POWER OBTAINED BY HARNESSING THE ENERGY OF THE WIND

WIND POWER

•WIND IS A FORM OF SOLAR ENERGY.

• WINDS ARE CAUSED BY THE UNEVEN HEATING OF THE

ATMOSPHERE BY THE SUN, THE IRREGULARITIES OF THE

EARTH'S SURFACE, AND ROTATION OF THE EARTH.

WIND ENERGY?!

•THIS WIND FLOW, OR MOTION ENERGY, WHEN "HARVESTED" BY MODERN WIND TURBINES, CAN

BE USED TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY I.E WIND POWER.

•WIND FLOW PATTERNS ARE MODIFIED BY :

EARTH'S TERRAINBODIES OF WATERVEGETATIVE COVER

HOW WIND POWER IS GENERATED:

•THE WIND'S KINETIC ENERGY CAN BE HARNESSED BY A WIND TURBINE, A DEVICE THAT

LOOKS LIKE AN EXTREMELY TALL, SKINNY FAN.

•WINDMILLS ARE USED FOR THEIR MECHANICAL POWER, WIND PUMPS FOR WATER

PUMPING, AND SAILS TO PROPEL SHIPS.

•WIND POWER AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO FOSSIL FUELS IS PLENTIFUL, RENEWABLE,

WIDELY DISTRIBUTED, CLEAN, PRODUCES NO GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS DURING

OPERATION, AND USES LITTLE LAND.

•IN THE CASE OF WIND, IF CONVENTIONAL ON SHORE WIND TURBINES WITH 80-M TOWERS

WERE INSTALLED ON 13% OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE, THE ESTIMATED WIND POWER THAT

COULD BE COMMERCIALLY VIABLE IS 72 TERAWATT (TW).

•THAT AMOUNTS TO ALMOST FIVE TIMES THE GLOBAL POWER CONSUMPTION IN ALL FORMS,

WHICH CURRENTLY AVERAGES ABOUT 15 TW.

WHY WIND POWER:

MAIN PROBLEMS

1. COST

2. AVAILABILITY

WIND TURBINES

COMPONENTS OF WIND TURBINE

• WIND TURBINES CONSIST OF A FOUNDATION, A TOWER, A NACELLE AND A ROTOR.

WIND TURBINES

•WIND TURBINES START OPERATING AT WIND SPEEDS OF 4 TO 5 METRES

PER SECOND AND REACH MAXIMUM POWER OUTPUT AT AROUND 15

METRES/SECOND..

•A MODERN WIND TURBINE PRODUCES ELECTRICITY 70-85% OF THE

TIME, BUT IT GENERATES DIFFERENT OUTPUTS DEPENDING ON THE

WIND SPEED.

•OVER THE COURSE OF A YEAR, IT WILL TYPICALLY GENERATE

ABOUT 24% OF THE THEORETICAL MAXIMUM OUTPUT (41%

OFFSHORE). THIS IS KNOWN AS ITS CAPACITY FACTOR.

•THE CAPACITY FACTOR OF CONVENTIONAL POWER STATIONS

IS ON AVERAGE 50%-80%. BECAUSE OF STOPPAGES FOR

MAINTENANCE OR BREAKDOWNS, NO POWER PLANT

GENERATES POWER FOR 100% OF THE TIME.

•AT 100 FEET (30 METERS) OR MORE ABOVE GROUND, THEY CAN

TAKE ADVANTAGE OF FASTER AND LESS TURBULENT WIND.

LOCATION

•AVOID ROOF MOUNTED TURBINES AS THERE IS

NO GUARANTEE THAT THESE DEVICES WILL NOT

DAMAGE YOUR PROPERTY THROUGH

VIBRATION.

•THE DISTANCE BETWEEN YOUR TURBINE AND

YOUR POWER REQUIREMENT, THE MORE POWER

YOU WILL LOSE IN THE CABLE. THE DISTANCE

OF THE CABLING WILL ALSO IMPACT THE

OVERALL COST OF THE INSTALLATION.

•TURBINES WORK AT THE BEST WHEN ON HIGH, EXPOSED

SITES. COASTAL SITES ARE ESPECIALLY GOOD.

•TOWN CENTRES AND HIGHLY POPULATED RESIDENTIAL

AREAS ARE USUALLY NOT SUITABLE SITES FOR WIND

TURBINES.

SIZE OF THE WIND TURBINE:

•THE AVERAGE SIZE OF ON SHORE TURBINES BEING

MANUFACTURED TODAY IS AROUND 2.5-3 MW, WITH

BLADES OF ABOUT 50 METRES LENGTH.

• IT CAN POWER MORE THAN 1,500 AVERAGE

HOUSEHOLDS.

•AN AVERAGE OFFSHORE WIND TURBINE OF 3.6 MW

CAN POWER MORE THAN 3,312 AVERAGE

HOUSEHOLDS.

•EARLIER WIND TURBINES WERE UNDER 1 MW

WITH ROTOR DIAMETERS OF AROUND 15

METRES. 

•IN 2012, THE AVERAGE SIZE IS 2.5 MW WITH

ROTOR DIAMETERS OF 100 METRES.

7.5 MW TURBINES ARE THE LARGEST TODAY

WITH BLADES ABOUT 60 METRES LONG.

•THE TOWERS ARE MOSTLY TUBULAR AND MADE OF STEEL OR CONCRETE, GENERALLY PAINTED LIGHT GREY. •THE BLADES ARE MADE OF FIBREGLASS, REINFORCED POLYESTER OR WOOD-EPOXY•. THEY ARE LIGHT GREY BECAUSE IT IS INCONSPICUOUS UNDER MOST LIGHTING CONDITIONS. •THE FINISH IS MATT, TO REDUCE REFLECTED LIGHT.

MATERIAL :

•WIND TURBINES CAN CARRY ON GENERATING ELECTRICITY FOR 20-25 YEARS.•OVER THEIR LIFETIME THEY WILL BE RUNNING CONTINUOUSLY FOR AS MUCH AS 120,000 HOURS.

DURABILITY :

SIZE RANGES

RESIDENTIAL: BELOW 30 KWCHOOSE A SIZE BASED ON ELECTRICAL LOADDIAMETER:  1 - 13 M  (4 - 43 FT)HEIGHT:  18 - 37 M (60 - 120 FT)EXAMPLE:  20,000 KWH/YEAR

MEDIUM:  30 - 500 KWMAY BE SIZED TO A LOAD. TYPICALLY USED WHEN THERE IS A LARGE ELECTRICAL LOAD.DIAMETER: 13 - 30 M  (43 - 100 FT)HEIGHT:  35 - 50 M (115 - 164 FT)EXAMPLE:  600,000 KWH/YEAR

COMMERCIAL SCALE:  500 KW - 2 MWUSUALLY FED INTO THE GRID, NOT SIZED TO A SINGLE LOADDIAMETER:  47 - 90 M (155 - 300 FT)HEIGHT: 50 - 80 M (164 - 262 FT)EXAMPLE:  4,000,000 KWH/YEAR

• IDEALLY, THE AREA SHOULD BE AS WIDE AND OPEN AS POSSIBLE IN THE PREVAILING WIND DIRECTION,

WITH FEW OBSTACLES.

•ITS VISUAL INFLUENCE NEEDS TO BE CONSIDERED – FEW, LARGER TURBINES ARE USUALLY BETTER

THAN MANY SMALLER ONES.

•THE TURBINES NEED TO BE EASILY ACCESSIBLE FOR MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR WORK WHEN NEEDED.

NOISE LEVELS CAN BE CALCULATED SO THE FARM IS COMPATIBLE WITH THE LEVELS OF SOUND

STIPULATED IN NATIONAL LEGISLATION.

WIND FARMS

•THE TURBINE SUPPLIER DEFINES THE MINIMUM TURBINE SPACING, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE

EFFECT ONE TURBINE CAN HAVE ON OTHERS NEARBY – THE 'WAKE EFFECT'.

•THE RISK OF EXTREME EVENTS SUCH AS EARTHQUAKES, HOW EASY IT IS TO TRANSPORT THE

TURBINES TO THE SITE AND THE LOCAL AVAILABILITY OF CRANES.

“IN A WIND FARM THE TURBINES THEMSELVES TAKE UP LESS THAN 1% OF THE LAND

AREA. EXISTING ACTIVITIES LIKE FARMING AND TOURISM CAN TAKE PLACE AROUND

THEM AND ANIMALS LIKE COWS AND SHEEP ARE NOT DISTURBED.”

•WIND IN INDIA ARE INFLUENCED BY THE STRONG SOUTH-WEST

SUMMER MONSOON, WHICH STARTS IN MAY-JUNE, WHEN COOL,

HUMID AIR MOVES TOWARDS

•DURING THE PERIOD MARCH TO AUGUST, THE WINDS ARE

UNIFORMLY STRONG OVER THE WHOLE INDIAN PENINSULA, EXCEPT

THE EASTERN PENINSULAR COAST.

WIND POWER SCENARIO IN INDIA :

•WIND SPEEDS DURING THE PERIOD NOVEMBER TO MARCH ARE

RELATIVELY WEAK, THOUGH HIGHER WINDS ARE AVAILABLE

DURING A PART OF THE PERIOD ON THE TAMIL NADU COASTLINE. 

•THE LAND AND THE WEAKER NORTH-EAST WINTER MONSOON,

WHICH STARTS IN OCTOBER, WHEN COOL, DRY SIR MOVES

TOWARDS THE OCEAN.

•THE WIND POWER GENERATION CAPACITY IN INDIA IS 49,130 MW AS PER THE OFFICIAL

ESTIMATES IN THE INDIAN WIND ATLAS (2010) .

•THE POTENTIAL IS CALCULATED WITH RESPECT TO 2 PER CENT LAND AVAILABILITY AT WINDY

LOCATIONS AND PERTAINS TO A 50 METER HUB HEIGHT LEVEL OF THE WIND TURBINES.

•PRESENTLY LARGE WIND TURBINES WITH HIGHER HUB HEIGHT IN THE RANGE OF 80-100 METER

WITH LARGE ROTOR DIAMETERS UP TO 120 M ARE AVAILABLE IN THE INDIAN MARKET.

•CONCEDING TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT AND HIGHER WIND SPEEDS AT HIGHER HUB

HEIGHTS, THE POTENTIAL OF 49,130 MW AT 50 METER LEVEL IF EXTRAPOLATED AT 80 METER

STANDARD HUB HEIGHT, THE PROJECTED WIND POTENTIAL USING THE SAME LAND AVAILABILITY

WILL BE IN THE ORDER OF 1,02,788 MW

. The power available from wind is proportional to cube of the wind's speed

•The limitations of global resources of fossil and nuclear fuel, has necessitated an urgent search for alternative sources of energy.

•Smart grid is a system that would enable the integration of renewable energy sources and shift from reliance on fossil fuels, while maintaining the balance between supply and demand

•Smart grid is a system consists of three layers: the physical power layer, the control layer and the application layer.

•smart grid has to be dynamic and have constant two-way communication

SMART GRIDS

The SmartGrids technology platform summarizes the benefits of smart grids as follows.

• Better facilitate the connection and operation of generators of all sizes and technologies.

• Allow consumers to play a part in optimizing the operation of the system• Provide greater information and options for choice of supply; • Significantly reduce the environmental impact of the whole electricity supply

system; • Maintain or even improve the existing high levels of system reliability, quality and

security of supply; Maintain and improve the existing services efficiently; Foster market integration

MUNICIPAL CONSULTATIONSExperienced wind energy developers take the time to talk with the people in the community that may be impacted directly and indirectly, and engage them early in the planning process and keeping an open dialogue throughout the development and operational phases.

WIND ASSESSMENT.Scientists and engineers use meteorological masts to measure wind speed and other climatic conditions. This data is then used to estimate how much energy a potential wind farm could produce.

WIND FARM DESIGNWind data is combined with topographical information to design the wind farm. Engineers model wind flow, turbine performance, sound levels and other parameters to optimize the location of wind turbines.

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDYEnvironmental assessments identify and to mitigate potential impacts on community residents, landscape, plants and wildlife, soil and water, land use or other activities such as aviation and telecommunications

Planning Implications

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PERMITTING AND PUBLIC CONSULTATIONAs with any other major power project, developers seek municipal, provincial and federal permits before the project can go ahead. They also meet with local community residents and elected officials to present the project, receive feedback and build community support.

ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS.They work to estimate the cost of turbines and their installation, as well as the costs of access roads, electrical systems, operations and maintenance..

MANUFACTURINGWind turbine component parts are manufactured and pre-assembled at the factory, then shipped to the wind farm site where the final assembly takes place.

SITE PREPARATION AND CONSTRUCTIONWork crews prepare turbine sites by building access roads, preparing turbine foundations and reassembling turbine components. A crane is used to erect turbine towers and install the nacelles and rotors with their hubs and blades

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCEActivities that are performed on a regular basis throughout the project’s life include monitoring and analyzing performance, conducting environmental surveys and performing preventive maintenance and repairs on the turbines and other components of the facility