wireless live human detection robot project.doc

7/25/2019 Wireless Live Human Detection Robot Project.doc

1/40

HUMAN DETECTION ROBOT

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTIONThe advent of new high-speed technology and the growing computer capacity

provided realistic opportunity for new robot controls and realization of new methods of

control theory. This technical improvement together with the need for high performance

robots created faster, more accurate and more intelligent robots using new robots control

devices, new drives and advanced control algorithms.

This Project deals with live personal detection robot is based on 8 bit

Microcontroller. This obot follows which is drawn over the surface. !ere we are using

P" sensor for detect the which are detect human. The project is mainly used in the

#$%"& for $arth 'ua(e rescue.

"nternally it consists of " sensors. The infrared sensors are used to sense the live

persons. )ll the above systems are controlled by the Microcontroller. "n our project we

are using the popular 8 bit microcontroller.

The Microcontroller is used to control the motors. "t gets the signals from the P"

sensors and it drives the motors according to the sensor inputs. Two #* +are motors are

used to drive the robot.

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

. P$ &/PP01

2. M"* *3T#00$ 4)T85&627

. #* +)$ MT

9. $0)1&

6.P" &$3&

SIMULATION

T0: ;$"0 M"*


2/40


0)3+/)+$: $M%$##$# =* =0)3+/)+$

1.2BLOCK DIAGRAM :

1.3 Flo !"#$% #&' Al(o$)%"*

2DEPT OF ECE-HITECH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY


3/40


ALGORITHM

&tep : &tart

&tep 2: "nitialize micro controller

&tep : "nitialize motors

&tep 9: "nitialize P" sensor

&tep 6: Monitor P" sensor

&tep >: "f person detected

%uzzer on

motor rotates in specified direction

&tep ?: Monitor P" sensor

&tep 8: &top

DEPT OF ECE-HITECH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY


4/40


CHAPTER 2

DESCRIPTION OF HARDWARE COMPONENTS

2.1 AT+,S2

2.1.1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF +1

"n 58, "ntel corporation introduced an 8 bit microcontroller called 8@6. this

microcontroller had 28 bytes of )M, 9; bytes of chip M, two timers, one serial

port, and four ports all on a single chip. )t the time it was also referred as = ) &1&T$M

3 ) *!"PA

The 8@6 is an 8-bit processor meaning that the *P/ can wor( only on 8 bits data

at a time. #ata larger than 8 bits has to be bro(en into 8 bits pieces to be processed by the

*P/. The 8@6 has a total of four "B ports each 8 bit wide.

There are many versions of 8@6 with different speeds and amount of on-chip

M and they are all compatible with the original 8@6. this means that if you write a

program for one it will run on any of them.

The 8@6 is an original member of the 8@6 family. There are two other

members in the 8@6 family of microcontrollers. They are 8@62 and 8@. )ll the three

microcontrollers will have the same internal architecture, but they differ in the following

aspects.

8@ has 28 bytes of )M, two timers and > interrupts.

8@6 has 9; M, 28 bytes of )M, two timers and >

interrupts.

8@62 has 8; M, 26> bytes of )M, three timers and 8

interrupts.

f the three microcontrollers, 8@6 is the most preferable. Microcontroller

supports both serial and parallel communication.

"n the concerned project 8@62 microcontroller is used. !ere microcontroller used

is )T85&62, which is manufactured by )TM$0 laboratories.

3$*$&&"T1 C M"**3T00$&:

Microprocessors brought the concept of programmable devices and made many

applications of intelligent e'uipment. Most applications, which do not need large amount

of data and program memory, tended to be costly.



5/40


The microprocessor system had to satisfy the data and program re'uirements so,

sufficient )M and M are used to satisfy most applications .The peripheral control

e'uipment also had to be satisfied. Therefore, almost all-peripheral chips were used in the

design. %ecause of these additional peripherals cost will be comparatively high.

)n eDample:8@86 chip needs:

)n )ddress latch for separating address from multipleD address and data.2-;%

)M and 2-;% M to be able to satisfy most applications. )s also Timer E *ounter,

Parallel programmable port, &erial port, and "nterrupt controller are needed for its

efficient applications.

"n comparison a typical Micro controller 8@6 chip has all that the 8@6 board has

eDcept a reduced memory as follows.

9; bytes of M as compared to 2-;%, 28 %ytes of )M as compared to 2-;%.

%ul(y:

n comparing a board full of chips 4Microprocessors7 with one chip with all

components in it 4Microcontroller7.

#ebugging:

0ots of Microprocessor circuitry and program to debug. "n Micro controller there

is no Microprocessor circuitry to debug. &lower #evelopment time: )s we have observed Microprocessors need a lot of

debugging at board level and at program level, where as, Micro controller do not have the

eDcessive circuitry and the built-in peripheral chips are easier to program for operation.

&o peripheral devices li(e TimerE*ounter, Parallel programmable port, &erial

*ommunication Port, "nterrupt controller and so on, which were most often used were

integrated with the Microprocessor to present the Micro controller .)M and M also

were integrated in the same chip. The M size was anything from 26> bytes to 2;b or

more. )M was optimized to minimum of >9 bytes to 26> bytes or more.

Microprocessor has following instructions to perform:

. eading instructions or data from program memory M.

2. "nterpreting the instruction and eDecuting it.

. Microprocessor Program is a collection of instructions stored in a 3onvolatile

memory.

9. ead #ata from "E device

6. Process the input read, as per the instructions read in program memory.

>. ead or write data to #ata memory.



6/40


?. rite data to "E device and output the result of processing to EP device.

2.1.2 I&%$o'/!%)o& %o AT+,S2

The system re'uirements and control specifications clearly rule out the use of >,

2 or >9 bit micro controllers or microprocessors. &ystems using these may be earlier to

implement due to large number of internal features. They are also faster and more reliable

but, the above application is satisfactorily served by 8-bit micro controller. /sing an

ineDpensive 8-bit Microcontroller will doom the 2-bit product failure in any competitive

mar(et place. *oming to the 'uestion of why to use 85&62 of all the 8-bit Microcontroller

available in the mar(et the main answer would be because it has 8(% Clash and 26> bytes

of data )M2 "E lines, three >-bit timerEcounters, a $ight-vector two-level interrupt

architecture, a full dupleD serial port, on-chip oscillator, and cloc( circuitry.

"n addition, the )T85&62 is designed with static logic for operation down to zerofre'uency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The "dle Mode

stops the *P/ while allowing the )M, timerEcounters, serial port, and interrupt system

to continue functioning. The Power #own Mode saves the )M contents but freezes the

oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the neDt hardware reset. The Clash

program memory supports both parallel programming and in &erial "n-&ystem

Programming 4"&P7. The 85&62 is also "n-)pplication Programmable 4")P7, allowing the

Clash program memory to be reconfigured even while the application is running.

%y combining a versatile 8-bit *P/ with Clash on a monolithic chip, the )tmel

)T85&62 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly fleDible and cost

effective solution to many embedded control applications.

2.1.3 FEATURES

*ompatible with M*&-6F Products

G 8; %ytes of "n-&ystem Programmable 4"&P7 Clash Memory

H $ndurance: @@@ riteE$rase *ycles

G 9.@< to 6.6< perating ange

G Cully &tatic peration: @ !z to M!z

G Three-level Program Memory 0oc(

G 26> D 8-bit "nternal )M

G 2 Programmable "E 0ines

G Three >-bit TimerE*ounters

G $ight "nterrupt &ources

G Cull #upleD /)T &erial *hannel

>DEPT OF ECE-HITECH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY


7/40


G 0ow-power "dle and Power-down Modes

G "nterrupt ecovery from Power-down Mode

G atchdog Timer

G #ual #ata Pointer

-Power-off Clag

PIN DIAGRAM

FIG-2 PIN DIAGRAM OF +,S2 IC

?DEPT OF ECE-HITECH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY


8/40


2.1.0 PIN DESCRIPTION

FIG-3 F/&!%)ol lo! ')#($#* o *)!$o !o&%$oll4$

The 8@62 scillator and *loc(:

The heart of the 8@6 circuitry that generates the cloc( pulses by which all the

internal all internal operations are synchronized. Pins IT)0 )nd IT)02 is provided

for connecting a resonant networ( to form an oscillator. Typically a 'uartz crystal and

capacitors are employed. The crystal fre'uency is the basic internal cloc( fre'uency of

the microcontroller. The manufacturers ma(e 8@6 designs that run at specific minimum

and maDimum fre'uencies typically to > M!z.

M$M"$&

Types of memory:

The 8@62 have three general types of memory. They are on-chip memory, eDternal*ode memory and eDternal am. n-*hip memory refers to physically eDisting memory



9/40


on the micro controller itself. $Dternal code memory is the code memory that resides off

chip. This is often in the form of an eDternal $PM. $Dternal )M is the am that

resides off chip. This often is in the form of standard static )M or flash )M.

#5Co'4 *4*o$6

*ode memory is the memory that holds the actual 8@62 programs that is to be run.This memory is limited to >9;. *ode memory may be found on-chip or off-chip. "t is

possible to have 8; of code memory on-chip and >@; off chip memory simultaneously.

"f only off-chip memory is available then there can be >9; of off chip M. This is

controlled by pin provided as $)

5I&%4$l RAM

The 8@62 have a ban( of 26> bytes of internal )M. The internal )M is found

on-chip. &o it is the fastest am available. )nd also it is most fleDible in terms of reading

and writing. "nternal am is volatile, so when 8@6 is reset, this memory is cleared. 26>

bytes of internal memory are subdivided. The first 2 bytes are divided into 9 register

ban(s. $ach ban( contains 8 registers. "nternal )M also contains 26> bits, which are

addressed from 2@h to 2Ch. These bits are bit addressed i.e. each individual bit of a byte

can be addressed by the user. They are numbered @@h to CCh. The user may ma(e use of

these variables with commands such as &$T% and *0.

S74!)#l F/&!%)o& $4()8%4$4' *4*o$6:

&pecial function registers are the areas of memory that control specific

functionality of the 8@62 micro controller.

a7 )ccumulator 4@$@h7

)s its name suggests, it is used to accumulate the results of large no of

instructions. "t can hold 8 bit values.

b7 % registers 4@C@h7

The % register is very similar to accumulator. "t may hold 8-bit value. The b

register is only used by M/0 )% and #"< )% instructions. "n M/0 )% the higher byte

of the product gets stored in % register. "n div )% the 'uotient gets stored in % with the

remainder in ).

c7 &tac( pointer 48h7

The stac( pointer holds 8-bit value. This is used to indicate where the

neDt value to be removed from the stac( should be ta(en from. hen a value is to be

pushed onto the stac(, the 8@62 first store the value of &P and then store the value at the

resulting memory location. hen a value is to be popped from the stac(, the 8@62



10/40


returns the value from the memory location indicated by &P and then decrements the

value of &P.

d7 #ata pointer

The &Cs #P0 and #P! wor( together wor( together to represent a >-bit value

called the data pointer. The data pointer is used in operations regarding eDternal )Mand some instructions code memory. "t is a >-bit &C and also an addressable &C.

e7 Program counter

The program counter is a > bit register, which contains the 2 byte address, which

tells the 8@62 where the neDt instruction to eDecute to be found in memory. hen the

8@62 is initialized P* starts at @@@@h. )nd is incremented each time an instruction is

eDecutes. "t is not addressable &C.

f7 P*3 4power control, 8?h7

The power control &C is used to control the 8@6Js power control modes. *ertain

operation modes of the 8@6 allow the 8@6 to go into a type of =sleep modeA which

consumes much lee power.

g7 T*3 4timer control, 88h7

The timer control &C is used to configure and modify the way in which the

8@6Js two timers operate. This &C controls whether each of the two timers is running

or stopped and contains a flag to indicate that each timer has overflowed. )dditionally,

some non-timer related bits are located in T*3 &C. These bits are used to configure

the way in which the eDternal interrupt flags are activated, which are set when an

eDternal interrupt occurs.

h7 TM# 4Timer Mode, 85h7

The timer mode &C is used to configure the mode of operation of each of the

two timers. /sing this &C your program may configure each timer to be a >-bit timer,

or bit timer, 8-bit auto reload timer, or two separate timers. )dditionally you may

configure the timers to only count when an eDternal pin is activated or to count =eventsA

that are indicated on an eDternal pin.

@DEPT OF ECE-HITECH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY


11/40


i7 T 4Timer @ lowEhigh, address 8)E8* h7

These two &Cs ta(en together represent timer @. Their eDact behavior depends

on how the timer is configured in the TM# &CK however, these timers always count

up. hat is configurable is how and when they increment in value.

j7 T 4Timer 0owE!igh, address 8%E 8# h7

These two &Cs, ta(en together, represent timer . Their eDact behavior depends on

how the timer is configured in the TM# &CK however, these timers always count up..

(7 P@ 4Port @, address 5@h, bit addressable7

This is port @ latch. $ach bit of this &C corresponds to one of the pins on a micro

controller. )ny data to be outputted to port @ is first written on P@ register. Cor e.g., bit @

of port @ is pin P@.@, bit ? is pin p@.?. riting a value of to a bit of this &C will send a

high level on the corresponding "E pin whereas a value of @ will bring it to low level.

l7 P 4port , address 5@h, bit addressable7

This is port latch. $ach bit of this &C corresponds to one of the pins on a micro

controller. )ny data to be outputted to port @ is first written on P@ register. Cor e.g., bit @of port @ is pin P.@, bit ? is pin P.?. riting a value of to a bit of this &C will send a

high level on the corresponding "E pin whereas a value of @ will bring it to low level

m7 P2 4port 2, address @)@h, bit addressable7:

This is a port latch2. $ach bit of this &C corresponds to one of the pins on a

micro controller. )ny data to be outputted to port @ is first written on P@ register. Cor e.g.,

bit @ of port @ is pin P2.@, bit ? is pin P2.?. riting a value of to a bit of this &C will

send a high level on the corresponding "E pin whereas a value of @ will bring it to low

level.

n7 P 4port , address %@h, bit addressable7 :

This is a port latch. $ach bit of this &C corresponds to one of the pins on a

micro controller. )ny data to be outputted to port @ is first written on P@ register. Cor e.g.,

bit @ of port @ is pin P.@, bit ? is pin P.?. riting a value of to a bit of this &C will

send a high level on the corresponding "E pin whereas a value of @ will bring it to low

level.

o7 "$ 4interrupt enable, @)8h7:



12/40


The "nterrupt $nable &C is used to enable and disable specific interrupts. The

low ? bits of the &C are used to enableEdisable the specific interrupts, where the M&%

bit is used to enable or disable all the interrupts. Thus, if the high bit of "$ is @ all

interrupts are disabled regardless of whether an individual interrupt is enabled by setting

a lower bit.

p7 "P 4"nterrupt Priority, @%8h7

The interrupt priority &C is used to specify the relative priority of each interrupt.

n 8@6, an interrupt maybe either low or high priority. )n interrupt may interrupt

interrupts. Cor e.g., if we configure all interrupts as low priority other than serial

interrupt. The serial interrupt always interrupts the system, even if another interrupt is

currently eDecuting. !owever, if a serial interrupt is eDecuting no other interrupt will be

able to interrupt the serial interrupt routine since the serial interrupt routine has the

highest priority.

'7 P& 4Program &tatus ord, @#@h7

The program &tatus ord is used to store a number of important bits that are set

and cleared by 8@62 instructions. The P& &C contains the carry flag, the auDiliary

carry flag, the parity flag and the overflow flag. )dditionally, it also contains the register

ban( select flags, which are used to select, which of the =A register ban(s currently in

use.

r7 &%/C 4&erial %uffer, 55h7

&%/C is used to hold data in serial communication. "t is physically two registers.

ne is writing only and is used to hold data to be transmitted out of 8@62 via TI#. The

other is read only and holds received data from eDternal sources via I#. %oth mutually

eDclusive registers use address 55h.

I9O 7o$%8:



13/40


ne major feature of a microcontroller is the versatility built into the inputEoutput

4"E7 circuits that connect the 8@62 to the outside world. The main constraint that limits

numerous functions is the number of pins available in the 8@6 circuit. The #"P had 9@

pins and the success of the design depends on the fleDibility incorporated into use of

these pins. Cor this reason, 29 of the pins may each used for one of the two entirelydifferent functions which depend, first, on what is physically connected to it and, then, on

what software programs are used to =programA the pins.

PORT

Port @ pins may serve as inputs, outputs, or, when used together, as a bi directional

low-order address and data bus for eDternal memory. To configure a pin as input, must

be written into the corresponding port @ latch by the program. hen used for interfacing

with the eDternal memory, the lower byte of address is first sent via PT@, latched using

)ddress latch enable 4)0$7 pulse and then the bus is turned around to become the data

bus for eDternal memory.

PORT 1

Port is eDclusively used for inputEoutput operations. PT& pin have no dual

function. hen a pin is to be configured as input, is to be written into the

corresponding Port latch.

PORT 2

Port 2 maybe used as an inputEoutput port. "t may also be used to supply a high H

order address byte in conjunction with Port @ low-order byte to address eDternal memory.

Port 2 pins are momentarily changed by the address control signals when supplying the

high byte a >-bit address. Port 2 latches remain stable when eDternal memory is

addressed, as they do not have to be turned around 4set to 7 for data input as in the case

for Port @.

PORT 3

Port may be used to input Eoutput port. The input and output functions can be

programmed under the control of the P latches or under the control of various special

function registers. /nli(e Port @ and Port 2, which can have eDternal addressing functions

and change all eight-port b se, each pin of port maybe individually programmed to be

used as "E or as one of the alternate functions. The Port alternate uses are:



14/40


INTERRUPTS:

The )T85&62 has a total of siD interrupt vectors: two eDternal interrupts 4"3T@ and

"3T7, three timer interrupts 4Timers@, , and 27, and the serial port interrupt. These

interrupts are all shown in Cigure @. $ach of these interrupt sources can be individually

enabled or disabled by setting or clearing a bit in &pecial Cunction egister "$. "$ also

contains a global disable bit, $), which disables all interrupts at once. 3ote that Table 6

shows that bit position "$.> is unimplemented.

Timer 2 interrupt is generated by the logical of bits TC2 and $IC2 in register

T2*3. 3either of these flags is cleared by hardware when the service routine is

vectored

to. "n fact, the service routine may have to determine whether it was TC2 or $IC2 that

generated the interrupt, and that bit will have to be cleared in software.The Timer @ and

Timer flags, TC@ and TC, are set at &6P2 of the cycle in which the timers overflow.

The values are then polled by the circuitry in the neDt cycle. !owever, the Timer 2 flag,

TC2, is set at &2P2 and is polled in the same cycle in which the timer overflows.


Pin 4&C7 )lternate /se

P.@-I# 4&%/C7 &erial data input

P.-TI# 4&%/C7 &erial data output

P.2-"3T @ 4T*3.7 $Dternal interrupt @

P. - "3T 4T*3.7 $Dternal interrupt

P.9 - T@ 4TM#7 $Dternal Timer @ input

P.6 H T 4TM#7 $Dternal timer input

P.> - $Dternal memory write pulse

P.? - # $Dternal memory read pulse


15/40




16/40


2.2 Po4$ S/77l6

2.2. "3T#/*T"3

There are many types of power supply. Most are designed to convert high

voltage )* mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronics circuits and

other devices. ) power supply can by bro(en down into a series of bloc(s, each of which

performs a particular function. Cor eDample a 6< regulated supply can be shown as

below

F)( 2.1: Blo! D)#($#* o # R4(/l#%4' Po4$ S/77l6 S68%4*

&imilarly, 2v regulated supply can also be produced by suitable selection

of the individual elements. $ach of the bloc(s is described in detail below and the

power supplies made from these bloc(s are described below with a circuit

diagram and a graph of their output:

2.2.2 T$#&8o$*4$:

) transformer steps down high voltage )* mains to low voltage )*. !ere we are

using a center-tap transformer whose output will be sinusoidal with >volts pea( to pea(

value.

F)(: 2.2.1 O/%7/% W#4o$* o %$#&8o$*4$



17/40


The low voltage )* output is suitable for lamps, heaters and special )* motors. "t

is not suitable for electronic circuits unless they include a rectifier and a smoothing

capacitor. The transformer output is given to the rectifier circuit.

2.2.3 R4!%))4$:) rectifier converts )* to #*, but the #* output is varying. There are several

types of rectifiersK here we use a bridge rectifier.

The %ridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage using

both half cycles of the input ac voltage. The %ridge rectifier circuit is shown in the figure.

The circuit has four diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage is applied to

the diagonally opposite ends of the bridge. The load resistance is connected between the

other two ends of the bridge.Cor the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes # and # conduct,

whereas diodes #2 and #9 remain in the CC state. The conducting diodes will be in

series with the load resistance 0and hence the load current flows through 0.

Cor the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes #2 and #9 conduct

whereas, # and # remain CC. The conducting diodes #2 and #9 will be in series

with the load resistance 0and hence the current flows through 0in the same direction

as in the previous half cycle. Thus a bi-directional wave is converted into unidirectional.

F)(/$4 2.3 R4!%))4$ !)$!/)%

3ow the output of the rectifier shown in Cigure . is shown below in Cigure .9



18/40


F)(/$4 2.2.0 O/%7/% o %"4 R4!%))4$

The varying #* output is suitable for lamps, heaters and standard motors. "t is not

suitable for lamps, heaters and standard motors. "t is not suitable for electronic circuits

unless they include a smoothing capacitor.

S*oo%")&( o$ )l%4$)&(:

The smoothing bloc( smoothes the #* from varying greatly to a small ripple

and the ripple voltageis defined as the deviation of the load voltage from its #* value.

&moothing is also named as filtering.

Ciltering is fre'uently effected by shunting the load with a capacitor. The action

of this system depends on the fact that the capacitor stores energy during the conduction

period and delivers this energy to the loads during the no conducting period. "n this way,

the time during which the current passes through the load is prolonging Ted, and the

ripple is considerably decreased. The action of the capacitor is shown with the help of

waveform.

1) Figure 2.2.5 Smoothing action of capacitor



19/40


F)(/$42. 2.; W#4o$* o %"4 $4!%))4' o/%7/% 8*oo%")&(

2.2.0 R4(/l#%o$:

egulator eliminates ripple by setting #* output to a fiDed voltage.


20/40


T$#&8o$*4$ = R4!%))4$ = S*oo%")&( = R4(/l#%o$:

2.3

HELICAL GEAR MOTOR:

) unit which creates mechanical energy from electrical energy and which

transmits mechanical energy through the gearboD at a reduced speed.

) gearhead and motor combination to reduce the speed of the motor to obtain the

desired speed or tor'ue.

+earmotors of all types and sizes including single E multiphase, universal, servo,

induction and synchronous types. #* gearmotors are configured in many types and

sizes, including brushless and servo. ) #* gearmotor consists of a rotor and a permanent

magnetic field stator and an integral gearboD or gearhead. The magnetic field is

maintained using either permanent magnets or electromagnetic windings. #* motors are

most commonly used in variable speed and tor'ue applications. ) #* servomotor has an

output shaft that can be positioned by sending a coded signal to the motor. )s the input

to the motor changes, the angular position of the output shaft changes as well.

2@DEPT OF ECE-HITECH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY


21/40


22/40


) relay is an electrically operated switch. *urrent flowing through the coil of the

relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. The

coil current can be 3 or CC so relays have two switch position and they are double

throw 4changeover7 switches.

elays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completelyseparate from the first. Cor eDample a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch

a 2@< )* mains circuit. There is no electrical connection inside the relay between the

two circuitsK the lin( is magnetic and mechanical.

The coil of a relay passes a relatively large current, typically @m) for a 2

Transistors have a characteristic called current gain. This is referred to as its hC$. The

amount of current that can pass through the load when connected to a transistor that isturned on e'uals the input current D the gain of the transistor 4hC$7 The current gain



25/40


varies for different transistor and can be loo(ed up in the data sheet for the device.

Typically it may be @@. This would mean that the current available to drive the load

would be @@ times larger than the input to the transistor.

2..2 W"6 /84 # D#$l)&(%o& P#)$>

"n some application the amount of input current available to switch on a transistor

is very low. This may mean that a single transistor may not be able to pass sufficient

current re'uired by the load.

)s stated earlier this e'uals the input current D the gain of the transistor 4hC$7. "fit is not be possible to increase the input current then we need to increase the gain of the

transistor. This can be achieved by using a #arlington Pair.

) #arlington Pair acts as one transistor but with a current gain that e'uals:

Total current gain 4hC$ total7 O current gain of transistor 4hC$ t7 D current gain of

transistor 2 4hC$ t27

&o for eDample if you had two transistors with a current gain 4hC$7 O @@:

4hC$ total7 O @@ D @@

4hC$ total7 O @,@@@

1ou can see that this gives a vastly increased current gain when compared to a single

transistor. Therefore this will allow a very low input current to switch a much bigger load

current.

B#84 A!%)#%)o& ?ol%#(4

3ormally to turn on a transistor the base input voltage of the transistor will need to

be greater that @.?


26/40


"t is also worth noting that the voltage drop across collector and emitter pins of

the #arlington Pair when the turn on will be around @.5< Therefore if the supply voltage

is 6< 4as above7 the voltage across the load will be will be around 9.< 46< H @.5


27/40


The above figure 4top view7 illustrates how the P" sensors can be

used in the home security system. ) P" sensor can be placed at a corner of the desired

room so that it can sense the motion of the intruder.

2?DEPT OF ECE-HITECH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY


28/40


CHAPTER 3

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

. $*$"


29/40


3.3 SAMPLE PROGRAMS

E@#*7l4 :

org @@h EE &tarting f The Program Crom @@h memory

bac(: mov P,Q66h EEMove 66h to Port

acall delay EE *all #elay Cunction

mov P,Q@))h EEMove 66h to Port

lcall delay EE *all #elay Cunction

sjmp bac(

delay: mov r6,Q@h

again: djnz r6,again EE +enerating delay

ret EE eturn f 0oop

end EE $nd f Program



30/40


CHAPTER 0

SOFTWARE DE?ELOPMENT AND CODING

0.1 I&%$o'/!%)o&:

"n this chapter the software used and the language in which the program code is

defined is mentioned and the program code dumping tools are eDplained. The chapter

also documents the development of the program for the application. This program has

been termed as =&ource codeA. %efore we loo( at the source code we define the two

header files that we have used in the code.

0.2 Tool8 U84':

F)(/$4 0.1 K4)l So%#$4- )&%4$l 8%#(48

;eil development tools for the 8@6 Microcontroller )rchitecture support

every level of software developer from the professional applications

0.3 C1 Co*7)l4$ A1 M#!$o A884*l4$:

&ource files are created by the R


31/40


The ;eil *6 *ompiler is a full )3&" implementation of the * programming

language that supports all standard features of the * language. "n addition, numerous

features for direct support of the 8@6 architecture have been added.

0.0 SOURCE CODE

. *lic( on the ;eil u


32/40


5. &elect )T85*6 as shown below

@. Then *lic( on =;A

. then *lic( either 1$& or 3SSSmostly =3A

2. 3ow your project is ready to /&$

. 3ow double clic( on the Target, you would get another option =&ource group

A as shown in neDt page.

9. *lic( on the file option from menu bar and select =newA

6. The neDt screen will be as shown in neDt page, and just maDimize it by double

clic(ing on its blue boarder.



33/40


>. 3ow start writing program in either in =*A or =)&MA

?. Cor a program written in )ssembly, then save it with eDtension =. asmA and

for =*A based program save it with eDtension = .*A

8. 3ow right clic( on &ource group and clic( on =A'' )l48 %o G$o/7 So/$!4A

5. 3ow you will get another window, on which by default =*A files will appear.

2@. 3ow select as per your file eDtension given while saving the file

2. *lic( only one time on option =ADDA

22. 3ow Press function (ey C? to compile. )ny error will appear if so happen.

2. if the file contains no error, then press *ontrolC6 simultaneously.

29. Then *lic( =;A



34/40


26. 3ow *lic( on the Peripherals from menu bar, and chec( your re'uired port as

shown in fig below

2>. #rag the port a side and clic( in the program file.

2?. 3ow (eep Pressing function (ey =CA slowly and observe.

28. 1ou are running your program successfully

R4/)$4*4&%8:

Clash Magic wor(s on any versions of indows, eDcept indows 56. @Mb of

dis( space is re'uired. )s mentioned earlier, we are automating two different routines in

our project and hence we used the method of polling to continuously monitor those tas(s

and act accordingly



35/40


0. CODING

QincludeUreg6.h

sbit lmfOPV9K

sbit lmbOPV6K

sbit rmfOPV>K

sbit rmbOPV?K

sbit %/LL$OPV9K

sbit P"OPV?K

void delay4unsigned int val7

W

unsigned int D,yK

for4DO@KDUvalKD7

for4yO@KyU>@@Ky7K

X

main47

W

PO@D@fK

lmfO@K

lmbO@KrmfO@K

rmbO@K

%/LL$O@K

while47

W

if4P"OO@7

W

%/LL$OK

lmfO@K

lmbO@K

rmfO@K

rmbO@K

X

if4P"OO7

W

%/LL$O@K



36/40


X

if4POO@D@?7 EECorward

W

lmfOK

rmfOKdelay42@@7K

lmfO@K

rmfO@K

X

if4POO@D@d7 EE%ac(ward

W

lmbOK

rmbOK

delay42@@7K

lmbO@K

rmbO@K

X

if4POO@D@e7 EE0eft

W

lmbOK

rmfOK

delay4@@7K

lmbO@K

rmfO@K

X

if4POO@D@b7 EEight

W

lmfOK

rmbOK

delay4@@7K

lmfO@K

rmbO@K

X

X

X



37/40


CONCLUSIONS

The project =!/M)3 #$T$*T"3 %TA has been successfully

designed and tested. "ntegrating features of all the hardware components used have

developed it. Presence of all reasoned out and placed carefully thus contributing to the

best wor(ing. The controller ma(es use of a P" based input sensor to sense the human

being and give us an alert indication. )lso use of a remote which is used to control the

robot.

!ence this project provides best solution for the human to detect

terroristEthief inside the building.



38/40


%"%"0+)P!1

1. .M"T$0.#)T)%;.*M

2. .)TM$0.#)T)%;.*M

3. .C)3;0"3.*M

0. .;$"0.*M

$C$$3*$&

. The 8@6 Microcontroller )rchitecture, Programming Y )pplications

%y ;enneth Z )yala.

2. The 8@6 Microcontroller Y $mbedded &ystems by Mohammed )li Mazidi and

Zanice +illispie Mazidi

. Power $lectronicsA by M # &ingh and ; % ;hanchandan

9. 0inear "ntegrated *ircuitsA by # oy *houdary Y &hail Zain

6. $lectrical MachinesA by & ; %hattacharya

>. $lectrical Machines ""A by % 0 Thereja

?. [email protected]



39/40




40/40

#igital

wireless live human detection robot project.doc

Documents