women in the utah labor force

HARD @ WORK Women in the Utah Labor Force

Lecia Parks Langston, Senior Economist Utah Department of Workforce Services

We’re the same. . .

but different.

Utah Men Now Outnumber Women

49.5% 49.8% 50.6% 50.4% 50.3% 49.9% 49.8% 49.7% 50.8%

50.5% 50.2% 49.4% 49.6% 49.7% 50.1% 50.2% 50.3% 49.2%

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2013Utah

2013U.S.

Female Male

Share of Population by Gender

Source: U.S. Census Bureau.

Utah is the youngest state in the nation. . .

17% 20% 20%

21% 21% 21% 21% 21% 21% 22% 22% 22% 22% 22% 22% 22% 23% 23% 23% 23% 23% 23% 23% 23% 23% 23% 23% 23% 23% 23% 24% 24% 24% 24% 24% 24% 24% 24% 24% 24% 24% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 26%

27% 27%

31%

District of ColumbiaVermont

MaineFlorida

Rhode IslandWest Virginia

New HampshireMassachusetts

PennsylvaniaHawaii

New YorkMontana

North DakotaConnecticut

OregonDelaware

VirginiaMarylandMichigan

New JerseySouth Carolina

OhioWashington

WisconsinTennessee

KentuckyPuerto Rico

AlabamaMissouri

North CarolinaIowa

United StatesColoradoWyoming

IllinoisMinnesota

ArkansasNevada

CaliforniaIndiana

LouisianaOklahoma

South DakotaArizona

New MexicoNebraska

KansasMississippi

GeorgiaAlaskaIdahoTexasUtah

Share of 2012 Population Under 18 years

Source: U.S. Census Bureau; American Community Survey.

Utah’s birthrate remains higher than the national average

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1960

1962

1964

1966

1968

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

UtahU.S.

Births per 1,000 Population

Source: Utah Department of Health.

More births; larger families

2 Person

3 Person

4 Person

5 Person

6 Person

7 Person or more

43%

23%

19%

9%

3%

2%

36%

19%

19%

13%

8%

5%

U.S.Utah

2012 Share of Families by Size


Utah women are less likely to be married than in the past.

Married 69%

Separated 1%

Divorced 2%

Never Married

19%

Widowed 9%

1950

Married 56%

Separated 1%

Divorced 10%

Never Married

27%

Widowed 6%

2012

Marital Status of Women 15 Years and Older


Yet, Utah’s divorce rate measures consistently higher than the U.S. average.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1960

1962

1964

1966

1968

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

UtahU.S.

Divorces per 1,000 Population

Source: Utah Department of Health.

Utah women are more likely to be married than their national peers.

Married 46%

Separated 4%

Divorced 12%

Never Married

30%

Widowed 9%

United States

Married 56%

Separated 1%

Divorced 10%

Never Married

27%

Widowed 6%

Utah

2012 Marital Status of Women 15 Years and Older


Utah women marry relatively young.

24.1 24.4 25.0 25.2 25.3 25.5 25.6 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.8 25.8 26.0 26.1 26.1 26.1 26.1 26.3 26.3 26.3 26.4 26.4 26.5 26.5 26.6 26.6 26.8 26.8 26.8 26.8 26.9 27.0 27.1 27.1 27.1 27.1 27.3 27.5 27.6 27.6 27.7 27.8 27.9 28.1 28.2 28.4 28.7 28.8 29.2 29.3 29.5 29.8

UtahIdaho

WyomingArkansas

OklahomaAlaska

KentuckyKansas

South DakotaWest Virginia

NebraskaNorth Dakota

AlabamaIowa

MontanaTennessee

TexasIndiana

New MexicoWashington

MaineMississippi

ColoradoMissouri

MinnesotaNorth Carolina

GeorgiaNevada

South CarolinaVirginiaHawaii

WisconsinLouisiana

New HampshireOhio

United StatesArizona

MichiganDelaware

OregonPennsylvania

FloridaCaliforniaMaryland

IllinoisNew Jersey

ConnecticutVermont

MassachusettsNew York

Rhode IslandDistrict of Columbia


2012 Female Median Age at First Marriage

Utah women have lost their education edge.

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2012

6% 7%

10%

15% 17%

22%

26% 28%

5% 6%

8%

13%

18%

23%

28% 29%

UtahUnited States

Share of Population 25 and Older with a Bachelor’s Degree


Utah has the largest male/female college-education gap in the U.S.

-6.5 -4.9

-4.0 -3.7

-2.8 -2.5 -2.2 -2.0 -1.8 -1.7 -1.6 -1.3 -1.2 -1.2 -1.2 -1.2 -1.1 -1.1 -1.0 -1.0 -0.9 -0.9 -0.8 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.4 -0.3 -0.1

0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.1

1.7 2.0

2.4 2.8

4.9

AlaskaVermont

North DakotaHawaiiMaine

MississippiSouth Dakota

WisconsinLouisianaNebraska

West VirginiaNew Hampshire

ArkansasMontana

IowaNorth Carolina

KentuckyMinnesota

MissouriNew YorkWyomingDelaware

KansasOklahoma

New MexicoGeorgia

IllinoisIndiana

TennesseeMaryland

United StatesMichiganAlabama

South CarolinaMassachusetts

TexasOregon

ColoradoCalifornia

Rhode IslandOhio

PennsylvaniaNevada

ConnecticutVirginia

WashingtonNew Jersey

FloridaArizona

IdahoDistrict of Columbia

Utah*Population 25 years and over. Source: U.S. Census Bureau; American Community Survey.

2012 Percentage Point Difference between the Share of Men and Women with a Bachelor’s Degree

Utah’s divorce rate trends

higher than the national average

Utah women have more

children and larger

families

Utah women get

married young

Utah women have lost

their educational

edge

Utah has the largest

male/female college education gap in the country

A smaller share of Utah women

are married now than in the

past

A higher percentage of Utah women participate in the labor force than the U.S. average.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2012

U.S.

Utah

After 1980, Utah’s female

participation rates measure higher

than U.S. figures.

Percent of Women* in the Labor Force

*Population 16 years and over. Source: U.S. Census Bureau; American Community Survey.

Utah women in their early twenties are most likely to work outside the home.

16 to 1920 and 21

22 to 2425 to 2930 to 3435 to 4445 to 5455 to 59

60 and 6162 to 6465 to 6970 to 74

75 and Older

51%

80%

79% 72%

67%

72% 75%

64%

60% 46%

28% 17%

3%

Utah 2012 Labor Force Participation Rate by Age


Utah women are less likely than U.S. women to participate during the typical child-bearing years.

51%

80%

79%

72%

67%

72%

75%

64%

60%

46%

28%

17%

3%

39%

67%

76%

78%

76%

76%

76%

67%

57%

45%

28%

14%

4%

16 to 1920 and 21

22 to 2425 to 2930 to 3435 to 4445 to 5455 to 59

60 and 6162 to 6465 to 6970 to 74

75 and OlderUtahU.S.

Utah 2012 Labor Force Participation Rate by Age


Both spouses participate in the labor market at a rate comparable to the U.S.

Both Spouses in Labor Force, 52.6%

Husband in Labor

Force, Wife Not, 22.2%

Wife in Labor Force,

Husband Not, 7.8%

Both Not in Labor Force, 17.4%

United States

Both Spouses in Labor Force, 52.4%

Husband in Labor

Force, Wife Not, 29.2%

Wife in Labor Force,

Husband Not, 7.8%

Both Not in Labor Force, 13.0%

Utah


Utah 2012 Labor Force Participation of Married Couple Families

Utah mothers of young children are much less likely to work than U.S. mothers.

70%

64%

77%

73%

61%

51%

73%

76%

Children Under Six

Children Under Six and 6 to 17

Children 6 to 17 only

No Children Under 18

United States Utah

Utah 2012 Labor Force Participation of Women* with Children

*Women 20 to 64 years. Source: U.S. Census Bureau; American Community Survey.

Utah children are less likely to have both parents in the labor force.

58%

65%

76%

82%

46%

56%

79%

87%

Living with Two Parents, Both Parents inLabor Force

Under 6 Years

6 to 17 Years

Living with One Parent, Parent in LaborForce

Under 6 Years

6 to 17 Years

United States Utah

Utah 2012 Labor Force Participation of Parents


County female participation rates vary widely.

45.0% 49.0% 49.3% 49.8% 50.1% 50.2%

51.7% 52.3% 52.5% 53.2% 53.3% 53.8%

55.1% 56.8% 57.4% 57.9% 58.7%

60.5% 61.0% 61.4% 61.5% 62.2% 62.3% 62.3% 62.5% 62.9% 62.9%

64.7% 64.8% 65.3%

DaggettPiute

DuchesneWashington

San JuanEmery

RichSevier

MillardUintah

SanpeteCarbon

Box ElderMorgan

UtahIron

GarfieldDavis

TooeleWeber

JuabWasatch

KaneWayneCache

State of UtahBeaverGrand

Salt LakeSummit

2008-2012 Female Labor Force Participation Rates


Women typically show higher unemployment rates than men.

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

MaleFemale

Utah Unemployment Rates

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Utah women work fewer hours than their U.S. counterparts

36

41

33

40

Females Males

United States Utah

2012 Mean Usual Hours Worked per Week


Utah women are more likely to work part-time.

59%

31%

10%

81%

15%

4%

35 or More Hours

15 to 34 Hours

1 to 14 HoursMales

Females

2012 Share of Workers by Usual Hours Worked per Week


Utah women are more likely to work part-time.

69%

25%

6%

59%

31%

10%

35 or More Hours

15 to 34 Hours

1 to 14 HoursUtah

United States

2012 Share of Workers by Usual Hours Worked per Week


Utah women moved into production and protective service occupations.

45% 31%

50% 21%

11% 34%

58% 40%

70% 48%

66% 84%

19% 58%

39% 82%

48% 74%

22% 2%

5% 33%

15%

44% 32%

48% 20%

12% 34%

56% 41%

70% 44%

64% 84%

24% 60%

39% 79%

47% 71%

19% 2%

4% 30%

17%

TotalManagement

Business and Financial OperationsComputer and MathematicalArchitecture and Engineering

Life, Physical and Social ScienceCommunity and Social Services

LegalEducation, Training and Library

Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports and MediaHealthcare Practitioners and Technical

Healthcare SupportProtective Service

Food Preparation and ServingBuilding and Grounds Cleaning/Maintenance

Personal Care and ServiceSales and Related

Office and AdministrativeFarming, Fishing, Forestry

Construction and ExtractionInstallation, Maintenance and Repair

ProductionTransporation and Material Moving

2000 2006-2010

Utah Female Share of Major Occupations

Source: U.S. Census Bureau; EEO Tabulation.

Utah women are not as well-represented as U.S. women in most higher-paying occupations.

47% 38%

55% 27%

15% 44%

62% 51%

74% 47%

75% 88%

23% 56%

40% 78%

50% 74%

22% 3% 4%

30% 17%

44% 32%

48% 20%

12% 34%

56% 41%

70% 44%

64% 84%

24% 60%

39% 79%

47% 71%

19% 2%

4% 30%

17%

TotalManagement

Business and Financial OperationsComputer and MathematicalArchitecture and Engineering

Life, Physical and Social ScienceCommunity and Social Services

LegalEducation, Training and Library

Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports and…Healthcare Practitioners and Technical

Healthcare SupportProtective Service

Food Preparation and ServingBuilding and Grounds Cleaning/Maintenance

Personal Care and ServiceSales and Related

Office and AdministrativeFarming, Fishing, Forestry

Construction and ExtractionInstallation, Maintenance and Repair

ProductionTransporation and Material Moving

United States Utah

2006-2010 Female Share of Major Occupations


Many lower-paying occupations are dominated by Utah women.

100% 99% 99%

98% 97% 97%

96% 95% 95%

94% 93%

92% 91%

90% 90%

89% 89% 89%

88% 88% 88%

87% 87% 87% 87%

Occupational therapy assistants and aidesPreschool and kindergarten teachers

Medical transcriptionistsDental hygienists

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologistsSecretaries and administrative assistants

Dental assistantsMiscellaneous personal appearance workers

Dietitians and nutritionistsChildcare workersTeacher assistants

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewersMedical assistants

Billing and posting clerksProofreaders and copy markers

Special education teachersLibrary technicians

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nursesReceptionists and information clerks

Word processors and typistsHosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee…

Maids and housekeeping cleanersBookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks

Recreational therapistsVeterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers

2006-2010 Utah Female-dominated Occupations


Many higher-paying occupations are dominated by Utah men.

1% 2% 2% 2%

3% 3% 3%

4% 4%

5% 5% 5%

6% 6% 6%

7% 8% 8% 8%

10% 10% 10%

11% 11%

12%

CarpentersConstruction laborers

Automotive service technicians and mechanicsFirst-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction…

ElectriciansConstruction equipment operators except paving,…

Construction managersWelding, soldering, and brazing workers

Miscellaneous engineers, including nuclear engineersMaintenance and repair workers, general

Painters, construction and maintenanceIndustrial and refractory machinery mechanics

Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers,…Aircraft mechanics and service technicians

Driver/sales workers and truck driversFirst-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers

Painting workersCabinetmakers and bench carpenters

Network and computer systems administratorsIndustrial truck and tractor operators

Aircraft pilots and flight engineersCost estimators

Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio…Civil engineers

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers

2006-2010 Utah Male-dominated Occupations


Utah’s women-owned businesses account for a small share of total sales.

All Firms Sales, All Firms Firms withEmployees

NonemployeeFirms

25%

4%

12%

29% 2007 Women-owned Firms as a Share of Total Firms

Source: U.S. Census Bureau; Survey of Business Owners.

Utah women work fewer hours than Utah men

Most Married Utah Women Work Outside

the home

Most Utah Women

Work

Most Utah Mothers

Work Outside the

Home

Utah Shows Higher Female

Labor Force Participation than

the U.S.

Utah women have been

slower to move into higher-

paying occupations

The gap in wages has lessened.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

U.S. Female Median Usual Weekly Earnings as Percentage of Male Usual Weekly Earnings

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics; Current Population Survey.

Statistically, Utah women make less than Utah men.

$34,062

$48,540

Women Men

2012 Utah Median Earnings of Year-Round, Full-time Workers

Source: U.S. Census Bureau; Survey of Business Owners.


Utah Female Median Annual Earnings as a Percent of Male Median Annual Earnings, 2012

70 Cents

On average, Utah women make 70 cents compared to the Utah male’s dollar

Utah women have the fourth-largest wage gap in the nation.

63.8% 66.9%

69.9% 70.2% 71.1%

73.3% 73.7% 73.8% 74.2% 75.1% 75.6% 75.8% 76.0% 76.2% 76.2% 76.3% 76.5% 76.8% 76.9% 77.2% 77.5% 77.5% 77.5% 77.6% 77.9% 78.1% 78.2% 78.4% 78.6% 78.6% 78.8% 78.9% 78.9% 79.1% 79.1% 79.8% 80.0% 80.3% 80.6% 81.1% 81.2% 82.2% 82.5% 82.9% 83.2% 83.6% 83.7% 83.9% 84.9% 85.3% 85.3%

90.1%

WyomingLouisiana

West VirginiaUtah

AlabamaIndiana

MichiganNorth Dakota

AlaskaIdaho

MississippiPennsylvania

KentuckyOklahoma

KansasMontanaMissouriArkansas

OhioNew Hampshire

TennesseeNebraska

IowaSouth Carolina

WisconsinSouth Dakota

WashingtonConnecticut

IllinoisNew Jersey

United StatesVirginiaOregon

MassachusettsTexas

MinnesotaColorado

New MexicoRhode Island

DelawareGeorgia

North CarolinaArizona

MaineHawaiiFlorida

CaliforniaNew YorkVermont

NevadaMaryland

District of Columbia


2012 Annual Female Median Earnings as a Percentage of Male Median Earnings, Year-Round, Full-time Workers

Changing to weekly earnings, closes the wage gap.

65.5% 72.0% 72.6% 73.9% 75.0% 76.0% 76.0% 76.4% 76.4% 77.0% 77.2% 77.3% 78.1% 78.1% 78.2% 78.3% 78.5% 78.7% 79.1% 79.2% 79.4% 79.5% 79.5% 79.5% 79.6% 80.4% 80.6% 80.6% 80.7% 80.8% 80.9% 80.9% 81.3% 81.7% 82.0% 82.1% 82.2% 82.6% 82.7% 82.8% 82.9% 83.0% 83.0% 83.3% 83.9% 84.1% 84.2% 84.9% 85.2% 86.0% 86.8%

94.8%

WyomingLouisiana

West VirginiaAlaska

MississippiUtah

WashingtonAlabamaGeorgia

ConnecticutMontanaMichigan

IndianaNorth Dakota

IdahoColoradoMissouri

KansasIllinois

New HampshireNew Jersey

IowaMaine

VirginiaTexas

New MexicoVermont

WisconsinNevada

MassachusettsUnited States

North CarolinaKentucky

PennsylvaniaSouth Dakota

HawaiiMinnesotaTennessee

Rhode IslandOhio

New YorkDelaware

OklahomaSouth Carolina

OregonArkansasNebraska

FloridaMarylandCalifornia

ArizonaDistrict of Columbia


2012 Female Median Usual Weekly Earnings as a Percentage of Male Median Earnings, Full-time Workers

The highest-paying occupations for men are also the highest-paying occupations for women.

$18,834

$19,264

$19,518

$20,808

$23,706

$26,359

$29,421

$30,625

$30,631

$32,643

$33,637

$37,409

$38,987

$39,504

$40,160

$40,455

$41,157

$43,143

$45,359

$50,487

$52,180

$52,712

$54,956

$55,247

$56,340

$59,786

Building/grounds cleaning/maintenance

Food preparation and serving related

Personal care and service

Farming, fishing, and forestry

Healthcare support

Production

Sales and related

Transportation

Office and administrative support

Fire fighting/prevention/protective service

Total

Installation, maintenance, and repair

Community and social service

Arts/design/entertainment/sports/media

Law enforcement

Construction and extraction

Education, training, and library

Business and financial operations

Life, physical, and social science

Management

Legal

Healthcare practitioners and technical

Material moving

Architecture and engineering

Computer and mathematical

Health practitioners/technical


2008-2012 Utah Female Annual Median Earnings, Year-Round, Full-time Workers

The wage gap varies by occupation.

49.0%

60.0%

65.0%

65.0%

68.0%

68.0%

68.0%

68.0%

68.0%

71.0%

71.0%

73.0%

77.0%

78.0%

78.0%

79.0%

79.0%

80.0%

81.0%

82.0%

83.0%

87.0%

87.0%

87.0%

88.0%

95.0%

Legal

Sales and related

Health practitioners/technical

Building/grounds cleaning/maintenance

Total

Business and financial operations

Production

Transportation

Material moving

Management

Healthcare practitioners and technical

Education, training, and library

Arts/design/entertainment/sports/media

Architecture and engineering

Fire fighting/prevention, protective service

Law enforcement workers

Farming, fishing, and forestry

Computer and mathematical

Installation, maintenance, and repair

Life, physical, and social science

Personal care and service

Community and social service

Healthcare support

Office and administrative support

Food preparation and serving related

Construction and extraction


2008-2012 Utah Annual Female Median Earnings as a Percentage of Male Median Earnings, Year-Round, Full-time Workers

More promotions =

higher wages.

More experience in

an occupation = higher wages.

More education =

higher wages.

More hours worked = more pay.

Occupations requiring more math, science,

analysis, management =

higher pay.

Moving in and out of the labor

force = lower pay.

The Gap explained? • Differences in human capital (education

experience) and worker characteristics can account for most of the male/female wage gap.

• Apples-to-apples comparisons shrink the wage gap.

• Differences in socialization, culture and expectations.

• Discrimination.

EDUCATION AND OCCUPATIONAL CHOICE are the largest factors behind the wage gap

Who is mostly likely to be poor?

5%

7%

8%

9%

10%

10%

13%

26%

26%

28%

29%

34%

Bachelor's Degree or Higher

65 Years and Older

Employed Male

Some College, Associate Degree

White, NonHispanic

Employed Female

All Persons

Less than a High School Graduate

Unemployed Male

Native American Indian

Hispanic/Latino

Unemployed Female

2012 Utah Percent of Persons with Incomes Below the Poverty Level


What households are poor?

6%

15%

19%

28%

35%

44%

Married Couple Families

Male-headed Households

Nonfarmily Households

Female-headed Households

Female-headed Households withchildren under 18

Female-headed Households withchildren under 5

2012 Utah Percent of Households with Incomes Below the Poverty Level


• Lecia Parks Langston • Senior Economist, Utah Department of

Workforce Services • 435-688-3115 • [email protected]

http://jobs.utah.gov/wi/pubs/hardatwork/

http://jobs.utah.gov/wi/pubs/specialreports.html

County-level data:

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women in the utah labor force

Economy & Finance