wireless electrical power transmission using atmospheric conduction method

Wireless Electrical Power TransmissionUsing Atmospheric Conduction Method: A Proposal

An Undergraduate Thesis Proposal To

The Faculty of the College of EngineeringJose Rizal Memorial State University

The Premier University in Zamboanga del NorteMain Campus, Dapitan City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the CourseRES 32 (Research Methods) Leading to the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

Mark Anthony B. EnoyRaymonjean S. CanoyAngelie M. Moroscallo

Jaymar P. DelgueraFourth Christian H. Cagbabanua

March 2013

ii

Republic of the PhilippinesJose Rizal Memorial State University


APPROVAL SHEET

This research study entitled “Wireless Electrical Power Transmission Using

Atmospheric Conduction Method: a Proposal”, prepared and submitted by Mark Anthony B.

Enoy, Raymonjean S. Canoy, Angelie M. Moroscallo, Jaymar P. Delguera and Fourth Christian

H. Cagbabanua has been examined and recommended for oral examination.

ENGR. KARRLOU C. RODAAdviser

Approved by the Committee on oral Examination with a grade of _____.

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

ENGR. ELENO MONDIJARChairman

ENGR. KARRLOU C. RODA ED NEIL O. MARATASPanel Member Panel Member

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the course RES 32

(Research Methods) leading to the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering.

ENGR. QUILIANO E. LASCO, MATDean, College of Engineering

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CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that Mark Anthony B. Enoy, Raymonjean S. Canoy, Angelie M. Moroscallo,

Jaymar P. Delguera and Fourth Christian H. Cagbabanua are taking RES 32 (Research Methods)

for Degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering during the second semester, School

Year 2012 – 2013.

ED NEIL O. MARATASResearch Instructor

This research study entitled “Wireless Electrical Power Transmission Using

Atmospheric Conduction Method: a Proposal”, prepared and submitted by Mark Anthony B.


H. Cagbabanua has been examined and recommended for oral examination on March_, 2013.

ENGR. KARRLOU C. RODAResearch Adviser

iv



CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this thesis “Wireless Electrical Power Transmission Using

Atmospheric Conduction Method: a Proposal” prepared and submitted by Mark Anthony B.


H. Cagbabanua in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the course RES 32 (Research

Methods) leading to the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering has been

reviewed, edited and is recommend for approval.

KAREN J. MANCERAEnglish Critic

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ACCEPTANCE SHEET

This research study entitled “Wireless Electrical Power Transmission Using Atmospheric

Conduction Method: a Proposal”, prepared and submitted by Mark Anthony B. Enoy,

Raymonjean S. Canoy, Angelie M. Moroscallo, Jaymar P. Delguera and Fourth Christian H.

Cagbabanua in partial fulfillment of the requirements in RES 32 (Research Methods) is hereby

ACCEPTED.

ED NEIL O. MARATASResearch Coordinator, College of Arts and Sciences

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the course RES 32 (Research

Methods) leading to the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering.


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With such honor and pride, we express our heartfelt and warm thanks to those

momentous and significant persons in our lives who have given a large extent in the achievement

of this undertaking:

To our instructor in Research Methods, Mr. Ed Neil Maratas, for his patience and for his

valuable knowledge shared for us to be able to make this paper;

To Engr. Karrlou Roda and Engr. Eleno Mondijar who assisted us in developing our

research study and provided us pieces of advice , insights, information, recommendation and

ideas in making this work more successful;

To all the websites that we visited and had provided us the information for the study;

To our beloved parents, brothers and sisters, and relatives, who, despite of all the

adversity and odds in life, give their moral, spiritual and financial support;

To the author of different references that were utilized in the development of this research

study;

Above all, to our Almighty God in heaven who guides us always, enlightens our mind

and gives us strength and wisdom, to think of better ideas and gain clear understanding with

regards to the research study.

The Researchers

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DEDICATION

We would like to dedicate this tiresome work to our beloved parents, brothers and sisters,

and relatives, who gave their moral, spiritual and financial support to us. To our instructor in

this subject who has been very kind to us. To our friends and classmates who help us in the

difficulties that we had encountered in doing this work, and to our mentors who inspired us to

continue excavating our buried future and hope.

Also, we highly dedicate this work to our Alma mater, Jose Rizal Memorial State

University, the Premier State University in Zamboanga del Norte, Main Campus, Dapitan City,

which molded us to become holistic individuals.

Most especially, we dedicate this work to our Almighty God, who gave us His love,

wisdom and blessing in making this study.

The Researchers

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

TITLE PAGE i

APPROVAL SHEET ii

CERTIFICATION iii

CERTIFICATION iv

ACCEPTANCE SHEET v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi

DEDICATION vii

CHAPTER I

The Problem and Its Scope

Introduction 1

Conceptual Framework 3

The Schema of the Study 6

Statement of the problem 7

Significance of the Study 7

Scope and Limitation of the Study 7

Definition of Terms 8

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CHAPTER II

Research Methodology

Method Used 10

Project Development process 10

APPENDICES

A. Bibliography

B. Letter to the Dean

C. Letter to the Respondents

D. Curriculum Vitae

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 A Tesla Coil lighting up a fluorescent bulb wirelessly 5

Figure 2 The Schema of the Study 6

Figure 3 Block Diagram of a Tesla Coil 17

Figure 4 Typical Tesla Coil Schematic 18

Figure 5 Alternative Tesla Coil Configuration 18

Figure 6 Project Development Process of the Study 19

Figure 7 Tesla Coil with basic parts 20

Figure 8 Secondary and Primary Coils 20

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. ESTIMATED COST OF TESLA COIL 21

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Introduction

Nikola Tesla

“Invention is the most important product of man's creative brain. The ultimate purpose is

the complete mastery of mind over the material world, the harnessing of human nature to human

needs.” Nikola Tesla, My Inventions (10 July 1856 – 7 January 1943)

The simple but very valuable discovery of electrical power is considered one of the

greatest of all times. Every day we use electrical power to cook our food, power electronic

devices such as cell phones, computers, lights and refrigerators. It had become an integral part of

our daily lives and perhaps without it we feel we could not survive for less than a day or so. Its

discovery didn’t just open a window of light but a door of ideas for future generations. Its

undeniable importance and usefulness brought us to where we are today.

As years go on, people have developed certain systems which would improve the quality

of electrical power. Alternating current or direct current, the main aim is to increase the

efficiency and lower the cost of electricity. An important aspect of efficient electricity is its

transmission to the load. However one of the major issues in power system are the losses that

occur during the transmission and distribution of electrical power. As the demand increases day

by day, the power generation increases and the power loss is also increased. The percentage of

loss of power during transmission and distribution is approximated as 26%. The main reason for

power loss during transmission and distribution is the resistance of wires used for grid. The

efficiency of power transmission can be improved to certain level by using high strength

2

composite over head conductors and underground cables that use high temperature super

conductor. But, the transmission is still inefficient. According to the World Resources Institute

(WRI), India’s electricity grid has the highest transmission and distribution losses in the world –

a whopping 27%. Numbers published by various Indian government agencies put that number at

30%, 40% and greater than 40%. In the Philippines Electric power transmission and distribution

losses in Philippines was 12.11% as of 2009. Its highest value over the past 38 years was 19.16%

in 1987, while its lowest value was 1.70% in 1980. This is attributed to technical losses (grid’s

inefficiencies) and theft. Any problem can be solved by state–of-the-art technology. The above

discussed problem can be solved by choosing an alternative option for power transmission which

could provide much higher efficiency; low transmissions cost and avoid power theft.

In order to avoid these disadvantages, many engineers, scientist and inventors joined in

the ultimate search of achieving high quality power transmission using wireless technology. In

modern times the idea of wireless power transfer would also cancel out the inconvenience of

having too many wires sharing a limited amount of power sockets. Almost all people have the

same experience of lacking enough sockets for their electronic devices. Thus by creating a

wireless power transfer system, it would help clean up the clutter of wires around power sockets

making the space more tidy and organized. Among many methods of Wireless Electrical Power

Transmission (WEPT) such as resonant inductive coupling method, electrostatic induction

method, microwaves method, LASER method, one of the most promising, amazing and may be

the righteous alternative for efficient power transmission is using Atmospheric Conduction

method. With these, all the issues concerning power system losses will be avoided. And also in

the near future electrical devices would be more convenient to use because of its high portability

features.

3

Conceptual/Theoretical Framework

In the late 19th century, shortly after the introduction of AC power, Nikola Tesla ( an

inventor, electrical engineer, mechanical engineer, physicist, and futurist best known for his

contributions to the design of the modern alternating current (AC) electrical supply system and

often called the greatest US electrical engineer during his time) began the development of a

system for the global transmission of electrical energy without interconnecting wires. Nikola

Tesla devoted much effort to develop a system for transferring large amount of power over

considerable distance. His main goal was to bypass the electrical-wire grid, but for a number of

financial and technical difficulties, this project was never completed. His invention, however,

required large scale construction of 200 ft tall masts. He developed various methods that can be

used for his wireless power transmission and have been given great credits and patents for it.

Tesla preferred to use the passage of current through the atmosphere and other natural medium.

As shown in Figure 3b, After a Tesla Coil is powered up it charges the primary tank

capacitor C1. After it fully charges it discharges causing the spark gap to be ionized and fires.

The electric charge in C1 dumps into the L1, and then back into C1, and then back into L1. This

is called resonance. The primary tank capacitor (C1) and primary coil (L1) make up what is

called a resonator. They are changing an electric field (C1 = volts) into a magnetic field (L1 =

Gauss), and back again, at a rate (frequency) determined by the value of [(C1 capacitance) x (L1

inductance)]. The secondary coil (L2) picks up some energy from L1 each time L1charges up.

This process of transmitting energy from L1to L2 is known as resonant inductive coupling. The

output terminal or discharged terminal (C2) gets an electrical charge from L2 each time L2

discharges. L2 and C2 resonate at the frequency determined by [(L2) x (C2)]. The magic

happens when L1xC1=L2xC2, or both resonators resonate at the same rate (this is made to

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happen by adjusting the tap on L1). When both resonators are at the same rate, the energy in L2

builds by a little bit from L1 on each cycle. This is called resonant rise. The output terminal

voltage gets higher on each cycle, until the voltage gets too high to hold, and then shoots into the

air producing electrical arcs.

As shown in Figure 1, after discharging multiple amounts of electrical energy (in the

order of thousands of volts per inch) in the discharge terminal the Tesla coil creates a very strong

electric field causing the air around the terminal to break down into positive ions and electrons –

the air then becomes ionized. These ions are now separated and become farther apart than they

were in their original atomic structure. This separation gives electrons the freedom to move more

easily than they could before, making the air around the terminal an ionized air or plasma

making it a better conductive medium than before. These electrons have excellent mobility, and

since the air around the discharge terminal is ionized, electrical current is allowed to flow

through the ground just like lightning do and if a fluorescent light bulb is held near it, the Tesla

Coil pushes electrons through the light fluorescent bulb making it light up. This is the same way

lights in our houses work, except in our houses, electricity comes through a wire instead of

through the air.

Figure 2, The Schema of the Study on the next page illustrates the requirements in

building a Tesla coil for demonstrating wireless electrical power transmission.

The first table represents the relevant problem/input of the study, which are High cost of

wires today, Copper losses on the transmission and distribution of electrical power, High cost on

Grid maintenance and Danger of faulty wirings. These are the major reasons that challenge the

researchers to build a Tesla coil for demonstrating wireless electrical power transmission that in

the near future if develop would benefit the people and finally achieve a wire free world.

5

The second table represents the solution of the study, which is by building the Tesla coil

for demonstrating wireless electrical power transmission as an alternative way of transmitting

power to any load and avoids using man-made conductors. These are also the ideas used by the

researchers to acquire the desired result. The requirement is divided into two parts. First is the

project description which involves the data gathering, requirement analysis, and designing which

consist of the block diagram, Architectural layout and System preparation. On the other hand, the

system preparations divided into three parts namely hardware requirements, wiring, and system

procedure. These hardware materials are made by past inventors and collected to become one

system.

The third table represents the output of the study which is the Tesla coil. And the last

table presents the contribution and benefit of the study to the respondents. Through this project

proposal, Tesla coil can provide clear demonstration on wireless electrical power transmission

and maybe in the future would lead readers to new discoveries and inventions.

Figure.1 - A Tesla Coil lighting up a fluorescent bulb wirelessly

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Relevant Problem/input Increasing demand of

wireless technology High cost of wires

today Copper losses on the

transmission anddistribution of electricalpower

High cost on Gridmaintenance

Danger of faultywirings

Output

Tesla coil or electricalresonant transformer circuit

Figure 2. The Schema of the Study

Solution/ProcessPROJECT DESCRIPTION: Data gathering Requirement analysis Designing

Block diagram Architectural layout System Preparation- Hardware Requirements- Wiring- System procedure

Hardware Requirements: Larger number of Magnetic wire for

Primary Coil winding Smaller number of Magnetic wire for

secondary coil winding Transformer:

- NST (Neon SignTransformers) or

- MOT (Microwave ovenTransformer)

High voltage Capacitors PVC Pipe Aluminum Toroid (Top Load) Spark Gap Miscellaneous Parts (like wire, casing

etc.)

Contribution/ benefits May result in lower

cost on wires asconductors

May eliminate copperlosses on thetransmission anddistribution ofelectrical power

low cost on powerGrid maintenance

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Statement of the Problem

The objective of this research is to provide and illustrate an alternative way on Wireless

Electrical Power Transmission which is using Atmospheric Conduction method which would

help in the future development of wireless power transmission.

This study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What is atmospheric conduction method?

2. What is a Tesla coil and how does it work?

3. How can atmospheric conduction method which is demonstrated by a Tesla coil

transmit electrical power without any wires or conductors to a load?

4. What are the principles that govern the operation of a Tesla coil?

5. How to build a Tesla coil?

6. What are the possible usages of wireless electrical power transmission using

Atmospheric Conduction method in the future?

Significance of the study

The study of WEPT is beneficial to aspiring engineers and inventor who in the near

future will enhance and improve this research about WEPT into a more useful way as to reduce

cost on wires as conductors, decrease losses on the transmission and distribution of electrical

power and lower the cost on Grid maintenance.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study will be conducted in Jose Rizal Memorial State University, Main Campus,

Dapitan City during school year 2012-2013.

The Tesla Coil limits its function in ionizing air with respect to its power supply, which

means that the area it can ionize depends upon the power and voltage it takes to operate.

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Definition of Terms

The following terms are organized for further understanding.

Wireless power transmission - is the transmission of electrical energy from a power source to

an electrical load without man-made conductors. Wireless transmission is useful in cases where

interconnecting wires are inconvenient, hazardous, or impossible.

Atmospheric Conduction Method – is a wireless power transmission method wherein the

atmosphere is being used as the transmission medium by ionizing it.

Tesla coil - is an electrical resonant transformer circuit invented by Nikola Tesla around 1891. It

is used to produce high-voltage, low-current, high frequency - alternating-current electricity. The

most common form of wireless power transmission is carried out using direct induction followed

by resonant magnetic induction.

Electromagnetic induction- is the production of a potential difference (voltage) across

a conductor when it is exposed to a varying magnetic field.

Resonant inductive coupling - is the near field wireless transmission of electrical

energy between two coils that are tuned to resonate at the same frequency. The equipment to do

this is sometimes called a resonant or resonance transformer.

Circuit Breaker- is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical

circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit.

Capacitor- is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy in an electric

field. The ability of an object to hold an electrical charge is known as Capacitance.

Electrical ballast is a device intended to limit the amount of current in an electric circuit. Ballast

provides a positive resistance or reactance that limits the current. The ballast provides for the

proper operation of the negative-resistance device by limiting current.

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NST (Neon Sign Transformers) - is a transformer made for the purpose of powering a neon

sign. They convert line voltage from the 120-347 V range up to high voltages, usually in the

range of 2 to 15 kV. Most of these transformers generate between 30-120 mA.

NST (Neon Sign Transformers) MOT (Microwave oven Transformer)

MOT (Microwave oven Transformer) - High power transformer found in a microwave oven

that steps up wall voltage to around 2 kV AC, at power usually between 900 W and 1700 W.

Spark gap - is basically a high power switch that consists of an arrangement of

two conductor separated by a gap.

Magnet wire or enameled wire- is a copper or aluminum wire coated with a very thin layer

of insulation. It is used in the construction of transformers, inductors, motors, speakers, hard disk

head actuators, potentiometers, electromagnets, and other applications which require tight coils

of wire.

Resonant frequency - is a natural frequency of vibration determined by the physical parameters

of the vibrating object. Frequencies at which the response amplitude is a relative maximum, even

small periodic driving forces can produce large amplitude oscillations, because the system

stores vibrational energy.

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CHAPTER 2

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methodology of the study. This involves the discussion of the

research methods, factors that contribute to the development of the project, which consist the

project development process.

Research Method

This study will adopt the constructive method, the most common engineering research

method. This involves evaluating the “construction” being developed analytically against some

predefined criteria of performing some benchmark tests with the prototype. Construct refers to

the new contributions being developed. This type of approach demands a form of validation that

does not need to be quite as empirically based as in the other type of research like exploratory

research.

Project Development Process

This process includes different steps that can vary depending on the preconditions.

During the study the developer will have to decide after each step if it is worth to continue or it is

better to end the project at an early stage.

Data Gathering. In order to gather more data and information about the wireless electrical

power transmission, researchers made a research with the different studies of wireless electrical

power transmission in the internet and conducted and sought additional information and ideas

from the instructors and personnel of the institution which can help in developing the system.

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Requirements Analysis. After getting all the requirements, the researcher analyzed all the

requirements and the possible outcomes of the proposed system, and then proceeds on the

implementation of the system.

Designing. It involves the preparation of the abstract representation of the system. It is

concerned in making the architectural layout and the system preparation to meet the

requirements. Figure 7 shows a Tesla coil with its basic parts.

System Preparation. This involves the preparation of the abstract representation of the

system.

A. Hardware Requirements

Larger number of Magnetic wire for Primary winding

Smaller number of Magnetic wire for Secondary winding

Transformer: power supply of the Tesla coil

- NST (Neon Sign Transformers) or MOT (Microwave oven Transformer)

High voltage Capacitors

PVC Pipe

Aluminum Toroid (Top Load)

Spark Gap

Miscellaneous Parts (like wire, casing etc.)

B. Wiring

These steps involve the wiring connection of the proposed Tesla coil for wireless power

transmission as shown in figure 2.

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C. System Procedure

To build a Tesla Coil follow the general schematic diagram shown in figure 4.In our case

we use the alternative Tesla coil Circuit configuration shown in figure 5. The single phase power

source is connected to a double pull double throw switch that will serve as the main switch (not

shown in the diagram) and then connected into a high voltage Transformer preferably a

Microwave oven Transformer (MOT) in order to achieve a step-up voltage of over 2000V AC to

power our Tesla Coil. A capacitor tank is then connected parallel to the transformer. In series

with the transformer is the Spark Gap then the primary coil then all the way around. Now to start

the secondary resonant circuit, make the secondary coil by winding a reasonable size of wire

around a PVC pipe and evenly insulating it with a clear gloss polyurethane varnish. Connect the

other end directly to the ground while the other end to the toroid shape discharge terminal. The

secondary is then placed in the middle part of the primary coil as shown in figure 8. Tesla Coil

construction softwares are available in the internet as guide for the construction of Tesla coil.

(Example: Tesla Cad).

There are many things to consider in building a Tesla coil as shown in figure 1. The

factors to consider are as follows:

1. Safety.

Safety should be your first concern in dealing with electrical related activities. You

should follow the local electrical code in every work you do. That being said, some

typical wire sizes, overload, and short circuit protection methods must be observed before

you get started. Also, the metal case of the transformer should be grounded properly. This

safety ground normally does not conduct any electricity. It is present in case a current

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carrying conductor accidentally touches the metal case. This provides a low resistance

path for the electricity to flow instead of going through your body to earth ground. In a

Tesla coil, such high voltages are very dangerous, but the Tesla coil makes very high

frequency electricity. This means the coil turns on and off very quickly so the electricity

flows on the outside of your skin instead of through your body.

2. Selecting the High voltage transformer.

Selecting the high voltage transformer is the first step. Basically you can choose which of

the schematic diagrams that you should follow. If figure 4 is used, this design is favored

when a relatively fragile Neon Sign Transformer (NST) usually in the range of 2 to 15 kV

at 8-120 mA is used because NST are specially designed to take short circuits. Otherwise

if figure 5 is used, a core type high voltage transformer should have at least 2000 volt

which is commonly found in microwave ovens should be used in the system. A current

limiter such as ballast would be best to use. This transformer must be capable of

withstanding high voltages at high frequencies. You can add a voltage doubler or

multiplier to achieve higher voltage output.

3. Primary Capacitors/ Tank capacitors

The Primary Capacitors / tank capacitor used in a Tesla Coil primary circuit is exposed to

possibly the most severe conditions that any capacitor is expected to withstand. It

receives and stores the electrical charges from the power supply. A typical tank capacitor

will be charged to maybe 2000V- 20kV in a few milliseconds, and then fully discharged

into a few feet of copper tube in a few microseconds. This gives rise to incredibly high

peak currents, rapid voltage reversals, and high dielectric stress. The whole process

repeats over and over again several hundred times per second.

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4. Spark Gap

Is responsible for initiating the discharge of the tank capacitor into the primary winding

of the Tesla Coil. It turns-on when sufficient voltage exists across the spark gap. The air

in the gap ionizes and begins to conduct electricity like a closed switch. The spark gap

turns-off when the current flowing through it drops to a low level, and the air gap regains

its insulating properties.

5. Primary Coil Winding

The primary coil is used with the primary capacitor to create the primary LC circuit. The

primary coil is also responsible for transferring power to the secondary coil. It accepts the

dump electrical charges from the Primary Capacitor. It has lesser number of turns

compared to the secondary coil but larger gauge in terms of wire size. The wire that is

commonly used in this winding is 5mm dia. multi stranded copper cable

6. Secondary Coil Winding

The secondary coil is responsible for generating the very

high voltages and must be constructed with care in order to

avoid failures. The coil can be split into four functional

areas, the form, the wire, the insulation and the connections.

It accepts dump electrical energies from the Primary coil

winding. The wire that is commonly used in this winding is a

lot smaller compared to the primary winding usually AWG # 18 and above, however with

more number of turns. The secondary coil should generally have at least 400 turns of

magnetic wire. The secondary coil is usually wound into a PVC pipe. PVC is ideal

15

because they are good electrical insulators. As well as being a good insulator it is

preferable that the material's DF (dissipation factor) is low.

7. Top Load / Discharge Terminal

Act as the output terminal for the streamer discharges, and a capacitive load for the

secondary coil. It also acts as a capacitor in the secondary circuit. Usually it is in toroid or

spherical shape made up of aluminum. A sphere will have evenly distributed field

strength over its entire surface while with a toroid; the field strength will increase around

its radius. The arcs will break out where field strength is greatest.

8. PVC Pipe

It is where you will wind your Secondary coil. As the name implies made up of polyvinyl

chloride (PVC) that is commonly used for plumbing purposes.

9. Size of the wire

It is very important to choose the wire size based on the voltage and current that will flow

in the wire. Wire should also be very well insulated to avoid further accidents to happen.

Secondary Coil Form Dimensions

Form Diameter Aspect Ratio Coil length

3 inches 6 to 1 18 inches




Power vs. Secondary Diameter

Power Range Secondary Diameter

less than 500W 3 to 4 inch

500W to 1500W 4 to 6 inch

1500W to 3KW 6 to 10 inch

3KW and above 10 inch and above

16

10. Computations

Resonant Circuit Formula

F = frequency in hertzL = inductance in henrysC = capacitance in farads

Helical CoilLh = (N x R)^2 / (9 x R + 10 x H)Where:Lh = Inductance in micro-HenriesN = number of turnsR = Radius in inches

H=Height in inc

Flat spiralLf = (N x R)^2 / (8 x R + 11 x W)Where:Lf = Inductance in micro-HenryN = number of turnsR = Average radius in inches

W = Width in inches

Toroid Capacitance

C = capacitance in picofaradsD1 = outside diameter of toroid in inchesD2 = diameter of cross section of toroid ininches

Vpk =Vin * sqrt( sqrt (Ls/Cs) / sqrt(Lp/Cp) )Vo = Vp SQRT(Ls/Lp)

Secondary Coil Dimensions

T = AH

L = length of wire in feetD = outer diameter of coil form in inchesH = height of windings in inchesA = number of turns per inchT = total number of turnsB = thickness of wire in inches

17

Figure 3. Block Diagram of a Tesla Coil

AC PowerHigh VoltageStep-upTransformer

Spark Gap

PrimaryCapacitor

PrimaryWinding

SecondaryWinding

Top-load or dischargeterminal

Electricaldischarges

18

Figure 3 on the preceding page represents the block diagram of a Tesla coil. The first

box represents the main AC electrical power source which will be the source our primary

voltage. The second box is the High Voltage Low Current Step-up Transformer which is

responsible of stepping up the voltage from low transmission line to be used as power supply to

the Tesla coil.

Figure 4.Typical Tesla Coil Schematic

This example circuit is designed to be driven by alternating currents. Here the spark gap

shorts the high frequency across the first transformer. An inductance, not shown, protects the

transformer. This design is favored when a relatively fragile Neon Sign Transformer (NST) is

used.

Figure 5.Alternative Tesla Coil Configuration

This circuit also is driven by alternating current. However, here the AC supply transformer must

be capable of withstanding high voltages at high frequencies.

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DataGathering

RequirementAnalysis

Designing

Figure 6. Project Development Process of the Study

Verify

20

Figure 6 on the preceding page shows the project development process of the study. It

represents the step by step process to make the desired study possible. It starts with data

gathering wherein all the necessary data or equipment needed in the study is being realized to

make the desired output possible. Then it is verified and goes back to data gathering. It will then

be followed by requirements analysis on the next oval shape object wherein the researchers

analyze all the requirements as well as the possible outcome of the study and then verify it again.

Next is to go back to the requirements analysis before going to the final stage which is designing.

It involves the preparation of the abstract representation of the system. It is concerned in making

the architectural layout and station preparation to meet the requirements and then verifying if

indeed it meets the said requirements.

Figure 8 - Secondary and Primary CoilsFigure 7 - Tesla Coil with basic parts

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Table 1. ESTIMATED COST OF TESLA COIL CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

HARDWARE TOTAL COST

Magnetic wire for Primary Coil winding P400Magnetic wire for secondary coil winding P200Transformer P5,000High voltage Capacitors P500

PVC Pipe P100Aluminum Toroid (Top Load) P100

Spark Gap P100Electrical Ballast P200Miscellaneous Parts (like wire, casing etc.) P500TOTAL ESTIMATED COST P7,100

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Appendix A

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Websites:

http://www.classictesla.com/FormulasForTeslaCoils.pdf

http://deepfriedneon.com/tesla_frame6.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_power

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla

http://www.teslaradio.com/pages/wireless_102.htm

http://www.teslaradio.com/pages/tesla.htm

http://www.teslacoildesign.com/

http://www.luolamies.org/tesla/

http://www.teslaboys.com/Tesla05/T05Power/index.html

http://pesn.com/2011/04/29/9501818_Tesla_Coils_for_Dummies/

http://deepfriedneon.com/tesla_frame11.html

http://amasci.com/tesla/tc.html

http://deepfriedneon.com/tesla_wiring.html

http://teslacoils4christ.org/TCFormulas/TCFormulas.html

http://www.kronjaeger.com/hv/hv/src/mot/index.html

http://www.hvtesla.com/nst.html

http://www.luolamies.org/tesla/

www.yahoomail.com

www.skydrive.com

www.google.com

23

Appendix B



LETTER TO THE DEANMarch 19, 2013

ENGR. QUILIANO E. LASCOCOE DeanThis Institution

Sir:

Greetings!The undersigned are the fourth year Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering studentspresently enrolled in the subject RES 32, Research Method of College of Engineering. One ofthe requirements in this course is to come up with the research study. Ours is entitled “WirelessElectrical Power Transmission Using Atmospheric Conduction Method: a Proposal”.

In this connection, we are requesting your good office to allow us to conduct a research studyand to distribute questionnaires to the college instructors and students as our respondents.

We are hoping for your favorable action and response to this request of approval.

Very truly yours,

The Researchers

Noted by:


Approved/ Disapproved:


24

Appendix CRepublic of the Philippines

Jose Rizal Memorial State UniversityThe Premier University in Zamboanga del Norte

Main Campus, Dapitan City

LETTER TO THE RESPONDENTSMarch 19, 2013

Dear Respondents,

The undersigned and his members are fourth year Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineeringwho are conducting a research proposal entitled “Wireless Electrical Power TransmissionUsing Atmospheric Conduction Method: a Proposal” of Jose Rizal Memorial StateUniversity, The Premier State University in Zamboanga del Norte, Main Campus, Dapitan City.

In this regard, your consideration and cooperation answering our research questionnairetruthfully will be of great help.

In behalf of the group, I am hoping for your favorable action and response to this request.

Sincerely yours,

Mark Anthony B. EnoyGroup Leader

Noted by:


25

Curriculum Vitae

NAME : Mark Anthony B. EnoyADDRESS : Sicayab, Dipolog CityDATE OF BIRTH: September 8, 1992PLACE OF BIRTH : Dapitan CityCIVIL STATUS : SingleAGE : 20GENDER : MaleCITIZENSHIP: Filipino

PARENTS :

FATHER : Crisanto S. EnoyMOTHER : Victoria B. Enoy

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

SCHOOL LEVEL NAME OF SCHOOL YEAR GRADUATED

ELEMENTARY Dipolog Pilot Demonstration School 2005

SECONDARY Sicayab National High School 2009

TERTIARY Jose Rizal Memorial State UniversityBachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

I hereby declare that this curriculum vita has been accomplished by me and the aboveinformation is certified true and correct.

MARK ANTHONY B. ENOYName and Signature

26

Curriculum Vitae

NAME : Jaymar P. DelgueraADDRESS : Siay Zamboanga SibugayDATE OF BIRTH: September 24, 1992PLACE OF BIRTH : Siay Zamboanga SibugayCIVIL STATUS : SingleAGE : 20GENDER : MaleCITIZENSHIP: Filipino

PARENTS :

FATHER :MOTHER : Violeta P. Delguera



ELEMENTARY: Siay Central Elementary School 2005

SECONDARY : Siay National High School 2009

TERTIARY: Jose Rizal Memorial State UniversityBachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering


JAYMAR P. DELGUERAName and Signature

27

Curriculum Vitae

NAME : Angelie M. MoroscalloADDRESS : Olingan, Dipolog CityDATE OF BIRTH: May 8, 1993PLACE OF BIRTH : Olingan, Dipolog CityCIVIL STATUS : SingleAGE : 19GENDER : FemaleCITIZENSHIP: Filipino

PARENTS :

FATHER : Arcadio S. Moroscallo Jr.MOTHER : Antonieta M. Moroscallo



ELEMENTARY: Olingan South Elementary School 2005

SECONDARY : Alberto Q. Ubay Memorial Agro-Tech 2009Science High School



ANGELIE M. MOROSCALLOName and Signature

28

Curriculum Vitae

NAME : Raymonjean S. CanoyADDRESS : Jose Dalman,Z.NDATE OF BIRTH: May 12,1991PLACE OF BIRTH : Jose Dalman,Z.NCIVIL STATUS : SingleAGE : 21GENDER : MaleCITIZENSHIP: Filipino

PARENTSFATHER : Edmond Z. CanoyMOTHER : Rosemarie S. Canoy



ELEMENTARY : Siparok Elementary School 2004

SECONDARY : BAMNHS 2008



RAYMONJEAN S. CANOYName and Signature

29

Curriculum Vitae

NAME : Fourth Christian H. CagbabanuaADDRESS : Cawa-cawa DapitanDATE OF BIRTH: December 26, 1991PLACE OF BIRTH : Cawa-cawa DapitanCIVIL STATUS : SingleAGE : 21GENDER : MaleCITIZENSHIP: Filipino

PARENTSFATHER : Ananias G. CagbabanuaMOTHER : Bernadita H. Cagbabanua



ELEMENTARY : Dapitan Central School 2004

SECONDARY : RMI Dapitan 2008



FOURTH CHRISTIAN H. CAGBABANUAName and Signature

wireless electrical power transmission using atmospheric conduction method

Self Improvement