wireless solutions for smart grid deployments alok sharma, aviat networks
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Wireless Solutions for Smart Grid deployments Alok Sharma, Aviat Networks. Agenda. Introduction Smart Grid Communication Tiers & Design Goals Microwave (PTP) Backhaul Bridging Tier 1 and Tier 2 Communication Layers Tier 2 (PMP) Communication Layer Requirements & Technology Choice - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Wireless Solutions for Smart Grid deployments
Alok Sharma, Aviat Networks
Agenda1. Introduction
– Smart Grid Communication Tiers & Design Goals
2. Microwave (PTP) Backhaul– Bridging Tier 1 and Tier 2 Communication Layers
3. Tier 2 (PMP) Communication Layer– Requirements & Technology Choice
4. Tier 3 Communication Layer– TV Whitespace
5. Self Organizing Networks (SON)- Managing network complexity
6. Closing Remarks
Smart Grid Communication TiersFiber or
Microwave/High BandwidthHAN
Tier 4
RF/Low Bandwidth
Tier 3
RF/Med Bandwidth
Tier 2
Tier 1
Source: Doug McGinnis, Exelon Business Services - UTC Telecom 2010
Communications – Design Goals1. Security
– Aligned with industry best practices (FIPS 140-2 compliant or certified)
2. Converged Communications – Converged communications infrastructure with logical isolation of services
(tunneling)
3. Interoperable– Utilize industry standard open (IP) protocols
4. Privately Owned Communications– Enable governance and control over all aspects of the technology
5. No Unanalyzed Single Points of Failure(Self Healing)– No unanalyzed single points of failure– Failure modes and backup schemes to form a “self healing” architecture
6. Maintenance, Management & Monitoring– Maintain, monitor and control network devices.
Focu
s of
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Source: Doug McGinnis, Exelon Business Services - UTC Telecom 2010
MICROWAVE (PTP) BACKHAULBRIDGING TIER 1 AND TIER 2 COMMUNICATION LAYERS
Smart Grid Places Demands on Legacy Microwave Systems
1. Many new IP endpoints2. Support converged MPLS transport
network3. Security (authentication, intrusion
detection, encryption etc.)4. QoS Requirements: traffic under
emergency situations5. New remote sites and coverage areas6. Overall capacity demands
TDM-based Microwave
Systems Need Upgrading
for Smart Grid
What are the options?
Critical to put foundation in place to build smart grid upon
Landscape: Network Migration Plans and Today’s Microwave Systems
All TDM Today
TDM IP
Network migration path
TDM ONLY Radio• Legacy systems• Optimized for TDM• Not designed for IP –
poor packet efficiency
IP ONLY Radios• Built to carry IP• Typically no native
TDM (forces use of yet to be fully tested Pseudo wire)
Region of Effectiveness
Region of Effectiveness
HYBRID Radio• Native TDM, Native IP
transport for effective migration to IP
Hybrid Microwave RadioHYBRID Microwave Radio Enables Seamless Migration from TDM to ALL-IP Future
Hybrid simultaneously enables:1. TDM2. IP3. Emulated TDM over IPOR any combination of the three
HYBRID Microwave Radios combine traditional microwave requirements
with new IP features – all in a single platform
HYBRID Radio
FlexibleBandwidthAllocation
Native TDM
Native IP
TDM IP/Ethernet
PWE
Integrated P
seudowire
Tier 2 (PMP) Communication LayerREQUIREMENTS & TECHNOLOGY CHOICE
Tier 2 Communication Layer - Requirements
• Tier 2 communication layer is Point-to-Multipoint (PMP) network that bridges Field Area Network (FAN) to the backbone network.
• Key Requirements:– Wireless (economics & ease of installation)– IP based (Open Standards)– Broadband (High Spectral Efficiency – OFDMA, MIMO, Beam Forming)– Mobility/Portability (workforce automation)
• 2 leading technology choices– WiMAX– LTE (and 3G)
Question: Which technology to select for Smart Grid?
Tier 2 Communication Layer – Technology Choice
11
3G &
LTE
Evol
ution 1. LTE infrastructure includes legacy
support for: • GSM, GPRS, EDGE, EGPRS, IS95,
CDMA 1xRTT, CDMA 1xEVDO, WCDMA, HSPA, HSPA+, IMS, LTE R8, R9, R10
2. Legacy support adds tremendously to LTE infrastructure & device complexity leading to significantly higher CapEx & OpEx
3. WiMAX is purpose built for 4G Mobile Broadband and does NOT have any legacy issues.
4. WiMAX infrastructure and devices have significantly lower CapEx & OpEx
WiMAX is the recommended technology choice
TIER 3 COMMUNICATION LAYERTV WHITESPACE
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What is TV Whitespace?
Source: C. R. Stevenson, G. Chouinard, W. Caldwell:“Recommended Practice for the Installation and Deployment of IEEE 802.22 Systems,” IEEE802, San Diego, CA, 7/17/06
White space
IEEE 802.22 – TV Whitespace Standard• Sub-GHz frequency band with excellent
propagation characteristics- 100x reach of WiFi (30km vs. 300m)
• Ideal for AMI and Sensor data collection- Simple & Predictable Single Hop Tier
3 layer vs. Complex and Unpredictable Mesh architectures
• Technically, similar to WiMAX• Interference mitigation via
co-ordination with FCC database & spectrum sensing
(Source: IEEE)
TV Band White Spaces
- Very little channel overlap between neighboring metro areas- Lots of white space in between licensed channels
16
TVWS Bandwidth Available
17
Source: Free Press and New American Foundation
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SELF ORGANIZING NETWORKS (SON)MANAGING NETWORK COMPLEXITY
Future Wireless Networks: New H-RAN Architecture
MACRO: Solving initialcoverage issue; Existing networks
FEMTO: solving home and enterprise coverage & capacity issues
PICO: Solving street, home and enterprise coverage & capacity issues
Hierarchical RAN (H-RAN) = macro overlay + clusters of small cells
10x Lower COST/Mb
10x CAPACITY Improvement
Near 100%COVERAGE
Results
Lots of configuration parameters3G and 4G technologies have more than 100 parameters each to be configured just for the RF:• Some of them are
vendor specific• Some of them are
project specific
Pico/Femto cells bring completely new dynamics into the wireless
network deployments
Adding new site to the 3G/4G networkActivity
Effort(MD – Man
Days)New site verification 1
On site visit: site details verification 0.5
On site visit: RF survey 0.5
New site RF plan 2
Neighbors, frequency, preamble/scrambling code plan
0.5
Interference analyses on surrounding sites 0.5
Capacity analyses 0.5
Handover analyses 0.5
Implementation on new node(s) 0.5
Field measurements and verification 2
Optimization 2
Total activities 7.5
5M Pico base stations in 2015:• 37.5M Man Days = ~103k Man Years
Challenges:• OpEx – 103k engineers@$100k = ~$11B +network planning tools + maps• Skilled Engineers – where to get 103k skilledengineers?• Networks Dynamics – add 5M base stations a year
If nothing changes – additional OpEx of >$11B
Source: ABI Research
SON Functionality
AIRAdaptive Interference Reduction- Dynamic scanning algorithm - Dynamic segment/channel selection - Scanning support for ANR formation- Decision based on MS measured data
NNINode-to-Node Interface
- Secure communication between cell sites & SON Server- Configuration predictions
- Optimal route selection based onvarious parameters
NCMNetwork Capacity Maximization- MIMO usage- Intelligent and Dynamic Automatic Neighbor cell list distribution- Enhanced Network Initiated Handover- Fractional Frequency Reuse
pHOPico Handover
- time critical decisions on SON
Agent - data intensive
statistics , predictions on the SON Server
- intra-Pico and Macro-Pico Handovers
SON SolutionSimplifies Operations by
removing manual planning, deployment and operations
Example 1: Congestion avoidance
In wireless access total available link budget/capacity changes dynamically:• Link quality of the existing MS changes• New MS joins the Base stationTotal possible throughput depends on the link quality->modulation used by each and every MS
Two parameters are constantly monitored:• Air interface utilization Uair
• Relative committed traffic rate Rrel
Example 1: Congestion avoidance (cont.)
All the parameters areconstantly monitored
When utilization crosses the trigger line one of the following actions is executed:• Neighbor lists of the neighbors are
changed• Network initiated HO is initiated
Example 2: Power savings - GreenSON
Utilizing mobile station behavior statistics, Base stations can be dynamically reconfigured (time of day, day of week) to reduce the total network power consumption
CLOSING REMARKS
Security: What is important?
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1. Stuxnet virus defeated all the typical defenses (digital certificates, firewall signature analysis …) defined by IEEE, 3GPP & FIPS specifications and deployed across current networks.
2. As electric grid becomes an extension of internet through Smart Grid initiatives, grid infrastructure security will become a paramount issue.
3. For further information, please read “Cyber War: The Next Threat to National Security and What to Do About It” by Richard Clarke & Robert Knake.
Source: WSJ, NY Times, eWeek
Thank You!