woody plants group 7b
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Conifer ID
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First Year Ponderosa Pine Seedling
Germinated in SpringGrowth at the end of summer
– maybe 12” or so
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One Year Old –
The following spring
Candles forming in May/June
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One Year Old – Candles have expanded by July/August
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Two Years Old – May/JuneNext set of candles are forming
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Two Years Old – July/AugustCandles have expandedOldest growth loses its needles
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Three types of conifers based on foliage structure:
Single needles – Spruce/Fir
Bundle of needles - Pine
Scaled foliage – Juniper/
ArborvitaeOregon State University
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• Sample #1 – Spruce - should be the one that rolls easiest.• Square – cross section – like a wooden match.
• Now, grab the branch in your hands – sharp – pointed ends• “pungens” means sharp
• Take another needle off this sample. Hold it between your thumb and forefinger. Bend it. It should snap in half. Breaks easily. Stiff.
• Pull another needle off and this time pay attention to the point on the stem where you took the needle off. Can you see that a little peg, or stalk, remains on the stem?
• Also, notice how the needles spiral all the way around the stem, like the spokes of a wheel. All sides of the stem are covered with needles.
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Spruce:
Single
Square
Sharp
Stiff
Stalked
Spiral
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• Spruce buds
• Golden tan, rounded, the scales peel back like an open cone.
• Not so much in the fall, but after the holidays, is when you begin to notice this ‘rosette’ shape to the buds
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Colorado Spruce – cones usually at top of treeUniversity of Wisconsin
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Oregon State UniversityColorado Spruce cone
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• They’re usually large, papery or woody. • When seeds are mature, 1 to 2 years, depending on the genus and
species, they fall from the cone. With the cone up near the top of the tree, the seeds will fall farther from the base of the parent tree, giving the seed more room to germinate, away from it’s parent.
• Male pollen cones are usually toward the bottom of the tree. They’re usually small, papery and short-lived, disintegrating once the pollen has been dispersed.
• Conifers are wind pollinated. Wind currents blow the male pollen away from the parent tree to the cones at the top of another tree close by so that it’s own tree is not self-pollinated. Makes for a stronger, more diverse forest.
• Spruce cones are 2” – 4” long; with papery, thin scales.• Irregularly notched edges to scales.
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Compare pungens to engelmann• Engelmann Spruce is the other native spruce -
compared to Colorado Spruce…• Engelmann usually not blue• Base of needle and young branch slightly
hairy• Needles not as sharp as CO Spruce• Tips are more blunt – not as sharp• Cones are smaller – 1-2”• Grows at a higher elevation – 9,000’ to
timberline• Engelmann can live at temperatures 50 degrees
below zero.• Also quite long-lived – 400 years old at maturity
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Colorado Spruce Engelmann Spruce
Iowa State University
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Dwarf Alberta Spruce
(in Oregon!)Oregon State University
Not a native – is cultivated.
Dense growth
conical
very slow grower
1” – 2” per year
As a rule, if a plant has slow growth, it’ll have dense foliage.
Fast growth – loose, open form.
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FirPull a needle off – flat – not square in cross section
• Another needle – try to bend – doesn’t snap as easily – flexible
• Grasp the branch in your hands – not as sharp – soft as “fir” – “friendly”
• Needle not stalked – no peg – the needle leaves a round, flat leaf scar.
• Needles are usually longer than spruce – 1” – 3”• White Fir needles usually are retained on the tree for
7-10 years.
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• Needles point up – they usually don’t spiral around the whole branch.
• They reach ‘fir’ the sky.
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White Fir buds – rounded, tanOregon State University
• Buds are round and tan like Spruce buds, but they resemble a closed cone instead of an open cone. Bud scales don’t peel back.
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White Fir cones Abies concolor
• Cones are at the top of the tree, but instead of hanging down, they point straight up, reaching ‘fir’ the sky.
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Fir:
Flat
Friendly –soft as “Fir”
Flexible
“Fir” the sky – cones/needles point up
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Douglas Fir• False Hemlock” pseudo – false; tsuga – hemlock• Not a fir, and not a hemlock. It’s own genus. Has a
lot of the “fir’ characteristics:• Flat, Friendly, Flexible.• But needles are shorter than white fir, 1” or less.• Groove down the center of the needle.• Leaf scar is slightly raised, and smaller than the
white fir leaf scar.• Cones – very diagnostic. They hang down, and fall
off the tree intact.• 3-lobed bracts – like tiny mice hiding under each
scale.• Cones are all over the tree – upper and lower
branches.
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Douglasfir female cones and pointed buds Oregon State University
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Blue Spruce University of Connecticut
DouglasfirUniversity of Connecticut
White Fir University of Wisconsin
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Woody Plants Group 7
• Abies concolor• Abies lasiocarpa• Picea abies• Picea engelmanii• Picea pungens var.
glauca• Pseudotsuga menziesii
• Concolor Fir• Subalpine Fir• Norway Spruce• Engelmann Spruce• Colorado Blue Spruce
• Douglas Fir
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Abies concolor
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Foliage flat
Leaf scar is round
White FirAbies concolor
University of Wisconsin
Pull a needle off – flat – not square in cross section
Another needle – try to bend – doesn’t snap as easily – flexible
Grasp the branch in your hands – not as sharp – soft as “fir” – “friendly”
Needle not stalked – no peg – the needle leaves a round, flat leaf scar.
Needles are usually longer than spruce – 1” – 3”
White Fir needles usually are retained on the tree for 7-10 years.
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Abies leaf scars
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Needles point up – they usually don’t spiral around the whole branch.
They reach ‘fir’ the sky.
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Needles are the same color (concolor) top and bottom
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Fruit/cones
• brown cones, green when immature
• cylindrical
• 4" to 5" long
• cones shatter when mature
• cones borne on the upper third of the tree
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Fir
Flat
Friendly –soft as “Fir”
Flexible
“Fir” the sky – cones/needles point up
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ID Abies concolor
• ID Features – needles are similar in color on top and bottom
• (concolor) = same color
• unlike most Firs, which have solid green or blue upper surfaces, and striped silvery lower surfaces (the stomatic lines
– smooth bark with resin blisters
– Needles longer than spruce
– resinous buds
– Large cones held upright
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Abies lasiocarpaSubalpine Fir
• Thin gray bark and flat smooth needles distinguish the Subalpine Fir.
• A longitudinal crease runs the length of the needle,
• as is true for all firs, cones project upward from the top side of branches
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Abies lasciocarpa Form
• When mature 40 to 100 feet tall and 1 to 2 feet in diameter.
• Very narrow crown of dense foliage
• often spire-like with branches to the ground
http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/picts/alasiocarpaform.jpg
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Abies lasiocarpa
• Flower:Monoecious; male cones bluish and borne beneath the leaves; female cones purple and borne upright near the top of the crown. Fruit:Cones are 2 to 4 inches long, cylindrical, slender, and borne upright on the twig (frequently in clusters); cone scales are deciduous, falling from the cone as seeds ripen; purple when mature.
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Abies lasiocarpa
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Abies lasiocarpa
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Abies lasiocarpa
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Abies lasiocarpa Bark
When young, grayish green and covered with resin blisters;
later turning gray to white, unbroken except near base of large trees.
Resin pockets scattered throughout inner bark.
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Abies lasciocarpa needles
• Flattened needles, usually about 1 inch long, thickened in the middle, bluish white bloom on all surfaces;
• tips mostly rounded, but may be notched (or pointed near top of tree);
• spirally arranged but uniformly upswept• commonly have a manicured appearance.
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Abies lasiocarpa
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Abies lasciocarpa Twig
• Stiff, orange-brown, and covered with round, flat leaf scars when needles fall.
• Buds are small, rounded, and covered with pitch
• terminal buds usually occur in clusters of three or more
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Picea pegs and leaf scars
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Picea abies Norway Spruce
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Dark
• Form:A medium to large tree with conical form capable of reaching over 120 feet tall
• with horizontal to upward sweeping branches that often droop branchlets
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Picea abies flowers
• Monoecious; males yellow-brown in large groups;
• females upright, purple
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Picea abies
• ID Features– large evergreen tree – long narrow cones – needles leave petiole on stem when pulled off – stiff pointed needles – adelgid galls – long pendulous branchlets
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Picea abies Fruit
• Cones are very large, cylindrical, 4 to 6 inches long
• stiff, thin scales that are irregularly toothed
• chestnut brown, maturing in fall
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Picea abies Needle
• Evergreen needles• stiff, 1/2 to 1 inch long• 4-angled but somewhat
flattened• sharp pointed tip, shiny deep
green.• Each needle borne on a raised,
woody peg (sterigma
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Picea abies Bark• Twig:Slender to medium
in size, lacking hair, shiny orangish brown; needles are borne on woody pegs; buds with very loose, orange-brown scales (resembles a rose). Bark:Red-brown and scaly, later turning gray with flaking scales or plates.
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Picea engelmanii Engelman Spruce• evergreen tree • large, narrowly pyramidal tree
with ascending branches • 40' to 50' tall, but can reach
heights of over 100' • medium texture• best in well-drained, loamy,
organic soils • prefers acidic soils • full sun
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Picea engelmanii
• needles are densely packed and glaucous blue in color
• needles are four-sided, about 1" long
• needles have rank odor when crushed
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Picea engelmanii
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Picea engelmanii Flowers
• Monoecious; male flowers cylindrical, purple and hanging in lower crown, females cylindrical, red and upright in the upper crown
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Picea engelmanii
• cones found at the ends of branches • mature cones are ovoid; 1" to 3" long by
1" wide • pale tan color • cone scales have irregularly toothed
margins
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Picea engelmanii
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Picea engelmanii
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Picea engelmanii Bark
• red-brown color
• thin loose scales
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Picea pungensBlue Spruce
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Picea pungens
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Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgid
•
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Picea pungens
• ID Features– large, narrow, evergreen tree – long cones with wavy scales – needles leave petiole on stem when pulled off – needles that are 4-sided – green to blue-green color – stem tip dieback from spruce gall aphid
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Picea comparisonabies engelmanii pungens
color Deep green Bluish green Silver blue/ dark green very sharp
length .5-1” 1” .75-1.25”
Cone 4-6” 1.5-3” 2-4”
Male flowers
Yellow brown, large groups
Lower crown Scatter throughout tree
Cone scales Thin, irregular teeth
wavy Reflexed
Twig Hairless, shiny orangish brown
Hairs; brown Hairless/ tan
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Pseudotsuga menziesiiDouglas Fir
• Flower: Males oblong red to yellow near the branch tips, females reddish with long bracts near the branch tips
• Fruit – 3 to 4 in long with rounded scales. A three lobed bracts ‘mouse rear-end’
• Twig: slender, red-brown, pointed red brown buds• Bark: smooth & gray on young, red-brown with
ridges and deep furrows on mature trees• Pyramidal crown, stems are straight, loose habit• Moist, well drained slightly acidic soil
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Queen Fir – one of the largest know
Douglas Fir are second largest pine
treehttp://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/pi/ps/menziesii.htm
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• Closeup of the underside of a sun foliage shoot of P. menziesii, showing pollen cone buds and the manner of leaf attachment to the twig
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Pseudotsuga menziesii
• Single needles, yellow green to blue green ¾ to ¼ in long, very fragrant, blunt or slightly rounded tips, in two rows (V shaped)
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Immature seed cone and active pollen cones on a shoot of var. menziesii
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Id from Photographs
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Entire Tree
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Leaf
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Fruit
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species
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species
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