wind turbine - for green power

8/3/2019 Wind Turbine - For Green Power

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WIND

TURBINE :

FOR GREEN

POWER

A Presentation byProfessional Circle

PULSE


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WIND TURBINE

A wind turbine is a machine forconverting the kinetic energy of wind

into mechanical energy which is thenconverted to electrical energy by meansof Generator.


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HARNESSING WIND ENERGY

Sail- used to propel a ship.Windmill- Used for Pumping water, grindinggrain(Persia,200 B.C.), keeping polders dry.

Wind Turbines- For generating electricity.

Wind Energy for Water Applications.The first windmill for electricity productionwas built in Cleveland, Ohio by Charles F.Brush in 1888 producing 12 kW.

First large-scale wind turbine built in theUnited States was conceived by PalmerCosslett Putnam in 1934, which couldproduce 1,250 kilowatts of electricity
http://../wiki/Cleveland%2C_Ohiohttp://../wiki/Cleveland%2C_Ohio


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INSIDE A WIND TURBINE


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SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM


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TYPES OF WIND TURBINE

Horizontal Axis Wind

Turbines (HAWT)

Vertical Axis Wind

Turbines (HAWT)


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WORKING PRINCIPLEAirfoil Behavior

= low

= medium


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AIRFOIL NOMENCLATUREwind turbines use the same aerodynamic principals as aircraft

VR = Relative Wind

= angle of attack = angle between the chord line and thedirection of the relative wind, VR .VR = wind speed seen by the airfoil, is the vector sum of V(free stream wind) and R (tip speed).

V

R r

v


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= + , is called angle of apparent wind

= tan-12R/3r -

Twist Angle:( )The angle of an airfoils chord linerelative to a reference chord line (usually at the blade tip).Typical blades have about 20 degrees from root to tip.

Root Airfoil

Tip airfoil

Rotor plane


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WIND TURBINE POWER

P = Cp A V3Power from a Wind Turbine Rotor

Cp is called the power coefficient.Cp is the percentage

of power in the wind that is converted into mechanicalenergy.

Diameter of the rotor may calculated as

d= [P(47 /N)

3

]

1/5

Where, = R/V

is tip speed ratio, is angular speed


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Thrust force may expressed as, F= L cos

From Betz criterion,

F=4/9 A V2= 4/9 (2 r dr)V2

Where expression of lift force is

L = Cl B (Cdr) Vr2 , wherecos = (r/R) V/ Vr

= Cl B (Cdr) [r V/R cos ]2

Finally we get the relationship equation as

C= [16R(R/r) cos ] / [9 2 B Cl ] or

C= [16R(R/r)] / [9 2 B]

WIND TURBINE POWER


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TURBINE POWER IS LIMITED BY

Power in the wind

Betz limit (air can not be slowed to zero)

Low speed losses - wake rotation

Drag losses aerodynamics and bladegeometry

Generator and drivetrain inefficiencies


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ENERGY PRODUCTION TERMSPower in the Wind=

1/2AV3

Betz Limit- 59% Max

Power Coefficient- CpRated Power Maximum

power generator can

produce.

Capacity factor -Actual

energy /maximum energy

Cut-inwind speed where

energy production begins,

4m/s typically.

Cut-outwind speed

where energy production

ends, 25m/s typically.

Typical Power Curve


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Rotor Disc

When V1 / V2 = 1/3Pax/P1 is maximum=0.5926

Ratio of actual power to power in wind is

(Pax/P1 ) = {1 - (V2 / V1 )2 } {1 + (V2 / V1 )}

BETZ LIMIT

V1/V2

Pax/P1


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POWER COEFFICIENT VS TIP SPEED RATIO

0.60

0.50

0.40

0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00

Cp

109876543210Tip Speed Ratio

Betz - Without Wake RotationWith Wake Rotation


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SIZE OF WIND TURBINE


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WIND SITE REQUISITESHigh wind resource at particular site

Adequate land availability (Area required perWind Turbine = 5Acres (approx ))

Accessibility Proper approach to site forcommissioning.

Strong terrain / soil for proper foundation /civil work.

Grid availability.

Favourable environmental condition toprevent corrosion & not prone to cyclone.

Techno-economic selection of WEGs.

Scientifically prepared layout.


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AREA REQUIRED FOR WIND FARM


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Global Wind Industry-2005

Global wind electricity-generating capacity

increased by 24% in 2005 to 59,100 MW.Europe lead the world in total installed capacitywith over 40,500 MW.

Asian countries have installed nearly 7,000 MW of

wind-generated electricity capacity.Germany, the largest wind power producer gets6% of its electricity (18,400 MW) from wind.

Spain, in second place with over 10,000 MW of

capacity, gets 8% of its electricity from wind.The U.S. has installed 9,100 MW of wind powercapacity.


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Energy Source Annual Rate of

Growth(%)

Wind Power 28.6

Solar Photovoltaics 26.2

Geothermal Power*

3.1

Hydroelectric 1.6

Oil 1.7

Natural Gas 2.5

Nuclear Power 1.8

Coal 2.5

Trends in World Energy

1995-2005


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Installed Capacity

2005 (MW)

2005 in % Installed Capacity

2004 (MW)

2004 in %

Europe 40932 69.4 34758 72.9

Africa 252 0.4 240 0.5

America 10036 17 7367 15.5

Asia 7022 11.9 4759 10

Australia-Pacific 740 1.3 547 1.1

World 58982 100 47671 100

Worldwide wind energy installation figures per continent as at

31 December 2005

0.4%

11.9% 1.3%

69.4%

17% Europe

Africa

America

Asia

Australia-Pacific


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WIND

RESOURCEMAP OF

INDIA


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INDIAN WIND INDUSTRYIndia is the fourth largest wind powerproducer in the world after Germany, Spain &the USA.

India is the strongest Asian market withalmost 1430 MW of new installed capacity, in2005 alone.

Indias wind power installed capacity is 6053

MW (as on 1st

October 2006).Gross wind energy potential in India has beenestimated at 45,000 MW. Technical potentialis about 13,000 MW.


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INDIAN WIND INDUSTRY

Survey work is in progress in 24 States / UTs.Over 200 sites have been identified as highwindy sites across the country.

Around 1000 wind monitoring and mapping

stations are covered in 25 states and unionterritories.

WEG ranging from 55 to 1250 kW rating havebeen developed and manufactured in India.

State-of-the-art wind power technologiesavailable in India with wind R&D centre and field-test stations.


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Installations across India

State GrossPotential (MW)

TechnicalPotential (MW)

Installed Capacity(MW)

Andhra Pradesh 9675 1780 337.9

Gujarat 8275 1920 121.1

Karnataka 6620 1180 584.3

Kerala 5500 845 40.25Madhya Pradesh 5400 910 358.06

Maharashtra 3650 3040 1001.15

Orissa 3050 1880 2897.34

Rajasthan 1700 780 2

Tamilnadu 875 605 2

West Bengal 450 450 1.1

Other States - - 1.6

Total 45195 MW 13390 5347 MW

Sl. No. State GrossPotential (MW)

TechnicalPotential (MW)

InstalledCapacity (MW)

1 Gujarat 9675 1780 337.9

2 Andhra Pradesh 8275 1920 121.1

3 Karnataka 6620 1180 584.3

4 Madhya Pradesh 5500 845 40.25

5 Rajasthan 5400 910 358.06

6 Maharashtra 3650 3040 1001.15

7 Tamilnadu 3050 1880 2897.34

8 Orissa 1700 780 29 Kerala 875 605 2

10 West Bengal 450 450 1.1

11 Other States - - 1.6

Total 45195 MW 13390 5347 MW


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COST ECONOMICS

Capital cost of wind power projects rangesfrom Rs. 4.5-5 crore per MW.

Cost of generation is estimated to be Rs 2.00-2.75 per kWh (depending upon the site).

A cost ceiling of Rs. 3.5 crore/MW has beenfixed for the determination of MNES supportto state government projects.

The costs are expected to decline and

profitability increase with technologyimprovements, and increase in size ofturbines, and optimal planning and siteselection.


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FISCAL AND PROMOTIONAL

INCENTIVES OFFERED BY GOI

Attractive investment options are extended to theprivate sector, in the context of the recentlyannounced policies and drive towards private

sector generation.The govt. has introduced a package of incentiveswhich includes tax concessions such as 100%accelerated depreciation, tax holidays for power

generation projects, soft loans, customs andexcise duty relief, liberalised foreign investmentprocedures, etc.


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FISCAL AND PROMOTIONAL

INCENTIVES OFFERED BY GOI

Concessional (or Zero) import duty onspecified wind turbine parts.

Accelerated depreciation in the first year.

Sales Tax, Excise Duty relief.Income Tax holidays for newer powerprojects for 5 years.

Soft loans from the Indian Renewable

Energy Development Agency Ltd (IREDA).Wheeling, Banking, Third Party sale andBuy-back facility by State ElectricityBoards (SEBs), so no marketing problems.


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RENEWABLE SOURCES COST OF

GENERATION

SOURCE CAPITAL COST(Rs. Crores/MW)

GENERATIONCOST(Rs./KWHr)

WIND POWER 3.5-5.0 2.25

SMALL HYDRO 3.5-6.0 1.5-3.5

CO-GENERATION 2.0-2.5 2.0-2.5

SOLAR 30.0 15.0-20.0

PHOTOVOLTAIC 9.0 5.8SEA WAVE 2.4 1.1

BIOMASS GASIFIER


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COMPARISON BETWEEN FOSSIL

FUELS AND WIND

Parameters Wind Fossil FuelAvailability Usable as it

exists

Have to be procured and made usable

through laborious and environmentally

damaging processes

Limitation on

availability

Inexhaustible

resource

Limited in reserves, expected to get

completely exhausted in the coming 60years

Transportation Used where it is

available

Have to be transported from the site for

further processing exposing environment

to danger

Use in production Zero emission Used in producing electricity releasinggreen house gasses

Geo-political

Implications

Reduces our

reliance on oil,

safeguarding

national security

Over-reliance on oil as a resource has

undermined our energy security. E.g.

OPEC crises of 1973, Gulf War of 1991

and Iraq War of 2003


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THE POLLUTION SAVING

Sulphur - dioxide (SO2): 2 to 3.2 tonnes.Nitrogen - oxide (NO) ; 1.2 to 2.4 tonnes.

Carbon - dioxide (CO2) : 300 to 500 tonnes.

Particulates : 150 to 280 kg.

From a WT having an output of 4000 kWhper year has been estimated as:

ADVANTAGES


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ADVANTAGES

The capital cost is comparable with conventionalpower plants (4.5 crores to 5.0 crores).

Construction time is less.

Operation and maintenance cost is very low.

Fuel cost is zero.

Pay back in shorter duration.Capacity addition can be in modular form.

pollution free and environment friendly.

Safety norms are not rigorous as in case ofconventional.

The price of wind-generated electricity is notsubjected to price volatility like fossil fuels.

It offers long-term energy security.


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LIMITATIONS

Strong, dependable winds at least 4.0-4.5 m/s (14.4-16.2 km/h; 9.0-10.2 mph) necessary.

Energy from wind machines is intermittent. May need aback-up supply from another source.

Wind towers and turbine blades are subject to damage

from high winds/ turbulence.Rotating parts can be difficult and expensive to repair.

Electricity produced sometimes fluctuates in voltage andpower factor.

The noise made by rotating wind machine blades can beannoying.

Complains about aesthetics of and avian mortality fromwind machines.


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FUTURE

In the second half of the next century,renewables are expected to account for50 to 60% of the total global energy

supply.It is forecast that 10 % of the worlds

electricity will be generated by windpower within 20 years.


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GLOBAL VISION FOR WIND POWER

As per World Energy Council, the world windpower capacity can increase to 70 GW underthe current policy scenario, and even 100 GWunder a ecologically driven scenario by 2010 .

Europe (EWEA) targets to satisfy 23% ofEuropean electricity needs with wind by 2030.

China targets the development of 30,000 MWwind capacity by 2010 & 4,00,000 MW of

wind capacity by 2050.Canada targets installation of 4,000megawatts of wind energy by 2010 & 9,200megawatts by 2015.


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VISION FOR WIND ENERGY (INDIA)

As per MNES projections, 10% of the 2.4Lacs MW energy requirement by the year2012 will come from renewables.

It is envisaged that 50% of renewable energyor 12,000MW may come from wind power.

By 2030, 64,000 MW (16% of the total energy

requirement) will be contributed by windenergy.


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CONCLUSION

Exploring other potential sources.

Application of advanced techniques in windvelocity measurement and relating it to

available electrical out put.Standardization of the wind turbine powerplants.

Research to bring down capital & generationcost further based on improved designs andmaintenance free systems.


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ANY QUESTION ???

wind turbine - for green power

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