Wind Energy www.wind.appstate.edu

Sizes and Sizes and ApplicationsApplications

Small (10 kW)• Homes (Grid connected)• Farms• Remote Applications

(e.g. battery changing, water pumping, telecom sites, icemaking)

Intermediate (10-500 kW)• Village Power• Hybrid Systems• Distributed Power

Large (500 kW – 6 MW)• Central Station Wind Farms

• Distributed Power• Offshore Wind Generation

Stations

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

Capacity (M

W)

United States Europe Rest of World

1. Germany: 14000 MW2. United States: 6374 MW 3. Spain: 5780 MW4. Denmark: 3094 MW5. India: 1900 MW

Source: WindPower Monthly

World total 2003: 37220 MW

Total Installed Wind Total Installed Wind CapacityCapacity

World Growth MarketWorld Growth Market

Increased Turbine Size - R&D Advances - Manufacturing Improvements

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 20040

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Cap

acity

(M

W)

Cos

t of

Ene

rgy

(cen

ts/k

Wh*

)

Cost of Energy and Cumulative Domestic Capacity

*Year 2000 dollars

Capacity & Cost TrendsCapacity & Cost Trends

Drivers for Wind PowerDrivers for Wind Power

Declining Wind CostsDeclining Wind Costs

Fuel Price UncertaintyFuel Price Uncertainty

Federal and State Federal and State PoliciesPolicies

Economic DevelopmentEconomic Development

Green PowerGreen Power

Energy SecurityEnergy Security

NoneIndividual Utilities

Investor-Owned Utilities Only, Not Rural Cooperatives

Investor-Owned Utilities and Rural Cooperatives

Net Metering By StateNet Metering By State

Revised: 9Jul04

10 kW

50 kW

1 MW

100 kW

No Limit

100 kW

10 kW

100 kW,25,000kWh/y

40 kW

20 kW25/100 kW

1,000 kWh/

mo

60 kW

30 kW

10/400 kWPV Only

25 kW 15/150 kW

25 kW

10/500kW

50 kW

25 kW

No Limit

25 kW

100 kW100 kW

25 kW

80 kWSolar Only

40 kW

10 kW

Monthly Net Metering

Annual Net Metering

Varies by Utility or Unknown

25 kW

25/100kW

10/100kW

50 kW

25 kW

10/25 kW

PVOnly

25/100 kW

20 kW

Benefits

• 5 million KWH/yr

• 500 homes

• $500,000/yr green power

• 7.5 million lbs CO2/yr

• 8.3 tons NOX/yr

Economic Development ImpactsEconomic Development Impacts

Land Lease Payments: 2-3% of gross Land Lease Payments: 2-3% of gross revenue $2500-4000/MW/yearrevenue $2500-4000/MW/year

Local property tax revenue: 100 MW brings Local property tax revenue: 100 MW brings in on the order of $1 million/yrin on the order of $1 million/yr

1-2 jobs/MW during construction1-2 jobs/MW during construction

2-5 permanent O&M jobs per 50-100 MW,2-5 permanent O&M jobs per 50-100 MW,

Local construction and service industry: Local construction and service industry: concrete, towers usually done locallyconcrete, towers usually done locally

Manufacturing and Assembly plants Manufacturing and Assembly plants expanding in U.S. (Micon in IL, LM Glasfiber expanding in U.S. (Micon in IL, LM Glasfiber in ND)in ND)

1981 '83 '85 '90 '98

% A

vail

able

Year0

20

40

60

80

100

Reliability of Wind Turbines

Class 6 (4.3%)Class 6 (4.3%) Class 5 (6.3%)

Location and Percentage of High Quality Wind Resources in the US

Class 4 & above 27.5%

North Carolina Wind MapNorth Carolina Wind Map

Ashe & Watauga County Wind Classes

Class @ Class @ 50m50m

Power Power Density Density (W/m(W/m22))

Area (acres)Area (acres) Percentage Percentage of Totalof Total

1 -1 - < 100< 100 3,889,0863,889,086 59.3259.32

1 +1 + (100, 200](100, 200] 1,895,9231,895,923 28.9228.92

22 (200, 300](200, 300] 473,175473,175 7.227.22

33 (300, 400](300, 400] 159,767159,767 2.442.44

44 (400, 500](400, 500] 68,01368,013 1.041.04

55 (500, 600](500, 600] 30,37430,374 0.460.46

66 (600, 800](600, 800] 24,27524,275 0.370.37

77 > 800> 800 15,41915,419 0.240.24

>= 2>= 2 (200, > 800](200, > 800] 771,024771,024 11.7611.76

>= 4>= 4 (400, > 800](400, > 800] 138,000138,000 2.12.1

Land Areas of Wind Power Classes

in 24 Western NC Counties

Wind Resource Analysis by County Wind Resource Analysis by County (acres)(acres)

Top 5 Counties in Western NCTop 5 Counties in Western NC

11 22 3 3 44 55 66 77 2-72-7 4-74-7

HaywoodHaywood 9948499484 3676936769 1929419294 93609360 45764576 51205120 32423242 7836178361 2229822298

WataugaWatauga 9335693356 4780947809 1430214302 53965396 23032303 17291729 939939 7248072480 1036810368

BuncombeBuncombe 191061191061 3359633596 1397613976 65926592 31823182 26882688 26682668 6270562705 1513215132

AsheAshe 184824184824 4000040000 91629162 41904190 18771877 18771877 11661166 5827758277 91139113

AveryAvery 7952879528 2780427804 92819281 42104210 23522352 17391739 11071107 4649546495 94099409

County Wind Maps for Western NCCounty Wind Maps for Western NC

True Wind Map Combined With:

Road data Digital elevation models Public lands Appalachian Trail Town boundaries Utility grid Tax parcel maps

www.wind.appstate.edu

North Carolina Coastal ResourcesNorth Carolina Coastal Resources

Wind Monitoring ActivitiesWind Monitoring Activities

Number of Turbines in Class 4/5 Sites @ 80m to produce:

10% Blue Ridge Electric 10 % Mt. Electric 10% NC

18 10 2400

Small Residential Small Residential Scale Turbines Scale Turbines

could powercould power1 - 6 houses1 - 6 houses

((3,000 – 60,000 WWH/yr)3,000 – 60,000 WWH/yr)

Small Wind InitiativeSmall Wind Initiative

Issues for WindIssues for Wind

Issues for Wind EnergyIssues for Wind Energy

Legal Legal ““ridge law”ridge law” park/forest restrictionspark/forest restrictions

Visual ImpactsVisual Impacts

Attitudes towards WindAttitudes towards Wind

Avian ImpactsAvian Impacts

Indirect negative economic Indirect negative economic impactsimpacts

real estate valuesreal estate values

Wind Activities

1) Wind Resource Assessmenta. NC State Wind Mapb. Anemometer loan programc. TVA wind assessment workd. NC Wind Energy Assessment Projects

2) Educationa. Small Wind Workshops at ASU and Solar Centerb. Wind Summit in Boone, NCc. Anemometer loan programd. Small Wind Initiative

3) Wind Working Group 4) Economic impact analyses5) Environmental and Avian Impact analyses6) Legal/Permitting Issues7) Attitudinal surveys

8) Web Site: http://www.wind.appstate.edu/

In conclusion: Good wind resources in mountains and along coastal areas in all

southeastern states, although not widespread, Technology is available, reliable and economical, Majority seem to support wind energy, although significant

opposition exists, significant barriers/ concerns, more possibilities for small wind