34

Ⅱ Measures for Gender Equality

7. Expansion of Women’s Participation in Policy and Decision-making Processes in All Fields of Society

Various efforts are being undertaken through the promotion of “positive action” to expand women’s participation in policy and decision-making processes in all fields of society.

Positive action“Positive provision of opportunities for either women or men within necessary limits to redress gender disparities in terms of formation of a society where both women and men shall be given equal opportunities to participate voluntarily in activities in all fields as equal partners in society” (Article 2, The Basic Act for a Gender Equal Society)

(1) Target of “30% by 2020”With the aim of achieving the target of “increasing the share of women in leadership positions to at least 30% by 2020 in all fields of society” (“the target of 30%”), numerical targets for women’s participation were set in the Third Basic Plan for Gender Equality for a wide range of fields, including politics, national and local civil services, private sector, education and research.The Fourth Basic Plan shows the highly ambitious targets that could be achieved if all-out efforts are made in each field such as politics, administration, economy, regional, science and technology for the expansion of women’s social participation across those fields. The plan also includes a target regarding the layer of women in previous stage who will assume leadership positions in the future.

■ List of Numerical Targets in the Fourth Basic Plan for Gender Equality

Proportion of Women for Each Item Currently Target(Deadline)

National Government

Proportion of women in government positions equivalent to director of central government ministries and agencies

4.4%(July 2017)

7%(end of fiscal 2020)

Proportion of women in government positions equivalent to the chief staff levels of central government ministries and agencies

24.2%(July 2017)

30%(end of fiscal 2020)

Local Government

Proportion of women in positions equivalent to director of prefectural government (municipalities) office

9.8% (16.9%)(2017)

15% (20%)(end of fiscal 2020)

Proportion of women in positions equivalent to the chief staff levels of prefectural government (municipalities) office

22.4% (33.5%)(2017)

30% (35%)(end of fiscal 2020)

Private Sector

Proportion of women in positions equivalent to the section manager level

10.3%(2016)

15%(2020)

Proportion of women in positions equivalent to the subsection leader level

18.6%(2016)

25%(2020)

35

Ⅱ Measures for Gender Equality

(2) Expansion of Women’s Participation in National Diet Members The proportion of women occupying positions as National Diet members in Japan is at a low level compared with other countries around the world. Women’s participation in the field of politics is an important task to make efforts in order to achieve the objective of raising the proportion of female election candidates for the House of Representatives and the House of Councilors to 30% by 2020. Therefore, in accordance with the Fourth Basic Plan for Gender Equality, the government has requested political parties to consider introducing positive actions to increase the proportion of women candidates in national and other elections. In addition, the government has been providing information, including a map it created that vividly shows the situation of women’s participation in politics.

Jul 1

989

Feb

1990

Jul 1

992

Jul 1

993

Jul 1

995

Oct

199

6

Jul 1

998

Jun

2000

Jul 2

001

Nov

200

3

Jul 2

004

Sep

200

5

Jul 2

007

Aug

200

9

Jul 2

010

Dec

201

2

Jul 2

013

Dec

201

4

Jul 2

016

Oct

201

7

6.9 7.3

10.2

14.412.9 13

16.7

15

16.6

2.3 2.7

4.6

7.3 7.1 9

11.3

7.99.5

17.7

10.1

21.8

19.2

21.923.2

27.6

20.6

24.1

22.9

24.2

17.5

10.3

16.715.9

14.9

12.4

21.5

18.2

24.7

23.1

14

%

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Candidates for the House of Representatives membersElected members of the House of RepresentativesCandidates for the House of Councilors membersElected members of the House of Councilors

Requested political partiesto increase the proportion of women candidates

Map of women’s participation in politics

■ Female Candidates and Elected Member of the House of Representatives in General Election and the House of Councilors in Regular Election

Source: Survey by the Ministry of Internal Aff airs and Communicati ons

福島県福島県

群馬県群馬県 栃木県栃木県 茨城県茨城県

千葉県千葉県

埼玉県埼玉県

東京都東京都山梨県山梨県

神奈川県神奈川県

新潟県新潟県

山形県山形県 宮城県宮城県

秋田県秋田県

青森県青森県

北海道北海道

岩手県岩手県

静岡県静岡県

沖縄県沖縄県

愛知県愛知県三重県三重県奈良県奈良県

和歌山県和歌山県

大阪府大阪府

富山県富山県

石川県石川県

福井県福井県 岐阜県岐阜県

滋賀県滋賀県京都府京都府

兵庫県兵庫県鳥取県鳥取県島根県島根県

山口県山口県

福岡県福岡県

大分県大分県

宮崎県宮崎県熊本県熊本県

佐賀県佐賀県長崎県長崎県

鹿児島県鹿児島県

広島県広島県

香川県香川県

徳島県徳島県愛媛県愛媛県

高知県高知県

岡山県岡山県

長野県長野県

東京都東京都東京都東京都東京都東京都東京都東京都東京都東京都東京都東京都東京都東京都東京都

神奈川県神奈川県神奈川県神奈川県神奈川県神奈川県神奈川県神奈川県神奈川県神奈川県神奈川県神奈川県神奈川県神奈川県神奈川県神奈川県神奈川県神奈川県神奈川県神奈川県神奈川県神奈川県神奈川県神奈川県神奈川県神奈川県神奈川県

都道府県議会議長

政令指定都市市議会議長

市区町村議会議長

知事

政令指定都市市長

市区町村長

15% 20%以上 未満

20%以上

10% 15%以上 未満

5% 10%以上 未満

3都県

4 府県

19道県

21 県

0名47議会

0名20議会

54名1,721議会

3名47都道府県

2名20 政令指定

都市

25名1,721市区町村

3名

47

2名

20

0名

47

0名

20

23名1,721

51名1,721

3都県

22県

17道県

5府県

12.8%

議員数（人）

下院又は一院制国 名順位

（下院）

（参考）上 院女 性（人）

女性割合（％）

議員数（人）

女 性（人）

女性割合（％）

資料出所：IPU「Women in Parliaments」（2017年12月１日時点）（注）１．割合は小数点第２位を四捨五入したもの。 ２．調査対象国は193か国。そのうち、上位20か国及びOECD加盟国（35か国）を抽出。

※2017年11月に実施された選挙結果が未反映のため、人数及び割合について空欄としている。

123456788101112131415161717191922242628303539434550525357616479829699105115122130157157

ルワンダボリビアキューバニカラグアスウェーデンメキシコフィンランドセネガル南アフリカ共和国ノルウェーナミビアモザンビークスペインフランスエチオピアニュージーランドアルゼンチンアイスランドベルギーエクアドルデンマークスロベニアオランダポルトガルオーストリアスイスイギリスイタリアドイツオーストラリアルクセンブルクポーランドイスラエルエストニアカナダアイルランドチェコ共和国スロバキアアメリカ合衆国ギリシャ韓国ラトビアトルコハンガリー日本チリ※

80130612

92349500200165392169104250350577547120257

63150137179

90150230183200650630709150

60460120101335158200150434300300100549199465155

4969

29942

152213

8469

164704399

137225212

4698245752673354806365

208195218

4317

12933278835443084555116802047

61.353.148.945.743.642.642.041.841.841.441.339.639.139.038.838.338.138.138.038.037.436.736.034.834.432.532.031.030.728.728.328.027.526.726.322.222.020.019.418.317.016.014.610.110.1

23.6

2636............

128........54....42....

266348153

....72....60........

3975....

6146

805320

6976....

100........

1006080....

100....................

24243

1017............47........19....10....

101102

49....30....30........

426....

197

207912731....14........431815....

21....................50

38.547.2

....

....

....36.7

....

....35.2

....23.8

....38.029.332.0

....41.7

....50.0

....

10.334.7

....

31.115.225.728.439.140.8

....

14.0....

43.030.018.8

....

21.0............................

20.7

23.2世界平均

京 都 府東 京 都滋 賀 県神奈川県岩 手 県秋 田 県福 島 県山 口 県岡 山 県北 海 道沖 縄 県三 重 県栃 木 県宮 城 県兵 庫 県鳥 取 県埼 玉 県徳 島 県福 岡 県長 野 県千 葉 県奈 良 県長 崎 県福 井 県島 根 県茨 城 県愛 知 県鹿児島県富 山 県和歌山県青 森 県岐 阜 県熊 本 県広 島 県群 馬 県新 潟 県高 知 県宮 崎 県石 川 県香 川 県大 阪 府山 形 県大 分 県静 岡 県山 梨 県佐 賀 県愛 媛 県

59 127 43

105 48 43 58 46 54

101 48 49 50 59 86 35 92 37 86 58 95 43 45 36 37 62

102 51 40 42 46 46 47 64 50 53 37 39 41 41 85 43 43 69 36 36 44

12 25 7

17 7 6 8 6 7

13 6 6 6 7

10 4

10 4 9 6 9 4 4 3 3 5 8 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 3 1 1 1

（20.3）（19.7）（16.3）（16.2）（14.6）（14.0）（13.8）（13.0）（13.0）（12.9）（12.5）（12.2）（12.0）（11.9）（11.6）（11.4）（10.9）（10.8）（10.5）（10.3）（9.5）（9.3）（8.9）（8.3）（8.1）（8.1）（7.8）（7.8）（7.5）（7.1）（6.5）（6.5）（6.4）（6.3）（6.0）（5.7）（5.4）（5.1）（4.9）（4.9）（4.7）（4.7）（4.7）（4.3）（2.8）（2.8）（2.3）

都 道 府 県 議員現員数（人）

女性議員数（人）（女性議員の比率 %）

2,657計 263（9.9）※

（注）１．総務省「地方公共団体の議会の議員及び長の所属　　　党派別人員調」より作成（平成28年12月31日現在）　　２．女性議員の比率は小数点第２位を四捨五入したもの　　3．都道府県名について、前年版から女性議員の比率

が増加した場合は赤字、減少した場合は青字、変化なしの場合は黒字としている

※ 前年（平成28年7月1日現在）は9.8%

女性の政治参画マップ 2018政治分野における女性の参画拡大は、多様な民意の反映のため極めて重要です。我が国の政治分野における女性の参画状況は、国・地方ともに依然として低い水準にとどまっています。

都道府県議会議長は平成29年11月1日現在（全国都道府県議会議長会調べ）市区議会議長は平成29年10月1 日現在（全国市議会議議長会調べ）町村議会議長は平成29年 7月 1日現在（全国町村議会議長会調べ）

議会の長首 長

内閣府「地方公共団体における男女共同参画社会の形成又は女性に関する施策の推進状況」（平成 29年４月１日現在）

12.8%全国平均

市区町村議会における女性議員の比率

総務省「地方公共団体の議会の議員及び長の所属党別人員調」より作成 （平成28年12月31日現在）

注：都道府県ごとの政治分野における女性の参画状況について示すべく、47都道府県の形を簡略化したもの　：各項目に［　］で付している数値は前年版のもの

平成29年12月1日現在国会議員数の国際比較「民主主義に関する普遍的宣言」（1997年（平成９年）IPU（列国議会同盟））より

　民主主義の確立のためには、男女がその違いから生まれる互いの長所を活かし、平等に、かつ補い合いながら機能する、社会の営みにおける男女の真のパートナーシップが前提となる（内閣府男女共同参画局にて仮訳）

男女共同参画

作成：内閣府男女共同参画局

都道府県議会における女性議員の比率平成 28年12月 31日現在

市区町村別の詳細は「市町村女性参画状況見える化マップ」で検索！

36

Ⅱ Measures for Gender Equality

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Fiscal year of recruitment

(%)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Examination for Comprehensive ServiceAll recruitment examination for national public employeesl

Note:1. Data for 2003 and before from the National Personnel Authority (NPA). Data for 2004 to 2012 from “Recruitment and Promotion of Female National Public Employees – Follow-up Measures,” the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC) and NPA.Data for 2013-2016 from “Recruitment of Female National Public Employees – Follow-up Measures” which is published by MIC and NPA (2013 ver.), Cabinet Secretary Cabinet Bureau of Personnel Affairs and NPA (2014 ver.), and Cabinet Secretary Cabinet Bureau of Personnel Affairs (2015 and 2016 ver.).2. "Comprehensive Service" refers to National Public Service Recruitment Examination for Comprehensive Service (graduate school or university graduate level) the Level I Recruitment Examination (university graduate level) and the Level I Recruitment Examination of Ministry of Defense Personnel.Data for fiscal 2003 and before represent female employees employed by the Level I Recruitment Examination (including those employed by independent administrative agencies), excluding those employed by the Defense Agency or as the National Diet staff.

6.4

25.5

20.4

26.7

23.9

34.5

33.4

Target

Note: 1. Data for 2003 and before from the National Personnel Authority (NPA). Data for 2004 to 2012 from “Recruitment and Promotion of Female National Public Employees – Follow-up Measures,” the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC) and NPA.Data for 2013-2016 from “Recruitment of Female National Public Employees – Follow-up Measures” which is published by MIC and NPA (2013 ver.), Cabinet Secretary Cabinet Bureau of Personnel Affairs and NPA (2014 ver.), and Cabinet Secretary Cabinet Bureau of Personnel Affairs (since 2015 ver.).2. "Comprehensive Service" refers to National Public Service Recruitment Examination for Comprehensive Service (graduate school or university graduate level) the Level I Recruitment Examination (university graduate level) and the Level I Recruitment Examination of Ministry of Defense Personnel.Data for fiscal 2003 and before represent female employees employed by the Level I Recruitment Examination (including those employed by independent administrative agencies), excluding those employed by the Defense Agency or as the National Diet staff.

(3) Recruitment and Promotion of Female National Public EmployeesIn the Fourth Basic Plan for Gender Equality, the government sets the target of having the proportion of female national public employees hired based on the recruitment examination reach 30% or more and to achieve this goal in the adoption of fiscal 2017. It is also, working to promote female employees with a target of having the proportion of females in managerial positions equivalent to designated service 5%, positions equivalent to director of the central government ministries 7%, positions equivalent to director of central government regional organizations or assistant director of central government ministries and agencies 12% and the subsection leader level 30%.

■ Proportion of Female National Public Employees through Recruitment Examinations

■ Proportion of Female National Public Employees in Managerial Positions

(Fiscal year)2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Positions equivalent to the division director of regional office or the assistant director in central government ministries

Positions equivalent to the director of the division and the office in central government ministries

Equivalent to the designated position

Source:Created from “Follow-up on the state of promoting female national public employee and acquisition of child care leave of national public employee,” December 2016

Note:The survey targeted the officials who are applied Salary Schedule for administrative service (1), Salary Schedule for professional administrative service, Salary Schedule for taxation service, Salary Schedule for public peace service (1) , Salary Schedule for public peace service (2) , Salary Schedule for designated service under the Act on Remuneration for National Public Employees (Act No. 95 of 1950,hereinafter referred to as "the Regular Service Remuneration, and, the Ministry of Defense employees who are receiving remuneration of an amount stipulated in the Administrative Service (I) Salary Schedule ,the Designated Service Salary Schedule of the Regular Service Remuneration Act under the Act on Remuneration of Officials in the Ministry of Defense (Act No. 266 of 1952.) ;until 2005 it included officials to whom the Defense Counselor Salary Schedule is applied.)

%

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

2017 2020(Target)

1.6 2.0 1.8 1.92.2 2.3 2.4 2.6 2.7

3.13.5

4.1

1.61.61.6 2.02.02.0 1.81.81.8 1.91.91.92.22.22.2 2.32.32.3 2.42.42.4 2.62.62.6 2.72.72.7

3.13.13.13.53.53.5

4.14.14.1

1.1 1.11.2 1.21.7

2.0 2.1 1.91.6

2.0

3.0

3.5

1.11.11.1 1.11.11.11.21.21.2 1.21.21.21.71.71.7

2.02.02.0 2.12.12.1 1.91.91.91.61.61.6

2.02.02.0

3.03.03.0

3.53.53.5

5.65.9 5.9

6.26.6

7.17.6

8.6

9.4

4.4

3.8

10.1

7

5

12

5.65.9 5.9

6.26.6

7.17.6

8.6

9.4

4.44.44.4

3.83.83.8

10.110.110.1

777

555

121212

Source:Created from “Follow-up on the state of promoting female national public employee and acquisition of child care leave of national public employee,” October 2017Note:The survey targeted the officials who are applied Salary Schedule for administrative service (1), Salary Schedule for professional administrative service, Salary Schedule for taxation service, Salary Schedule for public peace service (1), Salary Schedule for public peace service (2), Salary Schedule for designated service under the Act on Remuneration for National Public Employees (Act No. 95 of 1950,hereinafter referred to as "the Regular Service Remuneration Act "), and the Ministry of Defense employees who are receiving remuneration of an amount stipulated in the Administrative Service (I) Salary Schedule, the Designated Service Salary Schedule of the Regular Service Remuneration Act under the Act on Remuneration of Officials in the Ministry of Defense (Act No. 266 of 1952.); until 2005 it included officials to whom the Defense Counselor Salary Schedule is applied.

37

Ⅱ Measures for Gender Equality

(4) Recruitment and Promotion of Female Local Public EmployeesThe government is aiming to achieve a target of having the proportion of female local public employees hired based on the university graduate level examinations (advanced level examination) reach approximately 30%, and of having the proportion of female public employees in managerial positions reach approximately 10%.

■ Proportion of Female Local Public Employees through Recruitment Examinations

■ Female Local Public Employees in Managerial Positions 　

%

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2020(Target)

(Fiscal year)All recruitment examination for local public employees　　　　Advanced level examination

15

20

25

0

5

10

30

35

4040.040.0

40.040.0

30.630.6

35.335.3

17.3 17.5 16.8 17.519.0

22.421.3

23.8 22.824.3

26.728.9

26.1

17.3 17.5 16.8 17.519.0

22.421.3

23.8 22.824.3

26.728.9

26.1

32.6

27.0 26.424.7 24.7

28.329.3 30.3 30.9 30.1 30.3

31.934.4

32.6

27.0 26.424.7 24.7

28.329.3 30.3 30.9 30.1 30.3

31.934.4

Source: Until 1993, data from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (as of June 1 of each year); from 1994 onward, data from the Cabinet Office (as of March 31 of each year until 2003, and as of April 1 of each year from 2004 onward)Note:1. Until 2003, some police headquarters were not included,

depending on the prefectural government.2. In this survey, managerial positions refer to positions equivalent

to or higher than the director of the headquarter in local governments, and at government branches, etc.

(5) Expansion of Women’s Participation in National Advisory Councils and Committees Members

With regard to female national advisory councils and committees, efforts to set numerical targets and achievement deadlines have proved effective. Efforts are currently being made to achieve, by 2020, a target of having neither gender make up less than 40% of the total members of the committee as a whole. Based on a survey at the end of September 2017, the proportion of female members was 37.4%.

(Fiscal year)

%

2.6

3.1 3.7

4.2 4.9

5.4

6.56.8

7.2 7.7

8.5

9.0

Prefectural governments

2

0

4

6

8

10

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2017

Source: Data from the Cabinet OfficeNote:1. Proportion of women among the total number of people

hired by prefectural governments2. Approximate level correlations: advanced = university

graduates

38

Ⅱ Measures for Gender Equality

(year)

%

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Ratio of female council members　　　　Ratio of female expert members

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

2009

2011

2013

2015

2017

2020

2.44.1

5.5

7.9

14.1

20.9

24.7

30.9

36.7

37.4

33.835.4

40

30

10.612.9

17.3

22.4

24.8

27.5

2.44.1

5.5

7.9

14.1

20.9

24.7

30.9

36.7

37.4

33.835.4

40

30

10.612.9

17.3

22.4

24.8

27.5

(Target)

%

(year)

Department manager level in praivate corporations Section manager level in private corporationsAssistant section manager level in private corporationsSection manager or higher level in private corporations

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

2009

2011

2013

2015

2016

2020

(Tar

get)

4.6

2.0

1.31.8

4.6

2.0

1.31.8

7.3

2.8

1.32.3

7.3

2.8

1.32.3

8.1

4.0

2.23.5

8.1

4.0

2.23.5

10.4

5.1

2.8

4.4

10.4

5.1

2.8

4.4

13.7

7.0

4.2

6.2

13.7

7.0

4.2

6.2

16.2

9.2

6.0

8.3

16.2

9.2

6.0

8.3

18.6

10.3

6.6

9.3

18.6

10.3

6.6

9.310.0

15.0

25.0

10.0

15.0

25.0

Source: “Basic Survey on Wage Structure” the Ministry of Health, Labour and WelfareNote: All data is based on values from corporations with 100 or more employees.

■ Proportion of Female Members in National Advisory Councils and Committees

Source: Data from the Cabinet Office

(6) Expansion of Women’s Participation in Private Corporation Managerial PositionsThe government promotes private corporations’ various efforts to promote female employees to senior position toward achieving the target of increasing the share of female managerial level to approximate 15% by 2020.

■ Proportion of Women in Private Corporation Managerial Staff, by Position

(7) Expansion of Women’s Participation in Researchers

■ Proportion of Female Researchers and University ProfessorsThe proportion of female researchers in Japan is 15.7% (as of 2017), which is low compared to other developed nations. Changes in the proportion of female researchers will be followed up under the Basic Plan for Gender Equality.

(year)2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

%

10

15

20

25

0

5

Ratio of female researchers among the total number of researchers　　　　Ratio of women among university professors

11.2 11.6 11.9 11.9 12.4 13.013.0 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.4 14.6 14.7 15.3

11.2 11.6 11.9 11.9 12.4 13.013.0 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.4 14.6 14.7 15.313.113.8

14.5 14.7 15.116.2 16.7 17.3 17.8 18.3 18.8

19.5 20.120.6

15.7

21.2

13.113.8

14.5 14.7 15.116.2 16.7 17.3 17.8 18.3 18.8

19.5 20.120.6

15.7

21.2

Note:1. Source for information on researchers: “Report on the

Survey of Research and Development,” the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

2. Source for information on university professors: “School Basic Survey,” the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.

%

(year)

Department manager level in praivate corporations Section manager level in private corporationsAssistant section manager level in private corporationsSection manager or higher level in private corporations

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

2009

2011

2013

2015

2016

2020

(Tar

get)

4.6

2.0

1.31.8

4.6

2.0

1.31.8

7.3

2.8

1.32.3

7.3

2.8

1.32.3

8.1

4.0

2.23.5

8.1

4.0

2.23.5

10.4

5.1

2.8

4.4

10.4

5.1

2.8

4.4

13.7

7.0

4.2

6.2

13.7

7.0

4.2

6.2

16.2

9.2

6.0

8.3

16.2

9.2

6.0

8.3

18.6

10.3

6.6

9.3

18.6

10.3

6.6

9.310.0

15.0

25.0

10.0

15.0

25.0