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TRANSCRIPT
ASTRI Proprietary
Wireless IoT Technologies and
Applications
- Near Field Communication
Bryce Yau
Manager, IC Design
6 May 2016
ASTRI Proprietary
• IOT and NFC
• NFC Introduction
• NFC Standards
• NFC Chip Manufactures and Users
• NFC Device Architecture
• NFC Forum Test
• NFC in Mobile Payment
• Summary
Outline
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IOT and NFC
The Internet of Things (IOT)
Physical objects (such as: devices, vehicles, building...), they are embedded with electronics, software, sensor and with network connectivity to collect and exchange data.
Enabling Technologies
RFID, NFC, Optical tags, Bluetooth low energy, ZigBee, Z-Wave, LTE-Advanced, WiFi-Direct
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• NFC technology builds on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) foundation.
• NFC forum, formed in 2004 by Nokia, Philips and Sony, promotes NFC and device compliance, 180+ members.
• Physical touch isn’t required to share information.
• Bringing two devices containing NFC chips together activates electromagnetic induction, similar to the way of proximity cards.
NFC – Introduction (1)
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• Devices exchange data over the unlicensed 13.56MHz radio spectrum, at the relatively slow data rate of up to 424Kbps.
• Distance less than 10cm and supports encryption.
• NFC forum defines three operation modes.
NFC – Introduction (2)
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NFC – History (1)
• 1983 The first patent to be
associated with the
abbreviation RFID was
granted to
Charles Walton
• 2000 ISO/IEC 14443-1
was published
• 2004 Nokia, Philips and Sony
established the
NFC Forum
"Portable radio frequency
emitting identifier"
U.S. Patent 4,384,288
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NFC – History (2)
• 2006 First NFC Phone
Nokia 6131
• 2010 First Android NFC Phone:
Samsung Nexus S
• 2011 First company for its devices
to be certified by MasterCard
Worldwide: RIM
• 2014 Apple Pay
Initial release, Oct 2014
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• Ease of use, security and versatility.
• It enables easy payments, information sharing, and data transfer.
• It can be easily integrated with public transit payment systems, retailers' POS, and healthcare systems.
NFC – Features
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NFC Forum and ISO
NFC Forum
• Developing standards-based specifications
• Encouraging the development of products using NFC Forum specifications
• Educating the market globally about NFC technology
• Ensuring that products claiming NFC capabilities comply with NFC Forum specifications
ISO
Proximity, near field and vicinity standards
– ISO/IEC 14443 (proximity contactless cards)
• Included as a base standard in Digital Protocol and Analogue specifications
– ISO/IEC 18092 – NFCIP-1• Included as a base standard in Digital
Protocol and Analogue specifications
– ISO/IEC 15693 – Vicinity• Out of scope of NFC Forum work
– ISO/IEC 21481 – NFCIP-2• Specifies the communication mode
selection mechanism
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ISO/IEC Identification cards- Contactless integrated
circuit cards – Proximity cards
14443-1 (2000) Physical characteristics
14443-2 Radio Frequency power and signal interface
14443-3 Initialization and anticollision
14443-4 Transmission protocol
ISO/IEC Telecommunications and information exchange
between systems – Near Field Communication
18092 (2004) Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol (NFCIP-1)
NFC Standards (1)
ISO/IEC Identification cards- Contactless integrated
circuit cards – Vicinity cards
15693 (2000) Read: 70cm, Authenticate: 50cm, Write: 35cm(max distance:1.5m, out of NFC forum scope)
ISO/IEC Telecommunications and information exchange
between systems – Near Field Communication
21481 (2005) Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol -2 (NFCIP- 2)
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NFC Standards (2)
Reader to Card (PCD > PICC) Type A Type B
Frequency 13.56 MHz 13.56 MHz
Modulation 100% ASK 10% ASK
Bit coding Modified Miller NRZ
Data rate 106 kb/s 106 kb/s
Card to Reader (PICC > PCD)
Modulation Load Load
Bit coding OOK BPSK
Subcarrier 847kHz 847kHZ
Bit coding Manchester NRZ
Data rate 106 kb/s 106 kb/s
The ISO 14443 standard has two modes with the following
features:
PICC: Proximity inductive coupling card (card, tag)PCD: Proximity coupling device (reader, writer)
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NFC Standards (3)
ISO/IEC18092
Communication modes: Active, Passive
Operation modes: Read/Write, Peer-to-peer,
Card-Emulation
Mode Operation
Read/Write NFC enabled devices can read or write data to any of the supported types in a standard NFC data format.
Card-Emulation NFC-enabled devices can act as a reader when in contact with tags, also it can act as a tag (contactless card) for other readers (POS terminals)
Peer-to-Peer Two NFC-enabled devices can exchange data.
Read/Write: Proximity coupling device (PCD)Card-Emulation: Proximity inductive coupling card (PICC, card, tag)Peer-to-Peer: NFC devices
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NFC Standards (4)
ISO/IEC 21481 (NFCIP-2)
Near Field Communication Interface and
Protocol -2
• Specifies the communication mode selection mechanism, designed to not disturb any ongoing communication at 13,56 MHz, for devices implementing ISO/IEC 18092 and the reader functionality for integrated circuit cards compliant to ISO/IEC 14443 or ISO/IEC 15693.
• This International Standard requires implementations to enter the selected communication mode as specified in the respectivestandard.
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NXP (Mifare)
Infineon
Sony (Felica)
ISO 14443 A
ISO 14443 B
Rejected
NFC Forum
NFC-A
NFC-B
NFC-F
Same frequency: 13.56MHz
NFC Forum and ISO
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The NFC Forum Certification Mark- It is the industry-facing mark.
- It is used to indicate that a hardware device has
been certified compliant with NFC Forum
specifications.
- Use of the NFC Forum Certification Mark is granted
only to NFC Forum member companies that have
successfully completed certification
The NFC Forum N-Mark - It is the consumer facing trademark.
- Anyone can use, as long as the tag or device meets the
applicable NFC Forum technical specifications, as
described in the N-Mark Trademark License Agreement.
- Touchpoint for NFC tags and NFC-enabled devices.
- Indicator of NFC functionality in software.
NFC Forum – The Standardization Body of NFC
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• Short-range (~ 10 cm), 13.56 MHz secure contactless technology
• Standardized in ISO 18092, ECMA and ETSI
• Compatible with existing ISO 14443 contactless cards & reader infrastructure
• Reader and card mode possible in same device
• Device-device connectivity
• Data exchange rate up to 424kbit/sec
NFC Technology at a Glance
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NFC – Major Chip Suppliers
Ranks No. 1 in chips for eGovernment applications such as electronic passports, No. 1 in transport and access management, and is No. 1 in RFID tags and labels
NXP (Netherlands)
Shipped out NFC chip since 2010.
$47.5 million purchased UK based company in 2010, announced its first NFC chip in Sep 2011 (40nm SOC). Combo chip with WiFi, Bluetooth, FM and NFC in 2013.
First combo wireless chips incorporation NFC, Bluetooth, WiFi. 2012.
Though the end of 2011, was one of only two providers of NFC chips to handset makers.
A major supplier of processor chips for smartphones, announced its first NFC chip in 2013
The world’s largest supplier of processor chips to smartphone makers, has entered the NFC market, expects to begin shipping a standalone NFC chip in volume to device makers by the third quarter of 2013.
Chip to include WiFi and NFC, to be shipped out during first half of 2013. (Marvell holds up to 85% WiFi chip market)
Announced at Mobile World Congress (MWC) 2013 in Barcelona, Spain, Samsung-Visa alliance to boost NFC payments adoption
STMicroelectronics(Switzerland)
Broadcom (US)
TI (US)
Inside Secure (France)
MediaTek (Taiwan)
Qualcomm (US)
Marvell (US)
Samsung (Korea)
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Apple – NXP chip
Samsung – NXP chip
Sony Ericsson – NXP chip, STMicroeletronics
Huawei – NXP chip
Nokia – NXP chip (Symbian based phones)
Google Nexus S – NXP chip
Motorola – NXP chip
RIM BlackBerry – Inside Secure chip
ZTE 中興中興中興中興– Inside Secure chip
Intel – Inside Secure chip + others
Nintendo Wii U – Broadcom
NTT DoCoMo – Sony Felica Chip
Hong Kong Octopus – Sony Felica Chip
China Unicom – Shanghai Fudan Microelectronics
Shanghai Simcon – Shanghai Fudan
Microelectronics
Google wallet over 200,000 merchants across the
United States.
NFC – Chip Users (1)NFC embedded phone
2013: 138 models
2016: 376 models
Acer, Alcatel, Apple, Asus, BlackBerry, C-Mii, Casio, Fujitsu, Google, HTC, Huawei,Kuoziro, Lenovo, LG, Megafon, Mobiwire, Motorola, Nokia, Orange, Panasonic, Pantech, Samsung, Sharp, Sonim, Sony, Toughshield, Turkcell, Vertu, Xolo, ZTEO
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NFC – Chip Users (2)Biometric Passport / E-Passport / Identification Card
For identification system such as facial recognition, fingerprint recognition and iris recognition. With ISO/IEC14443 standard, minimum of 32KB EEPROM. The comparison of biometric features is performed outside the passport chip.
NFC insideSince 2004: USA, Pakistan, Dominican, Belgium
Over 55 countries are using.
Hong Kong: 2007 China: 201221
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NFC – In Hong Kong
1997Octopus Card
2008Hang Seng Bank Enjoy card
2010AutoTAXI (Service was stopped)
Hong Kong Monetary Authority
”We will conduct a study of the development of an
interoperable NFC mobile payment platform to cater to
the emergence of NFC-enabled smartphones” Sep 2012.
2016Apple Pay(American Express only)
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Capacitor C1 and C2 are the antenna matching components.
Block diagram of standard NFC antenna topology 1
NFC Antenna – Matching in Board Design
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Impedance response
NFC Antenna – Matching
Card antenna•81x49mm rectangular center tapped•Similar to the size of octopus card•ISO/IEC14443 class 1 •Inductance = 3.7uH•Self resonance frequency = 21MHz
Medium size antenna•50x40mm rectangular center tapped•ISO/IEC14443 class3•Inductance = 3.3uH•Self resonance frequency = 26MHz
Coin antenna •25mm circular center tapped•Similar to the size of Metro token•ISO/IEC14443 class 6•Inductance = 2.2uH•Self resonance frequency = 37MHz
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NFC Device Architecture
Host/BasebandController
NFCController
Secure Element
Antenna
Structure of a NFC device
Host-Controller• Application Execution Environment
(AEE) • Controls UI, Communication and
peripheral devices (Phone OS)
NFC-Controller• Contactless Front-end (CLF) • Converter between HF signal and digital
data
Secure Element• Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) • Secure environment to execute and store
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NFC Forum Certification Process
Test Tool
Vendor
Certification
Test Lab
Certification
Application
Certification
Administrator
NFC Forum
Validation
Third Party
Product submission
Test results report
Validation request
Test tool approval
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Test tool
submission
Validation
results
Too
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Important RF tests
In active polling mode
• Carrier Frequency Accuracy• Power Level measurement• Waveform Characteristic measurement• Load modulation sensitivity• Threshold level test
In passive listening mode
• Load modulation measurement• Power reception test• Frame delay time
NFC Forum Test
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To ensure traceability and repeatability robot positioner is required
NFC Forum Test
Source: R&S NFC RF Measurements DUT Positioning
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Mobile Payment Growth Forecast
Juniper
Research
NFC payments to reach $95bn by 2018
The global value of NFC mobile and wearable payments is
expected to reach US$95bn annually by 2018, up from less than
$35bn last year
Juniper
Research
Mobile ticket purchases to hit 23bn by 2020
“With a number of transport agencies enhancing app capabilities
and integrating new payment services such as Apple Pay………”
the firm says.
MasterCard 38% of payments in Europe will be digital by 2020
co-operative Mobile payments will overtake cards and cash by 2025, says UK
retailer
Smart Insights Mobile wallet transactions to increase 61% by 2021
“The total mWallet revenue for the payments industry is
forecasted to experience a CAGR of 50% over the 2016-2021
period, surpassing the €1bn bar by 2021,” the firm adds.
NFC - Mobile Payment
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Source: Strategy Analytics
NFC - Mobile Payment
Strong global growth for NFC payments
2016: More than 100M people around the world will use an NFC handset to make a purchase.
December 2015: 3% was mobile payment(6 months after the launch of Apple Pay)
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NFC Technology Summary
Near Field Communication (NFC)• Communication technology
� Based on radio waves at 13.56 MHz frequency Short range (<= 10 cm theoretical, 1-4 cm typical)
� Low speed (106 / 212 / 424 kbps) => 13-50KBytes per sec � Low friction setup (no discovery, no pairing) � Setup-time < 0.1 Sec
• Communication roles
� Master Device: NFC Initiator (starts communication, typically a device)
� Slave Device: NFC Target (passive tag or device)
• Standardization
� NFC Forum (founded 2004 by NXP, Sony, Nokia) � 180+ members � Definition of standards (ISO14443,18092, 21481)
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End of PresentationThank you. Questions are welcome.
Corporate website: www.astri.org
Contact: Bryce [email protected](852) 3406-2652
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