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WORD

STUDIES

NEW TESTAMENTBY

MARVIN

R.

VINCENT, D.D.YORK.

BALDWIN PROFESSOR OF SACRED LITERATURE IN UNION THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY,

NEW

VOLUME

I.

THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS ACTS OF THE APOSTLES EPISTLES OF PETER, JAMES, AND JUDE

*

The worda that I have spofeen tmto you

are spirit,

and are life." John vi

63,

NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS1900

^.

I

ofeM-

Copyright,

1887,

by

CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS

TROW'BPniNTINQ AND BOOKBINDtNG COMPAKV NEW YORK.

HENRY

DRISLER, LL.D.

JAT PROFESSOR OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE AND LITERATUREIN COLTJMBIA COLLEGE,THIS

NEW TORK

WORK

IS

DEDICATED

IN GRATEFUL

REMEMBRANCE OF THE INSTRUCTIONS OF EARLIER YEARSBY HIS PUPIL AND FRIEND

PREFACE.New-Testament commentaries are so numerous, and, many new essay requires some explanation. The present work is an attempt in a field which, so far as I amof them, so good, that a

aware,fully

is not covered by any one book, though it has been careand ably worked by many scholars. Taking a position

midway between theand grammar,it

exegetical

commentary and the lexicon

aims to put the reader of the English Bible

nearer to the stand-point of the Greek scholar, by opening to

him the ment ingelists

native force of the separate words of the

New

Testa-

their lexical sense, their etymology, their history, their

inflection,

and the

peculiarities of their usage

by

different evan-

and

apostles.

Theand

critical

student of the Greek Testament

will, therefore,

find himself here on familiar,will understand that the

and often on rudimental, ground,book has not been prepared withIt has in view,

any design or expectation of instructing him.first

of

all,

those readers whose ignorance of Greek debarsoriginal words, and to

them

from the quickening contact of theis

whom

unknown the very

existence of those tracks

which the Greekrendered supertranslation.

scholar threads with unconscious ease and in clear light.

Nofluous

scholar will maintain that such a task

is

by even the most idiomatic and accurateconscientious and competent translatoris

The mostdifficulties

fettered

by

inherent in the very nature of a translation.

Some-

thing must exhale in the transfer from one language to an-

VI

PREFACE.;

other

something which

is

characteristic in

proportion tois

its

subtlety.

Eeading an author in a translation

like hearing

through a telephone.

The words may reach

the ear distinctly,

but the quality of the most familiar voicetion, as in

is lost.

In translaorder to

exchange of money, transfer often necessitates breakdestruction of the original symbol, in

ing up

theits

embody

contents in the symbols of another tongue.

A par-

ticular coin of

one country

may;

have no exact representative in

a coin of another country out with small change.

and the difference must be made

A singleits

Greek word often requires

two or three words foror paraphrase.

reproduction in English, and even

then the partial equivalent must be

made good by commentof every

There

are, besides, certain features

language, and particularly of every dead language, which defytransfer

by any process

embodimentsface,

of a subtle play of per-

ception or of thought which has vanished, like the characteristic expression

from a dead

and which, though

it

may

give

some hint

of itself to an English mind, eludes the grasp of an

English formula.Difficulties like these can

be met only by the study of indiis

vidual words.

The

translator

compelled to deal mainly with;

the contents of sentences and periods

to

make the formstranslationits

of

thought subordinate to the substance.shouldliterally

A

whichoriginal

reproduce the idiomatic structure of

would be a monstrosity.andfamiliarly in

If the thought is to circulate freelysociety,

Anglo-Saxon

and

to

do

its

best

work

upon Anglo-Saxon minds, it must assume the Anglo-Saxon It must modify or abandon its native habits. It candress.not be continually thrusting into noticeits'

native antecedents,It

and the forms of theized throughout.

life

which evolvedtranslator;

it.

must be natural-

Hence the

is

compelled to have

mainly

in

view his own audience

to

expound the message

rather than to flatter the nationality of the messenger.

He

cannot stop to show his reader

how each

constituent

word of

PREFACE.the original sentenceis

viilife ofits

throbbing with a

own, andis

aglow with the fascination of a personal history.the work of the commentator;

This

rather

and not of the commentator

whoters,

explains the meaning and the relation of verses and chap-

but of one

who

deals with

words in

detail,

and

tells their

individual stories.

is a

For a language is not made to order and out of hand. It growth out of a people's life and its words are not arbi;

trary symbols fixed by decree or

by

vote, but are struck out, as

needed, by incidents and

crises.

They

are the formulas in

which new needs and

first

impressions of external facts spon-

taneously voice themselves, and into which social customs run.

Hence language becomes more picturesqueits earlier

as

we

recede toward;

forms.

Primitive speech

is

largely figurative

primi-

tive

words are

pictures.

As

the language becomes the expres-

more conventional and artificial life, and of a deeper and more complex thought, new words are coined representingsion of a

something more subjective and subtlethey become pressed into the

;

and the old words, asstretched to cover

new service and

a wider range of meaning, lose their original sharpness of outline.

They

pass into conventional symbols in the multiform;

uses of daily speech

they become commonplace factors of a

commonplace present, and remain historic only to lexicographers and philologists. None the less, these words forever carry hidden in their bosom their original pictures and the mark of the blow which struck each into life and they will show them to him who lovingly questions them concerning;

their birth

and their

history.in a peculiar

These remarks apply

manner

to the

Greek

lan.

guage, which was the outgrowth of a national character at once

and which was poetic and passionate, logical and shaped by an eventful and romantic history and by a rich and powerful literature. The words of a language which traversesspeculative,

the period from

Homer

to Aristotle,

from Marathon

to Leuc-

VIUtrafire;

PREFACE.

which told the

stories of

Herodotus, carried the mingled

and logic of Demosthenes, voiced the tremendous passion

of Oedipus, and formulated the dialectic of Plato and the rea-

soning of Aristotle, must enfold rare treasuresas

;

and the more

we

follow

it

into its later development under the contact ofit

Oriental thought, which fused

in the alembic of Alexandria,

ran the

new combinationlast

into the

mould of the Septuagint, andit

added the

element necessary to constitute

the bearer of

the Gospel message.

The highest testimonyis

to the resources

of this wonderful tongue ness to the touch of the

furnished in

its its

exquisite sensitive-

the expression of the

new faith, and new truth. Itstill

ready adaptation to

contact with the fresh,it

quickening ideas of the Gospel seemed to evoke fromtain deep-lying quality, overlaid

a cer-

then by the baser moral

conceptions of Paganism, but springing up in prompt responseto the

summons

of

Christian thought and sentiment.

Yet

even the words which lent themselves so readily to the new

and higher message of Christianity could not abjure theirlineage or their history.

andits

less sacred

They bore the marks of the older burdens they had carried. In the histories ofredeemer of

choicest words, Christianity asserts itself as a

human

speech.

Theandof

list

of New-Testament words lifted out of

ignoble associations and uses, and mitred as ministers of sacredtruth, is a longsignificant

one

;

and there are few more

fascinating lines

to which Archbishop Trench long ago directed English readers in his " Study of

study than

this,

Words" and his "New-Testament Synonyms." The biblical student may therefore profitably combine twodistinct lines of study;

the one directed at the truth of script-

ure in mass, the other at thedetail.

medium

or vehicle of the truth in

A

thorough comprehension of scripture takes in thethan the woof.

warp no

less

Labor expended upon etymolo-

gies, synonynis,

and the secrets of particles and tenses, upon

the wide range of pictures and hints and histories underly-

:

PREFACE.ing the separate words and phrases of theis

ix

New

Testament,

not thrown away, and issues in a larger result than the

mere accumulation of curious lore. Even as nature fills in the space between the foreground and the background of her landscapes withcountlessdetails

of

form and

color,

light

and

shadow, so the rich details of New-Testament words, once apprehended, impart a depth of tone and a just relation and perspective to the salient masses of doctrine, narrative, and prophecy.

How much

is

habitually lost to

the English student

through the use of one and the same term in rendering two

words which the writer selected with adistinction

clear recognition of a

between them.

How

often a picture or a bit of his-

tory

is

hidden away

in a word, of

which a translation gives and

can give no hint.

How many

distinctive characteristics of a

writer are lost in a translation.

How

often, especially in the

version of 1611, the marvellous play of the Greek tenses, and

the nicely-calculated force of that potentarticle, are utterly overlooked.

little

instrument, the

As

the reader steps securely

over the carefully-fitted pavement laid for him by modernrevisers,

he does not even guess

at

the rare and beautiful

things lying beneath almost every separate block.

Canthem.

the reader

these treasures?It

who knows no Greek be put in possession Not of all; yet certainly of a goodly share

of

of

has seemed to

me

that the following results might

be reached1.

Where

a

word has a

history,

he may learn

it,

and may

be shown through what stages the word has attained its present meaning, and how its variations have successively grownout of each other. Illustrations are furnished by such words as " humility," " meekness," " blessed."2.

He may

be shown, in

part, at least, the peculiar

form

in

which a thought comeslie

to a

Greek mind

;

or, in other words,

may form some

acquaintance with Greek idioms.

Thus, to

take some very simple instances, he can easily see how,

when

;

PREFACE.

he thinks ofthinks ofit

his food as set hefore

him on

the table, the;

Greek

as set heside him,

and writes accordingly

or

how

his idea of sitting

down

to the table

comes

to the

clining ; or he can understand how,the next

when

Liike says, "

Greek as rewe came

day"

the idea of the next or second day comes toso that

him

in the

form of an adjective qualifying we,

himself and his companions as second-day men.

he thinks of Sometimes,

when two languages developclassical usage, the classical

a difference of idiom in their

idiom of the one reappears in the

vulgar dialect of the other.

The

spirit of

numerous Greekre-

words or phrases, even in the I^ew Testament, could bebeen banished from3.

produced most faithfully by English expressions which havepolite diction.

He

can be shown the picture or the figure hidden awaySee, for example, the note

in a word.4.

on

comjpel, Matt. v. 41.

He may

learn something of

Greek synonyms.

He may

be shown

how two different Greek words, rendered by the same English word, represent different sides or phases of thesameidea,

and why each word

is

used iniv.

its

own

place.

Thus,

the word " net " occurs in both Matt.

18 and Matt.

but the Greek word

is

different in each verse,

xiii. 47 and either word

would have been inappropriate6.

in the place of the other.

He may

be shown

how two;

English words, having appar-

ently no connection with each other, are often expressed

by

the same Greek word

and he

the connecting idea.

He;

be put in possession of does not suspect that " bosom," inxxvii. 39, are one any connection betweenv.

may

Luke

vi. 38,

and "creek" or "bay," in Actsor that thereis

and the same word

the " winding up " of Ananias' body (Actsassertion that the time6.is'^

6)

and Paul's

short" (1 Cor.

vii.

29).

He mayseemto

be

made

to

understand the reasons for

many

changes of rendering from an older version, which, on theirface,7.

him

arbitrar}'

and

useless.

He

can be taught something of the characteristic usage of

PREFACE.

Xi

words and phrases by differenttect,

aiithors,

and may learn

to de-

even through the English version, certain differences of(See the Introductions to the different books.)

style.8.

He

can be shown the simpler distinctions between the

Greek

tenses,-

and the force of the Greek

article

;

and how the

observance of these distinctions adds to the vigor and livelinessof the translation.

Muchtaries;

valuable matter of this kind

is

contained in

commen-

and in some popular commentaries considerable promigiven toit,

nence

is

notably in the two admirable works of Dr.

Morison on Matthew and Mark.

But

it

is

scattered over a

wide

surface,

and

is

principally confined to commentaries pre-

pared for thein lexicons

critical

student; while verytreatises,

muchI

lies

hidden

and etymological

and in special essayshave collected

distributed through voluminous periodicals.

amount of this material from various and reliable sources, and have applied it to the treatment of the words as they occur, verse by verse, divesting it of technicalities, and trying to throw it into a form suited to the students ofandsifted a large

the English Bible.I

had these

so prominently in view at the beginning that I

seriously contemplated the entire omission of Greek words. On further thought, however, I decided that my plan might,

without detriment to the original purpose, be stretched so asto include beginners in the study of the

certain college-bred readers

who

have saved a

Greek Testament, and little Greek out

of the wreck of their classical studies.

such I have inserted the original words wherever

For the convenience of it seemed ex-

pedient; but always in parentheses and with the translation

appended.

The English

reader

any value which the book

may may have

therefore be assured thatfor

him

will not

be im-

paired by the presence of the unfamiliar characters.

He

has

but to pass them over, and to confine his attention to the English text.

XilIt is evident that

PREFACE.

my purpose

relieves

me

of the duty of thetlie

exegesis of passages, save in those cases whereconsiderationis

word under

the point on which the meaning of the entire

passage turns.

The temptationit is

to overstep this limit has been

constantly present, and

not impossible that I

may have

occasionally transgressed.

But the pleasure and the value ofwill,

the special study of wordsstudent by detachingit

I think, be enhanced for the

from the jungle of exegetical matter init is

which, in ordinary commentaries,

wellnigh

lost.

Atitle

few words should be

said respecting a

name which

thestu-

of this book will at once suggest to

dents

I

mean

Bengel.

New-Testament The indebtedness of all workers in

this

John Albert Bengel it is uot easy to overstate. His well-known " Gnomon," which still maintains a high and honfield to

orable rank

among commentaries

after the lapse of nearly a

century and a half, was the pioneer in this method of treatingscripture.

My own

obligations to

him

are very great for the

impulse to this line of study which I received in translating the " Gnomon " more than twenty-five years ago more for that, in;

deed, than for any large

amount of help

in the present

work.

For

his

own

labors

have contributed to the great extension

of his special line of study since the appearance of the "

Gno-

mon

" in 1742.

The

entire basis of ISTew-Testament philology

and textual criticism has been shifted and widened, and manyof his critical conclusions, therefore, must be either modified orrejected.

His work retains

its

value for the preacher.his

He

must always stand pre-eminent forinsight,

keen and deep

spiritual

and for that marvellously terse and pithy diction with which, as with a master-key, he so often throws open by a single turn the secret

chambers of a word

;

but for

critical results

the student must follow later and surer guides.

As

to materials, let

it

suffice to say that I

have freely usedis

whatever I have found serviceable.a compilation.

The book, however,

not

My plan

has compelled

me

to avoid lengthy

PREFACE.

Xiii

discussions and processes, and to confine myself mostly to the

statement of results.

In order to avoid encumbering the pageslist

with a multitude of references, I have appended asources on which I have;

of the

drawn and the names of other authors not mentioned there will be found appended to quotations.I have not attempted textualcriticism.

I

have followedit

principally the text of Westcott and Hort, comparing

withread-

Tischendorf's eighth edition, and

commonly adopting anyis,

ing in which the two agree.to say that the very literal

It

perhaps, scarcely necessary

and often uncouth renderings which

frequently occur are given merely in order to throw sentencesor phrases as nearly as possible into their Greek form, and are

not suggested for adoption as versions.

Each word or passage

commented uponsion.

is cited first

according to the authorized ver-

My

task has been a labor of love, though pursued amid thedistractionsit

numerous

and varied duties of a

city pastorate.

I

hope to complete

in due time

by an additional volume conago, in one

taining the writings ofIt is said that there

John and Paul. was discovered, some years

of our Western States, a magnificent geode, which, on being

broken, disclosed a mass of crystals arranged in the form of across.

It will

be a great joy to

me

if,

by

this

attempt to break

the shell of these words of

life,

and

to lay bare their

hidden

jewels, I may help a Bible-student here and there to a clearer vision of that cross which is the centre and the glory of the

Gospel.

MARYINCovenant Paksonagb, New York,

R.

YINCENT.

October 30, 1886.

PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.

In

this second edition a

number

of errors in the Scripture

references have been corrected, together with sundry typo-

Greek text, such as misplaced accents, A few changes have also been made For many in accordance with the suggestions of my reviewers. pf the corrections in the Greek text I am under great obligations to my old friend Dr. Henry Drisler, of Columbia College, whose invaluable aid it would never have occurred to me to ask in such a matter of literary drudgery, but who voluntarily, andgraphical mistakes in the

omitted breathings,

etc.

most kindly, furnished

me

with a

list

of the errors noted

by

him

in his perusal of the volume.

New

York, December

10, 1888.

LIST

OF AUTHORS AND EDITIONS.

Angus, JosephYork, 1883.

:

Commentary on the

Epistle of Jude.

Ne'rt

Apocrypha, Greek and English.Abbot, Edwin A.9th edition.Arnold,:

Bagster, London, 1871.

Article "Gospels," in Encyclopaedia Britannica,

W.:

T.

:

Roman Provincial Administration. London,:

1879.

G6org Homeric Dictionary. New York, 1880. Augustine Sermon on the Mount. Edited by Trench. 3d edition. London, 1869. 5 vols. London, 1857-61. Alford, Henry Greek Testament. Translated by E. Metcalfe. London, Gallus. Becker, W. A.Autenrieth,::

1849.

Becker,

W.

A.:

:

Charicles.

New3 vols.

edition.

London, 1854.

Barrow, Isaac

Sermons.:

London, 1861.Gothic and Anglo-Saxon

Butler, Joseph

Sermons.

Bohn, London, 1855.:

Bosworth, Joseph, and Waring, G.

Gospels, with the Versions of Wycliffe and Tyndale.

2d

edition.

London, 1874.Bengel:

Gnomon Novi Gnomon Novi

Testamenti.

Edited by Steudel.

Tu-

bingen, 1855.

Bengel:

Testamenti.

Auslegung2vols.

in fortlaufen-

den Anmerkungen vonBengel:

C. F.

Werner.

Stuttgart, 1853.

Gnomon NoviW.:

Testamenti.

Translated by C. T. Lewis

and M. E. Vincent.Burgon, John

2 vols.

Philadelphia, 1860.

Letters from

Eome

to Friends in England.

London, 1862.

XVI

LIST OF AUT'HORS:

AND

EDITIONS.of Jesus.

Bruce, Alexander B.

The Parabolic Teaching

New

York, 1883.

Twelve Apostlea and Francis Brown. Translated and edited by Roswell D. HitchcockBryennios, Philotheos:

The Teaching

of the

New New

York, 1885.

Bryennios, Philotheos: The Same.

Edited by Philip Sehaff.

York, 1886.:

Cox, Samuel Cox, Samuel Cox, Samuel

The Book

of Job.

London, 1880..

:

An

Expositor's Note-Book.

London, 1872.

:

Biblical Expositions.la:

London, 1874.

Cadena, Mariano Velazquez de

Pronouncing Dictionary of

the Spanish and English Languages.

New

York, 1882.

Cheyne, T. K.

:

The Prophecies

of Isaiah.

2d

edition.

2 vols.

London, 1882.Clarke, Mrs.1879.

CowdenJ.,

:

Concordance to Shakespeare.

London,

Conybeare, "W.Paul.

and Howson,

J. S.

:

Life and Epistles of St.

2 vols.

London, 1856.:

Cremer, Hermann

Biblico-Theological Lexicon of

New

Testa-

ment Greek.Crosby,

Edinburgh, 1878.:

Howard:

The New Testament, Old and New Versions.5 vols.

New

York, 1884.History of Greece.

Curtius, Ernst

London, 1868.

Cook, P. C.mentary.

:

Commentary onYork.:

First Peter, in Speaker's

Com-

NewSt.

Davies, S. S.

St.

World andN. Darnell.

Paul."J. J.

Paul in Greece, in series " The Heathen London.:

Dollinger,

John

The Gentile and the Jew.2 vols.

Translated by

2 vols.;

London, 1862.

Dixon, HepworthDavidson, Samuel

The Holy Land.2 vols.:

London, 1865.

:

Introduction to the Study of the

New

Testa-

ment.

2d

edition.

London, 1882.

De Wette, W. M. L. Kurzgefasstes Exegetisches Handbuch zum Neuen Testament. 4th edition. 5 vols. Leipzig, 1857. De Wette, W. M. L. Die Heilige Schrift. 4th edition. Heidel:

berg, 1858.

LIST OPDelitzsch,

AUTHORS AND EDITIONS.

xvii

Library."

Franz: Commentary on Job, "Clark's Theological 2 vols. Edinburgh, 1869.P.:

Di Cesnola, LouisTemples.

Cyprus

;

its

Ancient

Cities,

Tombs, and

New

York, 1878.:

Edwards, Thomas C.don, 1885.

Commentary on

First Corinthians.

Lon2

Edersheim, Alfredvols.

:

Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah.

London, 1883.:

Edersheim, Alfredthe

The Temple

;

its

Ministry and Services at

Time

of Jesus Christ.:

Boston, 1881.

Edersheim, Alfredof Christ.

Sketches of Jewish Social Life in the Days

London, 1876.1st

Expositor.Ellicott,

and 2dJ.:

series.

20

vols.

London, 1875-84.Epistles of Paul.

Charles

Commentary on the

2 vols.

Andover, 1872.Eadie, John:

Eastwood,

J.,

The English Bible. 2 vols. London, 1876. and Wright, W. Aldis: The Bible Word-Book.

New

York, 1874.

Englishman's Greek Concordance to the York, 1859.Findlay, Alexander G.Farrar, Frederic:

New

Testament.

New

Classical Atlas.

London.2 vols.

W.

:

The

Life of Christ.

New

York,

1874.Farrar, Frederic

W.:

:

The Life and "Work

of St. Paul.

2

vols.

London, 1879.Farrar, Frederic W. Farrar, Farrar,

The Messages of the Books. London, 1885. Frederic W. Greek Syntax. London, 1876. Language and Languages. New York, Frederic W.::

1878.

Fuerst, Julius :

Hebrew and Chaldee LexiconS.

to the Old Testar

ment.

Translated by:

Davidson.of St.

4th edition.

London, 1871. London,

Ford, James1851.

The Gospel

Luke

Elustrated.

Grote, George

:

History of Greece.

8 vols.St.

London, 1862.Luke.

Godet, F.2 vols.

:

Commentary on the Gospel of

3d

edition,

Edinburgh, 1879.

XVUl

LIST OF:

AUTHORS

AiO) EDITIONS.

Gibbon, Edwardvols.

Decline and Fall of the

Eoman Empire.2d

8

London, 1838.:

Grimm, C. L. Willibaldtion.

Wilke's Clavis Novi Testamenti.

edi-

Leipzig, 1879.C. L. Willibald:

Grimm,

The Same.

Translated, revised,

and

enlarged by Joseph H. Thayer.Gloag, PatonJ.:

New

York, 1887.

Critical

and Exegetical Commentary on theEdinburgh, 1870.the Epistle of James.

Acts of the Apostles.Gloag, PatonJ.:

2 vols.

Commentary on

New2 vols.

York, 1883.Geikie,in one.

Cunningham

:

The Life and Words

of Christ.

New

York, 1880.:

Goebel SiegfriedGladstone,

W.

E.

:

The Parables of Jesus. Edinburgh, 1883. Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age.Deutsches Worterbuch.6 vols.

3

vols.

Oxford, 1858.:

Grimm, Wilhelm and JacobLeipzig, 1854-73.

Howson,

J.

H.

:

Hackett, Horatio B.

The Metaphors of St. PauL New York, 1871. Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles.:

Boston, 1858.

Hobart, William K.don, 1882.

:

The Medical LanguageG. L.

of St. Luke.

LonProtes-

Herzog,

J. J.,

and

Plitt,

:

Real Encyklopadie

fiir

tantische Theologie

und

Kirche.

2d

edition.

16

vols.

Leipzig,

1877-85.

Herodotus.don, 1858.

Translated by George Eawhnson.

4

vols.

Loniiber

Huther, John Edward

:

Kritisch Exegetisches

Handbuch

den

1

Brief des Petrus, den Brief des Judas,

und den

2 Brief des

Petrus.

2d

edition.

Gottingen, 1859.:

Huther, John Edward

Kritisch Exegetisches

Handbuch2 vols.

iiber

den Brief des Jakobus.Jameson, Mrs.don, 1865.:

Gottingen, 1858.

History of our Lord.

2d

edition.

Lon-

Jameson, Mrs.

:

Sacred and Legendary Art.

4th edition. 2

vols.

London, 1863.

LIST OPJelf,

AUTHORS:

AifD EDITIONS.of

xix

William EdwardOxford, 1851.:

A Grammar

the Greek Language.

2

vols.

Jowett, B.edition.

The Dialogues

of Plato, translated into

EnglisL

2d

5 vols.:

Oxford, 1875.Translated byTraill.

Josephus1868.

The Jewish War.

London,

Kypke, George Davidbros.

:

Observationes Sacrae in Nov. Foed. Li-

2

vols, in one.J. P.:

Breslau, 1755.

Lange,

Critical, Doctrinal,

and Homiletical Commentary.the Galatians.

New1866.

York.J.

Lightfoot,

B.

:

St. Paul's Epistle to

London,Lon-

Lightfoot,

J.

B.

:

St.

Paul's Epistle to the Philippians.

don, 1869.Lightfoot,J.

B.

:

St.

Paul's Epistles to the Colossians and Phile-

mon.

London, 1875.J.

Lightfoot,

B.

:

On:

a Fresh Revision of the

New

Testament.

2d

edition.

New

York, 1873.

Liddon, Henry P.Christ.

The

Divinity of our

Lord and Saviour JesusGreek-EngUsh Lexicon.

London, 1867. Liddell, Henry G., and

Scott,

Robert

:

7th edition.Liddell,

New

York, 1883.:

Henry G. History of Rome. 2 vols. London, 1855. Lumby, J. Rawson Commentary on Second Peter, in Speaker's:

Commentary.

New

York.:

Lumby,mentary.

J.

RawsonYork.:

Commentary on Jude,

in Speaker's

Comvols.

New

Lewin, Thomas

The Life and

Epistles of St. Paul.

2

Newary.

York, 1875.:

Lewis, Charlton T., and Short, Charles A.

New

Latin Diction-

Oxford and

New York,Ivory:

1879.

Lucas,

Newton

Deutsch-Englisches Worterbuch.

Bre-

mep, 1868.Lardner, NathanielMerivale, Charles:

:

Works.

5 vols.

London, 1815.the Empire.

History of the7 vols.

Romans under

2d edition

of Vols. I.-HI.

London, 1852-62,

XXActs.

LIST OF

AUTHORS AND EDITIONS.:

Meyer, Heinricli

W.

H:

Commentaries on Matthew, Mark, Lukeof

New

York, 1884.

Mommsen, Theodor History4vols.

Rome.

Translated by Dickson.

London, 1867.:

Morison, James

AA

Practical

Commentary on the Gospel

ac-

cording to

St.

Matthew.:

Boston, 1884.Practical

Morison, James

Commentary on the Gospel

ac-

cording to

St.

Mark.

Boston, 1882.:

McClintock, John, and Strong, James

Cyclopaedia of Biblical,10vols.

Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature.

New

York,

1867-81.

The Gnostic Heresies of the First and Second Centuries. Edited by J. B. Lightfoot. London, 1875. Newman, J. H. CaUista. London. Roma Sotterranea. Northcote, J. S., and Brownlow, "W.Mansel, Henry L.::

R

:

London, 1869.

Old Testament.Parker,J.

Revision of 1885.

Cambridge.

H.

:

Primitive Fortifications of:

Rome. 2d

ed.

London.

Palgrave, William Gifford

Central and Eastern Arabia.

LonBos-

don, 1873.

Plutarch: Lives.ton, 1859.

Translated by A. H. Clough.

5

vols.

Phrynichus

:

Eclogae Nominum et Verborum Atticorum. EditedLeipzig, 1820.

by

C. A. Lobeck.J.

Porter,

L.

:

HandbookSt.

for Syria

and Palestine.

New

edition.

2 vols.

London, 1868.:

Plumptre, E. H.

Heathen World andPlumptre, E. H.:

St.

Paul."

Paul in Asia Minor, in series " The London.

The

Spirits in Prison,

and Other Studies onOxford, 1881.

the Life after Death.Revisers' Text of the

New:

York, 1885.

Greek Testament.

Reynolds, Henry R.

John the

Baptist.

London, 1874.

Robinson, Edwardtament.

:

Greek and English Lexicon of the New Tes-

New

York, 1859.

Robinson, Edward:vised

Harmony

of the Gospels in Greek.

Re-

by M.

B. Riddle.

Boston, 1885.

LIST OF

AUTHORS AND EDITIONS.:

xxl

Eiddle, M. B., and Schaff, Philipof Mark.

Commentary on the Gospel:

NewM.

York, 1879.

Eiddle,of Luke.

B.,

and

Schaff, Philip

Commentary on the Gospel2dedition.

New

York, 1879.:

Eawlinson, George

Ancient Monarchies.

3

vols.

New

York, 1871.:

Eawlinson, George

History of Ancient Egypt.

2

vols.

Lon-

don andScott,er's

New

York, 1881.:

Euskin, John

Eobert

:

Modern Painters. 5 vols. New York, Commentary on the Epistle of James,

1862,in Speak-

Commentary.:

New

York.3vols.

Schaff, Philip

Encyclopaedia of Eeligious Knowledge.

New

York, 1882-83.

Schaff, Philip,

and Eiddle, M. B.York, 1879.

:

Commentary on the GospelVols.I.,

of Matthew.

New:

Schaff, Philip

History of the Christian Church.

XL

New

York, 1882.

Stirling,

William

:

Annals of the Artists of Spain.

3

vols.

Lon-

don, 1848.

Salmond,

S.

D. F.

:

Commentary on

First

and Second Peter.

New York,

1883.J.:

Stormonth,

Etymological and Pronouncing Dictionary of

the English Language.Septuagint.

Edinburgh, 1877.to the Vatican edition.

According

Bagster, London.

Skeat, Walter

W.:

:

Etymological Dictionary of the English Lan-

guage.Stier,

Oxford, 1882.

EudolphJ. A.

The Words

of the

Lord

Jesus.

8

vols.

Edin-

burgh, 1855.St.

John,

:

History of the Manners and Customs of Ancient

Greece.

3

vols.J.

London, 1842.:

Schmidt,vols.

H. H.

Synonymik der Griechischen Spraehe.of St. Paul.

4

Leipzig, 187^-86.:

Smith, Jamestion.

The Voyage and Shipwreck

3d

edi-

London, 1866.:

Smith, William

Dictionary of Greek andvols.

Eoman Biography1849.

and Mythology.

3

London and Boston,

XXii

LIST OF;

AUTHORS AND EDITIONS.

Smith, William 2vols.

Dictionary of Greek and

Eoman Geography. RomanAntiquities.

Boston, 1854.:

Smith, William

Dictionary of Greek and

Edited by Anthon.Stanley, Arthur P.

New:

York, 1855.Epistles of St. Paul to the Corinthians.

The

4th edition.

London, 1876.:

Stanley, Arthur P.Stanley, Arthur P.

Sinai:

and Palestine. New York, 1863. The Jewish Church. 3 vols. New York,

1864-76.Stanley, Arthur P..

Sermons and Essays on the Apostolic Age.

Oxford and London, 1874.Scrivener, Frederick H.of the:

A

Plain Introduction to the Criticism

New Testament.:

2d

edition.

Cambridge and London, 1874.of the

Trench, Eichard C.edition.

Synonyms

New

Testament.

8th

London, 1876.:

Trench, Eichard C.

Notes on the Miracles of our Lord.York, 1862.

2d 2d

American American

edition.

New:

Trench, Eichard C.edition.

Notes on the Parables of our Lord.York, 1862.Studies in the Gospels.

New: :

Trench, Eichard C. Trench, Eichard C.Trench, Eichard C.

On

the Study of

New York, 1867. Words. New York, 1856.5th edition.

:

Proverbs and their Lessons.

London, 1861.Trench, Eichard C.:

On

the Authorized Version of the

New

Testament.

New

York, 1873.:

Trench, Eichard C.

English, Past and Present.

13th edition.

London, 1886.Trench, Eichard C.edition.:

Select Glossary of English

Words.

5th

London, 1879.

Theologische Studien und Kritiken.Tholuck, A.:

Thomson, William M. Thomson, William M.York, 1880-86.Thorns, John A.:

The Sermon on the Mount. Edinburgh, 1874. The Land and the Book. London, 1870. The Land and the Book. 3 vols. New: :

Concordance to the Revised Version of theYork, 1883.

New

Testament.

New

LIST OP

AUTHOES AND EDITIONS.:

XXiiiGraece.

Tischendorf, Constantineedition.

Novum Testamentum

8th

Leipzig, 1878.:

Tregelles, S. P.

An Account:

of the Printed Text of the

Greek

Newpels.

Testament.

London, 1854.Litroduction to the Study of the Gos-

Westcott, Brooke Foss

5th edition.

London, 1875.J.

Westcott, Brooke Foss, and Hort, Fenton

A.

:

The New Testa-

ment1883.

in the Original Greek.

American

edition.

New

York, 1881.

Westcott,

Brooke Foss: The Epistles

of St. John.

London,English

Winer, G. B.edition.

:

Edited by

Grammar of New Testament Greek. 8th W. F. Moulton. Edinburgh, 1877.:

Wilkinson, Gardner 1837-41.

The Ancient Egyptians.

7 vols.

London,

Wilkinson, Gardnerdon, 1843.

:

Modem:

Egypt and Thebes.

2 vols.

Lon-

Zeschwitz, Gerhard vongeist.

Profangracitat

vmd

Biblischer Sprach-

Leipzig, 1859.

ABBREVIATIONS.

A. V.

Authorized Version.Apocalypse.Cited.

Apoc.Cit.

=Lit.

Equivalent

to.

Expn.

Explanation.Literally.

Rev.

Eevised Version of the

New

Testament.

Rev. O. T.Sept,

Revised Version of the Old Testament.

Septuagint Version of the Old Testament.Following.Synoptists.

Sqq.

Synop.

Tex. Ree.

Received Text.

Tynd.Vulg.

Tyndale's Version of the

New

Testament.

Vulgate or Latin Translation of theof the in

New

Testament.

Wye. Wycliffe's Version The phrase "only herewordsonly.

New Testament. New Testament" refers

to

Greek

THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO MATTHEW.

INTRODUCTION.CoNCEKNiiiG Matthew personally

we know very

little.

He

was a son of Alphaeus, a brother of James the Little, possibly a brother of Thomas Didymus. The only facts which the gospels record about him are his call and his farewell feast. He had been a publican or tax-collector under the Roman government an office despised by the Jews because of the extortions which commonly attended it, and because it was a galling token of subjection to a foreign power. When called by Christ, Matthew forsook at once his office and his old name of Levi. Tradition records of him that he lived the life of an ascetic, on herbs and water. There is a legend that after the dispersion of the apostles he travelled into Egypt and Ethiopia preaching the Gospel that he was entertained in the capital of Ethiopia in the house of the eunuch whom Philip baptized, and that he overcame two magicians who had afflicted the people with diseases. It is further related that he raised the son of the king of Egypt from the dead, healed his daughter Iphigenia of leprosy, and placed her at the head of a community of virgins dedicated to the service of God ; and that a heathen king, attempting to tear her from her asylum, was smitten with leprosy, and his palace destroyed by fire. According to the Greek legend he died in peace but according to the tradition of the Western Church he suffered mar; ; ;

tyrdom. Mrs. Jameson (" Sacred and Legendary Art") says: "Few churches are dedicated to St. Matthew. I am not aware that

2

INTRODUCTION.is

he

the patron saint of any country, trade, or profession, un;

be that of tax-gatherer or exciseman and this is perhaps the reason that, except where he figures as one of the series of evangelists or apostles, he is so seldom represented alone, or inless it

he is portrayed as an evangelist, and the angel, his proper attribute and attendant, stands by, pointing up to heaven or dictating, or he holds the inkhorn, or he supports the book. In his character of apostle, St. Matthew frequently holds a purse or money-bag,devotional pictures.

When;

he holds a book or a pen

as significant of his

Matthewish

former vocation." wrote, probably in Palestine, and evidently for JewChristians. There are two views as to the language inhis gospel

whichin

was

originally

composed

:

one that he wrote

it

Hebrew

or Syro-Chaldaic, the dialect spoken in Palestine;

by

the Jewish Christians the other that he wrote it in Greek. The former theory is supported by the unanimous testimony of the early church and the fathers who assert this, also declare that In that case the translahis work was translated into Greek. tion was most probably made by Matthew himself, or under his supervision. The drift of modern scholarship, however, is toward the theory of a Gi-eek original. Great uncertainty prevails as to the time of composition. According to the testimony of the earliest Christian fathers, Matthew's gospel is the first in order, though the internal evidence favors the priority of Mark. Evidently it was written before the destruction of Jerusalem " Had that event preceded the writing of the sy(a.d. 70). noptic gospels and the epistles of St. Paul, nothing is more certain than that it must have been directlj' mentioned, and that it must have exercised an immense influence on the thoughts and feelings of the apostles and evangelists. No writer dealing with the topics and arguments and prophecies with which they are constantly occupied, could possibly have failed to appeal to the tremendous sanction which had been given to all their views by God himself, who thus manifested his providence in human history, and showed all things by the quiet;

light of

inevitable circumstances " (Farrar, " Messages of the

Books

").

Matthew's object was to exhibit the Gospel as the fulfilment

;

INTRODUCTION.of the law and the prophecies;

3past with the

to connect the

show that Jesus was the Messiah of the Jews, and that in the Old Testament the New was prefigured, while in the New Testament the Old was revealed. Hence his gospel has a more decidedly Jewish flavor than any other of the synoptics. The sense of Jewish nationality appears in the record of Christ'spresent;

to

words about the "the

lost

sheep of the house of Israel "

(xv. 24)

;

in

not to go into the way of the Gentiles nor into the villages of the Samaritans (x. 5) in the prophecy that the apostles shall sit as judges in "the regeneration" (xix. 28). Also in the tracing of the genealogy of our Lord no further;

command

back than to Abraham in the emphasis laid on the works of the law (v. 19 xii. 33, 37) and in the prophecy which makes the end of Israel contemporaneous with the " consummation of the age " (xxiv. 3, 22 x. 23). On the other hand, a more comprehensive character appears; ; ;

;

by the Gentile magi in kingdom to all the world (xxiv. 14), and the apostolic commission to go in the commendation of the faith of to all nations (xxviii. 19) a Gentile above that of Israel (viii. 10-12 compare the story of the Syrophcenician woman, xv. 28) in the use of the word " Jews," as if he were outside the circle of Jewish nationality in the parables of the laborers in the vineyard (xx. 1-16), andin the adoration of the infant Jesus;

the prophecy of the preaching of the Gospel of the

;

;

;

of the marriage of the king's son (xxii. 1-14)

;

in the threat of

and in the value moral and religious element of the law (xxii. 40 attached to the xxiii. 23). The genealogy of Jesus contains the Gentile names of Eahab the Canaanite, and Ruth the Moabitess. To Matthew Jesus is alike the Messiah of the Jew and the Saviour of thetaking away the kingdom fromIsrael (xxi. 43),;

world.It

being his task to show

how

fulfilled in Christ, his allusions are

the law and the prophets were frequent to the Old Testa-

He has upward of sixty references to the scriptures. Old Testament. His citations are of two classes those which he quotes himself as fulfilled in the events of Christ's life, such and those which are a part of iv. 15, 16 as i. 23 ii. 15, 18ment:

;

;

;

the discourse of his different characters, such as

iii.

3

;

iv. 4, 6,

47,

INTRODUCTION.10;

exhibits the law of Christ, not only as the fulfilment of the Mosaic law, but in contrast with it, as is illustrated in the Sermon on the Mount. Yet, while representXV. 4, 8, 9.

He

new law as gentler than the same time, as more stringent (seeing thegospelis

old,

he represents

it,

at the

v. 28, 32, 34, 39, 44).

His

of a sterner type than Luke's, which has been rightly styled " the Gospel of universality and tolerance." The retribuSin appeals to him tive element is more prominent in it. primarily as the violation of law ; and therefore his word forelse in the " Many are called, but Gospels. He alone records the saying, few are chosen " (xxii. 14), and, as Professor Abbot has acutely remarked, the distinction between the called (kXtjtoI) and the chosen {i/cKsKToi) is the more remarkable, because Paul uses the two words almost indifferently, and Luke, although he too has the parable of the unworthy guests, has not ventured to use kXtjtoi in Matthew's disparaging signification (Art. " Gospels,"

iniquity is dvofiia, lawlessness,

which occurs nowhere

in Encyclop. Britannica).

To him,

also, is peculiar

the record

of the saying that "

Whosoever

shall

commandments, and teach men so, kingdom of heaven " (v. 19). To continue the quotation from Professor Abbot, " Matthew, more than the rest of the evangelists, seems to move in evil days, and amid a race of backsliders, among dogs and swine, who are unworthy of the pearls of truth among the tares sown by the enemy among fishermen;

break one of the least shall be called least in the

;

back again many of the fish caught in the net of the Gospel. The broad way is ever in his mind, and the multitude of those that go thereby, and the guest without the wedding garment, and the foolish virgins, and the goats as well as the sheep, and those who even cast out devils in the name of the Lord, and yet are rejected by him because they work lawlessness.' Where Luke speaks exultantly of joy in heaven over one repentant sinner, Matthew, in more negative and sober phrases, declares that it is not the will of the Father that one of the little ones should perish and as a reason for not beingto cast' ;

who have

suflScient for the of the Jews, their increasing hostility to the Christians, and the wavering or retrogresit is'

distracted about the future,

alleged that

day

is

the evil thereof.'

The condition

; ;

INTRODUCTION.sion of

5

many Jewish

sified shortly

converts when the hostility became intenbefore and during the siege of Jerusalem this

may

well explain one side of Matthew's gospel and the other side (the condemnation of lawlessness ') might find an explanation in a reference to Hellenizing Jews, who (like some of the; '

Corinthians) considered that therestraint,

new law set them

free

from

all

and who,

in casting aside every vestige of nationality,

wished to cast aside morality as well. Yiewed in the light of the approaching fall of Jerusalem, and the retrogression of great masses of the nation, the introduction into the Lord's

Prayer of the words Deliver us from the'

evil,'

and the predic-

tion that

by reason of the multiplying of lawlessness the love of many shall wax cold,' will seem not only appropriate, but*

typical of the character of the

whole of the First Gospel."

As

related to the other synoptical gospels, Matthew's contains

fourteen entire sections which are peculiar to him alone. These include ten parables The Tares ; the Hid Treasure ; the:

Pearl

the Laborers in Sons the Marriage of the King's Son the Ten Yirgins, and the Talents. Two miracles The Cure of Two Blind Men, and the Coin in the Fish's Mouth.;; ;

the Draw-net;

the Unmerciful Servant;

the Yineyard;

the

Two

:

Four events of the infancysacre of the Infants;

:

The

Yisit of the

Magi

;

the M3,s-

the Flight into Egypt, and the Keturn to

Nazareth. Seven incidents connected with the Passion and the Eesurrection the Bargain and Suicide of Judas ; the Dream of Pilate's "Wife the Eesurrection of the Departed Saints the "Watch at the Sepulchre ; the Story of the Sanhedrim, and the Earthquake on the Kesurrection Morning. Ten great passages of our Lord's discourses Parts of Sermon on the Mount (v.-vii.) ; the Revelation to Babes ; the Invitations to the "Weary (xi. 25-30) ; Idle "Words (xii. 36, 37) the Prophecy to Peter:

;

:

;

17-19) ; Humility and Forgiveness (xviii. 15-35) ; Eejecthe Great Denunciation (xxiii.) tion of the Jews (xxi. 43) the Discourse about Last Things (xxv. 31-46) the Great Commission and Promise (xxviii. 18-20). Hence Matthew's is pre-eminently the didactic Gospel, one(xvi.; ;

quarter of the whole being occupied with the actual words anddiscourses of the Lord.

6

INTRODUCTION.

Matthew is less characteristic in style than in arrangement and The orderly, business-like traits which had been fostei-ed by his employment as a publican, appear in his methodical arrangement and grouping of his subject. His narrative is more sober and less graphic than either Mark's or Luke's. The pictmatter.life, character, and work, as Teacher, Saviour, and Messianic King, is painted simply, broadly, and boldly, but without minute detail, such as abounds in Mark. His diction and construction are the most Hebi'aistic of the synoptists, though less so than those of John's gospel. The following Hebrew peculiarities are to be noted 1. The phrase. Kingdom, of Heaven {^aaiXeia toov ovpavwv), which occurs thirtytwo times, and is not found in the other evangelists, who use Kingdom of God. 2. Father ^Vl Heamen, or Heavenly Father This occurs fif(o iraTrjp 6 iv ovpavolv: 6 irarrip 6 ovpdvio