windows to universe (multiverse) - yerevan physics institute · infinite multiverse? ... today an...

Windows to Universe (Multiverse)

The Standard Model Over the last ~100 years: The combination of Quantum Field Theory and discovery of many particles has led to

• The Standard Model of Particle Physics

– With a new “Periodic Table” of fundamental elements

Mat

ter

par

ticl

es Fo

rce p

articles

One of the greatest achievements of 20th

Century Science

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llm

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Hh

HhHmHLqq

qql

l

W

HH )()2)(cos2

1(

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J. Varela, Para além do bosão de Higgs, 2014

2

Gravity Weak

force

Electromagnetic

force

Strong

force

Strength: 10-40 10-2 1 10-6

Planets,

stars,

galaxies

Radioactive

decays Atoms, molecules,

electromagnetic

waves

Atomic

nuclei

Distances 106 - 1026 10-6 - 10-10 10-14 - 10-15 <10-18 m Telescope Microscope Accelerator

Electron

microscope

Fundamental forces


3

In the SM the Higgs mass is a huge problem: The calculation of the Higgs mass results in a sum of many terms

Each term can be as large as the Plank scale (1019 GeV)

Terms can be positive or negative, and may cancel if the constants of nature involved (masses of all other particles) allow it

Miraculous cancelations are needed to keep the Higgs mass ~ 125 GeV

Higgs and hierarchy problem

This is known as the hierarchy problem


4

There are three "sets" of quark pairs and lepton pairs, called generations.

The generations increase in mass.

Higher generation particles decay into lower generation particles.

We do not know why there are three generations.

We do not have an explanation for the observed mass pattern

Three generations

Every-day world


5

Dark matter and energy

What is the Universe made of? Stars and other visible matter account for 0.4%. Intergalactic gas is 3.6%. What is the dark stuff which accounts for 96% of the Universe? Nobody knows. It is one of the greatest mysteries of science


6

The dark matter problem


7

The Universe expansion is accelerating In 1998, two groups used distant Supernovae to measure the expansion rate of the universe. (Supernova Cosmology Project and High-z Supernova Team)

They got the same result: The Universe expansion is accelerating Some form of energy (dark energy) fills space


8

9

Constants in

a

Constantly

Changing

Cosmos

10

Natural Constants Constant Symbol Value (approximate)

archimedes' constant π 3.1415926535897932385...

natural logarithmic base e 2.718281828...

golden mean Φ 1.618033989...

ramanujan-soldner constant μ 1.4513692349...

speed of light in a vacuum c 2.99792458 × 10 8 ms -1

gravitational constant G 6.67259... × 10 -11 m 3 s -2 kg

universal gas constant R 8.314510... Jmol -1 K

avogadro constant N A 6.0221367... × 10 23 mol -1

boltzmann constant k 1.380658... × 10 -23 JK -1

stefan-boltzmann constant σ 5.67051... × 10 -8 Wm -2 K 4

molar volume of ideal gas at STP V m 2.241409... × 10 -2 m 3 mol -1

permittivity constant ε 0 8.85418781762 × 10 -12 Fm -1

permeability constant μ 0 1.25663706143 × 10 -6 Hm -1

elementary charge e 1.60217733... × 10 -19 C

plank constant h 6.6260755... × 10 -34 Js

electron mass m e 9.1093897... × 10 -31 kg

proton mass m p 1.6726231... × 10 -27 kg

11

More Natural Constants

Constant Symbol Value (approximate)

ratio of proton mass to electron mass m p /m e 1836.152701...

electron charge-to-mass ratio e/m e 1.75881961... × 10 11 Ckg -1

neutron mass m n 1.6749286... × 10 -27 kg

muon mass m μ 1.8835326... × 10 -28 kg

electron magnetic moment μ e 9.2847701... × 10 -24 JT -1

proton magnetic moment μ p 1.41060761... × 10 -26 JT -1

bohr magneton μ B 9.2740154... × 10 -24 JT -1

nuclear magneton μ N 5.0507866... × 10 -27 JT -1

bohr radius r B 5.29177249... × 10 -11 m

rydberg constant R 1.0973731534... × 10 7 m -1

electron compton wavelength λ C 2.42631058... × 10 -12 m

magnetic flux quantum Φ 0 2.06783461... × 10 -15 Wb

fine-structure constant α 7.29735308... × 10 -3

classical electron radius r e 2.81794092... × 10 -15 m

electron magnetic moment in bohr magnetons μ e /μ B 1.001159652193...

proton magnetic moment in nuclear magnetons μ p /μ N 2.792847386...

faraday constant F 96485.309... Cmol -1

The grey band is the confidence interval of the world mean of the respective years. The error bar of the new value (red square) is hidden by the symbol.

History of electron mass measurements

13

Amazing Constants

Consider some of the physical constants

• Why are there so many natural constants? Why do they assume the values they have?

• Not invented by men, but are there in the natural order and discovered by men – Consider the mathematical beauty in them

– Consider the diverse areas they appear in

– Consider the intelligence

– Consider the chaos if they changed

14

Fine tuning

• Ratio of gravity to the weak nuclear force has to be adjusted to the precision of one part in 10100 for the cosmos not to suffer swift collapse or explosion.

• The sun's luminescence would fall sharply, and hence too cold, were electromagnetism very slightly stronger (Brandon Carter)

• Changes either in electromagnetism or in gravity “by only one part in 1040 would spell catastrophe for stars like the sun.” (Paul Davies)

15

Fine tuning

• Were gravity ten times less strong, it would be doubtful whether stars and planets could form (R Bruer, 1983)

• If the neutron-proton mass difference were not about twice the mass of the electron, elements would not exist (Stephen Hawking)

• An electron-proton charge difference of more than one part in ten billion would mean that no solid bodies could weigh above one gram. (Rozental)

16

Fine tuning

• Atoms could not exist if the electromagnetic constant were not just a small fraction (Barrow & Tipler)

• If the electric charge of the electron had been only slightly different, stars would have been unable to burn hydrogen and helium, or else they would not have exploded (Stephen Hawking)

• The “fortuitous positioning of nuclear resonance levels in carbon and oxygen” (Fred Hoyle)

17

Fine tuning

• Formation of carbon - another vital element for life - also due to astonishing coincidence

– If ratio of strong nuclear force to electromagnetism were just slightly off, its synthesis in an extremely short window of 10-17 seconds would be impossible

The list goes on . . . . literally endlessly!

No universe today if any of these varied.

18

A Delicate Balance

• Facts and observations supporting the Anthropic Principle

– Fine-tuned parameters in the universe that support life cannot have occurred by random – Intelligent design

– Who and when determined their fine-tuned values? Who is now holding these values absolutely constant to sustain the universe? Infinite multiverse?

– Are we Boltzmann brains?

– We have to understand “physical” infinity!

Anthropic Principle

The anthropic principle (Gr. Anthropos, “human being”) states that the universe was fitted from the very first moment of its existence for the emergence of life in general and human life in particular.

For if there were even the slightest variation at the moment of the big bang, making conditions different, even to a small degree, no life of any kind would exist. In order for life to be present today an incredibly restrictive set of demands must have been present in the early universe-and they were.

Ludwig Boltzmann (1844-1906), austrian physicist: are we Boltzmann

brains?

Infinitely improbable do not mean impossible! The second law of thermodynamics is only a statistical fact.

• To quote Planck, "The logarithmic connection between entropy and probability was first stated by L. Boltzmann in his kinetic theory of gases”. This famous formula for entropy S is

• S = kB ln W , • where kB is Boltzmann's constant, W is Wahrscheinlichkeit, a German word

meaning the frequency of occurrence of a macrostate or, more precisely, the number of possible microstates corresponding to the macroscopic state of a system — number of (unobservable) "ways" in the (observable) thermodynamic state of a system can be realized by assigning different positions and momenta to the various molecules. Boltzmann's paradigm was an ideal gas of N identical particles, of which Ni are in the i-th microscopic condition (range) of position and momentum. W can be counted using the formula for permutations

• • where i ranges over all possible molecular conditions. The "correction" in the

denominator is because identical particles in the same condition are indistinguishable.

• A dynamically ordered state, one with molecules moving "at the same speed and in the same direction", Boltzmann concluded, is thus "the most improbable case conceivable...an infinitely improbable configuration of energy."

W = N!1

Ni!i

Õ

Big Bang

Earth

Inflationary theory tells us that this cosmic fire was created not at the time t

= 0, but after inflation. If we look beyond the circle of fire surrounding us,

we will see enormously large empty space filled only by a scalar field.

Big Bang

Inflation

If we look there very carefully, we will see small perturbations of space, which

are responsible for galaxy formation. And if we look even further, we will see

how new parts of inflationary universe are created by quantum fluctuations.

Problem: Eternal inflation creates infinitely many different

parts of the universe, so we must compare infinities

What is so special about our world?

Inflationary Multiverse; Self-reproducing Universe with two scalar

fields

Modern physics: something from nothing! Entropy did not increase!

• Vacuum with scalar fields is forever and generates infinity of universes among which is ours, the same do the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics (every possible outcome of every event exists in its own "history" or "world”);

• But when and how physical constants are fixed? And why we observe such a large degree of organization in the Universe?

• Anthropic principle explains unique set of physics constants supporting life: Universe is observed to be in a highly improbable non-equilibrium state, however, only when such states randomly occur can brains exist to be aware of the Universe.

• Are we Boltzmann brains, self-aware entities emerging a result of a random fluctuation in the infinite multiverse, rather than product of evolution?

• Physical infinity vs Mathematical infinity; • Information vs increasing Entrophy.

Cosmic Ray Physics Measurements, models, physical

inference • Man made and natural particle accelerators • Windows to Universe; • High energy processes in atmosphere –CR • Sources of Cosmic rays in Universe, Galaxy Sun

and atmosphere ; • Presentation of the measurements: Histograms, Time series, Scatter plots, Spectra; • Measurement errors; Error bars – for each

measurement! • Particle detectors; scintillators, photomultipliers; • Electronic signals, coincidences.

scintillator 1 pulses

scintillator 2 pulses

these two overlapping hits make a trigger pulse

Time

axis 1

μsec

logical

AND

Phototube +

discriminator

Coincidences techniques

So what is really recorded in physical experiments? A pulse and nothing but a pulse!

1. The count rate: in second, minute, week

2. The amplitude: Energy spectra, trigger of EAS arrays

3. The time : to measure angle of accidence of shower

All physics is reconstructed from the above basic data!

ALERT with STAND3 DETECTOR – 8 CHANNELS

1 Layer Middle layer 2 middle layer Bottom 1000 – low energy 1100 1110 1111 - muons

All 8 channels of STAND3 detector – count rate rather stable – now indoor

4-layered STAND3 detector registering large TGE-minute time series

The Normal Distribution: as mathematical function (pdf)

2)(2

1

2

1)(

x

exf

Note constants:

=3.14159

e=2.71828

This is a bell shaped curve with different centers and spreads depending on and

Chance probability: probability to a random minute count

rate to be larger than 3σ (or 3 for standard distribution)

68% of

the data

95% of the data

99.7% of the data

1

s 2p·e

-1

2(x-m

s)2

dxm+3s

inf

ò = 0.003 / 2

0.0015*1224= 1.536 i.e. 1.5 events in a day!

TGE importance percents: % = Ni-Mean/Mean

TGE importance in number of sigmas: Nσ = Ni-Mean/σ

We have to wait 5*1080 years to get 1 event above 10σ; For generation of a Gaussian random variable fastest supercomputer need 10-15 sec. In year this computer can generate 3*1022 random numbers. So to get one number above 10σ we need~ 1058 years, the age of Universe is ~ 1.4*1010 years

Estimate of the total number of fundamental particles in the observable universe is ~1085

Official Thunderstorm Ground Enhancement (TGE) alert issued by Aragats Space Environmental Center (ASEC), Cosmic Ray Division (CRD) of Yerevan Physics Institute

(YerPhI), Armenia

TGE OUTLOOK 4 2015-01-17 22:09:00 UTC (2.474) sigmas amplitude TGE was detected by (STAND3, #1, Upper); Number of additional particles (443); % of enhancement (1.400); (3.448) sigmas amplitude TGE was detected by (STAND3, #2, Middle); Number of additional particles (555); % of enhancement (1.900); (1.438) sigmas amplitude TGE was detected by (STAND3, #3, Middle); Number of additional particles (231); % of enhancement (0.900); (1.060) sigmas amplitude TGE was detected by (STAND3, #4, Lower); Number of additional particles (170); % of enhancement (0.600);

ALERT N3; 2 middle scintillator of STAND3 exceeds 3σ

Check of TGE ALERT: mean 0f 5 minutes ~ 29,000; σ ~162; N of σ – Z~

560/162 ~ 3.5

(29560)

(28730)

(28940)

(28900 and 28910)

Lessons for first lecture (1 March!)

• Find an example of fine tuning; • Think and make your opinion about atrophic

principle, intelligent design, Boltzmann brains; • Read, calculate, understand about mean,

variance and relative error of measurement, peaks – how to enumerate them;

• How we present measurements: time series, histograms, fitted analytic functions with experimental measured points;

• Program alert for 1 second time series.

windows to universe (multiverse) - yerevan physics institute · infinite multiverse? ... today an...

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