women struggle for rights
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WOMENS RIGHTS
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Changes in American life during the
Industrial Revolution
Division between work and home
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The cult of true
womanhoodportrayed the idealwoman as pious,
pure, domestic, andsubmissive.
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Education for women
The demand forwomen suffrage
emerged in the firsthalf of the 19thcentury from within
other reformmovements.
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Mary Wollstonecraft, Frances Wright, and
Margaret Fuller believed that giving womenan equal education to that of men woulddo more to improve womens position in
society than voting rights.
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The Temperance Crusade
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Susan B. Anthony and Amelia
Bloomer attended the New YorkMens State Temperance Societymeeting while wearing short hair
and bloomers.
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The radicalabolitionmovement had the
greatest impact onwomens rights.
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Women in the abolition movementrecognized parallels between the legal
condition of slaves and that of women.
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Participation in theAnti-Slaverymovement helpedwomen developpublic-speaking and
argumentative skillsthat carried overinto the womens
rights movement.
Clarina Irene Howard Nichols,Abolitionist and First Feminist of the KansasTerritory
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Both white and blackwomen were excluded
from full membershipin the American Anti-Slavery Society until1840.
Women responded byforming their ownseparate femaleauxiliariesby 1838,over 100 existed.
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Marie Stewart, earlyAfrican-Americanabolitionist speaker
What if I am awoman? . . . Females[should] strive by theirexample, both inpublic and in private,
to assist those who areendeavoring to stopthe strong current ofprejudice that flows so
profusely against us atpresent.
Marie Stewart, 1833
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Angelina and Sarah Grimk
The Grimk sisters,
nationally prominentabolitionists,connected the
inequalities ofwomen, both whiteand black, withslavery.
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. . . We are placed veryunexpectedly in a very
trying situation, in theforefront of an entirelynew contesta contestfor the rights of women
as a moral, intelligent,and responsible being. .. . It is a womans rightto have a voice in all the
laws and regulations bywhich she is to begoverned.
Angelina Grimk, 1838
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1840: The World Anti-Slavery Society denied
women delegates the right to speak.
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton
attended the 1840 Anti-Slavery Convention andher experience led herinto the struggle forwomens rights.
"We resolved to hold a convention assoon as we returned home, andform a society to advocate the rights
of women."
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The Seneca Falls Womens Rights
Convention, 1848
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The first signatureson the Declaration of
Sentiments.
. . . The history of mankind isa history of repeated injuriesand usurpations on the part of
man toward woman, having indirect object theestablishment of an absolutetyranny over her. . . . He has
never permitted her toexercise her inalienable rightto the elective franchise. Hehas compelled her to submit tolaws, in the formation of whichshe has no voice. . .
Elizabeth Cady Stanton,
The Declaration of
Sentiments
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Property-owning New Jersey women could
vote from 1776 to 1807.
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The 14th Amendment to the Constitution addedmale to its definition of eligible voterswomen
would need another amendment explicitlygranting them the franchise.
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The demand for woman suffrage presented avision of independent women that seemed to
threaten social structures.
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1848: New Yorkpassed a MarriedWomans Property
Actother statesfollowed.
But calls for divorcereform were lesssuccessful.
Two new demands:
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Frederick Douglassdemanded the vote forwomen in 1848.
Before the Civil War,black and whitemen and womenworked together forwomens rights and
the abolition ofslavery.
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War, and the Reconstruction that followed, split
the Womens Rights movement.
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Impact of Reconstruction:
Radical Republicans demanded black malesuffragebut not universal suffrage for all
adults. To enfranchise women, black and white,
would give the vote to large numbers of
white Southern women, who wouldprobably vote Democratic.
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This image made the point that, in beingdenied the vote, respectable, accomplishedwomen were reduced to the level of the
disenfranchised outcasts of society.
Both Susan B.Anthony and Elizabeth
Cady Stanton werefurious that Congresshad given the vote to
black men but deniedit to women.
Bl k l ff U i l
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Black male suffrage v. Universaladult suffrage
National Woman Suffrage Association(NWSA) Founded by Anthony and Stanton The more radical woman's suffrage group.
Accepted only women and opposed the FifteenthAmendment since it only enfranchised African-Americanmen.
American Woman Suffrage Association(AWSA) More moderate in its views than the NWSA. Allowed men to join and rallied behind the FifteenthAmendment as a step in the right direction towardgreater civil rights for women.
Leaders of the AWSA included Julia Ward Howe and Lucy
Stone.
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When the two groups reunited in 1890, the newNational American Woman Suffrage Association(NAWSA) followed the direction set by Anthony and
Stanton.
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Blanche Ames, Two Good VotesAre Better Than One, WomansJournal(October, 1915)
A New Argumentfor WomanSuffrage
The nation needed
women votersbecause of theirspecial moral
leadership.
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A New Argument for Woman
Suffrage Female voters could
sweep out thescoundrels
Female voters couldensure that reforms inchild labor,temperance, andwomens work wouldoccur.
Only a woman whowas truly a citizencould teach citizenshipto her children.
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Suffragesupporters began
to adopt the classand raceprejudices of theirwhite, middle
class base.
The enfranchisement of womenwould insure immediate and durablewhite supremacy, honestlyobtained. Belle Kearney
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Some African-American suffragistsfounded their ownseparate suffrage
associations.
Overt racism expressed by many suffragistscreated an atmosphere hostile to the
participation of black women.
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Mary Church Terrell, African-
American suffragist
Others, like Mary
Terrell, remainedwithin the NAWSA.
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Women voting inWyoming, 1869
The initial successof the post-Civil
War suffragemovement cameon the frontier.
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Why the West?
Special frontier conditions?the Turnerthesis.
Womens vote would offset votes of blackmen?
Womens vote would attract women
settlers to the West?
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Emmeline Wells and otherMormon suffragists inUtah.
The second
Western territoryto grant womenthe vote wasUtah, in 1870.
A close correlation exists between
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A close correlation exists betweenthe success of woman suffrage and
states where men voted in largenumbers for Populist, Progressive,or Socialist party candidates.
Colorado (1893)
Idaho (1896)
Washington (1910)
California (1911)
Kansas (1912)
Oregon (1912)
Arizona (1912)
Montana (1914)
Nevada (1917)
North Dakota (1917)
Nebraska (1917)
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After 1890, increasing competition amongpolitical parties made womens suffrage a hot
olitical issue.
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Carrie Lane Chapman Catt (1859-1947), women's suffrage leader
Between 1900 and1920, the woman
suffrage movementmodernized,adopting new tacticsof lobbying,
advertising, andgrass-rootsorganizing under theleadership of Carrie
Chapman Catt.
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1913: Illinois became the first state east of the
Mississippi to grant women the vote.
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Growingopposition fostered
a sense ofimpatience amongwomen who hadwaited over 50
years since theSeneca FallsConvention for thevote.
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Alice Paul (1885-1977),women's suffrage leader
Alice Paul and Lucy Burnsgave a new direction to
the womens rightsmovement.
In 1913, Paul and Burnsorganized the National
Womans Party (NWP),adopted the radicaltactics of the British
suffragettes, andcampaigned for the firstEqual Rights Amendment.
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"The Stomach Tube""The sensation is most painful,"reported a victim in 1909. "Thedrums of the ears seem to bebursting and there is a horrible painin the throat and breast. The tube ispushed down twenty inches; [it]must go below the breastbone." Theprisoners were generally fed asolution of milk and eggs.
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The Womans Party was one of the firstgroups in the United States to employ thetechniques of classic non-violent protest.
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The actions ofthe NWP made
the NAWSA seemmoderate andreasonable by
comparison.
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In 1916, neither party endorsed womansuffrage in its platform, but both partiescalled on the states to give women the vote.
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Jan. 10, 1917: The NWP began to picket
the White House.
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World War I interruptedthe campaign for
woman suffrage.
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Womens war work allowed them to claimthe right of patriotic citizenship.
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Carrie Chapman Catt andPresident Wilson
In 1918, in themidst of the war,
the House ofRepresentativespassed the federalsuffrage
amendment, butthe Senate voted itdown.
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Finally, on Aug. 20, 1920, the 19thAmendment became part of the United StatesConstitution when Tennessee became the 36th
state to ratify it.
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Just as the 19thcentury womens rights movement beganwith womens experiences in the temperance and abolitionmovements, the modern womans right movement beganwith womens involvement in the civil rights protests of the1950s and 60s.
Ci il Ri ht A t f 1964
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In 1964, sex was added to race, creed, color, andnational origin as a prohibited reason for discriminationin employment (Title VII).
Civil Rights Act of 1964
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In 1972, Congress included Title IX in the HigherEducation Act, providing, No person in the United
States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded fromparticipation in, be denied the benefits of, or besubjected to discrimination under any educationprogram or activity receiving federal assistance.
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On March 22, 1972, Congress approved theEqual Rights Amendment.
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