Women in Venezuela: Women in Venezuela: another dimension of the glass another dimension of the glass

ceiling ?ceiling ?

Women in Venezuela: Women in Venezuela: another dimension of the glass another dimension of the glass

ceiling ?ceiling ?

Felícitas Kort Professor of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy

Postgraduate Training in Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Central University of Venezuela

felicitaskort@gmail.comfelicitaskort@gmail.com

Felícitas Kort Professor of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy

Postgraduate Training in Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Central University of Venezuela

felicitaskort@gmail.comfelicitaskort@gmail.com

THE VENEZUELAN FAMILY OF LOW THE VENEZUELAN FAMILY OF LOW ECONOMIC INCOMEECONOMIC INCOME

THE VENEZUELAN FAMILY OF LOW THE VENEZUELAN FAMILY OF LOW ECONOMIC INCOMEECONOMIC INCOME

Binomial relationship mother-child

Woman-without-a-man

Male is seen as a son, not as a man

A woman dismisses her partner, when she has one

_______________*Moreno, A. (1997) La familia popular

venezolana

Binomial relationship mother-child

Woman-without-a-man

Male is seen as a son, not as a man

A woman dismisses her partner, when she has one

_______________*Moreno, A. (1997) La familia popular

venezolana

THE VENEZUELAN FAMILY OF LOW THE VENEZUELAN FAMILY OF LOW ECONOMIC INCOMEECONOMIC INCOME

THE VENEZUELAN FAMILY OF LOW THE VENEZUELAN FAMILY OF LOW ECONOMIC INCOMEECONOMIC INCOME

Women are the most important figure of the venezuelan family

She is the only voice of authority

For this reason they are put in charge to lead the “barrios”

Women are the most important figure of the venezuelan family

She is the only voice of authority

For this reason they are put in charge to lead the “barrios”

A DIFFERENT VIEW OF GENDER:A DIFFERENT VIEW OF GENDER:MEN´S ROLES MEN´S ROLES

A DIFFERENT VIEW OF GENDER:A DIFFERENT VIEW OF GENDER:MEN´S ROLES MEN´S ROLES

A man as an individual is not understood. He relates-to-the other in an irrational and

emotive relationship

“Out to Kill” 18 - 24 who act violent behavior are recoverable if they had a mother, but not if the bond with her is broken.

Men have a bland and weak discipline, this is why institutions are weak

A man as an individual is not understood. He relates-to-the other in an irrational and

emotive relationship

“Out to Kill” 18 - 24 who act violent behavior are recoverable if they had a mother, but not if the bond with her is broken.

Men have a bland and weak discipline, this is why institutions are weak

A DIFFERENT VIEW OF GENDER:A DIFFERENT VIEW OF GENDER:MEN´S ROLES MEN´S ROLES

A DIFFERENT VIEW OF GENDER:A DIFFERENT VIEW OF GENDER:MEN´S ROLES MEN´S ROLES

Men are submissive to their mother A man has not a home, he visits his

“mother´s house” Women in the family keep him away

from his siblings. As a father he has no power.

He is a weak , excluded and lonely figure.

Men are submissive to their mother A man has not a home, he visits his

“mother´s house” Women in the family keep him away

from his siblings. As a father he has no power.

He is a weak , excluded and lonely figure.

i.e. Pedro has 15 brothers and sisters, supposedly 7 of them share the same mother, but not the same father. The other 8 have the same father, but not the same mother.

From his own father and mother he is an only child, yet this is not his family because they nevershared together the same home.

“Our family does not exist . While we reconstruct the family, many generations will go by, therefore necessarily the State is the father”

Minister of Education, 1999

THE LIFE OF FELICIA VALERA* *Moreno, A. (1988) Conicit

THE LIFE OF FELICIA VALERA* *Moreno, A. (1988) Conicit

Proactive towards modern technology Her body is only to bear children

Perceives herself as family, not alone

Violence in the relationship man-woman Conflicts are solved within the

community

Proactive towards modern technology Her body is only to bear children

Perceives herself as family, not alone

Violence in the relationship man-woman Conflicts are solved within the

community

GLASS CEILING: A DEFINITIONGLASS CEILING: A DEFINITION

GLASS CEILING: A DEFINITIONGLASS CEILING: A DEFINITION

WOMEN ARE INMERSED IN PREJUDICES THAT UNABLE HER TO ASCEND HIERARCHICAL POSITIONS.

LIGHT PASSES THROUGH IT,

APPEARS INEXISTENT BUT IS STRONG AND RESISTENT TO ACCESS

WOMEN ARE INMERSED IN PREJUDICES THAT UNABLE HER TO ASCEND HIERARCHICAL POSITIONS.

LIGHT PASSES THROUGH IT,

APPEARS INEXISTENT BUT IS STRONG AND RESISTENT TO ACCESS

MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS(Commission on the Status of Women 2009)

MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS(Commission on the Status of Women 2009)

3 PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY

AND EMPOWER WOMEN

3 PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY

AND EMPOWER WOMEN

UN-INSTRAW

INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE FOR

THE ADVANCEMENT OF WOMEN

•To make a difference in women’s lives

•Action-oriented research from a gender perspective

•Create knowledge and information exchange

• Build sustainable, efficient institutions.

PRINCIPLE OF SELF-DETERMINATION Bandura, A. (1977) Self-efficacy : the exercise of

control

PRINCIPLE OF SELF-DETERMINATION Bandura, A. (1977) Self-efficacy : the exercise of

control You have the power to modify

the destiny and the environment where you live.

Human beings are products of and produce their environment and their social system, thanks to the flexibility of self-determination.

You have the power to modify

the destiny and the environment where you live.

Human beings are products of and produce their environment and their social system, thanks to the flexibility of self-determination.

SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY (Bandura, 2001)

Motivation, behavior and emotions are based more

on how you think and perceive them rather

than on what is objectively the situation.

Behavior matters: what each woman does, the way she thinks and acts determines her future.

To be passive, abstain and give up generates negative consequences.

Learned helplessness is the

inefficacy of not knowing “how to act”

Behavior matters: what each woman does, the way she thinks and acts determines her future.

To be passive, abstain and give up generates negative consequences.

Learned helplessness is the

inefficacy of not knowing “how to act”

SPECIFIC SHORT TERM GOALS

SPECIFIC SHORT TERM GOALS

Inmediate incentive Inmediate incentive

Stimulates efficacy.Stimulates efficacy.

Reduces the risk of demoralizingReduces the risk of demoralizing

Structured to evaluate progressStructured to evaluate progress

Inmediate incentive Inmediate incentive

Stimulates efficacy.Stimulates efficacy.

Reduces the risk of demoralizingReduces the risk of demoralizing

Structured to evaluate progressStructured to evaluate progress

Learning occurs by :

OBSERVATION

MODELLING

IMITATION

BASIC HUMAN NEEDS

Modulate their behavior

Self-regulate emotions

Plan strategies

Self-reflect

HUMAN BEINGS ARE ABLE TO:

SELF-EFFICACY a definition…a definition…

SELF-EFFICACY a definition…a definition…

It is your belief in your own capacities to organize and complete

successful actions to obtain predetermined goals.

It is your belief in your own capacities to organize and complete

successful actions to obtain predetermined goals.

SELF-EFFICACY Where does it come from ?

SELF-EFFICACY Where does it come from ?

LEARNING BY IMITATION

MASTERY OF EXPERIENCES

SOCIAL PERSUASION

PHYSIOLOGICAL STATES

LEARNING BY IMITATION

MASTERY OF EXPERIENCES

SOCIAL PERSUASION

PHYSIOLOGICAL STATES

¿What is it good for ? It influences in :

•The EFFORTS you make

•The duration of PERSISTENCE when faced with obstacles and failures

• Your EMOTIONS

•Your DECISIONS

SELF-EFFICACY

“Perceived self-efficacy refers to beliefs in one´s capabilities to organize and execute courses of action required to

produce a given attainment”

“ …through collective action, people can improve their lives by modifying the

character and practices of their social systems.”

COLLECTIVE EFFICACYBandura et. al (2000), Journal of Communication Vol 50 No.4

"It is our duty as human beings to proceed as though the limits of our capabilities do not exist”

~ Teilhard de Chardin ~