elements. Describe demand and supply, the operation of the market, and the economic and social context in which it worked. Outline secular trends in the structure of these markets, and analyze the factors governing these changes. Compare free versus unfree labor; briefly describe labor mobility; and discuss internal labor markets. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions, comparing the experience of different economies--that is, the role of labor markets in long-term economic development of the economies in question. This article will provide the context for and be supported by separate articles on segmentation and discrimination in labor markets and on integration and wage convergence. Entries on unemployment, Child labor, and labor mobility are also planned.

Labor Markets: Segmentation and Discrimination

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Define the topic, explain its historical importance, and discuss its main elements. Include coverage of gender,

race, ethnic, and age discrimination, and relate to current theories of economic discrimination. Outline the main economic and social causes and consequence of the phenomenon and its effects on economic performance. The economics of affirmative action should also be discussed. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions, comparing the experience of different economies.

Cross-Reference(s): Child Labor; Women in the Labor Force Labor Markets: Integration and Wage Convergence

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Define the terms, and discuss their importance for the operation of the labor market and their connection to

labor mobility and economic freedoms. Delineate the statistical techniques used to deal with them and what these techniques have shown for the historical experience. When applicable, cite relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions, comparing the experience of different economies.

Cross Reference: Labor Mobility

Labor Mobility

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Words: 1500 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Define the topic, explain its importance, putting it in historical context, and discuss its main elements. Include

discussion of turnover and job tenure, as well as occupational and geographical mobility. Also relate the topic to the performance of labor markets and their efficiency. When applicable, cite relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Also compare the experience of high-mobility labor markets, such as in the U.S., with low-mobility markets and discuss the causes and implications of the differences.. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Labor Markets, Internal Migration Unemployment

Words: 5000 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Broad overview of unemployment and its historical occurrences, discussing (1) the main "types" of

unemployment (e.g., voluntary vs. involuntary; cyclical, frictional, seasonal, structural, long-term, natural rate, dismissals, lay-offs, quits, turnover rates, etc.); (2) determinants; and (3) incidence (spatial: regional, international, rural-urban; age, gender, race). Relate the topic to the main conditions in the labor markets, such as supply, demand, contract and transactions costs, government intervention, unemployment insurance, and so on. When applicable, cite relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Survey major episodes of unemployment in history and compare the experience of different economies. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Business Cycles; Insurance: Unemployment Insurance; Phillips Curve Women in the Labor Force

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Discuss the main issues in female labor participation, put it in historical context, and discuss its definitional

ambiguities and development over time. Relate the topic to the main conditions in the labor markets, such as supply, demand, contract and transactions costs, government intervention, and so on. Also relate the topic to the changing gender roles in the household, changing family structures, birth rates, child mortality and other factors affecting participation. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions, comparing the experience of different economies.

8-D: LABOR ORGANIZATIONS, UNIONS, AND INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS Bargaining

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Define the topic (including collective, individual, shop-floor bargaining; compulsory and voluntary

arbitration), its importance to economic history, and specifically discuss its role in wage determination. Survey its successes and failures, drawing on past and present examples, in increasing wages, changing working conditions and hours, participating in management decision, and so on. Discuss whether bargaining theory can shed light on past bargaining situations. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical

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dimensions. Cross-Reference(s): Employers' Associations; Industrial Relations; Unions

Craft Guilds

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Discuss the rise and fall of craft guilds in Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. Describe their various functions

(e.g., insurance, apprenticeship, quality controls, monopolies, etc.) and their effects on product quality regulation, participation, prices, new technology, and so on.

Cross-Reference(s): Apprenticeship, Journeymanship, corporatism, merchant guilds Employers' Associations

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Define the topic and discuss its economic, organizational, and political significance. Explain the importance of

these Associations in the context of collective bargaining. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Bargaining; Industrial Relations; Unions Industrial Relations

Words: 3500 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Define the topic and provide a broad historical survey of strikes and other labor conflicts in industrialized

nations, as well as cases of harmonious relations, comparing the models in Great Britain, France, Germany, Japan (enterprise unions), Russia, Scandinavia, and the United States. Evaluate the causes and success of these strikes; also discuss legislation to curb or ban strike activity and its effects. Mention should also be made of major participants and key figures (labor organizers and their relations with business leaders, etc.) and particularly important episodes in labor history.

Cross-Reference(s): Bargaining; Employers' Associations; Unions Luddism and Social Protest

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: General historical survey of social resistance to technological progress and industrial capitalism, with

discussion of the ideological and economic causes and the degree of success of various Luddite movements including the Midland Luddite risings and the . When applicable, cite relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Unions

Words: 4000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: General history of labor unions: their origins, early functions, and activities. Discuss attempts to ban them; the

triumphs and failures of unions in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries; and the reasons for their decline after 1970. Survey the main hypotheses on "what unions do" and evaluate their success, assessing their economic, organizational, political, and social significance for specific economies. Use an explicitly comparative

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framework and delineate the differences in the trade union movement among various countries worldwide. Mention should also be made of significant political actions, such as nationalization and welfare legislation prompted by union activity, and to major participants and key figures (labor organizers and their relations with business leaders, labor parties [in Europe], organized crime [U.S.], etc.).

Cross-Reference(s): Bargaining; Employers' Associations; Industrial Relations 8-E: PAYMENT SCHEMES AND WAGES Payment Schemes

Words: 1000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: General historical survey of the forms in which wages have been paid. Provide a typolology of these schemes

(e.g., payments in kind; wages and salaries; piece-rate; truck system; commission payments; profit sharing; yellow-dog contracts; bonus wage systems; and so on); give examples of each; and discuss their origins, as well as their advantages and disadvantages. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Wages Wage Legislation

Words: 1000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Broad historical survey of significant wage legislation worldwide (e.g., minimum wage; indexation; wage caps,

etc.) and its consequences. Describe the purpose of this legislation and assess its success. Wages

Words: 5000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Broad historical survey of (1) the behavior of wages, (money and real wages); (2) wage determination (wage

rigidity, sticky wages, wage indexation); and (3) wage differentials (interindustrial, interoccupational, gender, geographical, racial, skill; discrimination; unionized versus nonunionized). Coverage should be as broad and as comparative as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Connect your survey as much as possible to theoretical concepts and show how they can enlighten historical analysis. The historical significance and implications of efficiency wage theory should be explored.

Cross-Reference(s): Payment Schemes; National Income Accounts: Wages and Labor Income; Wage Legislation 8-F: LABOR CONDITIONS Labor Conditions and Job Safety

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Define the main issues involved with job safety and environment and their historical evolution. Discuss how

these questions have been resolved by the market and/or by direct legislation, and assess how effective these solutions have been. Include coverage of shopfloor conditions; assumption-of-risk doctrine; the contributory negligence doctrine; the rise of workman-compensation schedules; the regulation of workplace health and safety

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(in mining and factories); employer-supplied benefits (welfare capitalism), and so on. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Comparative analysis is strongly encouraged.

Labor Time

Words: 3500 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Broad historical overview of the changes in work time (i.e., in the work day; work week; work year; overtime

work; part-time work; vacations and holidays; work seasonality; etc.). Survey significant historical developments and phenomena, and provide some telling and illustrative examples. Discuss secular trends in the number of hours worked, and mention various movements (e.g., for the eight-, nine-, and ten-hour day, the forty-hour week, etc.). Connect the topic to broader social issues (leisure choice, collective bargaining, etc.) and discuss the main factors affecting it: legislation, participation rates, union activity, and so on. When applicable, cite relevant economic theories regarding the topic. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Comparative analysis is strongly encouraged (e.g., differences in the European and American experience).

Retirement

Words: 3500 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Define the topic; survey significant historical developments and phenomena; and provide some telling and

illustrative examples. Discuss formal and informal pension arrangements and other social forms of provision for the aged; family networks; the social costs of retirement arrangements; and changes in long-term retirement age tendencies. Connect the subject to broader social issues when relevant. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Comparative analysis is strongly encouraged.

Cross-Reference(s): Income Maintenance: Social Insurance 9: NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT 9-A: NATURAL RESOURCES Fisheries and fish-processing

Words: 4000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: General historical survey of the most important sources of fish from antiquity to the present, including herring

and cod fisheries, fresh-water fisheries. Discuss the main factors on the supply and demand side; survey the development of fishing, shipping, and preservation technologies; role of fish in diets. Also discuss the overfishing problems and attempts to resolve it. Special attention should be paid to societies whose diets depended heavily on fish, e.g., Japan. Anchor your discussion carefully in time and space, and make sure that specialized concepts are well explained. Survey the main issues debated in the literature and connect them to the geographical and social realities of the past. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Common Goods; Whaling Forests and Deforestation

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Words: 3000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General survey of the economic history of forests and their exploitation in the world, with discussion of the

economic value of forests and their utilization in history. Special attention should be given to a comparison between the famous Chinese deforestations in the late Middle Ages, to European and North American cases, and to the tropical forests of the twentieth century. Anchor your discussion carefully in time and space, and make sure that specialized concepts are well explained. Survey the main issues debated in the literature and connect them to the geographical and social realities of the past. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Timber and Logging Industry Fossil Fuel

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Survey of the economic history of the use of oil, coal, lignite, peat, and natural gas from their earliest use to

the present. Describe the kind of fuels and how they were extracted, processed, and used. Anchor your discussion carefully in time and space, and make sure that specialized concepts are well explained. Survey the main issues debated in the literature and connect them to the geographical and social realities of the past. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Oil Industry; Mining Land Reclamation and assarting

Words: 2500 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Discuss land clearance, poldering, land improvement, wasteland reclamation, assarting, and development,

terracing techniques, and the cultivation of irrigated desert lands. Define and describe assarting and discuss its historical development in various geographical contexts, its specific technological character, its economic importance, special technical issues that pertain to it, and, if appropriate, its impact (e.g., environmental, sociopolitical). Expansion of paddy areas in rice-growing river deltas. Anchor your discussion carefully in time and space, and make sure that specialized concepts are well explained. Survey the main issues debated in the literature and connect them to the geographical and social realities of the past. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Soil and Soil Conservation Natural Resources: Historical Overview

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: General introductory overview of the role of natural resources in economic history; survey theories that relate

economic development, population growth, and technological progress to geographical conditions and criticisms of "geographical determinism." Anchor your discussion carefully in time and space, and make sure that specialized concepts are well explained. Survey the main issues debated in the literature and connect them to the geographical and social realities of the past. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. Separate essays on Property rights in and regulation of Natural Resources is also planned.

Cross-Reference(s): Common Goods; Public Goods; Fossil Fuels

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Natural Resources: Property Rights

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Describe the main forms of property rights on minerals, water, fish, and other natural resources, and how they

have affected exploration, exploitation, and so on. Discuss the various "tragedies" of common resources and overfishing resulting from improperly defined property rights. Anchor your discussion carefully in time and space, and make sure that specialized concepts are well explained. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Common Goods; Public Goods Natural Resources: Regulation

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Discuss the main forms of regulation of the exploitation, of natural resources, including attempts to prevent

overuse, environmental damage, preservation of nature, etc. Anchor your discussion carefully in time and space, and make sure that specialized concepts are well explained. Survey the main issues debated in the literature and connect them to the geographical and social realities of the past. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Nuclear Power

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Brief history of the nuclear industry from 1945, including the main technologies used, the main sources of

debate on its use, and different policies followed in different countries, e.g., France, Japan, the former communist countries, and the United States. Discuss geographical location of power plants and limitations imposed in recent decades. Anchor your discussion carefully in time and space, and make sure that specialized concepts are well explained. Survey the main issues debated in the literature and connect them to the geographical and social realities of the past. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Quarries

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Survey of the economic history of the extraction of stone, marble, glass, lime, etc., from their earliest use to the

present. Describe the kind of minerals exploited and how they were extracted, processed, and used. Anchor your discussion carefully in time and space, and make sure that specialized concepts are well explained. Survey the main issues debated in the literature and connect them to the geographical and social realities of the past. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Soil and Soil Conservation: Historical Overview

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Historical overview of the development of soil conservation. Include description of various types of soils;

la

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nd erosion, salinization, soil degradation. Discuss va

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rious techniques of soil conservation. Anchor your d

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iscussion carefully in time and space, and make sur

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e that specialized concepts are well explained. Surv

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ey the main issues debated in the literature and c

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onnect them to the geographical and social realities

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of the past. Coverage should be as broad as possib

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le in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Agriculture: Technological Change; Crop Rotations; Fertilizing; Land Reclamation

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Solar Power

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Brief history of the solar energy industry from its beginnings. Including the main technologies used, the main

sources of debate on its use, and different policies followed in different countries Discuss geographical location of power plants and limitations imposed in recent decades, and relate the development of the industry to the price of fossil energy, the environmental movement, and government support. Anchor your discussion carefully in time and space, and make sure that specialized concepts are well explained. Survey the main issues debated in the literature and connect them to the geographical and social realities of the past. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Water Resources

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Historical overview of the major water resources; focus on the common goods and public goods problem,

water pollution, conservation; property rights and markets in water, legislation and government regulation and sales of water. Give special attention to some special cases like the U.S. West, water in Mesopotamia and the Levant, and water rights in desert societies. Anchor your discussion carefully in time and space, and make sure that specialized concepts are well explained. Survey the main issues debated in the literature and connect them to the geographical and social realities of the past. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Irrigation Whaling

Words: 2,000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Brief history of the whaling industry, including the main technologies used, the main sources of demand for

whale products, geographical location of whalers, and regulation and limitations imposed in recent decades. Anchor your discussion carefully in time and space, and make sure that specialized concepts are well explained. Survey the main issues debated in the literature and connect them to the geographical and social realities of the past. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions.

Cross-Reference(s): Common Goods; Fisheries 9-B: ENVIRONMENT Climate and Climate History

Words: 3000 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Broad overview of long-term changes in climate and their effects on agriculture and population, with reference

to all relevant geographical and historical contexts. Also discuss the main sources of evidence on climate in the remote past, and describe the literature connecting long-term change in economic history with changes in the climate.

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Environment: Historical Overview

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Broad introductory overview of environmental history and the interaction of the environment with economic

development, industrialization, and technological change, with reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts. Also discuss general problems of resource exhaustion, degradation, pollution, and their effects, and identify causes of environment problems and their connection to property rights, transactions, and information costs. Compare the environmental records of market and nonmarket economies. Anchor your discussion carefully in time and space, and make sure that specialized concepts are well explained. Survey the main issues debated in the literature and connect them to the geographical and social realities of the past. Coverage should be as broad as possible in both geographical and historical dimensions. A separate article on environmental policies and regulation is also planned.

Environment: Environmental Policies and Regulation

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Broad overview of the economic history of environmental regulation and policy (including national and

transnational environment policies; restrictions on certain technologies and environment controls, etc.). Compare different national experiences on environment policy in Europe, former communist economies, North America, East Asia, and the developing world. Also provide a brief history of environmental movements and their impact on technology and economic performance worldwide. When applicable, relevant economic theories (especially from environmental economics and public finance) regarding the topic should be brought in and shown how they can help shed to light on historical developments. A separate introductory historical overview of the environment in economic history is also planned.

Fire Control

Words: 2000 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Historical survey of the main developments (and their economic impact) in fire control technology, including

preventive technology. Also discuss the historical connection with urbanization and public health in cities; modern developments in fire prevention and fire fighting.

Flood Control

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Historical survey of the main technological developments (and their economic impact) in flood control,

distinguishing between river and seawater flooding. Discuss ancient technology in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Asia; and compare hydraulic technology in Asia and Western Europe. Also describe the Wittfogel thesis on hydraulic societies. Sources of finance and government intervention should also be discussed.

Pest Control

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Broad overview of the development of pest control, with reference to all relevant geographical and historical

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contexts. Briefly identify the major agricultural pests (and plant diseases), as well as threats to humans (e.g., mosquitoes). Survey the various means of controlling them, from ancient times to current developments in chemical and biological pest control technology. The impact of these means on agricultural productivity, the environment, health, and so on should be discussed. Compare the experience of Western agriculture and third-world farming. Anchor your discussion carefully in time and space, and make sure that specialized concepts are well explained.

Cross-Reference(s): Agriculture: Technological Change; Crop and Plant Diseases Pollution

Words: 3000 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Broad overview of the economic history of pollution (including air, water, soil, chemical, biological, and

nuclear pollution): survey the main historical causes and consequences, with reference to all relevant geographical and historical contexts. Connect the main phenomena and events with agricultural and industrial technology; compare developments in market and planned economies. The economic impact of such matters as government regulation, international cooperation on these issues, health, and so on should be discussed.

Volcanic Activities and Earthquakes

Words: 1000 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Discuss the global economic impact of major seismological events, including the great "events" of 1755

(Lisbon Earthquake); 1816 (Tomboro) and 1883 (Krakatau) and similar ones. 10: BIOGRAPHIES 10-A: INVENTORS AND WRITERS ON TECHNOLOGY Agricola, Georgius

Words: 500 Area Editor: Mokyr Scope: Brief biographical profile on the life, career, and influence of this figure, with emphasis on his significance in

economic history. Arkwright, Richard

Words: 500 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Brief biographical profile on the life, career, and influence of this figure, with emphasis on his significance in

economic history. Babbage, Charles


economic history. Bell, Alexander

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economic history. Bessemer, Henry


economic history. Boulton, Matthew


economic history. Brunel Family

Words: 500 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Brief biographical profile on the life, career, and influence of Isambard and Marc Brunel, with emphasis on their

significance in economic history. Cort, Henry


economic history. Daimler, Gottlieb


economic history. Diesel, Rudolf


economic history. Eastman, George

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economic history. Edison, Thomas


economic history. Gutenberg, Johann


economic history. Haber, Fritz


economic history. Jacquard, Joseph-Marie


economic history. Kettering, Charles


economic history. McCormick, Cyrus


economic history. Newcomen, Thomas

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188


economic history. Nobel, Alfred


economic history. Otto, Nicolaus August


economic history. Roberts, Richard


economic history. Singer, Isaac


economic history. Smeaton, John


economic history. Stephenson Family

Words: 500 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Brief biographical profile on the life, career, and influence of George and Robert Stephenson, with emphasis on

their significance in economic history. Taylor, Frederick W.

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189


economic history. Watt, James


economic history. Westinghouse, George


economic history. Whitney, Ely


economic history. Wright Brothers

Words: 500 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Brief biographical profile on the life, career, and influence of Orville and Wilbur Wright, with emphasis on their

significance in economic history. 10-B: ENTREPRENEURS, BANKERS, AND LABOR LEADERS Agnelli Family

Words: 500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Brief biographical profile on the life, career, and influence of this family, with emphasis on their significance in

economic history. Armour Family

Words: 500 Area Editor: Cain Scope: Brief biographical profile on the life, career, and influence of this family, with emphasis on their significance in

economic history. Astor, John Jacob

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economic history. Bakunin, Mikhail

Words: 500 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Brief biographical profile on the life, career, and influence of this figure, with emphasis on his significance in

economic history. Brown Family


economic history. Brunner Family


economic history. Cadbury Family


economic history. Campbell, Joseph


economic history. Carnegie, Andrew


economic history. Chavez, Caesar

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191


economic history. Chrysler, Walter


economic history. Coats Family


economic history. family. One person to contact to make such inquiries is Geoffrey Jones at the University of Reading (UK) who is involved with Business History." Cockerill, John

Words: 500 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Brief biographical profile on the life, career, and influence of this figure, with emphasis on his significance in

economic history. Courtauld, Simon


economic history. Debs, Eugene


economic history. Deere, John


economic history.

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192

de Wendel Family


economic history. Duisberg, Carl


economic history. Duke, James Buchanan


economic history. Dunlop, James


economic history. Du Pont Family


economic history. Ericsson, L. M.


economic history. Ford, Henry


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193

economic history. Franklin, Benjamin


economic history. Gompers, Samuel


economic history. Gould, Jay


economic history. Gramsci, Antonio


economic history. Guggenheim Family


economic history. Guinness Family


economic history. Harriman, Edward


economic history.

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Hill, James


economic history. Kautsky, Karl


economic history. Krupp Family


economic history. Lenin, Vladimir Ilich


economic history. Lever Family


economic history. research on the Coats family and the Lever family. One person to contact to make such inquiries is Geoffrey Jones at the University of Reading (UK) who is involved with Business History." Lewis, John L.


economic history. Liebknecht, Karl


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Scope: Brief biographical profile on the life, career, and influence of this figure, with emphasis on his significance in economic history.

List, Friedrich


economic history. Luxemburg, Rosa

Words: 500 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Brief biographical profile on the life, career, and influence of this figure, with emphasis on her significance in

economic history. Mellon Family


economic history. Morgan, J. P.


economic history. Morris, William (Lord Nuffield)

Words: 500 Area Editor:Berg Scope: Brief biographical profile on the life, career, and influence of this figure, with emphasis on his significance in

economic history. Owen, Robert


economic history. Philips Family


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Scope: Brief biographical profile on the life, career, and influence of this family, with emphasis on their significance in economic history.

Pilkington Family


economic history. Rhodes, Cecil

Words: 500 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Brief biographical profile on the life, career, and influence of this figure with emphasis on his significance in

economic history. Rockefeller, John D.


economic history. Rong Family

Words: 500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Brief biographical profile on the life, career, and influence of this family, with emphasis on their significance in

economic history. Sasson Family

Words: 500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Brief biographical profile on the life, career, and influence of this family, with emphasis on their significance in

economic his tory. Schlumberger Family


economic history. Schneider, Eugene


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Scope: Brief biographical profile on the life, career, and influence of this figure, with emphasis on his significance in economic history.

Siemens Family


economic history. Slater, Samuel


economic history. Sloan, Alfred


economic history. Stinnes, Hugo


economic history. Swope, Gerard


economic history. Thyssen, August


economic history. Trotsky, Leon

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198


economic history. Vanderbilt Family


economic history. Vickers Family


economic history. Wallenberg Family


economic history. Zaibatsu

Words: 1500 Area Editor: Brandt Scope: Brief biographical profiles of the most important zaibatsu families, such as Mitsubishi, Mitsui, Sumitomo,

Yasuba, etc., with emphasis on their significance in economic history. 10-C: ECONOMISTS AND ECONOMIC HISTORIANS Ashton, T. S.

Words: 500 Area Editor: Munro Scope: Brief biographical profile on the life, career, and influence of this figure, with emphasis on his significance in

economic history. Bloch, Marc


economic history. Braudel, Fernand

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economic history. didn't say where, so I put him at the end.) Chandler, Alfred D.


economic history. he's deceased. Clapham, John


economic history. Cliometrics

Words: 750 Area Editor: Buyst Scope: Brief profile on the origins and main features of this school and its influence and achievements in economic

history. Fogel, Robert


economic history. Friedman, Milton


economic history. Gershenkron, Alexander


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200

economic history. Heckscher, Eli


economic history. Hughes, Jonathan


economic history. Keynes, John Maynard


economic history. Kindleberger, Charles P.


economic history. Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel


economic history. Lane, Frederic


economic history. Lewis, W. Arthur


economic history.

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201

Malthus, Thomas


economic history. Marshall, Alfred


economic history. Marx, Karl


economic history. Mill, John Stuart


economic history. Mumford, Lewis


economic history. North, Douglass


economic history. Pirenne, Henri


economic history.

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202

Polanyi, Karl


economic history. Postan, Michael


economic history. Power, Eileen

Words: 500 Area Editor: Berg Scope: Brief biographical profile on the life, career, and influence of this figure, with emphasis on her significance in

economic history. Ricardo, David


economic history. Schumpeter, Joseph


economic history. Smith, Adam


economic his tory. Sombart, Werner


economic history. Tawney, R. H.

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203


economic history. Usher, A. P.


economic history. Veblen, Thorstein

Words: 500 Area Editor: de Vries Scope: Brief biographical profile on the life, career, and influence of this figure, with emphasis on his significance in

economic history. Weber, Max


economic history. Cross Reference: Weber Thesis White, Lynn


economic history. Young, Arthur

Words: 500 Area editor De Vries Scope: Brief biographical profile on the life, career, and influence of this figure, with emphasis on his significance in

economic history.

words: 1000 area editor: munro - northwestern university

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