wind turbine project_14.05.16 - copy

7/26/2019 Wind Turbine Project_14.05.16 - Copy

1/41

WIND TURBINE MAKING, TESTING AND SIMULATION

Project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement

for the degree of

BACHELOR OF ECH!OLO"#

$n

%epartment of &echanical Engineering

B'

Ritwik Bhattacharyya()ni*ersit' Roll !umber+()ni*ersit' Roll !umber+ ,-.//0,-/01

22Registration !umber+Registration !umber+ ,-,-./,,/./,of -/,-+,34of -/,-+,34

Abhishek Biswas()ni*ersit' Roll !umber+()ni*ersit' Roll !umber+ ,-.//0,-/01

22

Registration !umber+Registration !umber+ ,-,-./,,/015of -/,-+,34of -/,-+,34

Souvik Jana(()ni*ersit' Roll !umber+(()ni*ersit' Roll !umber+ ,-.//0,-/5/

22

Registration !umber+Registration !umber+ ,-,-./,,/.,3of -/,-+,34of -/,-+,34

)nder the guidance of

Prof. Sukanta Kumar SahaAsso!at" Prof"ssor

D"#artm"nt of M"han!a$ En%!n""r!n%

&"r!ta%" Inst!tut" of T"hno$o%'


2/41

A(KNOWLEDGEMENTS

his project 6ould not ha*e been possible 6ithout the in*aluable support and guidance

from our mentor7 Prof8 9u:anta ;umar 9aha7 to 6hom 6e e


3/41

TO W&OM IT MA- (ON(ERN

his is to certif' that 9hri Abhishe: Bis6as7 9hri 9ou*i: >ana7 9hri Rit6i: Bhattachar''a has

done their B8 ech8 final 'ear project 6or: (&E+01,4 on &A;$!"7 E9$!" A!% A!AL#9$9

OF =$!% )RB$!E9 under m' super*ision8 he' ha*e meticulousl' carried out all the 6or:

and recorded the findings carefull'8 he results presented in this 6or: are solel' the results of their

theoretical ? e


4/41

his project report titled @MAKING, TESTING AND ANAL-SIS O WIND TURBINES b'

9hri Abhishe: Bis6as7 9hri 9ou*i: >ana7 9hri Rit6i: Bhattachar''a79tudents of th 'ear

&echanical Engineering has been accepted and e*aluated b' the undersigned in partial fulfillment

of the requirement for the degree of B8ech8 in %epartment of &echanical Engineering8

!ame and designation

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5/41

ABSTRA(T


6/41

Intro0ut!on

W!n0 tur)!n" !s a 0"+!" that "1trats "n"r%' from th" f$o*!n% *!n0. It on+"rts

k!n"t! "n"r%' of *!n0 !nto "$"tr!a$ "n"r%' +!a m"han!a$ "n"r%' an0 a$so. Sha#"s of th"

*!n0 tur)!n" )$a0"s ar" +ar!"0 aor0!n% to th"!r a##$!at!ons. &!stor!a$ th"' *"r" mor"

fr"2u"nt$' us"0 as a m"han!a$ 0"+!" to turn mah!n"r'. Th"r" !s a tr"m"n0ous amount of

fr"" "n"r%' !n th" *!n0 *h!h !s a+a!$a)$" for "n"r%' on+"rs!on. Th" us" of *!n0 mah!n"s

to harn"ss th" "n"r%' !n th" *!n0 !s not a n"* on"#t an0 an )" 0at"0 )ak as far )ak as

(h!n"s" !n 3444 B.(. Th"s" "ar$' mah!n"s *"r" us"0 for #um#!n% *at"r for !rr!%at!on

#ur#os"s an0 $at"r 0"+"$o#"0 as *!n0m!$$s for %r!n0!n% %ra!n. It has on$' r"a$$' )""n !n th"

$ast "ntur' that !nt"ns!+" r"s"arh an0 0"+"$o#m"nt ha+" %on" !nto th" us" of *!n0 "n"r%'

for "$"tr!!t' %"n"rat!on.

Thou%h th" *!n0 tur)!n"s ha+" 0"monstrat"0 th"!r +!a)!$!t' !n th" 2u"st for $"an,

r"n"*a)$" an0 susta!na)$" "n"r%' r"sour"s, th" #r!mar' ost !.". a#!ta$ ost !s th"

#rom!n"nt r!sk for th"!r !nsta$$at!on. Th"r" !s no fu"$ ost an0 $o*"r ma!nt"nan" ost of

*!n0 tur)!n" than on+"nt!ona$ #o*"r #$ants. urth"r th"!r !n0!r"t ar)on "m!ss!onthrou%h th"!r mat"r!a$ fa)r!at!on !s #a!0 )ak *!th!n n!n" months of o#"rat!on for off shor"

tur)!n"s. &o*"+"r, !nt"ns!+" s!t" !n+"st!%at!on !n$u0!n% th" m"an, a+"ra%" *!n0 s#""0, *!n0

0!r"t!on an0 $!mat" !nt"rm!tt"n' of th" f$o* !s n""0"0.

W!n0 tur)!n", !n %"n"ra$, ons!sts of th" rotor )$a0"s, a 0r!+" tra!n onn"t"0 to %"ar

)o1, an "$"tr! %"n"rator, a mount"0 to*"r *h!h su##orts th"s" om#on"nts !n a00!t!on to

a 'a* m"han!sm, "$"tr! a)$" an0 !nt"r onn"t!ons as *"$$ as ontro$ "2u!#m"nt. A!rfo!$

sha#" of th" rotor5s )$a0" r"at"s !m)a$an"0 #r"ssur" %ra0!"nts )"t*""n th" #r"ssur" s!0"s

an0 sut!on s!0"s as th"' #ass"s )' th" rotor s*""# ar"a. Th!s aus"s a n"t a"ro0'nam!s

for"s an0 mak"s th" onstra!n"0 )$a0" rotat" aroun0 th" rotor hu).

6.6 T'#"s of *!n0 "n"r%' on+"rs!on 0"+!"s


7/41

W!n0 "n"r%' on+"rs!on 0"+!"s an )" )roa0$' at"%or!7"0 !nto t*o t'#"s aor0!n%

to th"!r a1!s a$!%nm"nt.

6.6.6 &or!7onta$ a1!s *!n0 tur)!n"s&or!7onta$/a1!s *!n0 tur)!n"s 8&AWT9 ha+" th" ma!n rotor shaft an0 "$"tr!a$

%"n"rator at th" to# of a to*"r, an0 must )" #o!nt"0 to*ar0s th" *!n0. A$$ %r!0/onn"t"0

omm"r!a$ *!n0 tur)!n"s to0a' ar" )u!$t *!th a #ro#"$$"r/t'#" rotor on a hor!7onta$ a1!s

8!.". a hor!7onta$ ma!n shaft9. Sma$$ tur)!n"s ar" #o!nt"0 )' a s!m#$" *!n0 +an", *h!$" $ar%"

tur)!n"s %"n"ra$$' us" a *!n0 s"nsor ou#$"0 *!th a s"r+o motor. Most ha+" a %"ar)o1,

*h!h turns th" s$o* rotat!on of th" )$a0"s !nto a 2u!k"r rotat!on that !s mor" su!ta)$" to

0r!+" an "$"tr!a$ %"n"rator. Most hor!7onta$ a1!s tur)!n"s )u!$t to0a' ar" t*o/ or thr""/

)$a0"0, a$thou%h som" ha+" f"*"r or mor" )$a0"s.

&AWT t'#" of *!n0 tur)!n" fu$f!$$s th" r"2u!r"m"nt of om#atn"ss an0 0"s!%n n""0

om#at!)$" *!th #r"s"nt s"nar!o. Bas"0 on th" a2u!r"0 kno*$"0%" an0 !nformat!on,

!n+"st!%at!ons ha+" )""n start"0 on hor!7onta$/a1!s *!n0 tur)!n"s !n "ar$' "!%ht!"s, )ut on$'

$!m!t"0 num)"r of *ork ha+" )""n 0on" !n th!s f!"$0. R"#ort"0 $!t"ratur" :;< sho*s that )as!

%"om"tr!a$ #aram"t"rs ma!n$', an%$" of attak, hor0 $"n%th, t*!st an%$", ra0!us of

ur+atur" !nf$u"n" th" )$a0" harat"r!st!. W!n0 tur)!n"s of 0!ff"r"nt #arts ar" sho*n !n

!%. 6.38a9.

urth"r hor!7onta$/a1!s *!n0 tur)!n"s an )" 0!+!0"0 !nto f!+" su) %rou#=

6.6.6.6 U#*!n0 *!n0 tur)!n"

U#*!n0 *!n0 tur)!n" !s t'#" of *!n0 tur)!n" !n *h!h th" rotor fa"s th" *!n0. his

is the most common t'pe of small turbines operating in the )898 $ts reduced to6er shading8 he

air 6ill start to bend around the to6er before it passes it so there is some loss of po6er from the

interference7 just not the degree as in the do6n6ind turbine8


8/41

Th" 0ra*)ak of th" s'st"m !s that rotors ar" not f$"1!)$" an0 #$a"0 at som" 0!stan"

from th" to*"r. In a00!t!on an u#*!n0 mah!n" n""0s a 'a* m"han!sm to k""# th" rotor

fa!n% th" *!n0.

6.6.6.3 Do*n*!n0 *!n0 tur)!n"

A hor!7onta$/a1!s *!n0 tur)!n" th" rotor !s !n th" 0o*nstr"am of th" to*"r. Do*n*!n0

*!n0 tur)!n" has an a0+anta%" of that !t an )" o#"rat"0 *!thout h"$# of 'a* m"han!sm. In

as" of 0o*n*!n0 *!n0 tur)!n"s rotors ma' )" onstrut"0 f$"1!)$". It !s h"$# to ma!nta!n th"

#ro#"r 0'nam!s of mah!n". Do*n*!n0 *!n0 tur)!n" !s a$so $!%ht"r !n *"!%ht than u#*!n0

*!n0 tur)!n".

he fle Duth/t'#" %ra!n/%r!n0!n% *!n0m!$$s

Man has us"0 Duth *!n0m!$$s for $on% t!m". In fat, th" %ra!n/%r!n0!n% *!n0m!$$s

thos" *"r" *!0"$' us"0 !n Euro#" s!n" th" m!00$" a%"s of Duth. Th" )$a0"s, %"n"ra$$' four,

*"r" !n$!n"0 at an an%$" to th" #$an" of rotat!on. Th" *!n0 )"!n% 0"f$"t"0 )' th" )$a0"s

"1"rt"0 a for" !n th" 0!r"t!on of rotat!on. Th" )$a0"s *"r" ma0" of sa!$s or *oo0"n s$ats.

Th" Duth *!n0m!$$ )"om"s o)so$"t" *!th th" a0+"nt of h"a#"r foss!$ fu"$ an0 a$so

)"aus" of r"2u!r"m"nt of h!%h/sk!$$"0 $a)ours. &o*"+"r, *!th th" 0"#$"t!on of foss!$ fu"$s

th"r" has )""n a r"n"*"0 ur%" to "1#$o!t r"n"*a)$" "n"r%' r"sour"s. It *as foun0 that

"rta!n mo0!f!at!on !n th" "ar$!"r 0"s!%n of *!n0m!$$s mak"s th"m +"r' us"fu$ for #um#!n%

*at"r.

6.6.6.? Mu$t! )$a0" *at"r/#um#!n% *!n0m!$$s


9/41

Mo0"rn *at"r/#um#!n% *!n0m!$$s ha+" a $ar%" num)"r of )$a0"s %"n"ra$$' *oo0"n

or m"ta$$! s$ats/0r!+!n% a r"!#roat!n% #um#. As th" m!$$ has to )" #$a"0 0!r"t$' o+"r th"

*"$$, th" r!t"r!on for s!t" s"$"t!on on"rns *at"r a+a!$a)!$!t' an0 not *!n0!n"ss. Th"r"for",

th" m!$$ must )" a)$" to o#"rat" at s$o* *!n0s. Th" $ar%" num)"r of )$a0"s %!+"s a h!%h

tor2u", r"2u!r"0 for 0r!+!n% a "ntr!fu%a$ #um#, "+"n at $o* *!n0s. &"n" som"t!m"s th"s"

ar" a$$"0 fan/m!$$s.

As th"s" *!n0m!$$s ar" to )" !nsta$$"0 !n r"mot" #$a"s, most$' as s!n%$" un!ts,

r"$!a)!$!t', stur0!n"ss an0 $o* ost ar" th" #r!m" r!t"r!a, not "ff!!"n'. Th" )$a0"s ar" ma0"

of f$at st""$ #$at"s, *ork!n% on th" thrust of *!n0. Th"s" ar" h!n%"0 to a m"ta$ r!n% to "nsur"

strutura$ str"n%th an0 th" $o* s#""0 of rotat!on a00s to th" r"$!a)!$!t'.

6.6.6.@ &!%h/s#""0 #ro#"$$"r/ t'#" *!n0 mah!n"s

Th" hor!7onta$/a1!s *!n0 tur)!n"s that ar" us"0 to0a' for "$"tr!a$ #o*"r %"n"rat!on

0o not o#"rat" on thrust for". Th"' 0"#"n0 ma!n$' on th" a"ro0'nam! for"s that 0"+"$o#

*h"n *!n0 f$o*s aroun0 )$a0"s of a!rfo!$ 0"s!%n. W!n0m!$$s *ork!n% on thrust for" ar"

!nh"r"nt$' $"ss "ff!!"nt.

6.3 W!n0 #o*"r s"nar!os !n In0!a

he $ndian 6ind energ' sector has an installed capacit' of ,,1/08// &= (as on &arch 3,7

-/,/48 $n terms of 6ind po6er installed capacit'7 $ndia is ran:ed D thin the =orld8 oda' $ndia is a

major pla'er in the global 6ind energ' mar:et8

he potential is far from e


10/41

=ind in $ndia are influenced b' the strong south+6est summer monsoon7 6hich starts in

&a'+>une7 6hen cool7 humid air mo*es to6ards the land and the 6ea:er north+east 6inter

monsoon7 6hich starts in October7 6hen cool7 dr' sir mo*es to6ards the ocean8 %uring the period

march to August7 the 6inds are uniforml' strong o*er the 6hole $ndian Peninsula7 e


11/41

able ,8, 9tate+6ise =ind Po6er $nstalled Capacit' in $ndia

9tate"ross Potential (&=4 otal Capacit' (&=4

till 3,8/38-/,/

Andhra Pradesh 15.1 ,3."ujarat ,/7.D ,1.

;arnata:a ,,7D3, ,03

;erala ,,0, -1

&adh'a Pradesh ,/,5 --5

&aharashtra D1 -/01

Orissa -DD +

Rajasthan 1D1 ,/11

amil !adu DD3/ 5/0

Others

otal

(All $ndia4 17D., ,,1/0

he &inistr' of !e6 and Rene6able Energ' (&!RE4 estimates that there is a potential of

around 5/ "= for po6er generation from different rene6able energ' sources in the countr'7

including 18D "= of 6ind po6er7 ,83 "= of small h'dro po6er and -.8 "= of biomass8

he current figures are based on measurements from onl' nine states7 and 6hich 6ere

ta:en at lo6 hub heights7 in line 6ith old technolog'8 A more recent 6ind atlas published b' the

Center for =ind echnolog' (C=E4 in April -/,/ estimated the resource potential at 57,3/

&=8 his 6as based on an assumed land a*ailabilit' of -G and 5 &= of installable 6ind po6er

capacit' per square :ilometer8

Ho6e*er7 6ind po6er in $ndia is concentrated in a fe6 regions7 especiall' the southern

state of amil !adu7 6hich maintains its position as the state 6ith the largest 6ind po6er

installation8 $t had 8. "= installed on 3, &arch -/,/7 representing close to /G of $ndias total

6ind capacit'8 his is beginning to change as other states7 including &aharashtra7 "ujarat7

Rajasthan7 ;arnata:a7 =est Bengal7 &adh'a Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh start to catch up7 partl'

dri*en b' ne6 polic' measures8 $n %ecember -//57 &!RE announced a national generation+based

incenti*e ("B$4 scheme for grid connected 6ind po6er projects7 for the cumulati*e capacit' of

7/// &= to be commissioned b' &arch -/,-8


12/41

=ind turbine manufacturers operating in $ndia include $ndian compan' 9ulon7 6hich is

no6 a global leader8 ,0 companies no6 manufacture 6ind turbines in $ndia and another eight are

in the process of entering the $ndian 6ind po6er mar:et7 through either joint *enture under

licensed production7 as subsidiaries of foreign companies or as $ndian companies 6ith their o6n

technolog'8=ind turbines and turbine blades ha*e been e W!n0 #o*"r s"nar!os !n *or$0

=ind could meet ,-G of global po6er demand b' -/-/7 and up to --G b' -/3/7

according to a stud' published toda' b' the "lobal =ind Energ' Council and "reenpeace

$nternational8 he "=EO -/,/ finds that 6ind po6er could pla' a :e' role in satisf'ing the

6orlds increasing po6er demand7 6hile at the same time achie*ing major greenhouse gas

emissions reductions8


13/41

he ,7/// "= of 6ind po6er capacit' projected to be installed b' -/-/ 6ould sa*e as

much as ,8D billion tons of CO-e*er' 'ear8 hese reductions 6ould represent D/+0DG of the

cumulati*e emissions reductions that industrialied countries committed to in their -/-/

Copenhagen pledges8 B' -/3/7 a total of 3 billion tons of CO-I 6ould be sa*ed b' -73// "=

of 6ind po6er capacit'8

$n terms of total installed 6ind po6er capacit'7 13/ "= 6ould be reached in -/-/ and

close to ,71// "= b' -/3/ (more than three times as much48 he Ad*anced scenario paints a

picture in 6hich 6ind po6er 6ould become a central pla'er in global po6er generation8 B' -/-/7

the 6orlds combined installed 6ind fleet 6ould produce -7.// =h of clean po6er7 6hich 6ould

account for ,,8DG+,-83G of global electricit' suppl'8 his 6ould rise to D7// =h b' -/3/ and a

share of ,181G+-,81G J a fifth of the 6orlds po6er needs could thus be satisfied b' 6ind po6er

alone8

able 38- =ind po6er 6orld6ide >une -/,/

Position Countr' otal capacit'

>une -/,/

K&=

Added capacit'

>une -/,/

K&=

otal capacit'

End -//5

K&=

, )9A 3.73// ,7-// 3D7,D5- China 3371// 071// -.7/,/

3 "erman' -.7// ../ -D7000

9pain ,57D// // ,57,5

D $ndia ,-7,// ,7-// ,/75-D

. $tal' D73// D/ 71D/

0 France D7/// D// 7D-,

1 )nited ;ingdom 7.// D// 7/5-

5 Portugal 371// -3/ 37D3D

,/ %enmar: 370// ,5/ 3750

,, Rest of the 6orld -7D// -710/ -,7.51

otal otal ,0D7/// ,.7/// ,D57.51

6.? In+"stm"nt

he cost de*elopments in the "=EO scenarios are based on the assumption of a graduall'

decreasing capital cost per :ilo6att of installed capacit'7 due to increased deplo'ment7 6hich


14/41

accelerates technological progress and increases economies of scale in manufacturing7 6hich in

turn results in lo6er equipment costs8 9ince this progress 6ill be faster the more units are

produced7 the cost of 6ind turbines is projected to decrease most quic:l' in the Ad*anced and

least quic:l' in the Reference scenario8 Capital costs per :ilo6att of installed capacit' are ta:en as

an a*erage of ,73D/ per := in -//58 $n the Reference scenario7 these costs fall graduall' to

,7-/ per := b' -/-/ and ,7-,. b' -/3/8 $n the Ad*anced scenario7 costs 6ill fall more rapidl'

to reach ,7/53 per := in -/3/8$n the Ad*anced scenario the annual *alue of global in*estment

rises rapidl' from D08D billion in -/,/ to ,/58, billion b' -/,D7 and pea:s at -/- billion in

-/3/8

6.@ W!n0 tur)!n" #"rforman" #aram"t"rs

he performance of 6ind turbine depends on some parameters7 such as tip speed ratio (M47

po6er coefficient (Cp47 *orte< loss (Cpscmit47 profile loss (Nprofile47 tip loss (Nuc47 aerod'namic

efficienc' of the blade8

[email protected] T!# s#""0 rat!o

he ratio of circumstantial speed in meter per second of the blade element and 6ind

*elocit' is :no6n as tip speed ratio8 he tip speed ratio can be gi*en b'

c

r

= (,8,4

=here c3/

rnr

= = (,8-4

rP Q 6ind *elocit'8

Equation (,8,4 can be 6ritten as7


15/41

r3/

rn = (,834

[email protected] Po*"r o"ff!!"nt 8(#9

Higher *alue of po6er coefficient means better performance of the 6ind turbine8 he

po6er coefficient is go*erned b' man' interrelating and d'namics parameters li:e output po6er of

turbine (PP47 input po6er (Pr47 6ind *elocit' (r47 radius of rotor (R47 cross+sectional area of rotor

(A4 and densit' of air (air4 etc8

he po6er coefficient for 6ind turbine can be gi*en b'

Pp

r

PC

P= (,84

he po6er generated in =att b' :inetic energ' of the air flo6 passing through a circle 6ith

radius R before the turbine surface can be stated as7

- 3

r

,P

- rR= (,8D4

9o7 the equation (,84 can be 6ritten as7

p- 3

PC

,

-

P

rR

=

(,8.4

heoreticall' the ma


16/41

Con*ersion of the entire theoretical po6er of blades into gainful po6er7 6hich refers to mil

po6er7 is not possible8 %uring con*ersion7 some losses ma' occur8 hese losses are described in

the follo6ing articles8

6.@.>.a ort"1 $oss 8(#sm!t79

According to the Bet theor' the 6ind does not change before and after the 6ind turbine

plate8 Ho6e*er the air mass encounting the blade changes its direction8 he *orte< loss can be

calculated from the graph of *orte< loss (Cpscmit4 *s8 tip speed ratio (M4 gi*en b' the !8 98 Centin et

al8 K1 if the same profile is used throughout the blade8

6.@.>.) Prof!$" $oss 8#rof!$"9

Profile loss depends upon some interrelating parameters li:e tip speed ratio (M47 slide

number (S47 lift co+efficient (C:47 drag co+efficient (C%48

he profile loss for 6ind turbine can be gi*en b'

profile ,

= (,804

9lide number can be e


17/41

%profile

:

C,

C

= (,854

6.@.>. T!# $oss 8u9

$n the end of a blade7 there ta:es place on airflo6 from the lo6er side the of the profile to

the upper side coupling 6ith the airflo6 coming to the blade7 this airflo6 generates a graduall'

6idening8 Also end loss depends on some parameters li:e number of blade (B47 tip speed ratio (M48

he end loss (Nuc4 can be gi*en b'7

,81B,

uc

B

= (,8,/4

6.@.>.0 B$a0" num)"r $oss

$n the 6ith more than four blade7 the air mo*ement through blades gets complicated and its

theoretical anal'sis can be not easil' be made8 herefore7 the theor' of "lauert+9hmit applies to

the 6ind turbines 6ith four or less 6ind turbine blade8 Ha*ing considered all the losses mentioned7

the po6er co+efficient is gi*en equation (,8.4 becomes7

pscmitF profile ucC =

#( (,8,-4

6.@.? A"ro0'nam!s "ff!!"n' 8a9of )$a0"

he aerod'namics efficienc' of blade elements is defined as the ratio of useful po6er

e


18/41

Maor!t' of th" "1#"r!m"nta$ !n+"st!%at!ons *"r" tak"n *!th h"$# of so#h!st!at"0

!nstrum"nts $!k" +an" an"mom"t"r, *h"r"as th" "1#"r!m"ntat!ons arr!"0 out !n th"

0"+"$o#!n% ountr!"s $!k" In0!a "m#$o' #!tot stat! tu)" *!th !n$!n"0 tu)" manom"t"r for th"

m"asur"m"nt.

An att"m#t *as ma0" to stu0' th" "ff"t of a!rf$o* throu%h 0!ff"r"nt hor!7onta$ a1!s

*!n0 tur)!n" of 0!ff"r"n" )$a0" $"n%th 84.>;4; m an0 4.33; m9.

In th" #r"s"nt !n+"st!%at!on +"$o!t' of a!r f$o* *as m"asur"0 *!th h"$# of #!tot stat!

tu)". Th" P!tot tu)" *as #utt!n% !nto f$o* f!"$0 an0 f!1!n% n"ar th" *!n0 tur)!n"5s hu) on".

Th" ma!n #ur#os" of th" stu0' !s to !n+"st!%at" th" *!n0 tur)!n" #"rforman" an0 a!rfo!$

harat"r!st!s han%" *!th th" +ar!at!on of $"n%th of *!n0 tur)!n" )$a0"s. Th" oth"r

%"om"tr!a$ #aram"t"rs of suh hor!7onta$ a1!s *!n0 tur)!n" ar" k"#t onstant 8F>,

t

r

L/8.B

L= 9.


19/41

L!t"ratur" r"+!"*

=ind energ' is a gro6ing rene6able energ' because of its se*eral ad*antages7 such as ease

of de*elopment7 en*ironmental friendliness7 the e


20/41

some !ACA profile8 he' concluded that b' the use of !ACA ,- profile 'ielding ga*e highest

performance at t6isting angle of /T and blade angle of DT8 he' also reported that b' the use of

!ACA ,D profile 'ielding ga*e highest electrical energ' at t6isting angle of /T and blade angle

of 1T and t6o blades8

$n order to e


21/41

most con*enient angle of attac: 6as in the range of 3T and 5T for the abo*e !ACA profile and

highest drag rates for Re Q -////8

Cetin et al8 K1 established the importance of optimum tip speed ratio for 6ind turbine

blade design characteristics8 he' in*estigated that tip speed ratio depends upon the profile t'pe

used and number of blades8 According to their result7 assessment of tip speed ratio is main :e'

factor to 6ind turbine blade design8 o determine the optimum tip speed ratio and po6er factor7

different blade profile such as !ACA ,D7 L9+,7 Clar: #7 "o''ining+3517 C+1/7 &+.7 Raf+,D7

!ACA --,- etc8 ha*e been tasted till date8 he optimum tip speed ratio of L9+, is ,/7 !ACA is 1

and Clar: # is D and 38D8 &ost of the results are comparable 6ith the e


22/41

A blade pitch measurement s'stem KBP&9 has been de*eloped b' the =hale K,,8 o

measure the change in blade pitch produced on a small 6ind turbine b' a blade pitching protecting

mechanism7 BP&9 6as de*eloped8 $n order to protect the 6ind turbine against *er' high 6inds or

sudden remo*al of load a common protection method7 blade feathering has used8 His in*estigation

has pro*ed to be a simple and cost+effecti*e means of logging blades pitching on small 6ind

turbine8 He reported that BP&9 6as successful in recording the beha*iors of the blade feathering

mechanism in field trials 6ith a -/ := and 3/ := 6ind turbine8 &ahmmud et al8 K,- reported an

optical slip ring telemetr' s'stem designed to transfer pitching moment and teeter data from the

rotar' frame of reference of a ,. := turbine8

Hirahara et al8 K,3 in*estigated the basic performance of a *er' small 6ind turbine (% Q

D// mm4 designed for multi purposes b' considering the energ' output (PO47 turbine rotating speed

(n47 po6er coefficient (Cp4 and torque (4 etc8 as go*erning geometrical parameters8 From their

e


23/41

he trials on the test bench sho6 that the non+con*entional controller leads to a higher

aerod'namic efficienc' and that this is offset b' higher mechanical torque and electric po6er

fluctuations8 he' also concluded that direct speed controller (%9C4 has more fle


24/41

9icot et al8 K,1 ha*e e*aluated e


25/41

reported that from the aerod'namic point of *ie67 the po6er capture can be enhanced 6ith these

more comple< geometries8

Chalothorn and a6it K-D studied optimum angle of attac: for unt6isted blades of 6ind

turbine8 he' also reported that numerical simulation of horiontal a


26/41

a6areness of rene6able energ' sources7 man' researchers uran et al8 K-5 and Carroll K3/

conducted e


27/41

heor'4 one to design the 6ind turbine at the design 6ind speed7 and the other to e*aluate the off+

design rotor performances8

he generated numerical code 6as a mono+dimensional7 does not require large calculation

resources (as the three+dimensional CF% Codes47 6or:s 6ith a *er' short calculation times and

gi*es reliable results8 he' reported that before in*estigation of control po6er cur*e in micro 6ind

turbine7 some basic parameters and constrains 6ere considered7 such as design parameters7 the

6ind *elocit'7 the number of rotor blades7 the aerod'namic airfoil (constant along the entire blade4

and the rotational *elocit' etc8 he' concluded that in spite of high po6er coefficients7 the po6er

in the central range of 6ind *elocities dropped mar:edl'7 prohibiting po6er regulation b' partial

or controlled stall of the rotors8

#urduse* et al8 K3 had reported an e


28/41

Anina and &asson K3. proposed an e


29/41

model8 he in*estigation 6as made on full sie &arlec turbine in a 6ind tunnel8 he 6ind had an

o*erall diameter of /85 m and a hub diameter of /8- m8 in both cases the' ensured that the main

thrust producing section of turbine rotor operated abo*e the critical Re'nolds number8 he' also

in*estigated the turbine 6a:e structure and its sensiti*it' of operational conditions8 heir 6or: has

highlighted man :e' features of 6ind turbine 6a:es and has pro*ided *aluable code *alidation

information8


30/41

Mak!n% Pro"0ur"

>.6. (onstrut!on of hu)

Rotor &u) Ass"m)$' Rotor &u) attahm"nt

Fig 38,/Rotor hub nose and housing 6ith the slee*e inside

he rotor hub has three parts Casing7 nose and attachment8 he casing holds the attachment

and the nose8 For construction of the hub PC pipe is used for the casing and 6ood is used for the

nose8 For the nose initiall' a 6ooden bloc: 6as ta:en and turning operation on it 6as done on a

lathe8 he c'linder 6ent through turning in steps7 of diameters ,,/mm and 11mm respecti*el'8

he front end of the c'linder 6ith ,,/mm diameter 6as then taper turned to gi*e the follo6ing

geometr' and shape8 Finall'7 sandpaper 6as use to gi*e the required surface finish8 he casing 6as

made b' turning and sa6ing off a long PC pipe of ,/ mm thic:ness until the required length of

,D/ mm is obtained8 For the rotor hub attachment a 6ooden bloc: 6as turned into a c'linder and

ultimatel' sa6ed off to get the desired length of ,D/ mm8 hen drilling is done through it to

produce a hole of ,58/D mm8 o produce the cut on one side of the c'linder 6here the blades 6ill

be mounted7 internal turning and boring is done to get the desired dimensions of D/ mm diameter


31/41

and 1 mm depth8 Finall' a metal slee*e 6as placed in the cut 6hich 6as pre*iousl' constructed

from a "$ pipe b' turning8

>.3. (onstrut!on of rotor shaft

Fig8 !o8 38- Rotor 9haft 6ith bearing mounting attachment

For the rotor shaft a c'linder made of mild steel of diameter -D mm is chosen8 On one end of

the shaft a thread 6as made of length ,// mm and nominal diameter ,58/D mm8 his shaft 6as to

be fitted to the attachment b' a nut8 6o bearing mountings 6ere bought and attached to the shaft

at appropriate positions for the bearing assembl'8

>.> (onstrut!on of )"ar!n% ass"m)$'

Fig8 !o8 383 Bearing Assembl' sho6ing bearing


32/41

As it is a small 6ind turbine and pitch control of the blades is *er' costl' and cumbersome7

pro*isions need to be made in the 6ind turbine such that it can 'a6 freel' facing the direction of

6ind8 9o the hub and the blades need to be supported on a sturd' platform and properl' lubricated

bearings are required for its free mo*ement8 he bearings are chosen as ball bearings because of

their lo6 friction and *ast use8 he internal diameter of the bearings is 3Dmm each8

For the support plate Aluminium is chosen because its rust free and easil' machinable8

6o Aluminium plates each 6ith 3mm thic:ness is cut into dimensions of -0mmX,Dmm8 hen a

6ooden slab 6as cut into the same dimensions and each face 6as rubbed 6ith sandpaper to

facilitate adhesion8 9ame process 6as repeated 6ith the t6o plates and Araldite 6as used to attach

the 6ooden slab bet6een them8 Finall' filing 6as done on each faces of the finished slab for

proper finish8

>.?. (onstrut!on of B$a0"s

For cutting the blade from the pipe section the follo6ing design sho6n belo6 6as agreed

upon8 he blade 6as decided to ha*e a tapering section 6ith the 6ider section as the root and thethinner section as the tip8 As the blade 6as cut from a single PC pipe of thic:ness Dmm7 it has

uniform thic:ness8 he arc length at the root is ,D/ mm and at the tip it is / mm8 he blade

length is currentl' decided upon as ,508Dcm8 A length of ,08D cm at the root is allotted to hub

mounting8

Fig 38 sho6ing a cut blade from a 3,

cm diameter p*c pipe8 he thic:ness

at root is greater than the tip


33/41


34/41

S!mu$at!on Work


35/41

R1#"r!m"ntak Work


36/41

(on$us!on


37/41

utur" So#"


38/41

R"f"r"n"s

,A8 Ali ardar and Bulent E:er7 @Principle of Rotor %esign for Horiontal Aournal of Applied 9ciences7 -//.7 pp8 ,D-0+,D338

,B8 Ali ardar and Bulent E:er7 @An Eournal of Rene6able Energ'7 -//17 pp8 ,0-,+,03-8

8 ;o:i ;ishinamia7 Hiroshi aniguchib7 >un 9uu:ia7 Hiroshi $banoc7 a:ashi ;aunoud and

&asato uruhamie7 @heoretical and Eournal of Applied 9ciences7 -//07 pp8 ..3+.0/8

18 !898 Cetin,7 &8A8 #urduse*7 R8 Ata and A8 Odemir7 @Assessment of Optimum ip 9peed Ratio

of =ind urbines7 &athematical and Computational Applications7 ol8 ,/7 !o8 ,7 -//D7 pp8 ,0+

,D8

58 ;aumasa Ame:u7 Ba:u &8 !agai and >itendro !ath Ro'7 @%esign of a 3 := =ind urbine

"enerator 6ith hin Aerofoil Blades7 E


39/41

,-8 &ahmmud F7 %utton A" and $nfield %"7 @Aero Elastic $n*estigation of a Passi*e Pitch

Controlled =ind urbine7 Proceedings of ,0th British =ind Energ' Association Conference7

=ar6ic:7 );7 ,55D8

,38 Hiro'u:i Hiraharaa7 &8 Ya:ir Hossainb7 &asaa:i ;a6ahashia and #oshitami !onomura7

@esting Basic Performance of a er' 9mall =ind urbine %esigned for &ulti+purposesRene6able Energ'7 -//D7 pp8 ,-05J,-508

,8 H8 Camblong7 $8 &artine de Alegria7 &8 Rodrigue and "8 Abad7 @E8C8C8 Henriques7 F8&8 9il*a7 A8$8 Estanqueiro and L8&8C8 "ato @%esign of a !e6 )rban

=ind urbine Airfoil using a Pressure+Load $n*erse &ethod7 Rene6able Energ'7 -//57 pp8 -0-1+

-038

,08 "8 &uller7 &8F8 >entsch and E8 9toddart7 @ertical A8 Hureau7 @Rotational and urbulence Effects on a =ind

urbine Blade7 $n*estigation of the 9tall &echanism7 >ournal of =ind Engineering and $ndustrial

Aerod'namics7 -//-7 pp8 ,3-/+,33,8

,58 Alirea &aheri7 9iama: !orooi7 >ohn inne'7 @%ecoupled Aerod'namic and 9tructural

%esign of =ind urbine Adapti*e Blades7 Rene6able Energ'7 -//07 pp8 ,0D3J,0.08

-/8 A &aheri7 9 !orooi7 >8 inne'7 @Application of Combined Anal'tical?FEA Coupled+Aero+

9tructure 9imulation in %esign of =ind urbine Adapti*e Blades7 Rene6 Energ'7 -//.8

-,8;aram #8 &aala6ia7 Hani &8 !egmb7 @Optimal Frequenc' %esign of =ind urbine Blades7

>ournal of =ind Engineering and $ndustrial Aerod'namics7 -//-7 pp8 5.,J51.8

--8>8$8 Pritchard7 H8&8 Adelman7 @Optimal Placement of uning &asses for ibration Reduction

in Helicopter Rotor Blades7 A$AA >87 ,55/7 pp8 3/5J3,D8

-38 >ean+>acques Chattot7 @Effects of Blade ip &odifications on =ind urbine Performance using

orte< &odel7 Computers 2 Fluids 317 -//57 pp8 ,/DJ,,/8

-8 "oldstein 9'dne' @On the orte< heor' of 9cre6 Propellers7 Proc8 of the Ro'al 9ociet' of

London7 olume ,-37 $ssue 05-7 ,5-57 pp8 /+.D8


40/41

-D8 Chalothorn humthae and a6it Chitsomboon7 @Optimal Angle of Attac: for )nt6isted Blade

=ind urbine7 Rene6able Energ'7 -//57 pp8 ,-05J,-18

-.8 Andre6 ;usia:7 =en'an Li and Yhe 9ong7 @%'namic Control of =ind urbines7 Rene6able

Energ'7 -/,/7 pp8 D.J.38

-08 !ana'a::ara !7 !a:amura & and Hataa:i H8 @Predicti*e Control of =ind urbines in 9mall

Po6er 9'stems at high urbulent =ind 9peeds7 Control Engineering Practice7 ,5507 pp8 ,/.3J

,/.58

-18 F8 =anga7 L8 Baia7 >8 Fletcherb7 >8 =hitefordc and %8 Cullenc7 @%e*elopment of 9mall

%omestic =ind urbine 6ith 9coop and Prediction of its Annual Po6er Output7 Rene6able

Energ'7 -//17 pp8 ,.30J,.D,8

-58 9 uran7 A% Peacoc: and &8 !e6borough7 @&icro and 9mall =ind urbine Applications in

the Built En*ironment7 Proceedings of 5 th=orld Rene6able Energ' Congress7 Florence7 -//.8

3/8 9P Carroll @$n*estigation into the $nstallation of 9mall =ind urbines in an )rban

En*ironment7 Proceedings of European =ind Energ' Conferences and E


41/41

/8 F8 =ang7 L8 Bai7 >8 Fletcher7 >8 =hiteford and %8 Cullen7 @he &ethodolog' for Aerod'namic

9tud' on a 9mall %omestic =ind urbine 6ith 9coop7 >ournal of =ind Engineering and

$ndustrial Aerod'namics7 -//17 pp8 ,+-8

,8 98 #8 Hu and >8H8 Cheng7 @$nno*ator' %esign for %ucted =ind urbine7 Rene6able Energ'7

-//17 pp8 ,5,+,518

-8$8 "rant7 &8 &o7 U8 Pan7 P8 Par:in7 >8 Po6ell7 H8 Reinec:e7 ;8 9huang7 F8 Coton7 %8 Lee7 @An

E

wind turbine project_14.05.16 - copy

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