With Help from Susan M. PojerWith Help from Susan M. Pojer

Characteristics of Characteristics of UrbanizationUrbanization

During the Gilded AgeDuring the Gilded Age1.1. Megalopolis.Megalopolis.

2.2. Mass Transit.Mass Transit.

3.3. Magnet for economic and social Magnet for economic and social opportunities.opportunities.

4.4. Pronounced class distinctions.Pronounced class distinctions. - Inner & outer core - Inner & outer core

5.5. New frontier of opportunity for New frontier of opportunity for women.women.

6.6. Squalid living conditions for many.Squalid living conditions for many.

7.7. Political machines.Political machines.

8.8. Ethnic neighborhoods.Ethnic neighborhoods.

NewArchitectural

Style

NewArchitectural

Style

NewUse ofSpace

NewUse ofSpace

NewClass

Diversity

NewClass

Diversity

New EnergyNew Energy

New Culture(“Melting Pot”)

New Culture(“Melting Pot”)

New Form ofClassic “RuggedIndividualism”

New Form ofClassic “RuggedIndividualism”

New Levels of Crime,

Violence, &Corruption

New Levels of Crime,

Violence, &Corruption

Make a NewStart

Make a NewStart

NewSymbols ofChange &Progress

NewSymbols ofChange &Progress

The City as aNew “Frontier?”

The City as aNew “Frontier?”

William Le Baron William Le Baron JenneyJenney

1832 – 19071832 – 1907

““Father of Father of the Modernthe ModernSkyscraper”Skyscraper”

W. Le W. Le Baron Baron

Jenney: Jenney:

CentralCentralY.M.C.A., Y.M.C.A., Chicago, Chicago,

18911891

Louis SullivanLouis Sullivan 1856 – 19241856 – 1924

The ChicagoThe ChicagoSchool ofSchool ofArchitecturArchitecturee

Form Form followsfollowsfunction!function!

Louis Sullivan: Louis Sullivan: Bayard Bldg., Bayard Bldg., NYC, NYC, 1897 1897

Louis Sullivan: Carson, Pirie, Louis Sullivan: Carson, Pirie, Scott Scott

Dept. Store, Chicago, 1899Dept. Store, Chicago, 1899

Frank Lloyd WrightFrank Lloyd Wright 1869 – 19591869 – 1959

““Prairie Prairie House”House”School of School of ArchitectureArchitecture

““OrganicOrganicArchitectureArchitecture””

Function Function follows form!follows form!

Frank Lloyd Wright:Frank Lloyd Wright:Allen-Lamb House, 1915Allen-Lamb House, 1915

Frank Lloyd Wright:Frank Lloyd Wright:“Falling Waters”, 1936“Falling Waters”, 1936

F. L. Wright Glass ScreensF. L. Wright Glass Screens

Prairie wheat Prairie wheat patterns.patterns.

Frank Lloyd Wright:Frank Lloyd Wright:Guggenheim Museum, NYC Guggenheim Museum, NYC

- 1959- 1959

New York City New York City Architectural Style: Architectural Style:

11870s-1910s870s-1910s1.1. The style was less innovative thanThe style was less innovative thanin Chicago.in Chicago.

2.2. NYC was the source of the capital NYC was the source of the capital for Chicago.for Chicago.

3.3. Most major business firms had Most major business firms had their headquarters in NYC their headquarters in NYC their their bldgs. became “logos” for their bldgs. became “logos” for their companies.companies.

4.4. NYC buildings and skyscrapers NYC buildings and skyscrapers were taller than in Chicago.were taller than in Chicago.

Western Western

Union Union Bldg,. Bldg,. NYC - NYC - 18751875

ManhattaManhattann

LifeLifeInsurance Insurance

Bldg.Bldg.

NYC - NYC - 18931893

SingerSingerBuilding Building

NYC - NYC - 19021902

WoolwortWoolworth h

Bldg.Bldg.

NYC - NYC - 19111911

FlatironFlatironBuilding Building

NYC – NYC – 19021902

D. H. D. H. BurnhaBurnha

mm

Grand Central Grand Central Station, 1913Station, 1913

St. St. Patrick’s Patrick’s

CathedralCathedral

John A. Roebling:John A. Roebling:The Brooklyn Bridge, The Brooklyn Bridge,

18831883

John A. Roebling:John A. Roebling:The Brooklyn Bridge, The Brooklyn Bridge,

19131913

Statue of Liberty, 1876Statue of Liberty, 1876(Frederic Auguste Bartholdi)(Frederic Auguste Bartholdi)

““Dumbell “ TenementDumbell “ Tenement

““Dumbell “ Dumbell “ Tenement, NYCTenement, NYC

Jacob Jacob Riis: Riis:

How the How the Other Half Other Half

LivedLived(1890)(1890)

Tenement Slum Tenement Slum LivingLiving

Lodgers Huddled Lodgers Huddled TogetherTogether

Tenement Slum Tenement Slum LivingLiving

Struggling Immigrant Struggling Immigrant FamiliesFamilies

Mulberry Street – Mulberry Street – “Little Italy”“Little Italy”

Hester Hester Street – Street – Jewish Jewish SectionSection

19001900RoshRosh

HashanaHashanahh

GreetingGreetingCardCard

Pell St. - Chinatown, Pell St. - Chinatown, NYCNYC

Urban Growth: 1870 - Urban Growth: 1870 - 19001900

Average Shirtwaist Worker’s Week

Average Shirtwaist Worker’s Week

51 hours or less 4,554 5%52-57 hours 65,033 79%58-63 hours 12,211 15%Over 63 hours 562 1%

Total employees, men and women 82,360

Womens’ Trade Union LeagueWomens’ Trade Union League

Women Voting for a Strike!Women Voting for a Strike!

Local 25 with Socialist Paper, The CallLocal 25 with Socialist Paper, The Call

Public Fear of Unions/Anarchists

Public Fear of Unions/Anarchists

Arresting the Girl Strikersfor Picketing

Arresting the Girl Strikersfor Picketing

Scabs HiredScabs Hired

“The Shirtwaist Kings”Max Blanck and Isaac Harris

“The Shirtwaist Kings”Max Blanck and Isaac Harris

Triangle Shirtwaist FactoryAsch Building, 8th and 10th Floors

Triangle Shirtwaist FactoryAsch Building, 8th and 10th Floors

Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910

Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910

Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910

Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910

Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910

Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910

Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910

Inside the Building After the FireInside the Building After the Fire

Most Doors Were LockedMost Doors Were Locked

Crumpled Fire Escape, 26 DiedCrumpled Fire Escape, 26 Died

10th Floor After the Fire10th Floor After the Fire

Dead Bodies on the SidewalkDead Bodies on the Sidewalk

One of the “Lucky” Ones?One of the “Lucky” Ones?

Relatives Review Bodies145 Dead

Relatives Review Bodies145 Dead

Page of the

New York Journal

Page of the

New York Journal

One of the Many FuneralsOne of the Many Funerals

Labor Unions March as MournersLabor Unions March as Mourners

Women Workers Marchto City Hall

Women Workers Marchto City Hall

The InvestigationThe Investigation

Out of the AshesOut of the AshesÔ ILGWU membership surged.

Ô NYC created a Bureau of FirePrevention.

Ô New strict building codes werepassed.

Ô Tougher fire inspection ofsweatshops.

Ô Growing momentum of support for women’s suffrage.

Changes in Immigration Patterns

• The years between 1870 and 1920 saw one of the greatest surges of immigrants to America. Until 1890, most of these immigrants came from Northern and Western Europe, just like many of the original European immigrants to America.

Changes in Immigration Patterns

• On the west coast, immigrants from China began arriving for the Gold Rush in 1849, but many ended up working on the railroads or starting farms; after 1882 Congress limited Chinese immigration.

Changes in Immigration Patterns

• After 1890, the immigrating population changed to people coming from Southern and Eastern Europe, countries such as Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. During this time almost a million people also immigrated from Mexico and the West Indies.

Why the New Immigration?

• Rapidly growing population in the Old World

• Industrialization in Europe and the importation of American food disturbed the position of the peasant

• “America Fever”

• Persecutions of minorities in Europe

• Birds of Passage

Being a New Immigrant

• Discrimination at work

• Generation Gap

• Struggle to assimilate

• Bintel Brief

Taking Care of the New Immigrants

• Originally taken care of by city “bosses”

• “Christian Socialist” preachers

• Jane Addams and Hull House– Settlement Houses

• Florence Kelley – Socialism, Rights, and the Henry Street Settlement (founded by Lillian Wald)

Changes Brought by the New Immigration

• Women in the work force– Mostly single– Helped family and still had some pocket

money

• Brought more economic and social independence

Nativism

• Nativism: Preferential treatment towards native born Americans– Especially Anglo Saxon, Protestants

• The American Protective Association (1887)

• Organized labor fought new immigration because poor immigrants were willing to take lower wages

Government Sponsored Nativism

• 1882: Close gates to all paupers, criminals, and convicts + Chinese Exclusion Act

• 1885: Prohibited the importation of foreign workers under contract

• 1890’s: Expanded list of undesirables to include: insane, polygamists, prostitutes, alcoholics, anarchists, and people with contagious diseases

• 1917: Literacy Test