windows programming - warsaw university of...

Windows Programming

Krzysztof Mossakowski, MSc

[email protected]

http://www.mini.pw.edu.pl/~mossakow

Windows Programming

http://www.mini.pw.edu.pl/~mossakowKrzysztof MossakowskiFaculty of Mathematics and Information Science, Warsaw Univ. of Tech.

Lecture 1 - 2

Contents1. Windows, messages, time, errors

2. Types, structures, macros, the mouse, the keyboard, versions

3. GDI

4. Resources, dialog boxes, controls, scrolling

5. The application, forms, events, dialog boxes

6. Containers, controls

7. Custom controls Introduction, XAML, the application

8. Controls, events, resources

9. 2-D and 3-D Graphics

10. Multimedia, animation

11. DLL libraries, the clipboard, the registry, printing

12. The memory, processes and threads, the file system

13. Windows Shell, visual styles

14. Windows Mobile

15. International applications, GUI guidelines

WIN32 API

WINDOWS FORMS

INFORMACJE OGÓLNE

WPF

Windows Programming


Lecture 1 - 3

Bibliography Win32:

R. Simon, Microsoft Windows 2000 API SuperBible, Sams, 2000

C. Petzold, Programming Windows, 5th Ed., Microsoft Press, 1998

J. Richter, C. Nassarre, Windows via C/C++, 5th Ed., Microsoft Press, 2008

Windows Forms:

M. MacDonald, Pro .NET 2.0 Windows Forms and Custom Controls, Apress, 2006

C. Petzold, Programming Microsoft Windows with C#, Microsoft Press, 2002

I. Serban et al., GDI+ Custom Controls with Visual C# 2005, Packt Publishing, 2006

Windows Presentation Foundation:

C. Anderson, Essential Windows Presentation Foundation, Addison-Wesley, 2007

M. MacDonald, Pro WPF in C# 2008, 2nd Ed., Apress, 2008

S. Noble et al., WPF Recipes in C# 2008, Apress, 2008

C. Petzold, Applications = Code + Markup: A Guide to the Microsoft Windows Presentation Foundation, Microsoft Press, 2006

Windows Programming


Lecture 1 - 4

Programming Tools for Windows Win API

Win16 - up to Windows 3.1

Win32s - Windows 3.1

Win32 - since Windows 95 and all versions based on NT

Visual Basic

Visual C++

MFC (Microsoft Foundation Class Library)

WTL (Windows Template Library)

Visual J++

.NET Windows Forms (.NET Framework 1.0+)

Windows Presentation Foundation (.NET Framework 3.0+)

Delphi

Builder C++

Borland Developer Studio

Qt

GTK+

wxWidgets

Windows Programming


Lecture 1 - 5

Win32 API Application

#include <Windows.h>

int APIENTRY _tWinMain( HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,LPSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow )

{...MyRegisterClass(hInstance);...InitInstance(hInstance, nCmdShow);...while (GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0)) {

TranslateMessage(&msg);DispatchMessage(&msg);

}

return (int)msg.wParam;}

Windows Programming


Lecture 1 - 6

The Window Class

It defines window’s features (the most important is the window procedure)

Types of windows’ classes:

system (e.g. Button, ComboBox, ScrollBar, MDIClient)

global in application – available for all modules

local in application – without the CS_GLOBALCLASS flag

To register window’s class, call one of functions:

RegisterClass(CONST WNDCLASS *lpWndClass)

RegisterClassEx(CONST WNDCLASSEX *lpwcx)

Information about a class: GetClassInfoEx(), GetClassLong()

Modification of a class: SetClassLong()

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Lecture 1 - 7

Attributes of the Window Class

lpszClassName [to get use the GetClassName() function]

lpfnWndProc

hInstance

hCursor [or use: SetCursor(), WM_SETCURSOR]

hIcon, hIconSm [or use the WM_SETICON message]

hbrBackground [or use the WM_ERASEBKGND message]

lpszMenuName

style [e.g. CS_DBLCLKS]

cbClsExtra [SetClassWord(), GetClassWord()]

cbWndExtra [SetWindowLong(), GetWindowLong()]

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Lecture 1 - 8

Registration of a Window ClassATOM MyRegisterClass(HINSTANCE hInstance){

WNDCLASSEX wcex;wcex.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX); wcex.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;wcex.lpfnWndProc = (WNDPROC)WndProc;wcex.cbClsExtra = 0;wcex.cbWndExtra = 0;wcex.hInstance = hInstance;wcex.hIcon = LoadIcon(hInstance,

(LPCTSTR)IDI_MY001);wcex.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);wcex.hbrBackground =(HBRUSH)(COLOR_WINDOW+1);wcex.lpszMenuName = (LPCTSTR)IDC_MY001;wcex.lpszClassName = szWindowClass;wcex.hIconSm = LoadIcon(wcex.hInstance,

(LPCTSTR)IDI_SMALL);return RegisterClassEx(&wcex);

}

Windows Programming


Lecture 1 - 9

The CreateWindow Function

HWND CreateWindowEx(DWORD dwExStyle,LPCTSTR lpClassName,LPCTSTR lpWindowName,DWORD dwStyle,int x,int y,int nWidth,int nHeight,HWND hWndParent,HMENU hMenu,HINSTANCE hInstance,LPVOID lpParam

);

HWND CreateWindow(

LPCTSTR lpClassName,LPCTSTR lpWindowName,DWORD dwStyle,int x,int y,int nWidth,int nHeight,HWND hWndParent,HMENU hMenu,HINSTANCE hInstance,LPVOID lpParam

);

Windows Programming


Lecture 1 - 10

Window Creation [VS .NET]

BOOL InitInstance(HINSTANCE hInstance, int nCmdShow)

{HWND hWnd;hWnd = CreateWindow(szWindowClass, szTitle,

WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,CW_USEDEFAULT, 0, CW_USEDEFAULT, 0, NULL, NULL, hInstance, NULL);

if (!hWnd) {return FALSE;

}

ShowWindow(hWnd, nCmdShow);UpdateWindow(hWnd);

return TRUE;}

Windows Programming


Lecture 1 - 11

Messages

The basic rule for all Windows applications is to respond to events generated by the system and the user

All messages sent to the window are handled in the window procedure

The message:

parameters: hWnd, identifier, wParam, lParam

MSG structure

Types of messages:

system

WM_USER + _

WM_APP + _

registered (RegisterWindowMessage())

Windows Programming


Lecture 1 - 12

Message Queues

The message queue is a FIFO structure stored in system memory

Queued messages:

user interface, e.g. WM_MOUSEMOVE, WM_CHAR

WM_TIMER, WM_PAINT, WM_QUIT

Functions for queued messages:

PostMessage(), PostThreadMessage()

GetMessage(), PeekMessage(), DispatchMessage()

GetMessageTime(), GetMessagePos()

WaitMessage()

SendMessageExtraInfo(), GetMessageExtraInfo()

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Lecture 1 - 13

Nonqueued Messages

Routed directly to the window procedure

Examples:

notifications for a window, e.g. WM_ACTIVATE, WM_SETFOCUS, WM_SETCURSOR

actions from functions, e.g. WM_WINDOWPOSCHANGED after SetWindowPos()

Functions sending nonqueued messages:

SendMessage(), SendMessageCallback()

BroadcastSystemMessage(), BroadcastSystemMessageEx()

SendMessageTimeout()

SendNotifyMessage()

SendDlgItemMessage()

Windows Programming


Lecture 1 - 14

The Message Loop The GetMessage() function returns FALSE when WM_QUIT is

taken from the message loop

The PostQuitMessage() function sends the WM_QUIT message to the queue

Functions modifying messages:

TranslateAccelerator()

TranslateMessage()

IsDialogMessage()

while (GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0)) {if (TranslateAccelerator(msg.hwnd,

hAccelTable, &msg)) {TranslateMessage(&msg);DispatchMessage(&msg);

}}

Windows Programming


Lecture 1 - 15

The Window Procedure

It is a function which processes all messages sent to the window

The window procedure is common for all windows of one window class

The window procedure takes 4 parameters: HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM

It returns a value of type LRESULT (specific for a message)

The default window procedure: DefWindowProc()

Changing the window procedure (subclassing)

for one window: SetWindowLong(), GetWindowLong()

for a window class: SetClassLong(), GetClassLong()

use CallWindowProc() to handle a message

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Lecture 1 - 16

Window Procedure SampleLRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hWnd,

UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam){

int wmId, wmEvent;PAINTSTRUCT ps;HDC hdc;switch (message) {

case WM_PAINT:hdc = BeginPaint(hWnd, &ps);EndPaint(hWnd, &ps); break;

case WM_DESTROY:PostQuitMessage(0);break;

default:return DefWindowProc(

hWnd, message, wParam, lParam);}return 0;

}

Windows Programming


Lecture 1 - 17

Window’s Elements

Windows Programming


Lecture 1 - 18

Types of Windows

Overlapped

a top-level window with a title, border and client area

in most cases, it is the main window of the application

overlapped windows have the WS_OVERLAPPED or WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW style applied

Pop-up

dialog boxes, message boxes, and other windows positioned outside the main window

the WS_POPUP lub WS_POPUPWINDOW style must be applied

Child

Layered [2000+]

they support opacity and transparency

the WS_EX_LAYERED must be applied

Message-only [2000+]

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Lecture 1 - 19

Child Windows Confined to the parent window’s client area

They always have the WS_CHILD style applied

Clipping - WS_CLIPCHILDREN, WS_CLIPSIBLINGS

Parent windows

all child windows are moved, hidden and destroyed with their parents

SetParent(), GetParent(), GetAncestor()

EnumChildWindows(), IsChild()

Messages

sent directly to the child window’s procedure

sent to a parent when the child window is disabled

notification messages are sent from a child to the parent window

The WS_EX_LAYERED style does not work for child windows

Windows Programming


Lecture 1 - 20

Window Relationships Foreground, background

the foreground window is a non-child window with which the user is currently working

GetForegroundWindow(), SetForegroundWindow()

Z-order

the order of drawing overlapping windows

WS_EX_TOPMOST

BringWindowToTop(), SetWindowPos(), DeferWindowPos()

GetTopWindow(), GetNextWindow()

The owned window

always above its owner in the Z-order

destroyed with its owner

hidden when its owner is minimized

CreateWindowEx(), GetWindow() with GW_OWNER

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Lecture 1 - 21

Active and Disabled Windows Activation

the active window – the user is currently working with it (from the same thread as the foreground window)

SetActiveWindow(), GetActiveWindow(), SetWindowPlacement()

WM_ACTIVETEAPP, WM_ACTIVATE

Disabling

a disabled window receives neither keyboard nor mouse input

it receives messages from other windows, applications and the system

WS_DISABLED

EnableWindow(), IsWindowEnabled()

WM_ENABLE

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Lecture 1 - 22

Visible, Minimized, Maximized Windows

Visibility

hidden windows are not drawn

they have the WS_VISIBLE style

IsWindowVisible(), ShowWindow(), SetWindowPos(), DeferWindowPos(), SetWindowPlacement(), SetWindowLong(), ShowOwnedPopups()

WM_SHOWWINDOW

Minimized, maximized and restored windows

WS_MINIMIZE, WS_MAXIMIZE

IsZoomed(), IsIconic(), GetWindowPlacement()

CloseWindow(), ShowWindow(), SetWindowPlacement()

WM_QUERYOPEN, WM_GETMINMAXINFO

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Size and Position of a Window To use the default position and size, apply the CW_USEDEFAULT

constant in the window class

System commands are sent as WM_SYSCOMMAND

Functions:

MoveWindow(), SetWindowPos(), SetWindowPlacement(),

CascadeWindows(), TileWindows()

GetWindowRect(), GetClientRect(), AdjustWindowRect()

ScreenToClient(), ClientToScreen(), MapWindowPoints()

WindowFromPoint(), ChildWindowFromPoint()

Messages:

WM_WINDOWPOSCHANGING, WM_WINDOWPOSCHANGED

WM_SIZE, WM_SIZING, WM_MOVE, WM_MOVING

WM_NCCALCSIZE

WM_GETMINMAXINFO

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Lecture 1 - 24

Destruction of a Window

Actions taken by the system during destruction of a window:

hiding the window (if it is visible)

removing window’s internal data

invalidating the window’s handle

The DestroyWindow() function:

1. sends the WM_DESTROY message to the window

2. sends the WM_DESTROY message to all descendant windows

The WM_CLOSE message:

is received when the user clicks the close button (X)

an application can prompt the user for a confirmation

the DestroyWindow() function can be called to destroy the window

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Lecture 1 - 25

The Most Useful Window Styles

The type of a window:

WS_CHILD, WS_OVERLAPPED, WS_POPUP, WS_EX_APPWINDOW, WS_EX_TOOLWINDOW, WS_EX_MDICHILD

Window’s border:

WS_BORDER, WS_DLGFRAME, WS_THICKFRAME, WS_EX_CLIENTEDGE, WS_EX_WINDOWEDGE

Elements of a window:

WS_HSCROLL, WS_VSCROLL, WS_CAPTION, WS_MINIMIZEBOX, WS_MAXIMIZEBOX, WS_SYSMENU

Other features:

WS_EX_ACCEPTFILES, WS_EX_CONTEXTHELP, WS_EX_LEFTSCROLLBAR

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Lecture 1 - 26

Other Window’s Features

The class

GetClassName(), GetClassInfo(), SetClassInfo()

GetClassWord(), SetClassWord()

The name

GetWindowText(), SetWindowText(), GetWindowTextLength()

The private data

GetWindowLong(), SetWindowLong() with GWL_USERDATA

The handle - HWND

FindWindow(), FindWindowEx()

IsWindow()

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Scenario of Using a Window

1. The class is registered

RegisterClass(), RegisterClassEx()

2. The window is created

CreateWindow(), CreateWindowEx()

3. All messages are processed

WndProc()

4. The window is destroyed

DestroyWindow()

WM_CLOSE, WM_DESTROY

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Lecture 1 - 28

The Desktop

The desktop is a window created at system startup

It covers the screen

It can have a wallpaper

Functions:

GetDesktopWindow()

SystemParametersInfo()

SPI_GETDESKWALLPAPER, SPI_SETDESKWALLPAPER

SPI_SETDESKPATTERN

SPI_GETWORKAREA, SPI_SETWORKAREA

Windows Programming


Lecture 1 - 29

Time The simplest timer (very inaccurate)

SetTimer(), KillTimer()

WM_TIMER

Period of time

GetTickCount()

GetSystemTimeAdjustment()

High-resolution timer

QueryPerformanceCounter()

QueryPerformanceFrequency()

The system time

GetSystemTime(), SetSystemTime(), GetTimeFormat()

The local time

GetLocalTime(), SetLocalTime()

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System Errors

The last-error code

the only way to check the reason of a failure of the last called Win32 API function

GetLastError(), FormatMessage(), SetLastError()

User notifications

MessageBox()

MB_ABORTRETRYIGNORE, MB_OK, MB_OKCANCEL, MB_RETRYCANCEL, MB_YESNO, MB_YESNOCANCEL

MB_ICONEXCLAMATION, MB_ICONWARNING, MB_ICONCONFIRMATION, MB_ICONASTERISK, MB_ICONQUESTION, MB_ICONSTOP, MB_ICONERROR

MessageBeep(), Beep()

FlashWindow(), FlashWindowEx()

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