women in engineering in mongolia - wec 2019 · mongolia, women consistently remain in universities...

WOMEN IN ENGINEERING IN MONGOLIA

ARIUNBOLOR PURVEE

President of Women in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics in Mongolia

Professor of German Mongolian University of Resources and Technology

Introduction

26/11/2019 [email protected]

Topics

• Statistics

• Higher Education

• Women in Engineering

• Gender Equality

• Best Practices


Statistics: Population


Current population 3,188,651

Population rank 137 (0.04% of world population)Total area 1,564,120 km2 (603,910 mi2)Population density 2.0 per km2 (5.3 people/mi2)Sex ratio 0.97 (1,574,051 men to 1,614,610 women)

Median age 27.1 yearsLife expectancy 68.3 years (65.9 - men, 70.9 - women)

79

88

96.198.2

98

98.3

98.2

61

71.4

88.2

94.9 97.5

98.3

98.4

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

Adult literacy rate,

Male Female

Statistics: Mongolian Women


1921 1951

Mongolian Women


1951

19612011

2017

Mongolian Women


Mongolian Women


One of 13 female

member of ParliamentProvost of National University

of MongoliaHead of Higher Education Department

of Education Ministry of Mongolia

Chancellor of

German

Mongolian

University of

Resources

Politician of

Mongolian

Republic

party

Mongolian Women

69% in urban 31% in rural

Average LIFESPAN 76 years

Married BY AGE 26

ghgh

1 in 5 women has a university degree

Pension at age 55

35% women employed

1 in 10 women is a engineer

3 or 4 CHILDREN

Higher Education in 2018


40.65%

35.15%

39.64%

59.35%

64.85%

60.36%

0% 50% 100%

Bachelor

Master

Doctor

Male Female

Higher Education – Disciplines, by Year


27%

27%

32%

38%

50%

69%

82%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Engineering

Services

Others

Agricultural Science

Natural Science

Social Science, Education***

Health Science

2007 2012 2018

Higher education 2018 - disciplines, by gender


73%

73%

68%

62%

50%

31%

18%

27%

27%

32%

38%

50%

69%

82%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Services

Engineering & IT

Others

AgriculturalScience

Natural Science

Social Science,Education***

Health Science

Male Female

Women in all science organizations in Mongolia


Women in science in Mongolia 2019 - by academic discipline

Natural Science Engineering Agriculture Health Science Social Science

Hold Ph.D.

Higher Education 2019


Public Higher Education Institution Positions – by gender, 2018


10%

24%

60%

63%

72%

77%

86%

100%

90%

76%

40%

37%

28%

23%

14%

0%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Service staff

Teachers

Deputy directors

Deans of Faculty

Heads of departments

Directors of school

Heads of Academic Affair'sDepartment

Rectors (chancellors)

Male Female

Mongolian Women in Decision-Making Positions


State and NGOs

41%

44%

50%

54%

58%

60%

80%

98%

100%

59%

56%

50%

46%

42%

40%

20%

2%

0

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Managers of departments

General managers

Foreman

Officers

Heads of departments

Deputy directors

Ministers

Directors

Provincial Governers

Male Female

Industries in Mongolia

• Rank ordering of industries, by value of

annual output, starting with the largest:

• Construction and construction materials;

mining (coal, copper, molybdenum,

fluorspar, tin, tungsten, gold); oil; food

and beverages; processing of animal

products, cashmere and natural fiber

manufacturing.


Extractive (mining) sector

The extractive sector is a major part

of the economy of Mongolia, and in

2017 it represented 23.4% of GDP

and earned USD4.9 billion in

exports, some 79.6% of total exports

for the year.


Women in Extractive (mining) sector


Women in mining


Women in other fields


10%

24%

27%

28%

35%

37%

37%

45%

51%

56%

58%

65%

70%

84%

90%

76%

73%

72%

65%

63%

63%

55%

49%

44%

42%

35%

30%

16%

Service staff

Teachers

sales clerks & adv.

Health

Education

Judiciary

Trades

Others

Light Industry

Agriculture

State and army

Mining

Transport, comm

Construction

Male Female

Unemployment


Good practice of women in STEM in Mongolia

• The Constitution of Mongolia (1992)

• Law on Promotion of Gender Equality (2011)

• Law Against Domestic Violence (2004)

• Criminal Code (2008)

• Civil Code (2002)

• Labour Law (1999)

• Law on Family (1999)

• Law on Health (2011)

• Law on Education (2002, amended in 2006)


• Law on Combatting Trafficking in persons

(2012)

• Law on Social Welfare (2012)

• Law on Parliament Election (amended

2016)

• Law on Child care service (2015)

• National Programme on Gender Equality:

Goal 5: Gender equality and empowering

girls (Sustainable Development Goals of

Mongolia)

Conclusions

• Mongolian women traditionally have had relatively higher social positions and greater

autonomy than women in some other countries.

• The major change in the position of Mongolian women during the socialist era was their

nearly universal participation in all levels of the educational system and in the paid work

force.

• Despite the planned decrease in the enormous number of higher education institutions in

Mongolia, women consistently remain in universities -- in higher numbers than men.

• Despite the promise of the relatively new laws on the books that attempt to safeguard the

gains made by women in positions of leadership and power, there remains a wage gap,

and some indications that the gains are not stable.

• This data provides us with a roadmap of areas to monitor, going forward


Conclusions

• Nevertheless, there is a consistent, steady pool of women

in higher education. These young women have acquired a

high degree of math knowledge and skills from an early

age. The pool of women studying in universities constitute

an enriched pool of potential candidates for participating in

STEM fields.


Acknowledgements


I would like to thank Marlene Kanga, President of the

World Federation of Engineering Organizations, to

support women in member countries of Asia-Pacific

Nation Network, International Network of Women

Engineers and Scientists

Acknowledgements

• I would like to think the many dedicated women

are involved in the Women in Science,

Technology, Engineering and Mathematics in

Mongolia.


References

• http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-03/07/c_137875943.htm

• http://www.1212.mn/stat.aspx?LIST_ID=976_L03

• https://asiasociety.org/education/women-modern-mongolia

• https://www.indexmundi.com/mongolia/industries.html

• http://www.1212.mn/stat.aspx?LIST_ID=976_L04

• https://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=54742#

• Mongolia twelfth The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative Report 2017

• http://mminfo.mn/news/view/10731

• https://ubinfo.mn/read/9528

• https://ikon.mn/n/u9h

• GENDER MAINSTREAMING IN GREEN DEVELOPMENT POLICY OF MONGOLIA

• http://sdg.gov.mn/Goal?id=5

• https://www.pressreader.com/mongolia/the-ub-post/20181217/281736975550462


http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-03/07/c_137875943.htm

http://www.1212.mn/stat.aspx?LIST_ID=976_L03

https://asiasociety.org/education/women-modern-mongolia

https://www.indexmundi.com/mongolia/industries.html

http://www.1212.mn/stat.aspx?LIST_ID=976_L04

https://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=54742

http://mminfo.mn/news/view/10731

https://ubinfo.mn/read/9528

https://ikon.mn/n/u9h

http://sdg.gov.mn/Goal?id=5

https://www.pressreader.com/mongolia/the-ub-post/20181217/281736975550462

women in engineering in mongolia - wec 2019 · mongolia, women consistently remain in universities...

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