with special emphasis on adaptation to climate change · world forest week at fao, rome forest...
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Peter Spathelf, Andreas Bolte
Peter Spathelf
Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development, Germany
World Forest Week at FAO, RomeFOREST EUROPE side eventJuly 19, 2016
Protection of forests in a changing environment – with special emphasis on adaptation to climate change
Photo: P. Spathelf
Peter Spathelf
Expected increase of stressors worldwide
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Increasing stressors and disturbances worldwide
• Precipitation extremes (drought, flooding)
• Forest fire
• Invasive species and damaging agents
• Degradation and deforestation
• Acidification
Source: Trumbore et al., 2015
Peter Spathelf
Increase of forest damages (Europe)
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Photo: P. Spathelf
Source: Nabuurs et al., 2013
Sensitivity ↗ Vulnerability ↗ ?
Peter Spathelf
Strategies to cope with climate change
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Adaptive capacity:
Increase (population, individual)
Source: Nabuurs et al., 2013
Photo: J. Müller, Thünen
Exposure
Avoidance?
Sensitivity:
Increase resistance / resilience
Peter Spathelf
Tree species
selection
preference
Tending / forest
structure change
Soil management
change
Inclusion of risk
management in FM
0
20
40
60
80
100
Resp
on
ses i
n %
Data from COST Echoes: 21 countries involved
Source: Spathelf et al., 2013
Adaptation principles: results of a European survey
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World Forest Week at FAO
Peter Spathelf
Tree species and provenance selection: options
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Non-native tree species?
Doug fir, Grand fir, Western red cedar, …
Mediterranean oaks
Photos: P. Spathelf
Well introduced native tree species?
Climate-resilient tree mixtures
pnV+
New provenances of native tree species?
Western Polish beech prov.
Southeast European oak prov.
Peter Spathelf
Silvicultural systems: function of canopy
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Patch size [ha]
Life span of patches [a]
Patch size [ha]
0.01
0.1
1.0
10
100
1000
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000
Single-tree selection
Group selection
Uniform
shelterwood
NDBM (Natural disturbance based management)
Important role of canopy: buffering microclimate, and negative impact of wind
Photos: P. Spathelf
Peter Spathelf
Functional elements of the previous stand: stand legacies
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Increase ecological resilience against (biotic) disturbances:
• Habitat trees
• Deadwood (snags, CWD)
• Other disturbance legacies…
Source: Bauhus et al., 2009
Photos: P. Spathelf
Peter Spathelf
Peter Spathelf
Outlook: magnitude of climate change and management options
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Use of Close-to-Nature Silviculture:• Creation of mixed forests, using (long-term) natural regeneration and
planting (climate change specific forest conversion)• Use of whole variety of silvicultural systems (thereby making use of
forest canopy and tending/thinning measures to enhance forest microclimate and soil water availability)
• Maintenance of stand legacies as structural and genetic elements of the previous stand to improve ecological resilience
New approaches:• Planned transfer of species to regions with a matching climate –
extension of a species’ distribution range or use of non-native species (‚Assisted migration‘)
• Use of tree species / provenances with specific adaptive traits (‚Designer forests‘)
Management options
T 1-2 °C
T > 4-6 °C
Magn. of climate change
Peter Spathelf
References
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BAUHUS J, PUETTMANN K, MESSIER C (2009): Silviculture for old-growth attributes. Forest Ecology and Management 258. 525-537.
BRANG P, SPATHELF P, LARSEN JB et al. (2015): Suitability of close-to-nature silviculture for adapting temperate European forests to climate change. Forestry 87 (4). 492-503.
NABUURS GJ, LINDNER M, VERKERK PJ et al. (2013): First signs of carbon sink saturation in European forest biomass. Nature Climate Change 3: 792-796.
SPATHELF P, VAN DER MAATEN E, VAN DER MAATEN-THEUNISSEN M, CAMPIOLI M, DOBROWOLSKA D (2014): Climate change impacts in European forests: the expert-views of local observers. Annals of Forest Science 71 (2). 131-137.
TRUMBORE S, BRANDO P, HARTMANN H (2015): Forest health and global change. Science, Vol. 349, Issue 6250, pp. 814-818.
Peter Spathelf, Andreas Bolte
Thank you for your attention!
Photo: P. Spathelf
‚Management for diversity calls for diversity of management‘ Evans & Hibberd, 1990)
Peter Spathelf
Adaptive processes
(1) Long-term evolutionary adaptation
- ability of populations to create new genotypes (of special interest: so-called adaptive traits)
- over one or more generations, due to selection processes (--> genetic variability of populations and reproduction strategies of trees)
(2) Short-term phenotypic plasticity
- due to individual response of plant morphology and/or physiology
Peter Spathelf
II. Mixture regulation in tending
and thinning
Vulnerability assessment
Adaptation strategy
activepassive
Silvicultural options
Measures Technologies, Tools, Models
Legend:
FDT = Forest Development Type
NR = Natural regeneration
succession
I. Change of tree species
composition
Established indigenous tree species
New provenances of established ind.
tree species
New, non-indigenous tree species
Sivicultural systems
(Natural regeneration systems)
(Under)planting or sowing
Dynamic FDT
ClimateSpeciesMatrix (acc. to. Roloff & Grundmann, 2008)
Climate suitability maps
SPATHELF (2016): Final report INKA
BB – in press.
silviculture
Flow chart: active and passive adaptation
Peter Spathelf
MATTHES & VASCONCELOS (2012):
Archiv für Forstwesen und
Landschaftsökologie.
beech
N. spruce
Climate suitability matrix / maps
Peter Spathelf
Primary Focus
Unit of Production
Tree
Ecosystem
Ecological Factors
Stand Structure
Pure, regular
Mixed, irregular
Stand Dynamics
Simple
Complex
Management Factors
Objectives/Issues
Single, discreet
Multiple, integrated
Decision-making
Professionals
Informed public
Source: Wilson 2000
The evolution of silviculturemajor dimensions and trends
Peter Spathelf
Alternatives to clearcut
Puettmann et al., 2015