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K KUNDAN

Word Power1. MANIAS

Bibliomania an obsession with rare booksDemonomania a morbid delusion of being under the influence of an evil spiritDipsomania a morbid compulsion to drinkDromomania a morbid compulsion for travelEgomania a morbid obsession with oneselfGraphomania a morbid mania for writingHypomania a mild manic excitementKleptomania a morbid compulsion to stealLogomania a mania for talkingMacromania a delusion that one’s body has become very bigMicromania a delusion that one’s body has become very smallMegalomania a morbid delusion of one’s grandeurMonomania single fixed obsessionNymphomania excessive sexual desire in a femalePseudomania a mania for making false and exaggerated statementsPyromania compulsion to set fire for thrillScribblomania a mania for making meaningless marks on paperTheomania a delusion that one has become a god

2. PHOBIASAcrophobia Morbid fear of high places or heightsAgoraphobia Morbid fear of wide open placesAlgophobia Morbid fear of painAnglophobia Morbid fear of England and English thingsAnthropophobia Morbid fear of mankindAstraphobia Morbid fear of lightning, thunder and stormsAstrophobia Morbid fear of celestial spaceBallistophobia Morbid fear of missilesBibliophobia Morbid fear of booksChirophobia Morbid fear of handsClaustrophobia Morbid fear of closed, confined placesDemophobia Morbid fear of crowdsDendrophobia Morbid fear of treesErgophobia Morbid fear of workFrancophobia Morbid fear of the FrenchGynaephobia Morbid fear of womenHematophobia or hemophobia or hemeratophobia Morbid fear of bloodHippophobia Morbid fear of horsesHydrophobia Morbid fear of waterMonophobia Morbid fear of being aloneMysophobia Morbid fear of contamination or germsNyctophobia Morbid fear of darknessOchlophobia Morbid fear of crowdPanophobia Morbid fear of everything in generalPathophobia Morbid fear of disease

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Peccatophobia Morbid fear of sinning or having sinnedPedophobia Morbid fear of childrenPhonophobia Morbid fear of speaking aloudPhotophobia Morbid fear of lightPodophobia Morbid fear of feetPyrophobia Morbid fear of fireRussophobia Morbid fear of RussiansSitophobia Morbid fear of foodSyphilophobia Morbid fear of syphilisThanatophobia Morbid fear of deathToxophobia Morbid fear of being poisonedTrichophobia Morbid fear of hairTriskaidekaphobia Morbid fear of the number 13Xenophobia Morbid fear of foreignersZoophobia Morbid fear of animals or some particular animal

3. KILLER-WORDS(A)

1. apicide the killing of bees2. avicide the killing of birds3. canicide the killing of dogs4. germicide the killing of germs5. herpeticide the killing of snakes6. insecticide the killing of insects7. pesticide the killing of pests

(B)1. filicide the killing of one’s children2. fratricide the killing of one’s brother3. genocide the killing of a race of people4. homicide the killing of human beings5. infanticide the killing of one’s infant6. matricide the killing of one’s mother7. parricide the killing of one’s parents8. patricide the killing of one’s father9. populicide the killing of populations10. regicide the killing of king11. sororicide the killing of one’s sister12. suicide the killing of oneself13. uxoricide the killing of one’s wife

4. THE ANGRY MANYou have, in English language, very many words to express anger in its myriad forms.1. acrimony bitterness of temper2. altercation quarrel3. animosity active enmity4. antagonism active opposition5. antipathy constitutional aversion6. contentiousness quarrelsomeness7. diatribe piece of bitter criticism

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8. indignation feeling of surprised anger9. irascibility angry behaviour10. tantrum a fit of ill-temper11. virulence full of hatred12. wrath indignation; great anger

5. RULES AND FORMS OF GOVERNMENTYou know cracy is an element meaning rule. You find it in the word democracy which means the rule of the people.

There have been many other types of rules such as these:1. Aristocracy rule by the nobility2. Autocracy rule by absolute monarch3. Bureaucracy rule by desk officials4. Gerontocracy rule by old men5. Gynecocracy rule by women6. Kakistocracy rule by the worst citizens7. Mobocracy rule by mob8. Neocracy rule by new, inexperienced officials9. Pantisocracy rule (government) by all10. Plutocracy rule by wealthy people11. Theocracy rule by church authoritiesAnd look at these, too:1. Anarchy a state without government2. Autarchy government of a country by one person with unlimited power3. Biarchy government by two people4. Endarchy government from an inner centre of control5. Monarchy government by a monarch (king)6. Oligarchy government in the hands of a few7. Panarchy government by all; universal rule8. Pentarchy government by five rulers or powers9. Polyarchy government by many persons10. Thearchy government by the gods

6. KNOW YOUR DOCTORSIn the field of medicine -ologist denotes a specialist in a specific type of disease. Let us introduce to you ten of thesespecialists with the diseases they specialize in.1. Cardiologist specializes in heart diseases2. Dermatologist specializes in skin diseases3. Endocrinologist specializes in diseases of glands of internal secretion4. Gerontologist specializes in diseases of old age5. Gynaecologist specializes in female diseases6. Neurologist specializes in nerve diseases7. Ophthalmologist specializes in eye diseases8. Otologist specializes in ear diseases9. Pathologist specializes in detecting the nature and origin of diseases10. Rhinologist specializes in nose diseasesAnd these, too:1. Orthodontist specializes in treating persons with crooked teeth2. Osteopath specializes in treating persons with bone displacement3. Paediatrician specializes in children’s diseases

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4. Podiatrist specializes in feet ailments5. Psychiatrist specializes in treating persons with mental aberrations

7. BRANCHES OF SCIENCE AND LEARNINGScience Scientist SubjectArchaeology Archaeologist prehistoric remainsAstronomy Astronomer heavenly bodiesAnthropology Anthropologist mankindEntomology Entomologist insectsEtymology Etymologist derivation of wordsBotany Botanist plant lifeBiology Biologist physical lifeChromatology Chromatologist coloursGeology Geologist rocksGraphology Graphologist handwritingEcology Ecologist environmentEmbryology Embryologist beginning of lifeEthnology Ethnologist races of mankindLexicography Lexicographer dictionary compilingMeteorology Meteorologist weather forecastNumismatics Numismatist coins and medalsOrnithology Ornithologist lives and habits of birdsPhrenology Phrenologist skull and brainPhilology Philologist languagesPomology Pomologist fruitsPsychology Psychologist the human mindRadiology Radiologist radioactivityPaleontology Paleontologist fossils and other forms of early lifeSeismology Seismologist earthquakesSpeleology Speleologist cavesSociology Sociologist societies and human behaviour in groupsZoology Zoologist different kinds of animalsPhonology Phonologist speech sound of a language or languagesPhilately Philatelist stamp collectingCartography Cartographer map drawingChoreography Choreographer ballet designingLithography Lithographer stone engravingTopography Topographer physical features of a place through map or chartDemography Demographer statistics of human population

8. PROFESSIONS(1)

1. Architect He draws plans for a building.2. Astronaut A space-traveller3. Bookmaker He takes bets, especially on horse races, and writes down in his notebook.4. Balloonist He ascends in a balloon.5. Chemist He sells medicines.6. Chauffeur He drives a motorcar.7. Collier He works in a coal mine.

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8. Compositor He sets type in a printing press.9. Curator An official in charge of a museum or art gallery10. Custodian Caretaker of a public building

(2)1. Cobbler Mender or maker of shoes2. Dietician An expert in food and nutrition3. Draper He sells cloth, fabric.4. Druggist He sells medicines.5. Farrier He shoes horses.6. Fishmonger He deals in fish.7. Flautist A flute player8. Florist A person who grows or sells flowers9. Fruiterer A person who deals in fruit10. Glazier A person who sets glass in windows, doors, etc

(3)1. Grazier A person who pastures cattle for the market2. Hawker He travels from place to place selling miscellaneous articles.3. Invigilator A person who watches over students taking an examination4. Ironmonger A person who deals in iron or hardware5. Jockey A professional horse rider in a race6. Lapidist He cuts precious stones.7. Librarian A person in charge of a library8. Milliner A person who makes and sells ladies’ hats, etc9. Oculist He is an eye-doctor.10. Optician A specialist in making eyeglasses

And look at these, too:1. Optometrist He prescribes corrective lenses.2. Pawnbroker He lends money and keeps goods as security.3. Physician He attends to sick people and prescribes medicines.4. Playwright He writes plays.5. Plumber He repairs water-pipes and cisterns.6. Potter He makes pots, cups, etc.7. Scavenger He is a refuge-collector.8. Sculptor He carves marble or stone.9. Surveyor He measures land.10. Technician He is a technical expert.11. Tinker He goes from place to place, mending pots, pans, etc.12. Tobacconist He sells tobacco and cigarettes.13. Usurer He lends money at an exorbitant rate of interest.14. Violinist He plays the violin.

9. TRAITS(1)

1. Supercilious a person who is overbearing, proud and haughty2. Misanthrope a person who hates mankind3. Libertine a person without a moral4. Impetuous a person who acts suddenly and without thought5. Pugnacious a person having an inclination to fight

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6. Rapacious a person having a grasping nature; greedy7. Malicious a person who is full of malice and ill will8. Insidious a person who does harm secretly and craftily9. Petulant a person unreasonably impatient or irritable10. Hypocrite a person who is feigning to be what he is not

(2)1. Extrovert a person more interested in what goes on around him than in his own thoughts and feelings2. Introvert a person more interested in his own thoughts and feelings than in things outside himself3. Egoist a person who always thinks of himself4. Egocentric a person who is self-centred5. Gregarious a person who likes the company of others6. Judicious a person who possesses a sound judgment7. Boisterous a person who is noisy and cheerful8. Taciturn a person who is habitually silent or reserved9. Erudite a person who is scholarly and learned10. Punctilious a person who is precise in the observance of forms or ceremonies

(3)1. Epicurean a person who loves the refinements of pleasure and believes that pleasure is the chief good2. Stoic a person who is unmoved by joy or grief3. Atheist a person who denies the existence of God4. Catholic a person who is broad in outlook5. Philistine a person of materialistic taste indifferent to art and literature6. Fastidious a person difficult to please7. Connoisseur a person who is a critical judge in matters of taste8. Antiquarian a person interested in the study of ancient things9. Ascetic a person who practises self-denial and leads an austere life10. Gourmet a person who has a good taste for food

(4)1. Optimist He looks at the bright side of life.2. Pessimist He looks at the dark side of life.3. Martinet He is a stickler for discipline.4. Aesthete He has a highly developed sense of beauty.5. Pedant He makes a display of his learning.6. Sycophant He is a servile flatterer of the rich and powerful.7. Hedonist He leads his life purely for pleasure, especially physical pleasure.8. Infidel He has no belief in a specific religion.9. Suave He is polished in manner.10. Docile He is quiet and easily controlled managed or influenced.11. Conservative He is opposed to great or sudden change.12. Misogynist He hates women.13. Philanthropist He is kind and helpful to those who are poor or in trouble.14. Pornographer He treats of sexual subjects in pictures or writing in a way that is meant to cause sexual

excitement.15. Eccentric He is a person who is peculiar, not normal in behaviour.16. Misogamist He hates the institution of marriage.17. Misologist He hates learning and knowledge.18. Gullible He is easily tricked and persuaded to believe something.19. Recluse He lives in complete seclusion.

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20. Termagant She is a noisy, quarrelsome woman.

(5)1. Imperious He is commanding, haughty and arrogant.2. Impertinent He is impudent, saucy and he does not show respect.3. Henpecked He is ruled by his wife.4. Garrulous He talks too much about unimportant things.5. Egalitarian He favours the doctrine of equal rights and opportunities for all citizens.6. Plagiarist He takes and uses somebody else’s ideas, words, etc as if they were his own.7. Chauvinist He is a person with unreasoning partiality to his place or group.8. Debonair He is suave and light-hearted.9. Amiable He is easy and pleasant to talk to.10. Dilettante He studies something but not seriously and not with real understanding: a dabbler in art,

science or literature.

10. ANIMAL TRAITSAdjectives Descriptionaquiline eaglelikeasinine asslikebovine oxlike or cowlikecanine doglikeelephantine elephantlikeequine horselikefeline catlikeleonine lionlikeovine sheeplikeporcine piglikeserpentine serpentlikeursine bearlikevulpine wolflike

11. MAN’S ATTITUDE TO GOD1. Atheism disbelief in God2. Agnosticism skepticism about God3. Deism belief in the existence of a Divine Being, but without acceptance of revelation or religious dogma4. Henotheism belief in one of a group of gods, without asserting that he is the only God5. Monotheism belief in one God6. Pantheism belief that God is nature7. Polytheism belief in many gods8. Theism belief in the existence of one God, Creator and Ruler of the universe, but without the denial of

revelation

12. APPROPRIATE VERBSto foment trouble to grab the landto explode crackers to comb the whole areato apprehend danger to waste timeto scotch the rumour (put an end to) to squander moneyto vitiate the atmosphere (spoil) to fritter away one’s energyto sling mud at someone to exact an exorbitant rate of interestto fling remarksto tarnish somebody’s image to flex the muscle (bend and move)

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to pry into somebody’s affairs to mollify one’s angerto nab the criminal (arrest) to stoop lowto remand one to jail custody to foil an attemptto amass wealth to pacify the angry mobto hoard grains to gnash one’s teethto pool one’s resources to apportion blame (to divide and share out)to court dangerto ascertain the fact to set the bonesto curry somebody’s favour (win) to amputate an arm (cut off)to lull a baby to sleep to extract the toothto sing a lullaby to convene a meetingto refurbish the image (to make to deliver a fiery speech

bright and fresh again) to stage a demonstrationto tilt the balance to take out a processionto nurse a grudge to break the police cordonto harbour ill will to pelt stonesto rectify a mistake (put right) to fast unto deathto strike terror to go on striketo defy authority (disobey) to call off the striketo struggle against odds to control the unruly mobto climb stairs to cast voteto scale the wall to unfurl or hoist the flagto mop the floor to bare one’s bosomto dust the books to expunge an objectionable remarkto twirl the moustache to box the earsto cast aspersion on someone to acknowledge someone’s claimto lob the ball to concede the demand (admit as true)to spoon a catch to choose a careerto assign reason to embark on an adventureto cite precedent to draw up a planto concoct a story to execute a planto offer pleas to toss the cointo confirm an appointment to spill every ounce of one’s energyto ratify a treaty to flash a newsto inflict a wound to leap with joyto dress the wound to bask in the sunshineto feel the pulse to commit a crimeto administer oxygen to commit to memoryto transfuse blood to stitch clothesto graft the skin to sew on the buttonsto transplant the heart to play the violinto draw an inference to invoke the godsto play the host to address the chairto lay the table to set fire to somethingto roast meat to set something on fireto fry fish to kindle a fireto bake bread to propound a theoryto cook rice to promulgate an ordinanceto whet one’s appetite to communicate news

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to satiate one’s hunger to channelize one’s energyto quench one’s thirst to wring wet clothesto deploy troops to distort factsto demolish an unauthorised to disfigure one’s face

structure to sever connectionsto desecrate a place of worship to disrupt a meeting

(to use in an unworthy way) to lynch a rapistto extort money to launch a rocketto grease somebody’s palm to torment a personto flaunt one’s riches (show off) to oppress the poorto eradicate crime, poverty to malign an innocent personto walk the distance to respond to kindnessto discard a worn garment to rivet one’s attention (to attractto revoke a will and hold strongly)to abjure one’s religion to extort a confession from someoneto suppress a rebellion to generate heat, electricityto restrain an action to unfold a planto fulfil a promise to air one’s grievancesto oppose a measure to peel off an orangeto resist an attack to weave threads togetherto forge new friendship to foretell the future eventsto renew old contact to propitiate the gods (win the favour of)to bury the dead to encourage the timidto spit blood, venom to succour the endangeredto delineate a character to support the weakto brag about something to repulse an attack

13. COMMONLY USED VERBSA particular noun needs a particular verb to express what is done to it. As for exampledo research, take an exam, give a talk, play a game, make an effort, perform a task, have a rest.The verbs commonly used with particular nouns are plentiful. You will do well to know them in their right combina-

tions. Here are a few common expressions:

You can have

breakfast a walk a good timelunch a ride a nice eveningtea a game of cards a bad daydinner a rest a thoughtcoffee a lie-down an ideaa meal a sleep a talka drink a dream a chata glass of juice a headache a conversationa party an illness a rowa shave a fit a quarrela bath an accident a fighta wash an operation a word with somebodya shower a holiday a baby (give birth)a swim a day off a nervous breakdowna try a go a setback

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You can make

an accusation a journeyan arrangement lovean attempt a meal (prepare a meal)a boat a mistakea cake moneya change a movementa comment a noisea decision an offera demand peacean effort a planan estimation progressan exception a profitan excuse a promisea fuss a recommendationa gesture a requesta guess a statementan impression (on someone) war

You can take

action a liking toadvantage (of something or someone) a looka bath medical/legal advicecare my word for it (believe me)charge (of) notice (of something)a chance (on something) an objection tocourage offence (at something)a deep breath (great) pains over somethinga degree (obtain) a pilldriving lessons a quick look roundan exception to responsibility (for)a fancy to risksfright (at something) a seatheart something to hearthold (of something) a taxia holiday things easyliberties with your time over something (not hurry)

You can do

your bestbusiness (with someone) (someone) a good turn/harma course (of study) your homeworksome damage the houseworka dance a jobthe washing-up researchyour duty the shopping(someone) a favour (some) workthe gardening your hair

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good us the honour

You can give

(someone) a chance a performancea chase to permissiona command an opiniondetails an orderevidence (somebody) a ring (telephone him)a groan a talk/lectureinformation waya party

You can play You can perform A person orsomething can go

cards a duty baldfair (fairly) a function blinda game an operation crazythe game (observe the rules of the game) a piece of music greythe man (act like a man) a play mada musical instrument tricks rusty (iron)(some) music sour (milk)a part stale (bread)prank (on someone)a record (cassette, tape, etc) wrong (machine)a rolea trick (on somebody)a tune

Different Verbs for Different ActionsA train moves off from the platform. A boat puts off from the shore.A tree sheds its leaves. A bird casts off its feathers.You scrub the floor. You polish the car.You shake your head. You shrug your shoulders.You waste time. BUT You squander money.You sharpen the knife. You quicken your steps.You unravel a secret. You unearth a buried treasure.You cook rice. You bake bread.You sit for/take an exam You mark/set an exam

(if you’re a student). (if you’re a teacher)You pare the nails. You clip the moustache.Trains rumble. Wheels rattle.

14. IDIOMATIC NOUN PHRASES(a) Collection of people

an army of soldiers a congress of representatives, delegatesan assembly of representatives a band of musicians, followersa contingent of army personnels, boy scouts a batch of pupils, candidatesa corporation of people a battalion of soldiersa corps of volunteers, soldiers a bench of judges

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a council of ministers, advisers a bevy of girls, ladiesa crew of sailors a board of directors, trustees, examinersa crowd of people a body of men, soldiers, police, laws, etca flurry of attentive callers a gang of robbers, thieves, convicts, prisonersa brigade of cavalry, infantry, artillery a gathering of peoplea caravan of pilgrims, merchants a guild of tradesmen, artisansa choir of singers a horde of barbarians, savagesa circle of friends, acquaintances a host of peoplea class of persons, students a mob of riotersa clique of schemers a multitude of peoplea colony of people a muster of troopsa company of actors, merchants a panel of judges, jurymena concourse of people a pack of fools, knavesa conference of preachers, delegates a party of musicians, peoplea congregation of pilgrims, worshippers a platoon of soldiers, musketeersa posse of policemen a procession of peoplea school of thinkers, learned men a queue of peoplea syndicate of merchants, businessmen a regiment of soldiersa senate of councillors, university members a team of payersa throng of people a squad of soldiers drillinga train of followers a squadron of soldiers, shipsa tribe of aborigines a staff of teachers, officials, servantsa troop of soldiers a stream of people, visitorsa troupe of dancers, artistes a string of cooliesa union of workers, tradesmen

(b) Collection of animals, birds and insectsan army of ants a leash of hares, houndsa bevy of swans a litter of puppies, kittens, piglingsa brood of chickens (brought forth at one birth)a colony of termites a muster of peacocksa column of ants a nest of antsa covey of partridges (flying together) a pack of asses, hounds, wolvesa school of whales, porpoises a drove of cattle (when driven)a shoal of herrings, fishes a flight of birds, locusts, insectsa string of camels a flock of sheep, geese, chickensa stud of ponies, horses a gaggle of geesea swarm of flies, ants, bees, locusts a haul of fishes (taken in a net)a team of horses, oxen a herd of deer, swine, cattle (when pasturing or driven together)a train of donkeys a troop of lions, monkeysa hive of bees

(c) Collection of thingsan album of photos, snapshots, a barrage of questions

stamps a basket of fruitsan alliance of states, powers, etc a batch of loaves (baked together)an anthology of poems a battery of guns, lights, camerasan archive of public records a beam of raysan assortment of jobs a block of flats, housesa bale of cotton, wool a bouquet of flowers

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a bout of illness a forest of treesa budget of letters, news a galaxy of starsa bunch of flowers, grapes, plan- a gallery of pictures

tains, keys a garland of flowersa cache of arms a glut of injuriesa catalogue of books (ie their names) a group of islandsa grove of trees a cargo of wheata heap of stones, ruins, sand a carillon of bellsa hoard of jewels, gold a catch of fishes (taken in a net)a host of subjects a cavalcade of memoriesa jumble of things (put together without any order) a cellar of winea chain of mountains, events a league of powers, states, nationsa chest of drawers a library of booksa cloud of dust a lump of mud, coal, leada clump of trees a mass of cloud, ruinsa cluster of stars, islands, nuts a maze of tanglewood, worldly affairsa clutch of eggs a code of lawsa miscellany of composition (on various subjects) a column of smokea commission of enquiry a mop of grey haira commonwealth of nations a mine of informationa confederation of states, powers a museum of arta consignment of goods a nosegay of flowersa constellation of stars an outfit of clothesa convoy of helicopters, lorries a pack of playing-cardsa course of lectures, events a packet of cigarettesa crop of weeds, hair a peal of thunder, bellsa curriculum of studies a pencil of raysa faggot of twigs, sticks a pile of arms, woods, booksa fall of leaves, snow, rain a pool of blooda family of plants, languages a quiver of arrowsa fleet of cars, ships a range of mountains, hillsa flight of steps, stairs a riot of coloursa flotilla of boats, ships a roll of namesa rosary of beads a stockpile of nuclear arms, gunpowdera round of shots, duties, applause a row of chairs, treesa storm of protest a sea of troublesa stretch of wheat field a series of events, lecturesa string of Pearls, beads a set of rules, toolsa suite of rooms, apartments, furniture a sheaf of arrows, cornstalksa shock of hair a syllabus of studiesa shower of arrows, abuses, rains, bullets a tissue of liesa train of wagons a species of animals, plantsa treasure trove of sunken ships a stack of arms, hay, wood (piled together)a tuft of grass, hair, feathers a volley of questions, abuses, shotsa stock of goods a whirlpool of misery

15. MASCULINE AND FEMININE1. People

Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine

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actor actress king queenauthor authoress landlord landladybachelor spinster lord ladyboy girl male femalebridegroom bride man womanbrother sister manservant maidservantbrother-in-law sister-in-law master mistressconductor conductress monk nuncount countess negro negressduke duchess nephew nieceearl countess poet poetessemperor empress priest priestessfather mother prince princessfather-in-law mother-in-law proprietor proprietressfiance fiancee salesman salesgirlfriar nun shepherd shepherdessgentleman lady sir madamgod goddess son daughtergodfather godmother son-in-law daughter-in-lawgrandfather grandmother stepfather stepmotherheadmaster headmistress steward stewardessheir heiress tutor governesshero heroine waitor waitresshost hostess widower widowhusband wife wizard witchinstructor instructress

2. Animalsbear she-bear bullock heiferbilly-goat nanny-goat cock henboar sow cock-sparrow hen-sparrowbuck doe colt fillybull cow dog bitchdrake duck peacock peahenfox vixen ram ewegander goose stallion marehe-goat she-goat steer heiferleopard leopardess tiger tigresslion lioness tom-cat tabby-cat

16. YOUNG ONES1. Animals

Adult Young one Adult Young onebear cub hen chicken, chickcat kitten horse colt, filly, foalcow calf leopard cubdeer fawn lion whelpdog puppy ram lambfox cub sheep lambfrog tadpole stag fawn

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goat kid tiger cubhare leveret wolf cub

2. Birds, Fish and Insectsant grub housefly maggotbee grub mosquito wriggler, larvabutterfly caterpillar moth caterpillarcockroach nymph owl owletduck duckling salmon parreagle eaglet swan cygnetgoose gosling trout fry

17. WORDS DENOTING MOVEMENT, PLACES AND HOMES1. Movement

(a) Birds (b) AnimalsA bird flies. A bear lumbers.A cock struts. A deer bounds.A crow flies. A donkey trots.A duck waddles. An elephant ambles.An eagle swoops. A horse gallops, trots.A lark soars. A hound bounds.An owl flits. A lamb frisks.A sparrow flits. A lion prowls.A turkey struts. A mouse scampers.A vulture flaps, rises or hobbles. A rabbit leaps.

A wolf lopes.

(c) PersonsA personhobbles, dawdles, limps, lumbers, meanders,marches, plods, shuffles, paces, slouches,staggers, strides, strolls, waddles, walks.

(d) Walking VerbsWe are not tagged to the calendar, tethered to the post, stuck up at just one place. Every single moment, all the time, we

rather step out of our house to see what the world is like. We do move from place to place. In search of job. In pursuit of an ideal.In quest of peace.

We walk at varying paces and in a variety of ways. As for example, a baby toddles, an idler slouches, a soldier marches,and a farmer, after the day’s toil, plods his weary way home. And so on.

You will find here two sets of verbs: walking verbs and verbs of movement.

Walking Verb Definition1. To toddle to walk with short tottering steps (as does a baby)2. To limp to walk as if lame3. To strut to walk in an affected manner/proudly4. To stride to walk with long steps5. To stroll to walk in a quiet, unhurried way6. To slouch to walk in a lazy, tired way7. To stagger to walk or move unsteadily (from weakness, a heavy burden, drunkenness, etc)8. To plod to walk slowly and wearily9. To dawdle to walk slowly, wasting time

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10. To lumber to move in a heavy, clumsy, noisy way11. To march to walk smartly in steps12. To meander to follow a winding path, moving slowly

and gently (eg meandering river)Now look at these verbs of movement.1. Swoop come down with a rush (like the bird of prey)2. Skim glide over with an occasional touch3. Scamper run quickly like a frightened animal4. Sprint run a short distance with speed5. Bolt run away quickly, dart off6. Bound move or run in jumping movements7. Flash move so swiftly as to be visible for a short time8. Flit fly or move lightly and quickly (Bees flit from flower to flower.)9. Hasten move with speed10. Run move with quick steps (faster than walking)11. Rush go with speedLook at these, too.1. Tremor shaking movement of the ground2. Shiver movement of body due to cold3. Vibrate regular movement backwards and forwards4. Oscillate regular movement of a suspended thing from one point to another5. Flicker movement of the flame

(e) Specific movement wordsA baby toddles. A tired traveller plods.A king strides on. A lame person limps or hobbles.A drunkard staggers. A conceited fellow struts.

(f) MiscellaneousThe nose blows. The wind blows.The earth rotates. Water flows.The watch ticks. The fan whirls.The wound bleeds. Arrows shoot.The train runs. The machine works.

2. Places(a) Where things are made

Beer in a brewery Bread, cakes in a bakeryFilms in a studio Flour or paper in a millGoods of all kinds in a factory Iron implements in a smithyLeather in a tannery Milk products in a dairyMoney (coins) in a mint Ships in a dockyardAlcoholic drinks in a distillery

(b) Where games are playedBadminton on a court Boxing in a ringBilliards on a cloth-covered

table (a billiard table)Cricket on a pitch Chess on a chessboardFootball on a ground, field Hockey on a ground, field, astroturfRunning on a track, course Skating in a rink

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K KUNDAN

Tennis on a court Water polo in a swimming poolWrestling in an arena

(c) Where persons, things, animals, etc are kept, grown, exhibited, storedAeroplanes are kept in a hangar.Athletic competitions are held in a stadium.Athletic exercises are performed in a gymnasium.Astronomical observations are made in an observatory.Bees are kept in an apiary.Birds are kept in a cage, an aviary.Birds and animals are exhibited in a zoo.Clothes are kept in a wardrobe.Clothes or linen are washed and ironed in a laundry.Dead bodies are buried in a cemetery.Dead bodies are cremated in a crematorium.Fishes are kept in an aquarium.Fruit trees are grown in an orchard.Gas is stored in a cylinder.Goods are stored in a depot.Grains are stored in a granary.Grapes are grown in a vineyard.Guns are kept in an armoury.Historical relics or curios are kept in a museum.Luggage at a railway station is kept in a cloakroom.Medicines are compounded in a dispensary.Motorcars are kept in a garage.Plates, dishes, pots and other cooking utensils are washed in a scullery.Scientific experiments are conducted in a laboratory.Sick people are treated in a hospital.Ships are built or repaired in a dock.Ships are loaded or unloaded in a quay.Water is collected and stored in a reservoir.Wild animals are kept in a menagerie, zoo.Wine and other provisions are stored (underground) in a cellar.Young plants grow in a nursery.

3. Homes(a) Persons (b) Creatures

An Arab in a dowar Bees in a hiveA convict in a prison A bird in a nestAn Eskimo in an igloo A cow in a byre, penA gypsy in a caravan A dog in a kennelA hermit in a hermitage An eagle in an eyrieA king or a queen in a palace A fox in a holeA knight in a mansion A fowl in a coopA lumberman in a log cabin A hare in a burrowA lunatic in an asylum A horse in a stableA monk in a monastery A lion in a denA nobleman in a castle A mouse in a holeA nun in a convent, nunnery An owl in a barn, on a treeA parson in a parsonage A pig in a sty

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A peasant in a cottage A pigeon in a dovecoteA priest in a presbytery A rabbit (tame) in a hutchA prisoner in a cell, jail A rabbit (wild) in a burrow, warrenA Red Indian in a wigwam, tepee A sheep in a pen, foldA soldier in barracks, camp A spider in a webA Swiss in a chalet A squirrel in a dreyA vagrant on the pavement A tiger in a lairA Zulu in a kraal A wasp in a nest

Wild animals in den, lair

18. WORDS DENOTING VARIOUS SOUNDS1. Cries of Animals, Birds and Insects

(a) AnimalsApes gibber Dogs bark (at somebody)

yelp or whine (in pain) snarl or growl

(in anger) bay (at the moon)howl (in distress)

Asses brayBulls (Oxen) bellowCalves lowCamels grunt Donkeys brayCats mew, purr, caterwaul (when Elephants trumpet

they quarrel) Foxes yelp, barkCattle low Frogs croakCows low, moo Goats bleatCrocodiles grunt Hogs gruntHorses neigh, snort, whinny Oxen low, bellowHounds bay Pigs grunt, squeakHyenas laugh Puppies yelpJackals howl Rabbits squeakKittens mew Serpents hissLambs bleat Sheep bleatLions roar Snakes hissMice squeak Tigers growl, roarMonkeys chatter, gibber Wolves howl, yelp

(b) BirdsBirds twitter, chirp, carol, sing, Owls hoot, screech, scream

warble, chirrup Parrots screech, chatter, talkCocks crow Pea-fowls screamCrows caw Pigeons cooCuckoos coo Ravens croakDoves coo Rooks cawDucks quack Sea-gulls screamEagles scream Sparrows chirp, twitterGeese cackle, gobble, hiss (in anger) Squirrels squeakHawks scream Swallows twitterHens cackle, cluck, chuckle Swans cry

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Kites scream Thrushes whistleLarks sing, warble Turkeys gobbleMagpies chatter Vultures screamNightingales sing, warble

(c) InsectsBees hum, buzz, murmur Crickets chirpBeetles drone Flies buzz

2. Miscellaneous Sounds(A)the babbling of a brook the churning of sea waterthe beat of a drum the clanging of armsthe blaring of loudspeaker, trumpet the clangour of a bell, a hammer, a trumpetthe booming of cannons, guns the clanking of chainsthe buzz of a telephone, conversation the clatter of hoofs, plates, spoons, knivesthe chiming of bells, clock the clicking of knitting needlesthe clinking of coins, sword the rumbling of heavy vehicles, cloudthe crack of a whip the crackling of fire, dry leaves, woodthe rustling of leaves, clothes, wind, paper the crash of shellsthe shuffling of feet the crinkling of paperthe sighing of breeze the gnashing of teeththe slam of a door the gong of bellsthe splashing of water, oars the grating of machinesthe swishing of cane, ladies’ skirts the gurgling of waterthe tapping at the bolted door the hissing of steamthe thudding of cannons, coconuts the jingling of coinsthe thundering of clouds the lapping of water, wavesthe tick of a clock the pattering of rainthe tinkling of bracelets, glasses the peal of church bells, thunder, laughterthe tolling of bells the tooting of a hornthe popping of corks the twanging of bowstringsthe prattling of a brook the whirring of an aeroplane, wings, computersthe purring of motor cars the rattling of wheels, cart, carriagethe whistling of wind the whizzing of arrows, motorcarsthe rippling of water, rain the zooming of aeroplanesthe roaring of thunder, cannon,

waves, laughter

(B)Arms clang Keys jingleBabies lisp Leaves rustleBells ring, chime, peal, jingle, tinkle, toll Railway engines hoot, whistle, roar

Rain pattersBrakes screech, rasp Reeds whisperBugles blow Shoes creakBullets whizz Silk rustlesChains clank Steel clinksCoins jingle, tinkle Streams babbleDoors creak Teeth chatter

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Drums beat Thunder roars, rumbles, rollsFootsteps sound Trumpets blareGuns boom, explode, roar Water ripplesHoofs clatter Wind whistles, sighs

19. NATION AND NATIONALITY(Nationality Words)

(1)Country Person Nation AdjectiveBelgium a Belgian the Belgians BelgianBulgaria a Bulgarian the Bulgarians BulgarianGermany a German the Germans GermanItaly an Italian the Italians ItalianMexico a Mexican the Mexicans MexicanMorocco a Moroccan the Moroccans MoroccanNigeria a Nigerian the Nigerians NigerianNorway a Norwegian the Norwegians NorwegianRussia a Russian the Russians RussianUSA an American the Americans AmericanCzechoslovakia a Czech the Czechs CzechGreece a Greek the Greeks GreekThailand a Thai the Thais ThaiBurma a Burmese the Burmese BurmeseChina a Chinese the Chinese ChineseGuyana a Guyanese the Guyanese GuyaneseJapan a Japanese the Japanese JapaneseLebanon a Lebanese the Lebanese LebanesePortugal a Portuguese the Portuguese PortugueseSwitzerland a Swiss the Swiss Swiss

(2)Britain a Briton/Britisher the British BritishDenmark a Dane the Danes DanishEngland an Englishman/ the English English

EnglishwomanFinland a Finn the Finns FinnishFrance a Frenchman/ the French French

FrenchwomanHolland/the a Dutchman/ the Dutch DutchNetherlands DutchwomanIreland an Irishman/ the Irish Irish

IrishwomanPoland a Pole the Poles PolishScotland a Scot the Scots ScottishSpain a Spaniard the Spanish SpanishSweden a Swede the Swede SwedishTurkey a Turk the Turks TurkishWales a Welshman/Welshwoman the Welsh Welsh

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20. PLURAL FORMS OF CERTAIN NOUNSWhen you speak of one thing, the noun is singular. And when you refer to two or more things, the noun is plural.

Most nouns form their plural by adding -s.Singular Plural Singular Pluralboy boys chair chairshand hands face facespacket packetsIf the singular noun ends in s, ch, sh, x, or z, add -es.Singular Plural Singular Pluralbus buses box boxestorch torches buzz buzzesbrush brushesSome singular nouns ending in y make plurals by changing the y into -ies.Singular Plural Singular Pluralbaby babies party partieslady ladies story storiesIf the singular noun ends in f or fe, we generally change the f or fe into ves.Singular Plural Singular Pluralcalf calves life livesleaf leaves self selvesloaf loaves shelf shelvesthief thieves sheaf sheaveswife wives wolf wolves

But we say roof—roofs; chief—chiefs; safe—safes; belief—beliefs, handkerchief—handkerchiefs, cliff—cliffs.Some nouns ending in o have plurals in -es.Singular Plural Singular Pluralecho echoes potato potatoeshero heroes tomato tomatoesmosquito mosquitoesSome plurals are irregular.Singular Plural Singular Pluralfoot feet goose geesechild children tooth teethmouse miceSome nouns do not change in the plural.

deer, grouse, sheep, swine, shadThe following is the list of the plural form of some of the problem words:Singular Plural Singular Pluraladdendum addenda forum forums, foraalga algae fresco frescoesalumnus alumni fulcrum fulcrums, fulcraanalysis analyses fungus fungiantenna antennae genesis genesesapex apexes, apices genius geniusesappendix appendices (books, genus genera

theses, etc.) half halvesappendixes (in hoof hooves, hoofs

anatomy) hypothesis hypothesesaquarium aquaria, aquariums impetus impetuses

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axis axes index indexes (to books,bacillus bacilli theses, etc)bacterium bacteria indices (in Maths)bamboo bamboos kilo kilosbasis bases knife knivesbeau beaux lacuna lacunae, lacunasbonus bonuses larva larvaecactus cacti maestro maestros, maestricorps corps matrix matricescorrigendum corrigenda maximum maximacrematorium crematoria medium mediacrisis crises memorandum memorandacriterion criteria menu menuscrux cruces minimum minimacurio curios momentum momenta, momentumsdatum datadesideratum desiderata mother-in-law mothers-in-lawdictum dicta narcissus narcissi, narcissusesdynamo dynamosemporium emporia nebula nebulaeerratum errata nucleus nucleifacsimile facsimiles oasis oasesfocus focuses, foci (in sci- phenomenon phenomena

entific context) plateau plateaux, plateausformula formulae, formulas prospectus prospectusesquiz quizzes syllabus syllabuses, syllabiquorum quorums symposium symposiaquota quotas tableau tableauxradio radios terminus termini, terminusesradius radii thesis thesessanatorium sanatoria, tornado tornadoes

sanatoriums torpedo torpedoesserf serfs trauma traumata, traumasseries series ultimatum ultimatums, ultimataserum serasheaf sheaves vacuum vacuums, vacua (insolo solos scientific context)species speciesspectrum spectra vertebra vertebraesphinx sphinxes veto vetoesstadium stadiums, stadia virtuoso virtuosistimulus stimuli virus virusesstratum strata vista vistassubstratum substrata volcano volcanoes

vortex vortices, vortexes

21. THEY GO IN PAIRSIn idiomatic phrases there are certain words that always go in pairs, as for example, kith and kin, root and branch.

The right words are to be placed in the right order. You just can’t alter the order of words. It will be silly of you if you say, kinand kith, or branch and root.

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Here is a list of words that generally go in pairs:

bag and baggage friends and foes loaves and fishesblack and white gods and goddesses lock and keyblack and blue gold and silver men and womenboys and girls hale and hearty part and parcelbread and butter heart and soul prince and princesscarrots and radishes hearth and home questions and answerscats and dogs here and there root and branchcups and saucers high and low rack and ruindark and dreary horse and carriage slow and steadydoctors and nurses hot and cold sons and daughtersdoors and windows hue and cry spick and spanduke and duchess ins and outs stout and strongdull and drab joys and sorrows sum and substanceEast and West knives and forks tooth and nailfair and square ladies and gentlemen up and downfar and wide law and order ups and downsfat and flabby lean and thin weal and woe

22. BITS AND PIECES OF THINGSIn English there are many words to talk about a piece of something. The substance may be solid (a piece of wood),

may not be solid (a drop of wine), may be solid but quite thin (a slice of bread), or solid but small (a grain of salt), or solid butnot so small (a block of stone).

Here is a list of such words. It will let you know what substances these words refer to.a bar of chocolate/soap a lump of coal/earth/claya bit of bread/paper/clay/wood a patch of cloud/grassa block of stone/wood a piece of bread/paper/wood/claya chip/flake/splinter/sliver of stone/wood a puff/wisp of smokea rasher of bacon a chunk/hunk of bread/meata ray of light a clod of eartha scrap of cloth/paper a clot of blooda scrap/shred of paper/cloth a crumb of bread/cakea segment of orange a dash/squirt/squeeze of lemon juice/oila shred of cloth/paper a slab of stone/cheesea drip of water a slice of bread/cakea drop of water/wine/oil a splinter/sliver of glassan ear of corn a square of chocolatea flake of snow a strip of land/lawn/sandy beacha fragment of matter a tablet of stonea grain/pinch of salt a tract of landa grain of sand a wad of cotton

23. DIMINUTIVESDiminutives are such words that denote small specimen of big things. They are ‘nouns that express smallness, either

actual or imputed, in token of affection or contempt’. The chief suffixes forming diminutives are: et (coronet), let (streamlet) en(chicken), ock (hillock), ling (sapling).

The list of commonly used diminutives given below will be of immense help to you in the choice of right words.Word Diminutives Word Diminutivesanimal animalcule dear darlingankle anklet drop droplet

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ball ballot eye eyeletbird birdie flower floweret, floretbook booklet globe globulebrook brooklet hill hillockcar chariot home hamletcigar cigarette lance lancetcity citadel lock locketcorn kernel man manikincrown coronet mouth muzzledame damsel nave navelnest nestling seed seedlingnose nozzle shade shadowpart particle star asteriskpill pillow statue statuettepoet poetaster stream streamletpuss pussy table tabletring ringlet top tipriver rivulet tower turretroom roomette umbrella parasolrose rosette village hamletsack satchel wagon wagonettescythe sickle weak weakling

Look at these words, too:reticule a small net hand bagridicule small, mocking laughtermolecule a tiny particle of matterfunicle a small cordfledgling a baby bird; an inexperienced persongosling a baby gooseprinceling a prince of a small countrysapling a very young tree; youthmorsel a very small piece of foodglobule a small drop of a liquid or melted solidinfinitesimal so small that it cannot be measured

24. ANNIVERSARYsemicentennial 50th anniversarycentennial 100th anniversarysesquicentennial 150th anniversarybicentennial 200th anniversarytricentennial 300th anniversarytetracentennial 400th anniversarypentacentennial 500th anniversaryhexacentennial 600th anniversary

Look at these words, too.They denote the varying periodic occurrence of an event.

biennial occurring once in two yearstriennial occurring once in three years

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quadrennial occurring once in four yearsquinquennial occurring once in five yearssexennial occurring once in six yearsseptennial occurring once in seven yearsoctennial occurring once in eight yearsdecennial occurring once in ten years

25. HOW OLD ARE YOU?I’m 15 years old. I’m an adolescent.I’m 60 to 69 years old. I’m a sexagenarian.I’m 70 to 79 years old. I’m a septuagenarian.I’m 80 to 89 years old. I’m an octogenarian.I’m 90 to 99 years old. I’m a nonagenarian.I’m 100 years old. I’m a centenarian.

26. COMMONPLACE COMPARISONSThe English language abounds in striking similes in which one thing is likened to another in such a way as to clarify

and enhance an image. As for example, as dead as a doornail, as blind as a bat, and as cool as cucumber. The apt use of suchcomparative phrases imparts clarity and vividness to our expressions.

Here is a comprehensive list of comparative phrases of as.........as pattern:

(A)As active as quicksilverAs ageless as the sunAs agile as a monkey, as a catAs alike as two beans, as two peasAs ambitious as the devil, as Lady MacbethAs arid as the sands of the SaharaAs bald as a billiard ball, as a coot, as an egg, as a badgerAs bashful as a schoolgirlAs beautiful as a rainbow, as the sunsetAs big as an elephant, as a whaleAs black as a crow, as coal, as ebony, as jet, as pitch, asmidnight, as a raven, as soot, as inkAs blind as a bat, as a mole, as a beetleAs blue as the indigo, as the skyAs boundless as the oceanAs bounteous as natureAs brave as Achilles, as a lionAs brief as a dream, as time, as a candleAs bright as a button, as day, as light, as a new pin, as silverAs brittle as glassAs busy as a beeAs cheap as dirtAs cheerful as a larkAs clear as crystal, as daylight, as noondayAs cold as charity, as a frog, as stone, as marble, as iceAs cool as a cucumberAs cosy as a bird’s nestAs countless as the desert sands, as the stars

As crisp as new bank notesAs crooked as a corkscrewAs cross as two sticksAs cruel as death, as winterAs cunning as a foxAs dark as midnight, as a dungeon, as pitchAs dead as a doornail, as a herring, as mutton, as a dodoAs deaf as an adder, as a beetle, as a postAs dear as lifeAs deep as the ocean, as a wellAs desolate as a tombAs devoted as a faithful dogAs different as chalk from cheeseAs dirty as ditch-waterAs distant as the horizonAs dry as a bone, as dust, as a mummy, as a stickAs dumb as a statueAs easy as ABC, as lyingAs eloquent as CiceroAs elusive as quicksilverAs empty as spaceAs faithful as a dogAs fast as a hare, as lightAs fickle as the weatherAs ferocious as a lionAs fierce as a tigerAs firm as a rock, as steel, as faithAs fit as a fiddle

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As flat as a billiard table, as a board, as a pancakeAs free as the air, as a birdAs fresh as a daisy, as a rose, as dewAs gay as a larkAs gentle as a dove, as a lamb, as a fawnAs gloomy as nightAs glorious as the sunAs good as goldAs graceful as a swanAs greedy as a dog, as a hog, as a wolfAs green as grassAs grey as smokeAs grim as death, as hellAs hard as flint, as marble, as granite, as nailsAs harmless as a babe, as a doveAs heavy as lead, as sandAs helpless as a babeAs high as heaven, as the starsAs honest as the dayAs hungry as a church mouse, as a wolfAs impatient as a loverAs industrious as an antAs inevitable as deathAs innocent as a babe, as a doveAs large as lifeAs light as a feather, as a butterfly, as airAs lively as a cricketAs mad as a hatter, as a March hareAs mean as a miserAs meek as a dove, as lambAs mischievous as a kitten, as a monkeyAs natural as lifeAs new as dayAs obstinate as a muleAs old as the hillsAs pale as death, as a ghostAs peaceful as sleepAs piercing as lightAs plain as a pikestaffAs pretty as a pictureAs progressive as timeAs proud as a peacockAs punctual as clockwork

As pure as a lilyAs red as blood, as crimson, as a rose, as fire, as scarletAs regular as clockworkAs sacred as a shrineAs sharp as a needle, as a razorAs simple as ABCAs slippery as an eel, as a serpentAs slow as a snailAs sly as a foxAs smooth as butter, as oil, as velvetAs snug as a bug in a rugAs soft as butter, as fur, as silk, as wax, as woolAs solid as a rockAs solitary as a tombAs sound as a bellAs spineless as a jelly fishAs spotless as snowAs steadfast as the sunAs steady as a rockAs stealthy as a catAs straight as an arrow, as a lanceAs stubborn as a muleAs superstitious as sailorsAs sure as death, as fateAs sweet as honey, as sugarAs swift as an arrow, as thought, as lightning, as the windAs talkative as a magpieAs tall as a maypole, as a steepleAs tender as a bud, as a lamb, as a chickenAs tough as leather, as nailsAs transparent as glassAs ugly as a scarecrowAs uncertain as the weatherAs unchangeable as the pastAs vain as a peacockAs variable as the weatherAs venomous as a snakeAs wary as a foxAs watchful as a hawk, as a sentinelAs white as snow, as woolAs wily as a foxAs wise as Solomon

27. LOVER WORDS1. Lover of books Bibliophile2. Lover of children Paedophile3. Lover of animals Zoophile /Zoophilist4. Lover of trees Dendrophile

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5. Lover of hands Cheirophile6. Lover of feet Podophile7. Lover of horses Hippophile8. Lover of knowledge Bibliologist9. Lover of words Philologist10. Lover of nomadic life Nomads11. Lover of vegetables Vegetarian12. Lover of meat Carnivore13. Lover of human flesh Cannibal14. Lover of grandeur Megalomaniac15. Lover of war Warmonger16. Lover of peace Pacifist, Peace-loving17. Lover of democracy Democrat18. Lover of dictatorship Dictator19. Lover of mobocracy Mobocrat20. Lover of one’s country Patriot21. Lover of good food Gourmet22. Lover of good taste in art, painting, etc Connoisseur23. Lover of travelling round the world Globetrotter24. Lover of God and religion Theist25. Lover of alcoholic drink Drunkard26. Lover of society Sociable27. Lover of money Mercenary28. Lover of sports and games Sports fan, Sportsman29. Lover of mankind Humanitarian, Philanthropist30. Lover of material things Materialist31. Lover of self Narcissist

28. HATER WORDS1. Hater of women Misogynist2. Hater of mankind Misanthrope3. Hater of knowledge Misologist4. Hater of alcoholic drinks Teetotaller5. Hater of war Pacifist6. Hater of idol worship Iconoclast7. Hater of pomp and show Austere8. Hater of marriage Celebate, Misogamist9. Hater of worldly life Recluse

29. GRAPHY WORDSAutobiography story of a person’s life written by himselfBiography story of a person’s life written by someone elseCalligraphy elegant handwritingChronography a record of past time; historyDemography study of births, deaths, diseases, etc to show the condition of a communityEpistolography the art of letter-writingGeography science of the earth’s surface, physical features, divisions, climate, products,

population, etcHomography method of spelling a word which is like another but with a different meaningLithography process of printing from parts of a flat stone or sheet of zinc or aluminium that

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are prepared to receive a greasy inkMicrocosmography a description of man as a microcosmOrthography writing with correct penmanship and spellingPolygraphy literary productiveness; writing on a variety of subjectsSeismography the study of earthquakesPhotography art or process of taking photographsTopography description of the features, eg rivers, valleys, roads, of a place or districtTelegraphy the technique of sending message by electrical signalsVideography the recording of sound and vision, eg of television programmes by magnetic

tapeXeroxography a scientific method of photostating