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1ELECTRICAL ENGINEERINGVOLUME XLIII 2ND QUARTER 2014

THE TRUTH ABOUTELECTRICAL ACCIDENTS

15Leaving toddlers without the supervision of an adult isalways an unsafe practice because children may play with an electrical outlet with a stick or with his or her fingers.

THE SCIENCEOF STORM SURGES

17Storm surges are perhaps the most dangerous threats to residents of coastal areas during typhoons.

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS IN THE BLADE PERFORMANCE OF A HORIZONTALAXIS WIND TURBINE FOR LOWVOLTAGE APPLICATION

Will we be able to produce a blade with an output in accordance to ideal curves? Will we be able to successfully design andconstruct a functional blade?

C O N T E N T SV O L U M E X L I I I 2 N D Q U A R T E R 2 0 1 4

THUNDERBOLT AND LIGHTNINGVERY, VERY FRIGHT’NING? PART 1 OF 2:LIGHTNING PROTECTION OFTALL STRUCTURES

The protection of tall structures against direct lightning strikes is usually provided by the installation of a lightning rod of the determined height on the top of the structure.

“Knowing more about storm surges

is one way of understanding

such calamities, and subsequently,

preparing for them.”

2 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING VOLUME XLIII 2ND QUARTER 2014

SURF SESH AURORA30Sabang Beach is the main hub for visitors and locals, but also nearby (a 30-minute trike or 45 min walk) is the infamous beach break, Charlie’s Point.

FACTS ABOUT ELECTRIC SHOCK32

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TYPE CONNECTORS • COMPRESSION TOOLS

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CONTRIBUTORS03LETTERS05

IIEE-STATE OF QATAR CHAPTER CONDUCTS TECHNICAL SEMINAR

06

NORTHERN LUZON REGION PREPARESFOR ELECTRICAL SAFETY MONTH

07 FROM THE OFFICE OF THE NATIONAL PRESIDENT12FROM THE OFFICE OF THE VICE PRESIDENTFOR TECHNICAL AFFAIRS

14

THE FUTURE IS NOW, ARE WE COMPETITIVE?:THE IIEE MID-YEAR NATIONAL CONVENTION

08

BE RECOGNIZED AS A GLOBALLY COMPETENT ASEAN CHARTERED PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER (ACPE)

09


JOSEPH MANAYAN loves traveling and learning the customs and traditions of the places he visits. He considers his trusty camera his ticket to the world.

NORMAN RAMIREZ is an artist and educator. He is beginning to grow suspicious of gluten, having learned on Wikipedia that it is “the composite of a gliadin and a glutenin, which is conjoined with starch in the endosperm of various grass-related grains.”

MICHAEL C. PACIS is a registered electrical engineer with a BSEE and a Master of Engineering in Electrical Engineering (MSEE), major in power systems, from Mapua. At present, he teaches electrical engineering and is pursuing his PhD in Electrical and Electronics Engineering, major in power systems, at the University of the Philippines-Diliman. His research interests include power system protection, renewable energy sources, distributed generation, microcontroller-based projects, and smart grids.

JOSEPH REIHART R. CARPIO, STEPHANIE P.ESTARIS AND ANDREA MAYE T. FRISNEDI are BSElectrical Engineering (BSEE) students from the MapuaInstitute of Technology. Their research interest includespower system design and protection.

NINJ REYES-ABAY took up Fine Arts in college; now teaches Art Appreciation and Literature subjects to collegiate seminarians aside from writing a parenting column. She and her husband are homeschooling parents to their 12-year old son.

GLENN V. MAGWILI is a registered electrical engineer with a BSEE and an MSEE, major in control systems, from Mapua. At present, he is a full time electronics and computer engineering teacher and his research interests include renewable energy sources, microcontroller based projects, and control systems.

ANA BESA likes to dig deeper when she stumbles upon topics she finds interesting, confident that there are always two sides to every story. She tries to convince people that there is a good reason her desk is always messy: She says the mess inspires her to be more creative, or something. *cough-Albert-Einstein-cough*

GELYN LEE loves to conjure into existence the things she imagines. She spends the day experimenting on thecomputer that she forgets to comb her hair. “That’s life,”she says. “We only gain from it.”

ANDREI MUI is the chief executive officer of Hitachi Critical Facilities Protection Pte Ltd. He was trained in the U.S. in the field of lightning protection engineering and has since been involved in the lightning protection industry for 15 years now. He is a recognized lecturer on the subject of lightning and lightning protection in South East Asia.

DR. MARK DRABKIN has made significant contributions in lightning strike prevention technology. He was a member of the power team in Rocketdine/Boeing Corporation for design of the power system of the International Space Station. He has developed new methods and technology for lightning and transient protection for power, broadcasting, signal and data processing equipment and has published more than 50 scientific and technical papers.

ENGR. ON LAI MUN has over eight years of experience in conducting audit services and undertaking projects reacted to lightning protection, surge protection, and grounding. She was awarded the status of Associate ASEAN Engineer by the ASEAN Federation of Engineering Organization. She has published several technical papers for international conferences.


The views and opinions expressed bythe contributors of The Electrical Engineer magazine do not necessarily reflect the views the editors and publishers of the magazine or of Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. (IIEE). IIEE and the editorial board carry no responsibility for the opinions expressed in the magazine.

Articles or visual materials may not bereproduced without written consent from the publisher. The publisher reserves the right to accept, edit, or refuse submitted materials for publication. Articles, reactions, and feedback from readers may be sent through email at [email protected].

ABOUTTHE COVER

Don’t be shocked by our cover.We just want to invite you tosit down and enjoy the newElectrical Engineer magazine.

C O V E R P H O T O : J O S E P H M A N A Y A NM O D E L : C A I T L Y N J O L I E M A N A Y A N

M I S S I O NTo deliver high-quality products and services in order to instill excellence in the Electrical Practitioner, and to enhance the technical profession to enable it to make positivecontributions to national development.

V I S I O NTo be the best and most prestigiousprofessional technical organization in the Philippines.

V O L U M E X L I I I2 N D Q U A R T E R 2 0 1 4

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CHAIRMANEDITOR-IN-CHIEF

ASSOCIATE EDITORTECHNICAL CONSULTANTADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER

FLORIGO C. VARONAROLITO C. GUALVEZRONALD VINCENT M. SANTIAGOALLAN C. NERVESRAMON P. AYATON

T H E E L E C T R I C A L E N G I N E E R E D I T O R I A L B O A R D

CONSULTING TEAM LEADEREDITORIAL CONSULTANT

LAYOUT ARTISTEDITORIAL ASSISTANT

ARIEL ROSELOKRIS LACABAJON DELOS REYESANA KRISTINA CEZELE B. BESAGELYN O. LEE

E D I T O R I A L S T A F F

CONTRIBUTING WRITERS ANDREI MUI, DR. MARK DRABKIN, ENGR. ON LAI MUN, NINJ REYES-ABAY, JOSEPH REIHART R. CARPIO,STEPHANIE P. ESTARIS, ANDREA MAYE T. FRISNEDI, MICHAEL C. PACIS, GLENN V. MAGWILI, AND CHRIS FRIAS

CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHERS JOSEPH MANAYAN, JOSEPH T.GONZALES, AND CHRIS FRIAS

CHAIRMANVICE CHAIRMAN

MEMBERS

OVERSEER

ROLITO C. GUALVEZRONALD VINCENT M. SANTIAGOALLAN C. NERVESCYRUS V. CANTOERLINDO C. TACNENG JR.KRISTIAN CARLO B. VICTORIOMARVIN H. CASEDA FLORIGO C. VARONA

P U B L I C A T I O N S C O M M I T T E E

NATIONAL PRESIDENTVP-INTERNAL AFFAIRSVP-EXTERNAL AFFAIRS

VP-TECHNICAL AFFAIRSNATIONAL SECRETARYNATIONAL TREASURER

NATIONAL AUDITORGOVERNOR-NORTHERN LUZON

GOVERNOR-CENTRAL LUZONGOVERNOR-METRO MANILA

GOVERNOR-SOUTHERN LUZONGOVERNOR-BICOL

GOVERNOR-WESTERN VISAYASGOVERNOR-EASTERN/CENTRAL VISAYAS

GOVERNOR-NORTHERN MINDANAOGOVERNOR-SOUTHERN MINDANAO

GOVERNOR-WESTERN MINDANAOEXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

ALEX C. CABUGAO MA. SHEILA C. CABARABANLARRY C. CRUZFLORIGO C. VARONAJOEBE B. PANHILASONFLORENCIO D. BERENGUELVIRGILIO S. LUZARESJUAN R. AGTARAP IIYOLANDA S. POSADAS-JUDANARIEL P. DURANELMER O. CASAOAMANDO D. LANUZAROGEN B. DELOS REYESWILFREDO P. CAÑIZARESRAMIL L. OMBINAGEORGE R. BALILIALVIN P. MIGUELRAMON P. AYATON

2 0 1 4 I I E E B O A R D O F G O V E R N O R S

ADMINISTRATIVE-OICTECHNICALMARKETING

MEMBERSHIPFINANCE-OIC

MARY ANN B. GUILLENMA. ELENA U. LIONGSONALLEN M. PIDOMARJORIE AGUINALDO-MUÑOZEMEE F. SULIT

I I E E N A T I O N A L S E C R E T A R I A T D E P A R T M E N T H E A D S

The Electrical Engineer is published quarterly by the Institute of IntegratedElectrical Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. (IIEE), with editorial and business offices at

#41 Monte de Piedad St., Cubao, Quezon City, Philippines.Tel Nos. (632) 722-7383, 727- 3552, 412-5772, 414-5626, Fax Nos. (632) 721-6442 & 410-1899.

Website: www.iiee.org.ph; E-mail: [email protected] an e-copy, you may visit our website, www.iiee.org.ph

The present circulation of the magazine is 35,000 copies per issue to members and industry stakeholders.

I N T E G R I T Y . I N N O V A T I O N . E M P O W E R M E N T . E X C E L L E N C E .

2 0 1 4 T H E M ECONTINUOUSLY ENHANCING ELECTRICAL PRACTITIONERS’ COMPETITIVENESS

TOWARDS GLOBAL EXCELLENCE

CONTRIBUTING ARTIST NORMAN RAMIREZ

ACCOUNT EXECUTIVEMARKETING SUPPORT

MARY GRAZELLEN C. JOSEAPPLE JUNE P. UBAY-UBAY

A D V E R T I S I N G A N D M A R K E T I N G


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ON CLIMATE CHANGE

I read “Climate Change: A Larger Global Issue,” the cover story for the fourth quarter issue of 2013. Here are my thoughts on the issue of global warming.

The carbon footprint of the Philippines would not even be a dot if we were to plot it with those of all the countries in the world. Industrialized countries were able to achieve rapid progress at the expense of the environment and of the world’s natural resources.

Scientists agree that there has been abnormally rapid global warming in the past 50 years or so, and with tons of evidence that this warming is principally due to greenhouse gases. Yet the US Senate did not ratify the 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which obligates industrialized countries to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. Likewise, Canada withdrew from the Kyoto Protocol in 2011.

If the industrially advanced countries cannot reach an agreement on climate change, developing countries (including the Philippines) cannot do anything about climate change.

Naderev Saño, the Philippines’ Commissioner for the Climate Change Commission, pleaded with developing countries to agree to do something about this problem in his speech on the opening day of the United Nations Climate Change Conference last year.

If we want to do something about climate change, we must convince industrially advanced countries to act.

IGNACIO G. SUGAY JR.Membership No. 3E-1140-0815-84

L E T T E R S

We welcome your ideas,questions, and photos.

Please send your lettersto [email protected].

The Electrical Engineer magazine reserves the right to refuse publication or to edit letters for clarity and brevity.


NEWS

he Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers State of Qatar Chapter (IIEE-SQC) conducted the 1st IIEE-SQC Technical Seminar and General Membership Meeting on April 4, 2014, at the Copthorne Hotel Doha, State of Qatar. There were 115 participants (73 IIEE members, 28 non-members, and 14 guests) including honorable guests from the Philippine Embassy and Philippine Overseas

Labor Office and Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (POLO/OWWA).

The theme of the seminar, “Continuous Enhancing Electrical Practitioners’ Competitiveness towards Global Excellence,” coincided with the IIEE theme for the period. The seminar tackled the topic of registration with the Urban Planning and Development Authority (UPDA) in Qatar, which is a requirement when working with companies in the country. In Qatar, all professionals must be registered with the Ministry of Municipality and Urban Planning.

The resource speaker on this topic was Engr. Robert M. Villanueva, professional electrical engineer (PEE), IIEE-SQC former chapter president.

During the presentation, Engr. Villanueva shared his experience on how to become a Registered Grade “A” Electrical Engineer at the UPDA. The UPDA, the counterpart of Professional Regulation Commission of the Philippines, is the authorized government agency of Qatar to issue the Certificate of Professional Registration.

Engr. Villanueva expressed his thanks to IIEE-SQC because the UPDA has honored his certificate of participation to the technical seminars conducted by IIEE-SQC as his trainings and seminar references.

IIEE-SQC also invited various Philippine Government accredited agencies in Qatar, such as the Pag-ibig Fund and Social Security System (SSS), to assist our electrical practitioners. Norlyn Acosta of Pag-ibig Fund and Michael Ingal of SSS assisted our attendees in the facilitation and verification of their membership as well as in updating their contributions.

Hon. Amelia Empaynado, POLO/OWWA welfare officer, gave updated information for Special Professional Licensure Board Examinations 2014. She explained that additional professional licensure examinations will be conducted by the Professional Regulation Commission on October 3, 4, and 5. The tests will be for dentists (written), electronic technicians, master plumbers, and professional teachers.

Hon. Kristine F. Bautista, third secretary and vice consul from the Philippine Embassy, delivered her inspirational message. Her speech highlighted the accreditation of Philippine universities and colleges by the Supreme Education Council of Qatar.

Bautista assured that the Philippine Embassy, through our Philippine Ambassador, is closely coordinating with the Commission on Higher Education of the Philippines (CHED) to ensure that all accredited universities and colleges in the Philippines are included in the list.

Engr. Edgardo E. Estebal, the current IIEE-SQC vice-president for technical affairs, gave a report on the chapter’s financial statement for the first quarter of the year on behalf of the chapter treasurer. As presented, the total generated funds as of March 31 was QAR 32,617 less incurred expenses of QAR 19,282. The total cash at hand as of March 31 was QAR 13,336.00.

Engr. Arnulfo D. Surigao, vice-president for internal affairs, presented a report on behalf of the chapter president, Engr. Christoper M. Cadiente. Engr. Surigao highlighted the accomplishments of the chapter for the first quarter of the year as well as other activities of the chapter for 2014. Surigao, who was also the overall activity chairman, awarded a plaque of appreciation to Mercipina N. Monforte. Monforte was the technical speaker who gave a talk on the latest trends in videoconferencing. The live broadcast and website technology was powered by My Video Talk.

IIEE-STATE OF QATARCHAPTER CONDUCTSTECHNICAL SEMINAR

TT E X T B Y A N D P H O T O S C O U R T E S Y O F I I I E E S T A T E O F Q A T A R C H A P T E R

Holds General Membership Meeting


NEWS

nstitute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines-Northern Luzon Chapter inspected six schools in April to determine materials needed for Brigada Eskwela, in preparation for the Electrical Safety Enforcement and Awareness campaign for Electrical Safety Month in May.

The Northern Luzon Chapter coordinated with the local government of the municipality of Bauang, La Union. In a meeting with Bauang Mayor Martin P. De Guzman III in March, the organization sought permission to conduct an electrical safety seminar in the barangays.

The Department of Labor and Employment-Region 1 invited IIEE join their planning meeting, electrical inspection, and seminar on Basic Occupational Safety and Health scheduled in June.

Finally, the organization also coordinated with the Central Ilocandia College of Science and Technology (which is accredited by the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority) to conduct a welding certification program as part of IIEE’slivelihood program.

I

NORTHERN LUZON REGIONPREPARES FOR ELECTRICAL SAFETY MONTHW R I T T E N B Y J U A N R . A G T A R A P I I , I I E E N O R T H E R N L U Z O N G O V E R N O RP H O T O S C O U R T E S Y O F I I E E N O R T H L U Z O N C H A P T E R


NEWS

he Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. (IIEE) held a national mid-year convention from May 23 to 24, hosted by North Cebu chapter at Radisson Blu Hotel, Cebu City.

The IIEE theme for the convention once again, was “Continuously Enhancing the Electrical Practitioners Competitiveness

Towards Global Excellence.” Its essence comes with the questions, “where are we now? What have we achieved?”

The resource speaker, Engr. Oscar P. Pasilan, president and general manager of JBR Electro-Mechanical Services, Inc. in Cebu city, tackled the neutral grounding system of AC generators.

Engr. Rod Picolera, Professional Technical Development Committee chair, led a presentation on professional training and development. Ms. Shiela Cabaraban, IIEE national vice-president-internal gave a presentation on the 1989 Washington Accord, an agreement among countries on accrediting professional engineering degree programs.

Engr. Francis V. Mapile, a former IIEE president, gave a presentation on issues and experiences in wholesale electricity spot market. Engr. Jaime V. Mendoza gave updates on Board of Electrical Engineering discussed in the last presentation.

Engr. Dominico A. Zamora gave a technical lecture on arc-flash hazard analysis on the second day of the mid-year convention. An arc flash, a type of electrical explosion, can injure a person standing in its path, he said.

Engr. Hipolito A. Leoncio, a former IIEE national president, in his lecture, talked about electrical safety enforcement

and awareness. “It is often misinformed through the media the unacceptable cause of fire being faulty electrical wiring,” Leoncio said. “The fact is, electrical safety starts with me.”

Engr. Noel T. Fernandez, former IIEE Region 7 governor, gave a lecture on reliability engineering in industrial plants. The lecture talked about the interconnected factors and issues that contribute to the reliability of electrical systems in industrial plants.

“As the probability of failures is 24/7, how are power substations protected?” Engr. Wille P. Canizares, the 2014 IIEE Central/Eatern Visayas Region governor, asked in his seminar on power substation protection system.On the third day, Engr. Erwin J. Salvador led the first technical seminar, with his discussions on the importance and analysis of fault calculations.

Engr. Dominico A. Amora discussed the American National Standards Institute/Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers method in sizing medium-voltage circuit breakers. Engr. Meleusipo E. Fonollera, former IIEE national president, followed with a talk about renewable energy power plant technologies. Engr. Noel T. Fernandez, in his presentation, talked about powering the world.

Lastly, the 2014 chairman of the IIEE professional practice committee, Engr. Joebe B. Panhilason, discussed the salient provisions of Philippine Electrical Code 2009, part 1, vol. 1.

Emmanuel Decena, Magna Cum Laude from the Cebu Institute of Technology University received a cash prize amounting to PHP 10,000 from IIEE, handed over by the National President, Alex C. Cabugao and Eastern/Central Visayas regional governor, Engr. Wilfredo P. Cañizares, during National Mid-Year Convention.

THE FUTURE IS NOW,ARE WE COMPETITIVE?

TW R I T T E N B Y G E L Y N L E E

The IIEE National Mid-Year Convention


SO AS TO FACILITATE MOBILITY OF ENGINEERING SERVICES PROFESSIONALS and to exchange information in order to promote adoption of best practices on standards and qualifications, the Governments of Member Countries of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) have agreed on ASEAN Chartered Professional Engineer (ACPE).

Under the ASEAN Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA) on Engineering Services, signed at the 11th ASEAN Summit on December 9, 2005, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, a professional engineer or practitioner who is a national an ASEAN member country and who possesses the following qualifications and conditions may apply to be registered on the ASEAN Chartered Professional Engineers Register (ACPER) and accorded the title of ASEAN Chartered Professional Engineer (ACPE):

a. Possesses a current and valid professional registration or licensing certificate to practice engineering works in the Philippines by the PRC;

b. Has acquired experience of not less than seven (7) years of active practice; and

c. Has complied in Continuing Professional Education (CPE) or Continuing Professional Development (CPD)

d. Has confirmed signature of compliance with code of ethics

An application for registration as an ACPE shall be made in the format prescribed in figure 1 to the AMCESP.

A person who has received the title of ACPE will have an opportunity to have their professional standing recognized within the ASEAN region and will have a mutual exemption from assessment for the purpose of working as a professional engineer.

There are other advantages. An electrical practitioner who works abroad could receive higher compensation if he or she has the title of ACPE.

A preliminary evaluation will be conducted at the IIEE National Office before the applicant is endorsed to the Professional Regulatory Commission.

The following are the steps for the preliminary evaluation:

1. The applicant must submit a completed application with the other requirements (listed in figure 3) at the IIEE National Office;

2. The ASEAN and Asia Pacific Engineer Registry

committee will review the application to determine if the requirements have been complied with;

3. The committee will interview the applicant to assess his or her experience as a professional electrical engineer. The committee will inform the applicant of the date, time, and venue of the interview, which may fall on any of the IIEE regional conferences, mid-year, or national conventions.

4. The committee will prepare and submit its recommendations to the IIEE Board of Governors.

5. The IIEE Board of Governors will endorse successful applications to the corresponding National Monitoring Committee for evaluation.

BE RECOGNIZED ASA GLOBALLY COMPETENTASEAN CHARTEREDPROFESSIONAL ENGINEER (ACPE)

Enhancing Electrical Practitioner’s Competitiveness:

Engr. Cirilo C. CalibjoChairman2012 Regional Governor, Western Visayas Region

Engr. Ma. Sheila C. CabarabanMemberIIEE, National Vice President, Internal Affairs

Engr. Larry C. CruzMemberIIEE, National Vice President, External Affairs

Engr. Florigo C. VaronaMemberIIEE, National Vice President, Technical Affairs

Engr. Rogelio M. AvenidoMemberMember, Council of National Presidents/1986 IIEE National President

Engr. Hipolito A. LeoncioMemberMember, Council of National Presidents/2008 IIEE National President

Engr. Angel V. De Vera, Jr.MemberIIEE Committee Chairman, Reseach& Development (R&D)

ASEAN ANDASIA PACIFICENGINEERREGISTRY (AAPER)COMMITTEE


F I G U R E 1 . A P P L I C A T I O N F O R R E G I S T R A T I O N

F I G U R E 2 . T H E S T E P S I N V O L V E DI N T H E A P P L I C A T I O N P R O C E S S


F I G U R E 3 . T H E A P P L I C A N T ’ S C H E C K L I S T

F I G U R E 2 . T H E S T E P S I N V O L V E DI N T H E A P P L I C A T I O N P R O C E S S

FOR FURTHER INQUIRIES,Contact IIEE National Office41 Monte de Piedad St., Cubao 1111, Quezon City, Metro ManilaTel. Nos. (632) 722 7383, 727 3552, 412 5772, 414 5626Fax Nos. (632) 727 3545, 410 1899E-mail: [email protected]: www.iiee.org.ph

BRING YOUR APPLICATION FORMS AND DOCUMENTS ALONGWITH THE NON-REFUNDABLE PROCESSING FEE AT:The Professional Regulation Commission,International Affairs Division,APEC/ASEAN/ACPE MRA SecretariatP. Paredes corner Morayta Sts., Sampaloc, ManilaTel. no.: + 63 2 310-0019Email address: [email protected]: www.prc.gov.ph

1. Engr. Jaime V. Mendoza2. Engr. Francis V. Mapile3. Engr. Armando R. Diaz4. Engr. Cirilo C. Calibjo5. Engr. Angel V. De Vera, Jr.6. Engr. Larry C. Cruz7. Engr. Florigo C. Varona8. Engr. Rogelio M. Avenido9. Engr. Greogorio R. Cayetano10. Engr. Raymond A. Marquez11. Engr. Rodolfo R. Penalosa

ACPER APPROVED APPLICATIONS – PROFESSIONALREGULATORYCOMMISSION


armest greetings to my fellow electrical practitioners and to the avid readers ofThe Electrical Engineer!

The second-quarter issue of The Electrical Engineer magazine marks the progressive months for the Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers (IIEE), following the development from management down to the membership services, and from national level to the chapter level. We encouraged the participation of the chapters in the institute’s endeavors, therefore allowing them to experience its success and growth.

Let me give you a glimpse of IIEE’s achievements from April to June, 2014.

1. CHAPTER AND MEMBERSHIP DEVELOPMENT For the convenience of members, IIEE continuously

issues electronic cards (e-cards) to the members, allowing them to register online without any difficulty. As of June, 1,477 e-cards were issued to the members. On the other hand, IIEE encourages officers and members to apply to the ASEAN Chartered Professional Engineers Registry (ACPER), in preparation for ASEAN integration, which will take effect next year. Currently, there are 16 applicants to ACPER—10 have already complied with the requirements set by the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC), two have been interviewed—will proceed to the next step in the process.

For the satisfaction of IIEE members, the publications

committee teamed up with a group of professionals to enhance The Electrical Engineer magazine with a relatively modern and relevant magazine design and

FROM THE OFFICEOF THE NATIONAL PRESIDENT

WA L E X C . C A B U G A O

layout. It also features lifestyle content.

2. FINANCIAL GROWTH AND SUSTAINABILITY At the beginning of the year, members of the

IIEE executive committee and board of governors developed an effective financial planning strategy to optimize the allotted budget and maximize the use of resources, which will lead to a projected surplus at the end of the year.

3. CORPORATE IMAGE IIEE participated in the Unity Walk, initiated by the

Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) in celebration of Fire Prevention Month, with the theme “Isulong ang Kaunlaran, Sunog ay Iwasan, Kaalaman at Pag-iingat ang Kailangan.” Simultaneous electrical safety activities were conducted by the institute through the IIEE-Electrical Safety Enforcement and Awareness (ESEA). The activities included a radio interview of the Electrical Safety Committee on DZRH and KTV Channel 4; IIEE and BFP Unity Walk held at Araneta Center, Cubao, Quezon City, to promote electrical safety month with the theme “Electrical Safety Starts with Me”; and a barangay information drive with Meralco, the Department of Trade and Industry-Bureau of Product Standards, and International Copper Association Southeast Asia (ICASEA).

4. OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE AND PROCESS INNOVATION To further professionalism and assure IIEE members

of quality services, the IIEE secretariat utilizes balance


scorecards (BSC) to monitor the performance of departments and employees. This year, we are focusing on workload balancing and individual performance evaluation, as we already assessed the performance of all departments in the previous year.

5. PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND ADVOCACY Recognized by the PRC as the sole accredited

professional organization (APO) for electrical engineers, IIEE, as represented by the board of governors, informed Hon. Alfredo B. Benitez (chairman, Committee on Housing and Urban Development in Congress) of its presence during Congress hearings regarding the proposed amendment of the National Building Code.

IIEE, contributing to the country’s progress, in partnershipwith several organizations, supported the following projects:

A. EU-SWITCH ASIA PROJECT: HIGH EFFICIENCY MOTORS (HEMS). This is a four-year project with the objective of

increasing the deployment of more efficient electric motors and drive systems in Philippine industries through the design of model investment and financing schemes, implementation of replicable pilot projects, and mobilization of key stakeholders, including government authorities, industries, and the private financing sector. It was officially launched on April 3 at the Dusit Thani Hotel Manila. Considering that sugar milling is a major industry in our country, the program is working with three sugar mills for its pilot projects at the Central Azucarera de Tarlac, Central Azucarera dela Carlota, and Lopez Sugar Corporation.

B. ASIA POWER QUALITY INITIATIVE PHILIPPINES. Its primary objective is to raise awareness through

power quality seminars conducted during regional conferences.

C. EU-SWITCH ASIA PROJECT This is a project funded by the European Union and

managed by ICASEA. IIEE is a partner in increasing the market share of highly efficient air-conditioners in ASEAN through harmonization of test methods and energy efficiency standards, adoption of common Minimum Energy Performance Standards, and changing consumer purchasing attitudes in favor of energy-efficient air conditioners.

n order to feel the success and growth of IIEE, this administration focuses on the basic unit of the Institute—none other than the chapter. This year, we will be guided by the C-H-A-P-T-E-R acronym to further enhance services being offered to members. CHAPTER is as follows:

1. Communication. IIEE utilizes all forms of communication in order to reach members all over the country and those who are working overseas. It also focuses on the enhancement of the official website and other accounts in social media (e.g. Facebook).

2. Harnessing chapter talents. To further enhance

I

professional competence and leadership, officers and members of chapters are encouraged to participate in all the endeavors in preparation for leadership succession.

3. Alignment of strategic goals and advocacy. We focus on the top-down and bottom-up approach, in which IIEE is open to collaborating with and receiving support from its valued stakeholders.

4. Participative leadership. Considering the advantage of

new technologies, IIEE appointed three virtual members for each committee, coming from chapter presidents representing Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.

5. Training and development. To cope with the

fast-changing demand in the power industry, the professional training and development committee (PTDC), chaired by Engr. Rodrigo T. Pecolera, offers training and seminars that aim to further develop the skills and competence of electrical practitioners.

6. Employment, livelihood, and entrepreneurship. Aiming to provide members and non-members with better opportunities, IIEE welcomes job postings from its valued partners in the university and private sectors.

7. Rewards and recognition program. The 2014 board of governors approved the bestowal of plaques of recognition to the graduating EE students with honors (summa cum laude, magna cum laude, and cum laude) to recognize outstanding students throughout the country. Board top-notchers from different Council of Student Chapters-affiliated schools will be recognized as well.

OTHER ACTIVITIES

2014 Regional Conferences and National MidyearConvention

1. Metro Manila Conference. A two-day conference attended by electrical practitioners in Metro Manila and nearby provinces. There were 16 technical topics discussed by distinguished speakers.

2. Western Visayas Regional Conference. This was held from April 25 to 26 at Casa Pilar Beach and Resort, Boracay Island, Aklan. There were 19 technical presentations during the said conference.

3. National Midyear Convention. Electrical practitioners from across the country attended the two-day convention. Former and present officers were also present.

4. General Membership Meeting and Technical Seminar (IIEE-SQC). The one-day event was held on June 6 at the Oryx Rotana Hotel, Doha, State of Qatar.

5. Southern Luzon Regional Conference. A two-day conference conducted from June 20 to 21 at the Aziza Paradise Hotel, Puerto Princesa, Palawan.


t is no big surprise how, for many people, social media has recently overtaken the paper industry as a source of information and news as they happen. News stories prudently crafted by writers, submitted to canny editors, printed, and distributed take time to reach readers.

For the board of editors here, the new Electrical Engineer magazine is rather an exemption to this global decline of the print publishing industry. Time has made us turn the tides on EE magazine to be more valuable for its readers, electrical engineers and engineering enthusiasts alike.

A complete magazine revamp will be expected by member-subscribers on the second-quarter issue of the magazine, on IIEE’s 39th year. What you’ll see will be no ordinary publication. Apart from the new visually appealing look, the readers just might appreciate a new kind of learning experience perusing the articles. We hope to have you nodding frequently in agreement as you read the magazine.

This quarter gives us the theme of “Electrical Safety” to ponder. Every bit of knowledge that has to do with safety is vital. It is a matter worthy of becoming a trending topic on the Internet and around the world because of the everyday hazards that people are exposed to.

FROM THEOFFICE OF THEVICE-PRESIDENT FOR TECHNICAL AFFAIRS

IF L O R I G O C . V A R O N A

It is a matter worthy ofbecoming a trending topicon the Internet and aroundthe world because of theeveryday hazards thatpeople are exposed to.

Adding to these technical features, the magazine will be venturing into other important topics, including travel, state-of-the-art machinery, food, etc.

We at the brainstorming room would like to encourage IIEE’s constituents to share their ideas for this new incarnation of the magazine.

We would love to listen to your stories so do not hesitate to drop us a line or tap on our windows. It would stir up a monumental involvement if we get to head into one direction and realize success together.

Kudos to safety-living! Kudos to IIEE!


F L O R I G O C . V A R O N A

IN THE FIRST TWO MONTHS OF THE YEAR, more than 400 fire incidents have been recorded in Metro Manila alone.

Electrical appliances and equipment, if used incorrectly, could lead to fires. They could cause terrible injuries and fatal accidents.

The presence of electricity alone will not cause fire to erupt. But ungrounded sockets and outlets on the wall could slowly heat up flammable materials.

An electrical fire begins from energized electrical equipment, wiring, fuses, and appliances. Water is never used to put out this kind of fire to avoid fatal electrocution.

It is extinguished by a non-conductive dry powder, carbon dioxide or vaporizing liquid.

ELECTRICAL ACCIDENTS

THE TRUTH ABOUTW R I T T E N B Y A N A B E S A P H O T O B Y J O S E P H M A N A Y A N

AC C I D E N T S F R O M I M P R O P E R U S E O F E L E C T R I CA L A P P L I A N C E S

CA N CAU S E G R U E S O M E D E AT H S. CA N T H E S E B E AVO I D E D ?

COVER STORY

From the IIEE manual entitled, “Electrical Safety At Home, School, Office, and Workplace”, the four stages of fire are as follows:

1. INCIPIENT STAGE – no visible smoke or flame;2. SMOLDERING STAGE – there is no smoke but no

flame;


1.0

0.5

0.2

0.1

0.05

0.02

0.01

0.005

0.002

0.001

Severe BurnsBreathing Stops

DEATH

Very Di�cult BreathingLabored BreathingSevere Shock

ParalysisCannot ReleasePainful Sensation

Mild Sensation

Slight Sensation

GRAPH: Electric Shock Versus Body Sensation

Curre

nt F

low

Thro

ugh

the B

ody i

n Am

pere

s

3. FLAME STAGE – actual fire exists and heat builds up; and

4. HEAT STAGE – uncontrollable spread of fire through superheated materials.

Aside from fires, electrocutions are also one of the leading causes of industrial fatalities. Electricity that flows through the body can cause shock, involuntary muscle reaction, as to paralyze the muscles, burn tissues and organs, and worse, could cause death. Internal electrical burns can occur even if a current does not pass through vital organs or nerve centers. These burns can either be at the skin surface or in deeper layers.

The current that passes through the body could cause three types of injuries:

1. Burns; 2. Physical injuries such as broken bones, falls, and muscle

damage; and3. Nervous system effects such as fibrillation (causing the

twitching of the heart while no blood flow to the body).

According to the manual, even a small night-light bulbcan cause fatal injuries.

The amount of current flow through the body and the body sensation that corresponds to it during electric shock is identified in the graph above.

Violations of the Philippine Electrical Code (PEC), which is nationally used as the basis for safeguarding persons, buildings and its contents from hazards that may arise from the use of electricity, present dangerous arrangements. The Code sets the minimum requirements necessary for safety.

ELECTRICAL SAFETY FOR CHILDREN

Leaving toddlers without the supervision of an adult is always an unsafe practice because children may play with an electrical outlet with a stick or with his or her fingers. This will not only result in causing a short circuit in the home’s

The Electrical Safety campaign of the Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers (IIEE) of the Philippines, Inc. observes annually Presidential Proclamation 193, stating the month of May as the Electrical Safety Month.

The Proclamation states that “the main reason for the occurrence of fires and electrocution from electrical causes is not faulty wiring but ignorance in the use of electrical appliances and gadgets such as overloading of electrical outlets and the use of counterfeit electrical products such as circuit breakers, power strips, extension cords, batteries and holiday lights that can cause fires, explosions, shocks, and electrocutions.”

IIEE is keen on pursuing the electrical safety campaign, carrying a slogan, “Electrical safety starts with me.” Encouraging the general public to carry out safety practices, different activities are being held conforming to the organization’s advocacy.

“ELECTRICAL SAFETY STARTS WITH ME”

electrical wiring but also electrocute him or her.

Children should be taught to follow safety precautions:

• Do not play near power lines.• Do not throw anything at power lines.• Stay away from fallen power lines.• Do not break insulators or electrical equipment.• Do not use any electrical appliance when wet, have wet

hands, or when standing near water.

CHECKLISTS

Check for the following to ensure safety:

• Outlets• Cords• Plugs• Light bulbs• Circuit breakers/fuses• Appliances• Halogen floor lamps• Receptacles and switches• Extension cords

Treating a victim of electric shock1. Safely remove the victim from contact with the source

of electricity.2. Call for assistance.3. Check victim’s breathing and heartbeat.4. Administer first aid for shock and burns as necessary.5. Always continue treatment but only within your ability

until medical help arrives.


FEATURE

WWhen Typhoon Yolanda (better known as Haiyan internationally) hit the Eastern part of the Visayas region in November 2013, a new term was added to the Pinoy’s ever growing vocabulary: “storm surge.”

Because we are a country that suffers some of the worst weather conditions—whether during the dry or wet season—we are already familiar with terms that are connected with our climate like LPA, monsoon, La Niña, El Niño, to name a few.

So what exactly is a storm surge?

It is an unnatural rise of water from the ocean caused by a weather disturbance such as a storm or a typhoon over and beyond the predicted and normal high tide mark. In simpler terms, it is the change that occurs in the water level due to the presence of a storm as it makes a landfall.

A storm surge is caused primarily by the strong winds brought about by a tropical storm. What happened in Tacloban on that fateful day in November was this: winds pushed enough seawater from San Pedro and San Pablo Bay to turn the city into a river in just a matter of minutes.

How do winds create a storm surge?

During a storm, its edges have the highest air pressure while the center is low. With a speed of over 120 kilometers per hour, the air flows to fill that low-pressure area. This heightens the surge where the center of the storm makes landfall. As the winds of the storm spiral, they push water into a mound at the storm’s center. This mound becomes dangerous when the storm reaches land. Storm surges take place where winds blow onshore. The highest surge are likely to occur where the strongest winds of the hurricane occur. Wave action also further boosts the effect by adding even more height to a storm surge as the waves from the sea pile up on top of the next. These waves have nowhere else to go but up and on land since the storm carries it landward.

This effect is best exemplified when you use a straw to drink. When you sip through it, the air pressure is decreased inside the straw leaving it deflated while there is high pressure that pushes down the rest of the drink also pushes the liquid up.

THE STRONGER THE WINDAccording to the US National Weather Service, the swelling of water mainly comes from the wind thus, the stronger the wind brought by a typhoon, the higher the flooding.In the case of Typhoon Yolanda, extreme high winds of 315 kilometers per hour were recorded by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Another crucial factor that greatly affects a storm surge is the size of the typhoon itself. Naturally, the bigger the typhoon, the longer its impact will be felt on an area as it moves along. Hence, size has a direct correlation with the duration of a storm surge.

Tropical Cyclone Mahina, which ravaged through Bathurst Bay in Australia in March 1899, holds the record for the worst storm surge ever. The cyclone brought in an unbelievable amount of water, causing a surge that was varyingly listed from 13 to 14.6 meters in height.

The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) puts the storm surge in the Leyte-Samar area during Typhoon Yolanda at 5 to 6 meters or approximately the height of an average two-storey house.

The barrage of water furiously crashing through was a nightmare. A storm surge that strong was sure to drown and obliterate almost everything in sight, and that was exactly what happened. Even sturdy structures like Tacloban’s terminal airport building were not spared when a 5-meter-high storm surge slammed through it.

Studies show that there was another element that contributed to the height of storm surges aside from the typhoon’s wind speed and size. Coastal geography or location also influenced how far storm surges went inland.

There were areas, for instance, whose surrounding coastlines acted as funnels that coursed the gush of incoming water into narrower and smaller regions. With that, the massive volume of water that was enclosed naturally spilled out and engulfed the surrounding land.

Weather researchers said that this scenario likely happened in Tacloban when Typhoon Yolanda forced the ocean water from San Pablo and San Pedro Bay into San Juanico Strait, its narrowest section.

Coastal areas like Tacloban were particularly vulnerable to storm surges. And being an archipelago we sure have a lot of similar coastlines all over the country.

Some areas are more prone to storm surges than others, like those that gradually slope out to sea. On the other hand, areas that abruptly drop off or those with steep ocean floors are less likely to experience upsurges.

What’s more, flooding becomes even more catastrophic when heavy rainfall and storm surges combine.

NOT THE LASTIn the United States, Superstorm Sandy, which battered its

THE SCIENCE OF STORM SURGES

There was much discussion on the causes of the storm surge and what we could have done in the wake of the devastation. But what exactlyis a storm surge?

W R I T T E N B Y N I N J R E Y E S - A B A YI L L U S T R A T I O N B Y N O R M A N R A M I R E Z


FEATURE

eastern coast in 2012, also resulted in unprecedented heavy floods caused by a storm surge recorded at 4.2 meters high. Experts say that this would not be a rare incident but will be repeated in coming decades due in part to a combination of local geography, extensive coastal development (especially in highly urbanized areas) and a rise in sea-level as a result of climate change.

If the weather bureau can make forecasts about typhoons, can it also predict storm surges?

In the U.S., The National Hurricane Center is one of the few facilities in the world that has a Storm Surge Unit, which offers multiple predictions of such occurrences. It bases its projections on the amount of water that will physically move atop land which is called the “wet” line above sea level. Of course, these predictions can only go so far since the parameters that influence storm surge constantly change hourly. These include the precise location of landfall, strength of the winds, the angle of approach to the coast, the speed of the storm as it moves, its size, among others.

Weather experts have predicted that the storm surge brought about by Typhoon Yolanda won’t be the last. Since the Philippines is visited by at least 20 typhoons a year, we are advised to prepare for these eventualities.

THE NEED TO UNDERSTANDBarriers can help block a deluge of water to a certain extent. Barriers in the form of man-made infrastructure like seawalls, flood walls, levee and breakwaters or those of the natural

kind like mangroves, forests and wetlands will act as first defense against surges.

A lesser storm surge happened in 2011 brought about by Typhoon Pedring.

Roxas Boulevard which is located beside Manila Bay was inundated with water by up to 1.2 meters. Establishments in the area like the Hotel Sofitel and Aristocrat were not spared. Experts said that the surges would have been higher if not for the breakwaters and seawall in the area.

After Typhoon Yolanda’s massive devastation, the Department of Science and Technology came up with a protocol to warn people against the effects brought about by typhoons like storm surges, floods, or landslides. According to the proposed protocol, the public (especially those who live in coastal areas) should be advised of a possible storm surge 48 hours before it hits any area. Under the proposal, SSA (storm surge advisory) number 1 is for a storm surge of up to two meters high, SSA number 2 indicates a height of up to five meters high and SSA number 3 means a storm surge of more than five meters high.

Storm surges are perhaps the most dangerous threats to residents of coastal areas during typhoons. Homes and other structures, trees, power lines, animals, and human lives are all at risk of being obliterated by this weather phenomenon. Knowing more about storm surges is one way of understanding such calamities, and subsequently, preparing for them.


SB Y J O S E P H R E I H A R T R . C A R P I O ,

S T E P H A N I E P . E S T A R I S ,

A N D R E A M A Y E T . F R I S N E D I ,

M I C H A E L C . P A C I S , A N D

G L E N N V . M A G W I L I ,

S C H O O L O F E L E C T R I C A L ,

E L E C T R O N I C S A N D

C O M P U T E R E N G I N E E R I N G ,

M A P U A I N S T I T U T E

O F T E C H N O L O G Y

BLADEPERFORMANCE

OF A HORIZONTALAXIS WINDTURBINE

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS IN THE

FOR LOW VOLTAGE APPLICATION

Segmenting the blades of a horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) is one of many ways to innovate. We analyzed the rotor blades and its design. We used simulations and algorithms to determine the design and performance of the blades when it was divided into sections and connected as one blade, which will be used for small-scale voltage applications. After the simulation, we fabricated the actual blade and did tests in an actual environment.

Will we be able to produce a blade with an output in accordance to ideal curves? Will we be able to successfully design and construct a functional blade?

INTRODUCTION:A SECTIONED BLADEVERSUS A SOLID BLADE

The use of wind energy for human needs entails the conversion of the kinetic energy, which is intermittently produced by wind, into mechanical energy, usually in the form of rotation of a shaft. From there, the energy can be used for mechanical work or converted to electricity using a generator.

A number of basic ideas and concepts have to be well understood before a rotor is designed. So we would like to ask for the reader’s patience as we discuss lift, drag, rotor characteristics, etc. Those who are not familiar with the basic concepts we urge to go on and not to be afraid of the


formulas and graphs presented here.

A few things should be noted. First, in the selection of a rotor type, in terms of design speed and radius, the load characteristics and wind availability must be taken into account, the researchers have seen various good rotors coupled with wrong types of loads or to too high loads. Although it is possible to change the number of revolutions per minute with a transmission, this will not solve the problems that may arise when the selected design figures are basically incorrect.

Second, rotors can be very dangerous. No strength calculations are given in this research, but remember that the centrifugal forces can make a rotor explode if the rotor is not strong enough. Also, touching a rotor during operation will lead to serious injury. The availability of certain materials and technologies can be taken into account in the earliest stages of the design. The researchers therefore hope that the reader will be able to design a rotor that can be used for different blade types for comparison.

Our main objective is to design and analyze the performance of a sectioned rotor blade in a horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) for low voltage applications. Specifically, we will address the simulation of the design of the rotor blade of a HAWT.

After simulating, we will build a small-scale prototype of the HAWT. The output performance of a HAWT in an uncontrolled environment using the selected number of sections of the blade must be analyzed and verified by the blade performance results gathered using characteristics and performance curves.

When we are done, we will know the output performance of the horizontal wind axis turbine using a sectioned rotor blade in an actual environment. Also, we will know if a sectioned blade performs better than a solid blade, if it costs less, and if it has a longer life span.

We hope future researchers can use this paper as reference for further research to improve the prototype.

The study will only focus on the design and analysis of the rotor blade in the horizontal axis wind turbine using galvanized steel materials only. We won’t be discussing other blade materials. We also won’t be discussing humidity and temperature of the location where we conducted our tests.

DESIGN LAYOUT:MORE EFFICIENT THANVERTICAL-AXIS MACHINES Some people object to the large blade area of horizontal-axis machines. The blade span of horizontal wind turbines is larger than vertical axis machines, which limits placement in confined spaces.

But horizontal-axis turbines offer the ability to adjust the pitch of the blades to catch the wind at just the right angle to collect the maximum amount of wind energy depending on the time of day and season.

The horizontal-axis turbine’s inherently taller tower base enables unobstructed access to stronger winds, significantly increasing blade speed collection, resulting in higher power output.[1] Horizontal-axis wind turbines have blades that are positioned perpendicular to the direction of wind. This efficient design increases wind power throughout the entire rotation. In contrast, vertical-axis wind turbines require airfoil surfaces to backtrack against the wind for part of the cycle in a less efficient manner.[3]

Therefore horizontal-axis machines are more efficient than vertical-axis machines.

WIND TURBINE POWERCALCULATION

We, the researchers, would like to emphasize that the design procedure is simple. Good engineering models for predicting wind turbine performance can be obtained from some simple assumptions plus a few equations from elementary physics.

By considering energy, momentum, and mass conservation laws, aerodynamicists in the mid-nineteenth century established the axial momentum theory for analysis of airplane propellers. One of the results is the expression for the flux of kinetic energy of the wind or any other fluid through an area normal to that fluid flow, which is

where Pw is total wind power in watts, ρ is air density in kilograms per cubic meter, A is a mathematical area in square meters normal to the wind, and Vw is the wind speed passing through that area in meters per second. The cubed velocity is plausible because each air mass element carries kinetic energy proportional to velocity squared, and the rate of passage of each element being directly proportional to velocity yields the third velocity factor [4].

Although the previous power expression shows that power should be proportional to the cube of the wind speed, typical wind machine power rises more slowly and levels off at higher wind speed. This is because the power coefficient, C p, is not a constant. To account for the effect of rotor speed on the power coefficient, it is useful to define a dimensionless quantity called tip-speed ratio—sometimes abbreviated TSR or lambda (λ).

where R is the radius of the circle swept by the rotor, ω is the rotor angular speed in radians per second, and V w is the wind speed. Note that the TSR can be thought of as the linear speed of a rotor blade tip measured in units of the existing wind speed. Thus, for a TSR of seven, the blade tip is traveling seven times faster than the wind at that instant [4].

Table 1 gives these design values for several airfoils. Note


Advantages:• Horizontal-axis turbines offer the ability to adjust the pitch of the blades to catch the wind at just the right angle to collect the maximum amount of wind energy for the time of day and season.• Horizontal-axis wind turbines have blades that are designed perpendicular to the direction of wind. This efficient design increases wind power throughout the entire rotation. In contrast, vertical-axis wind turbines require airfoil surfaces to backtrack against the wind for part of the cycle in a less efficient manner.• The horizontal-axis turbine’s inherently taller tower base enables unobstructed access to stronger winds, significantly increasing blade speed collection and resulting in higher power output [3]

METHODOLOGY:

A. Research of horizontal axis wind turbine

We will discuss background of the horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) as well as other factors that affect the design of the wind turbine.

B. Wind profiling

The wind speed at the location was gathered using an anemometer to be used in designing the rotor such that it can withstand the speed of the wind. The location selected is an offshore location that has wind speed

that can rotate the turbine at good rates. The time of testing and condition of the weather are also considered. It should be at night when the wind speed is greater than of at day.

The prototype should also be tested on a normal weather condition.

C. Simulation and construction of the design of blade

After knowing the wind speed at the location and with the research on how to create a HAWT, the number of blades was set and the measure of the lengths of the chords of the blade was computed as well for the other parameters of

that it is not important for the behavior of the airfoil whether it is standing still in an airflow with velocity W or that it is moving with velocity W in air that is at rest; what matters is the relative velocity that is “seen” by the airfoil. [5] A blade element of a windmill rotor “sees” a relative velocity that results from the wind velocity in combination with the velocity with which the blade element moves itself.

Φ is the angle between the relative velocity W and the rotor plane.

LIMITATIONS ANDADVANTAGES OF HAWTS

Limitations:• HAWTs located at lower ground harvest lower power

than that of wind turbines located at higher grounds.• Taller towers and longer blades are very expensive to

transport and install.• Maintenance of the HAWT is difficult to perform since

the gearbox; generator and rotor are placed at the top of the tower.

F I G U R E 1 . R E L A T I V E V E L O C I T Y O NR O T O R B L A D E

P = ½pACpVw3 watts

λ = RωlVw

tangential velocity

air velocity

rotor plane

ωφ

POWER (P) 10 Watts

VELOCITY (V) 3.5 m/s

AIR DENSITY (p) 1.225 kg/m^3

NO. OFCROSS SECTION 5

NO. OF BLADES (B) 3

B6-204-123-62-42-31-2

1234

5-88-15

λo FLAT STEEL PLATE(Cd/C1)min= 0.02 table 2.1f/c= 0 table 2.1α= 4 table 2.1Cl= 0.4 table 2.1λa= 5 table 3.1Cpmax= 0.477418188R= 0.503872284m

Cpmax = tip loss x blade dragBlade Drag = (16/27)(wake - (Cd/Cl) x (n))

Wake = e-0.3538/n1.2946

Tip loss = (1-(1.386)(sin (Ø/2 / B))2

Ø = (2/3)tan-1 (1/n)

where: n = tip speed ratioB = number of blades to be used

airfoil name geometricaldescription (Cd/C1min.) αo C1

sail and pole c/10C

c/3

0.1 5 0.8

flat steel plate 0.1 4 0.4

arched steel plate f

f/c=0.07

f/c=0.1

0.02 4 0.90.02 3 1.25

arched steel plate withtube on concave side d

d<0.1cf/c=0.07

f/c=0.1

0.05 5 0.90.05 4 1.1

arched steel plate withtube on convex side f/c=0.1 0.2 14 1.25

sail wing c/10

cloth or sail

steel cabletube

f

cloth or sailc/4

sail trouser

0.05 2 1.0

f/c=0.1 d =0.6ftube

0.1 4 1.0

NACA 4412 see appendix II 0.01 4 0.8

NACA 23015 see Lit(1) in appendix 1 0.01 4 0.8

T A B L E 1 . D E S I G N V A L U E S O F A I R F O I L S


F I G U R E 2 . S I M U L A T I O N O FT H E B L A D E D E S I G N

P = ½pACpVw3 watts

λ = RωlVw

tangential velocity

air velocity

rotor plane

ωφ

POWER (P) 10 Watts




NO. OF BLADES (B) 3

B6-204-123-62-42-31-2

1234

5-88-15



Wake = e-0.3538/n1.2946

Tip loss = (1-(1.386)(sin (Ø/2 / B))2

Ø = (2/3)tan-1 (1/n)


T A B L E 2 . S E L E C T I O N O FD E S I G N T I P S P E E D R A T I O

P = ½pACpVw3 watts

λ = RωlVw

tangential velocity

air velocity

rotor plane

ωφ

POWER (P) 10 Watts




NO. OF BLADES (B) 3

B6-204-123-62-42-31-2

1234

5-88-15



Wake = e-0.3538/n1.2946

Tip loss = (1-(1.386)(sin (Ø/2 / B))2

Ø = (2/3)tan-1 (1/n)


F I G U R E 3 . C O N S T A N T V A L U E SO F S T E E L P L A T E

P = ½pACpVw3 watts

λ = RωlVw

tangential velocity

air velocity

rotor plane

ωφ

POWER (P) 10 Watts




NO. OF BLADES (B) 3

B6-204-123-62-42-31-2

1234

5-88-15



Wake = e-0.3538/n1.2946

Tip loss = (1-(1.386)(sin (Ø/2 / B))2

Ø = (2/3)tan-1 (1/n)


P = ½pACpVw3 watts

λ = RωlVw

tangential velocity

air velocity

rotor plane

ωφ

POWER (P) 10 Watts




NO. OF BLADES (B) 3

B6-204-123-62-42-31-2

1234

5-88-15



Wake = e-0.3538/n1.2946

Tip loss = (1-(1.386)(sin (Ø/2 / B))2

Ø = (2/3)tan-1 (1/n)


C P M A X F O R M U L A

Torque Coe�cient:

CT =

where P = output mechanical power of the WT

T½pAV³∞

T = output torque of the WTp = air densityA = rotor swept areaR = rotor nominal radius

V∞ = free-stream wind speed

Also V = mean wind speed (short or long term)σv = standard deviation of wind speed

(short or long term)

R = 2PπpV3Cpmax

where: P = set rated output of wind turbinep = given air densityV = wind velocity of vicinity

Power Coe�cient:

CP = P½pAV³∞

c(m) = 8π x r(m)B x Cl

(1-cos )

β = - α λT = λo (r(m) / R)

012345678910

Curre

nt (m

a)

86420-1

Voltage (V)

Voltage (V)

6050403020100

0 1 2 3

Powe

r (m

W)

Angular Speed (rad/s)

0.025

0.02

0.015

0.01

0.005

03210-1

0.025

0.02

0.015

0.01

0.005

03210-1

0.6

0.4

0.2

00 5 10 15 20

Cp

Tip Speed Ratio

CP vs λ (TSR)

Torque Coe�cient:

CT =


T½pAV³∞





R = 2PπpV3Cpmax


Power Coe�cient:

CP = P½pAV³∞


(1-cos )

β = - α λT = λo (r(m) / R)

012345678910

Curre

nt (m

a)

86420-1

Voltage (V)

Voltage (V)

6050403020100

0 1 2 3

Powe

r (m

W)


0.025

0.02

0.015

0.01

0.005

03210-1

0.025

0.02

0.015

0.01

0.005

03210-1

0.6

0.4

0.2

00 5 10 15 20

Cp

Tip Speed Ratio

CP vs λ (TSR)

Torque Coe�cient:

CT =


T½pAV³∞





R = 2PπpV3Cpmax


Power Coe�cient:

CP = P½pAV³∞


(1-cos )

β = - α λT = λo (r(m) / R)

012345678910

Curre

nt (m

a)

86420-1

Voltage (V)

Voltage (V)

6050403020100

0 1 2 3

Powe

r (m

W)


0.025

0.02

0.015

0.01

0.005

03210-1

0.025

0.02

0.015

0.01

0.005

03210-1

0.6

0.4

0.2

00 5 10 15 20

Cp

Tip Speed Ratio

CP vs λ (TSR)

Torque Coe�cient:

CT =


T½pAV³∞





R = 2PπpV3Cpmax


Power Coe�cient:

CP = P½pAV³∞


(1-cos )

β = - α λT = λo (r(m) / R)

012345678910

Curre

nt (m

a)

86420-1

Voltage (V)

Voltage (V)

6050403020100

0 1 2 3

Powe

r (m

W)


0.025

0.02

0.015

0.01

0.005

03210-1

0.025

0.02

0.015

0.01

0.005

03210-1

0.6

0.4

0.2

00 5 10 15 20

Cp

Tip Speed Ratio

CP vs λ (TSR)

Torque Coe�cient:

CT =


T½pAV³∞





R = 2PπpV3Cpmax


Power Coe�cient:

CP = P½pAV³∞


(1-cos )

β = - α λT = λo (r(m) / R)

012345678910

Curre

nt (m

a)

86420-1

Voltage (V)

Voltage (V)

6050403020100

0 1 2 3

Powe

r (m

W)


0.025

0.02

0.015

0.01

0.005

03210-1

0.025

0.02

0.015

0.01

0.005

03210-1

0.6

0.4

0.2

00 5 10 15 20

Cp

Tip Speed Ratio

CP vs λ (TSR)

R O T O R R A D I U S F O R M U L A

B L A D E A N G L EI N D E G R E E SF O R M U L A C H O R D L E N G T H F O R M U L A

FORMULAS


EQUIPMENT USED:

Figure 7. AnemometerAn anemometer is a device for measuring wind speed, and is a common weather condition instrument.

Figure 8. Digital TachometerA tachometer is an instrument designed to measure the rotation speed of an object, such as a gauge in an automobile that measures the revolutions per minute (RPMs) of the engine’s crankshaft.

Figure 9. DC gearedgenerator (12 volts)A geared DC motor has a gear

assembly attached to the motor. The speed of motor is counted in terms of rotations of the shaft per minute and is termed as RPM. The gear assembly helps in increasing the torque and reducing the speed. Using the correct combination of gears in a gear motor, its speed can be reduced to any desirable figure. This concept where gears reduce the speed of the vehicle but increase its torque is known as gear reduction.

Figure 10. Two digital multimeters for measuring the DC Current and VoltageIn a digital multimeter, the signal under test is converted to a voltage and an amplifier with electronically

controlled gain preconditions the signal. A digital multimeter displays the quantity measured as a number, which eliminates parallax errors.

A charge controller limits the rate at which electric current is added to or drawn from electric batteries. It prevents overcharging and may prevent overvoltage, which can reduce battery performance or lifespan, and may pose a safety risk. It may also prevent completely draining (“deep discharging”) a battery, or perform controlled discharges, depending on the battery.

Figure 11. Two DC Rechargeable Batteries

F I G U R E 6 .F I G U R E 4 .

F I G U R E 5 . F I G U R E 7 . F I G U R E 8 . F I G U R E 9 .

F I G U R E 1 0 . F I G U R E 1 1 .


6050403020100

0 1 2 3

Powe

r (m

W)

Angular Speed (rad/s)012345678910

Curre

nt (m

a)

86420-1

Voltage (V)

Voltage (V)

0.025

0.02

0.015

0.01

0.005

03210-1

0.025

0.02

0.015

0.01

0.005

03210-1

0.6

0.4

0.2

00 5 10 15 20

Cp

Tip Speed Ratio

CP vs λ (TSR)6050403020100

0 1 2 3

Powe

r (m

W)


F I G U R E 1 2 . V O L T A G E V S . C U R R E N T ( F U L L L O A D ) F I G U R E 1 3 . A N G U L A R S P E E D V S . T O R Q U E ( F U L L L O A D )

F I G U R E 1 4 . A N G U L A R S P E E D V S . P O W E R ( F U L L L O A D ) F I G U R E 1 5 . T O R Q U E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C C U R V E O F

L O W S P E E D W I N D T U R B I N E F O R 3 B L A D E D H A W T

F I G U R E 1 6 . P O W E R C H A R A C T E R I S T I C C U R V E L O W S P E E D

W I N D T U R B I N E F O R 3 B L A D E D H A W T

( T H E O R E T I C A L - L E F T A N D A C T U A L - R I G H T )

F I G U R E 1 7 . M A X I M U M P O W E R C O E F F I C I E N T

V S . T I P S P E E D R A T I O


the blade. Multiple sections of the blades were constructed and put together. We considered the cost and time of construction so we could finish the prototype on time.

We input the parameters needed for the design of blade. We set the power output, wind speed/velocity, air density, number of cross section, and the number of blades to be considered.

We selected the type of material of the blade to be used by referring to Table 1. We used flat steel plates and used the corresponding Cd/ Cl and f/c coefficients. The angle of attack (α) and the design lift coefficient (Cl) were also set for the design values of airfoils. We set design tip speed ratio (λo) which is shown in Table 2. Based on the number of blades chosed, the tip speed ratio can be obtained.

Using iteration, we selected the maximum power coefficient (Cpmax), which can be obtained using the following formulas, (Cpmax Formula)

Cpmax was to be the highest value of Cp in the iteration. All the values varied when the number of blades was changed. Once Cpmax was selected, we set the number of sections of the blade to be divided. We calculated for the rotor radius. (Rotor Radius Formula)

Divide the total radius of the single blade to the number of sections to set the radius, r(m) and set the radius of each section. In each section, set the local speed ratio (λ

T) using

the formula, λT = λ

0 (r(m) / R). The velocity angle is computed

using a developed algorithm.

If the local speed ration is not equal in the table, iterate to get the corresponding velocity angle. Calculate the blade angle (β) in degrees:Calculate the chord length using the formula.

D. Testing of the Blade Design

After installing the blades, we tested to see if the HAWT rotated smoothly and if it was able to provide the required data. If it did not, we would again simulate the design of the blade and would make the necessary adjustments in its construction. (Figure 6: Testing by the bay at night)

E. Gathering the required data for the HAWT using the designed blade

After the designed blade was working properly in the HAWT, we gathered and analyzed the data using the designed blade in the HAWT. Testing of blade design was composed of 3 trials with no load and full load. Each trial had a one-minute interval for 60 minutes of testing.

We conducted the tests at Manila Bay (in front of Oceana Restaurant) from 11 p.m. to 12 midnight.

F. Verify the blade performance results

We then analyzed the data we gathered using the load performance curves described in the next section.

RESULTS:THE TORQUECHARACTERISTIC CURVE FOR LOW-SPEED WIND TURBINE

From the data we gathered, we were able to graph the torque characteristic curve for low-speed wind turbine.

Figure 20 shows that the actual graph matches the theoretical graph.

Figure 21 shows the power characteristic curves.

Figure 14 shows torque characteristic curve of low-speed wind turbine for three-bladed HAWT (theoretical on the left and actual on the right). The two graphs shown above is not perfect because of the imperfections of the design and due to the fast changing values of the output measuring devices. The wind speed used in the simulation of the design is 3.5 m/s that is based on the wind profile done before simulating it (see Appendix A). Due to the fast changing weather in the Philippines, the data obtained from the table results to a wind velocity lower than the value used in the simulation.

Torque is power over the angular speed. Based on the data, the power and the angular speed we tested were too small so the torque resulted in a low value.

The graph shown above shows the highest power coefficient Cp is for a given windmill that was designed for a certain tip-speed ratio. From Figure 3.4, the highest Cpmax is equal to 0.4774.

CONCLUSION:A SUCCESSFULBLADE DESIGN

The different angles of each segment of the blade gives different angles of attack. The angular speed versus the torque produced is of the same form in the ideal curve in reference to Figure 14 for a low-speed windmill torque characteristic curve, as well as the angular speed versus the output power of the wind turbine is in the same form as in Figure 15, which shows the low-speed windmill power characteristic curve.

Because the blade produced an output in accordance to the ideal curves, we consider the design of the blade a success.

The simulation and the actual construction of the blade showed its functionality. The actual blade showed that the simulated blade design is feasible and can perform accurately.

Endnotes

[1] K. Pope, I. Dincer, and G.F. Naterer. Energy and energy efficiency comparison of horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines. 2010[2] Microfiche Reference Library, Jack Park. “Simplified Wind Power Systems for Experimenters.” Brownsville , CA 95919 USA, 1983.[3] Ibrahim Al-Bahadly. “Building a wind turbine for rural home.” 2010.[4] Donald G. Fink and H. Wayne Beaty. Standard Handbook of Electrical Engineers. McGraw Hill, 2007.[5] W.A.M. Jansen and P.T. Smulders. Rotor Design For Horizontal Axis Wind Windmills,. May 1977.[6] Alexander Bolonkin. Control of Regional and Global Weather. NY 11229 USA, 2007.[7] Glenn Elert. Density of Air. 2006.


The protection of tall structures against direct lightning strikes is usually provided by the installation of a lightning rod of the determined height on the top of the structure. The tip of the rod instead of the top of the structure becomes the point of initiation of upward lightning or intercepts downward lightning. The installed lightning rod does not decrease, even slightly increases, the number of lightning incidents to the protected structure.

However, there is another alternative lightning protected system, which is being installed instead of the lightning rod. It reduces significantly the number of lightning strikes to a structure. This system consists typically of a hemisphere of a large radius with an array of many thin metal splines with sharpened tips distributed evenly over the hemisphere’s surface (LPAS or lightning protection array system). Such LPAS is usually installed on the top of the structure to be protected.

It is obvious that without the upward-moving leader, the

THUNDERBOLT AND

VERY VERY FRIGHT’NING?PART 1 OF 2

B Y D R A B K I N M . M . , M U I C . Y . A . , A N D O N G L A I M U N

O F H I T A C H I C R I T I C A L F A C I L I T I E S P R O T E C T I O N P T E . L T D . S I N G A P O R E

T

LIGHTNING PROTECTION OF TALL STRUCTURES

THUNDERBOLTS CAN STRIKE BUILDINGS ANDENDANGER LIVES AND DAMAGE PROPERTY. IN THE

FIRST OF TWO PARTS, THIS ARTICLE SHOWS HOW YOU CAN POTENTIALLY SAVE LIVES, USING

A SYSTEM YOU CAN USE TO REDUCE THE NUMBER OF LIGHTNING STRIKES TO TALL STRUCTURES.


number of lightning strikes into a tall structure will be reduced significantly. Theoretical study of non-stationary corona in free air established that the two most important parameters of the influence on the initiation of the lightning leader from the structure were the corona current from the individual point and the voltage drop along the first meters of the air gap between the structure and thunderstorm cloud. The corona current from the individual points of the LPAS must exceed the critical value required for transition of the glow corona to the corona with streamers. The intensification of streamers under the growing electric field eventually creates the plasma channel-lightning leader when voltage drops on the first meter of the streamer length from the structure exceeds the critical value.

The LPAS installed on the top of the tall structure injects the space charge developed under the influence of the electric field originated by charges in the thunderstorm cloud into the gap thundercloud cell -the structure. The total corona current from the properly designed LPAS is distributed evenly among the individual splines (points). As a result, a higher value of the electrical field will be required in order to initiate the streamer-free corona transition to the corona with streamer flashes for the LPAS in comparison with the lightning rod.

Propagation of the corona space charge toward the thunderstorm cloud smoothes the potential distribution across the air gap between the cloud and the structure. Again, the larger value of the electrical field will be required to develop the voltage across initial meters of the already developed streamers to initiate the lightning leader. Total delay in developing the upward-moving leader in most cases results in the lightning discharge which occurred into some other place but not into the protected structure.

INTRODUCTION

The mechanism of lightning strikes to tall structures is, in general, quite different from the strikes to the ground and low height objects. Structures lower than 100-meters tall are assumed to be struck by downward lightning and the structures with 500-meters tall or taller are almost always initiate the upward lightning. The structures with height in range 100 to 500 meters have both downward and upward lightning strikes with the incidents of upward lightning increasing with the increase of the object’s height. [1]

The downward flashes are initiated by stepped leaders originating from the thunderstorm cloud. The charge on the stepped leader rapidly approaching the ground enhances the electric field at the top of a grounded object. When the electric field exceeds the breakdown value of air, one or more upward-moving connecting leaders are initiated. The strike occurs when such a connecting leader reaches the stepped leader or one of its branches.

In the case of tall structures, the electric field required for the initiation of the upward lightning is created typically by in—or inter-cloud discharges—or by nearby lightning

strikes to the ground or grounded objects rather than by the slow charge buildup in the process of the thundercloud electrification. A lightning rod installed on top of a tall structure as protection against direct lightning strikes increases the total height of the protected object, improving the conditions for initiating the upward lightning.

Installation of the lightning rod on top of a tall structure provides the passive type of protection. The tip of the grounded rod, instead of the top of the structure, becomes the point of the initiation of upward lightning or intercepts the downward lightning. The installed lightning rod has no means of controlling the process of lightning discharge. The number of lightning strikes to a tall structure protected by the lightning rod will be even slightly bigger than without the rod, but in this case the rod will be hit instead of the structure.

The known methods of controlling the process of lightning discharge consist of, in general, the means of influence on the initiation and development of an upward-moving leader. The earlier start of the upward leader may result in a more reliable interception of a downward stepped leader. The delay in development or even total suppression of the initiation of an upward leader leads to substantial decrease of lightning incidents. There is an alternative system to the lightning rod, performance of which is based on the suppression or delay in the development of an upward leader, improving the efficiency of the protection against direct lightning strikes to the protected structure.

Such a system—the Lightning Protection Array System (LPAS)—consists of a hemisphere of a large radius with many thin metal splines with sharpened tips distributed evenly over the hemisphere’s surface. The LPAS is mounted on the top of the structure to be protected (Fig. 1).

F I G U R E 1 . T H E L P A S I N S T A L L E D O N T H E A N T E N N A T O W E R .

The multitude of the LPAS splines with sharpened tips produces the corona space charge under the influence of the electric field originated by the charges in the


thunderstorm cloud. The careful choice of the height of the splines and the distance between adjacent splines in the array of the LPAS provides the enhancement of local electric field and leads to the earlier start of corona current from the tips of the splines. The thundercloud electric field is doubly enhanced. Firstly, the average field on the hemisphere surface is higher than the thundercloud electric field at the ground level by a factor of hlro, where hand ro are the height and radius of the hemisphere. Secondly, the electric field near the spline tips is higher than the electric field on the hemisphere surface by a factor of hsp/r” where hspl and r, are the splines height and tip’s radius.

The presence of the thick space charge injected into the gap structure-cloud from the well developed hemisphere surface with thousands of sharp points makes the noticeable changes in the process of the development of the lightning strike comparing to the process of lightning discharge to the lightning rod.

The effect of the presence of that space charge in the gap is clearly demonstrated by comparing the frequency of the initiation of an upward leader from a grounding structure and from the ascending rocket with grounded-wire triggered lightning. A rocket gaining altitude in excess of 200 meters within a few seconds has a good chance of triggering lightning by initiating the upward leader. The corona has no time to develop the space in front of the ascending rocket but develops a thick layer of the space charge with the radius of tens of meters around the top of the structure. Lightning strike to the structure of the similar height appears to be a very rare event, may be once or twice in a year.

REFERENCES

[I] V.A.Rakov, M.A.Uman, “Lightning Physics and Effects”, University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2003 [2] N.L.Aleksandrov, E.M.Bazelyan, R.BJr. Carpenter, M.M.Drabkin and YU.P.Raizer, “The effect of Coronae on Leader Initiation and Development Under Thunderstorm Condition and in Long Air Gaps” Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, , pp. 3256-3266, lOP Publishing Ltd, UK, 200 I [3] N.L.Aleksandrov, E.M.Bazelyan, R.BJr. Carpenter, M.M.Drabkin and Yu.P.Raizer, “Initiationof Leader in Long Gaps at Qusi-Steady Corona near Stressed Electrode”, Proceedings of 91h International Symposium on Gaseous Dielectrics, Maryland, USA, May, 2001 [4] N.L.Aleksandrov, E.M.Bazelyan, R.BJr. Carpenter, M.M.Drabkin and YU.P.Raizer, “Corona Discharge at the Tip of High Grounded Object in the Electric Field of Thundercloud,” Proceedings of \21h International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, Bangalore, India, August, 2001 [5] N.L.Aleksandrov, E.M.Bazelyan, R.BJr. Carpenter, M.M.Drabkin and YU.P.Raizer, “Prospects for Reliability Improvement of Lightning Protection Owing to Long-Duration Injection of Space Charge into Atmosphere”, Proceedings of 261h International Conference on Lightning Protection, Cracow, Poland, September, 2002 [6] N.L.Aleksandrov, E.M.Bazelyan, R.BJr. Carpenter, M.M.Drabkin and YU.P.Raizer, “Corona from Tall Objects in the Electric field of Thundercloud”, Phisics of Plazma, 28, N211, pp 1032-1043, 2002. [7] N.L.Aleksandrov, E.M.Bazelyan, R.BJr. Carpenter, M.M.Drabkin and YU.P.Raizer, “A Method to Calculate the Number of Lightning Strikes to a High Object Taking into Account Gas Discharge Process Near its 271h Tip,” Proceeding of International Conference on Lightning Protection, Avignon, France, September, 2004. [8] R.H.Golde, “Lightning”, voL I ,2, Academic Press, New York, 1977.[9] E.M. Bazelyan and YU.P.Raizer, “Spark Discharge”, Boca Raton, FJ.,CRS Press, 1998. [10] E.M. Bazelyan and Yu.P.Raizer, “Lightning Physics and Lightning Protection”, lOP Publishing Ltd., Bristol, UK, 2000.


TRAVEL

WWhen I came to the Philippines this time, my main objective was to finally check out the surf it had to offer. Surfers I’ve met all around the world knew very little about the the country.

Sure, Cloud 9 in Siargao is a fairly known spot, but with 7,000 plus islands and the entire east coast facing the Pacific Ocean, the Philippines has to have good waves all over. After networking with a few surfers from Manila, the same recommendation kept coming up, Baler.

SABANG’S SURFER HAVENI arrived at a small town with a long stretch of beach breaks catering to both regular and goofy footers. A place where, even if there are weekend crowds, there are still plenty of spots to choose from. For longboarders and shortboarders, beginners and experienced, Baler’s Sabang Beach is a surfer haven.

Barangay Sabang is a chilled-out, non-commercialized town, but with a growing number of hotels and resorts (take advantage of it while you can!). It’s a place where there’s not much to do, but surf, surf, and surf.

As I got settled in with my board and guitar, I befriended an amazing group of local surfers on the first day. They treated me with hospitality as if I grew up there with them. I knew right then that this would be my new home for a while. Stoked, I hung up my hammock and prepared myself for theBaler life.

Want to get barreled too?

Just around the corner is Cemento where you’ll find Cobra Reef. When a big swell comes in and the tide is low, take a 30-minute tricycle ride, trek through some mangroves, andbe ready to get tubed! Never mind the shallow jagged reef, you won’t be thinking about it once you’re riding this bad boy.

FUN FACTS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT BALER:Sabang Beach is the main hub for visitors and locals, but also nearby (a 30-minute trike or 45 min walk) is the infamous beach break, Charlie’s Point. This is the where Baler’s (and possibly the Philippines’) surfing culture all began.

It is where Francis Ford Coppola filmed many scenes of the 1979 epic American war movie, Apocalypse Now. If you recall the insane surfing scene as guns were firing and bombs were being dropped, that’s Charlie’s Point.

The Hollywood film crew not only showed the Baler locals what surfing was, they left their boards with them to help spark what is now a rapidly growing surf culture in the Philippines.

As far as Baler surfing history goes, American GIs already had this place on their radar during the Vietnam War era, and Australian surfers in the early 1980s only enhanced more interest nationwide. Surprisingly, this spot is still a peaceful getaway from crowds or buildings. There’s only a home tucked in the jungle next to the river mouth; the spot is typically a bit bigger than Sabang.

SURF SESH AURORAFind out where to ridethe wild surf in Baler and the rest of Aurora.W O R D S B Y C H R I S F R I A S P H O T O S B Y J O S E P H T . G O N Z A L E S & C H R I S F R I A S


A ROAD TRIP FOR THE BOOKSAs I quickly became closer to the local surfers, I was invited to join them on a road trip up the Aurora coast towards the Northern town of Dilasag. Along with a steady flow of lambanog shots and and a lot of mouth watering Cobra Reef - Cemento, Baler fresh fish, we explored remote white sand beaches and surfed waves all by ourselves.

It was a hidden paradise within a paradise. It was a trip to remember as 13 of us crammed into a junky old van with our boards stacked up on the roof.

Sometimes we would barely make it through the sections of unpaved roads. But even after pushing the van out of mud a couple of times, we knew nothing was going to stop us fromreaching our destination.

The long journey was worth it when we were greeted with a left reef break curling as high as double overhead...and a sweet karaoke machine. I couldn’t ask for a better group to be with as we surfed, blasted music, sang, and laughed together. Little did I know that more road trips would lead me to even better break: clean glassy waves with gorgeous backdrops of what reminded me of Hawaii’s North Shore.

A boat trip took us to an unknown cove that looked like a scene from the movie The Beach, plus a sketchy coal reef break. In the end, I learned something from these adventures: I realized that Aurora has a whole coastline of potential surf spots to be discovered.

All it takes is a bit of time, a good car to handle some of the rough roads, or even better, a boat. And it probably doesn’t hurt to make friends with a few of the locals either (Hint: there are many “secret spots”).

DINIOG, DILASAGOther Notable Surf Spots in Aurora:Lobbot (Dipaculao)Dalugan (Casiguran)

Best time to go:October – March

BECOMING “LOCALIZED”How do I go home when I already feel at home? My time in Baler was an incredible mix of surf safaris, guitar jam sessions, birthday parties, skateboarding, pulutan, and what seemed like endless nights of lambanog shots.

My stay in Baler has become one of my most memorable times in the Philippines. As I write this while lying on my beachside hammock, I realize that I’ve been here for over a month now. Baler has become my new home and every day, I feel like I’m becoming more and more a Baler local. I’m becoming “localized.”

“All I need are some tasty waves, a cool buzz, and I’m fine”- Jeff Spicoli

GETTING THEREIf you aren’t driving your own car, Genesis buses are the only public transportation to and from Baler. From Cubao, take an AC bus for PHP 450. Running from 3 a.m. to 7 a.m. every hour (6 to 8 hours).

Or splurge a little bit more and reserve a seat on their luxury Joy Bus line for PHP 700, leaving at 12 midnight and 1am non-stop direct (5 hours). Great for weekend warriors wanting to get right in the water at sunrise. (Schedules, prices, and availabil-ity may vary depending on the season).

Joy Bus Reservations: (02)7090545 / 4416834

WHERE TO STAYAMIHAN APLAYALocated right on the beach around the quieter north end of Sabang. This small beachfront conve-niently offers a small sari-sari store, an outdoor communal area, parking, use of kitchen, extreme-ly friendly staff, and heaps of spots to hang your hammock. Basic fan rooms from PHP 500 to PHP 600.Contact number: 0948-9586090

ALIYALocated right next to Amihan Aplaya, they also have quick access to Sabang’s beach breaks. A fairly new three-story hotel that’s become a pop-ular hangout spot for the younger surfer crowd. Offers a billiards table, bar, surf lessons/rental, and live music on the weekends. AC rooms from PHP 2,100 to PHP 4,900.Contact number: 0939-9390929

WHERE TO EATTHE ROLLING STORESHead into town proper, to the 24-hour rolling stores where you’ll get the best bang for your buck. Just a quick twominute trike ride away, there are multiple stalls to satisfy your food trip. Choose from all types of ready-to-go Filipino dishes like adobo, Bicol express, lechon paksiw, and sinigang. PHP 45 to PHP 65.

KUSINA LUNTIANBe sure to try my local favorite, the new Kusina Luntian. Get close and personal with the locals by visiting this surfer’s nipa hut home just a few minutes‘ walk from the beach. There, they’ll cook you a traditional meal wrapped in a banana leaf. Be ready to eat with your hands. PHP 65 to 85. They also deliver! Open from Friday to Sunday only.


Safely remove the victim from contact withthe source of electricity

Turn off the electricity by means of a switch or circuit breaker or cut cables or wires by means of a wood-handled or insulated cutter if available. (Do not touch the electrical circuit or the victim unless the power is off or you are insulated!)

Use a dry stick or any other non-conductor of electricity to separate the victim from the electrical circuit. (This must be done quickly. After 5 minutes, the chances of saving an individual will greatly decrease.)

Call for AssistanceOthers in the area may be more knowledgeable than you about treating the victim

Another person can call for professional help while you administer first aid.

Check victim’s breathing and heartbeatIf pulse is detectable, but breathing has stopped, administer mouth-to-mouth resuscitation until medical help arrives.

If heartbeat has stopped, administer cardiopulmonary resuscitation, but only if you have been trained in proper procedure.

If both heartbeat and breathing has stopped, alternate between cardiopulmonary resuscitation and mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, but again only if you have been trained in this technique

Administer first aid for shock and burnsas necessary

Use blankets or coats to help keep the victim as warm and comfortable as possible while waiting for help.

Raise victim’s legs slightly above head level to help prevent shock.

If the victim suffered burns:• cover your mouth and nostrils with gauze or a clean handkerchief to

prevent breathing germs while treating the burns.• wrap burned area firmly with sterile gauze or clean linen or clean

towels.

The danger of electrical shock does not depend on voltage but onthe amount of current flowing

through the body. Human bodyresistance will influence current:

higher body resistence means lesscurrent will flow through the body

(less dangerous); lower bodyresistance means more current will

flow through the body(more dangerous.)

Human body resistance varies from about 500,000 OHMS when dry to

about 300 OHMS when wet.Because of this, voltages as low as 30 VOLTS could cause fatal shock

if the skin is wet.

Any circuit with a potentialof at least 30 VOLTS must be

considered dangerous.

FACTSABOUT

ELECTRICSHOCK

TREATINGA VICTIM

OF ELECTRICSHOCK

DID YOUKNOW?

C O M P I L E D B Y G E L Y N L E E

SOURCE: ELECTRICAL SAFETY AT HOME, SCHOOL, OFFICE,AND WORKPLACE MANUAL BY INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATEDELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

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