Wind Energy: Issues for Michigan’s Land Conservancies

Wind in Michigan: Emerging IssuesWind in Michigan: Emerging IssuesNovember 10, 2009

Presented by:Wayne R. Beyea, J.D., AICP

Associate Director of Citizen EducationStatewide Coordinator of Michigan Citizen Planner

MSU Land Policy Institute

Heart of the Lakes Center for Heart of the Lakes Center for Land Conservation PolicyLand Conservation Policy

Fifth Annual SummitFifth Annual Summit

MSU’s signature program founded in 2006 to provide leadership for research, outreach and community engagement in land use and strategic growth.Connects faculty prowess to pressing issues in sustainable growth.Unique land grant framework for addressing policy issues through partnership with stakeholders. Targets critical policy issues needing science-based information and analysis and develops solutions.

What this session will cover:What this session will cover:

Public Policy and Demand for Wind Energy.Wind Hotspots in Michigan.Issues Faced by Wind Developers and Land Owners.

This presentation is the outcome of research by the Land Policy Institute at Michigan State University.

Acknowledgements:Acknowledgements:Soji Adelaja, Ph.D.

John A. Hannah Distinguished Professor in Land Policy Director of the Land Policy Institute

Michigan State University

Wayne Beyea, J.D.Associate Director for Citizen Education

Land Policy InstituteMichigan State University

Charles McKeownRenewable Energy Program Manager and

Informatics Coordinator, Land Policy Research Land Policy Institute

Michigan State University

The project was supported by funding from the W.K. Kellogg Foundation under the LPI People and Land Initiative and by the Hannah Professor Research Endowment at Michigan State University.

Public Policy and Public Policy and Demand for Wind EnergyDemand for Wind Energy

State Amount Year Arizona 15% 2025 California 20% 2010 Colorado 20% 2020 Connecticut 23% 2020 District of Columbia 11% 2022 Delaware 20% 2019 Hawaii 20% 2020 Iowa 105 MW Illinois 25% 2025 Massachusetts 4% 2009 Maryland 9.5% 2022 Maine 10% 2017 Minnesota 25% 2025 Missouri* 11% 2020 Montana 15% 2015 New Hampshire 16% 2025 New Jersey 22.5% 2021 New Mexico 20% 2020 Nevada 20% 2015 New York 24% 2013 North Carolina 12.5% 2021 Oregon 25% 2025 Pennsylvania 18% 2020 Rhode Island 15% 2020 Texas 5,880 MW 2015 Utah* 20% 2025 Vermont* 10% 2013 Virginia* 12% 2022 Washington 15% 2020 Wisconsin 10% 2015

State RPS Goals

U.S. Wind OverviewU.S. Wind Overview26 states currently have an RPS.Four other states have nonbinding goals for the adoption of renewable energy.In 2007, Wind accounted for 30% of new electrical generation in the U.S.Wind Power installations have escalated across the country.

Global Interest in WindGlobal Interest in Wind“Worldwide investment in clean energy topped $115 Billion in 2007.”

“The U.S., China, and India are the worlds fastest growing wind energy markets.”

“The Global Wind Energy Council is forecasting that the global wind market will grow by over 155% to reach 240 GW of total installed capacity by 2012 . . . The Council now forecasts an addition of 146 GW in the coming five years, equaling an investment of more than 277 billion U.S.$ is 2007 values.”

“GE Unit Boosts 2010 Renewable Energy Investment Target to $6 Billion.”

“Wind Power's a Breeze in Europe: The EU's renewable power sector, led by wind, is growing, and those who build wind farms are having trouble keeping up with demand.”

“Foreign Firms Envision Wind Farms Dotting the U.S.”

-New Energy Finance, 2007

-Merrill Lynch, 2007

-Global Wind Energy Council, 2008

-CNN Money, 2007

-BusinessWeek, 2007

-The New York Times, 2007

Installed wind capacity has been growing worldwide and in the last five years has accelerated markedly.

Source – World Wind Energy Council

Demand for Local Renewable Energy

International OverviewInternational Overview

Public Act 295 of 2008Public Act 295 of 2008Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS)Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS)

Establishes a standard of 10% of Michigan’s electricity come from renewable energy by 2015.

Year Amount*2012 2%

2013 3.3%

2014 5%

2015 10%*Percentage of the total number of kilowatt hours of electricity the provider sold to its Michigan retail customers for the calendar year.

Demand for Local Renewable Energy

Michigan’s Response . . .

Public Act 295 of 2008Public Act 295 of 2008(Wind Energy Resource Zones)(Wind Energy Resource Zones)

The Wind Energy Resource Zone Board is charged with:– In consultation with local units of government, study

all of the following:• (i) Wind energy production potential and the viability of wind

as a source of commercial energy generation in this state.• (ii) Availability of land in this state for potential utilization

by wind energy conversion systems.

Demand for Local Renewable Energy

Public Act 295 of 2008 Public Act 295 of 2008 (Wind Energy Resource Zones)(Wind Energy Resource Zones)

Within 240 days after the effective date of this act, issue a proposed report detailing its findings. The board’s proposed report shall include the following:– (a) A list of regions in the state with the highest level of wind

energy harvest potential.– (b) A description of the estimated maximum and minimum wind

generating capacity in megawatts that can be installed in each identified region of this state.

– (c) An estimate of the annual maximum and minimum energy production potential for each identified region of this state.

– (d) An estimate of the maximum wind generation capacity already in service in each identified region of this state.

Demand for Local Renewable Energy

Board TimelineBoard Timeline

SOURCE: Public Sector Consultants Inc., 2009, using information from MSU Land Policy Institute, 2009, prepared for WERZ Board.

Board ConsultantsBoard Consultants

Michigan State University – Land Policy Institute and Public Sector Consultants provided wind energy consulting and report writing services.

Wind Hotspots Wind Hotspots in Michiganin Michigan

Class 3 or Higher Areas at 50 MetersClass 3 or Higher Areas at 50 Meters

SOURCE: Map by MSU Land Policy Institute, 2009, prepared for WERZ Board, using data from AWS TrueWind and the U.S. DOE National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL).NOTE: Legend uses wind power classification speeds specified by NREL..

Wind Regions SummaryWind Regions Summary

SOURCE: Public Sector Consultants Inc., 2009, using information from MSU Land Policy Institute, 2009, prepared for WERZ Board.

Board Wind RegionsBoard Wind Regions

Active Wind Energy Projects in Active Wind Energy Projects in Interconnection Queue, April 2009Interconnection Queue, April 2009

SOURCE: Public Sector Consultants Inc., 2009, based on data in Midwest ISO queue [online, accessed 4/22/09],available: http://www.midwestmarket.org/page/Generator+Interconnection+Queue+Projects; Interconnection report filingsin MPSC Case No. U-15113 (2009); PSC communications with DTE Energy staff, April 22, 2009.

Issues Faced by Issues Faced by Wind Developers Wind Developers and Land Owners and Land Owners

Pros and Cons Pros and Cons (Wind)Proponents:

Wind power can supplement other sources.Wind power is never going to rise in cost.Wind power does not pollute the air or water.Wind turbines are visually appealing.Wind turbines are not too noisy.Wind power increases national security.

Opponents: Wind power is intermittent.Wind turbines spoil the scenery.Wind turbines are noisy.Wind turbines are dangerous.Wind turbines kill too many birds.Wind power is too expensive.

Siting IssuesSiting IssuesTower HeightTower SetbacksNoise LevelsTower Construction MaterialsShadow FlickerClimbing Hazard AvoidanceDecommissioningOverhead or Underground WiresMigratory Birds, BatsState Laws

www.awea.org

Typical Heights of On Site Use Systems

Key Steps Toward Developing Key Steps Toward Developing Local Wind Energy RegulationsLocal Wind Energy Regulations

Amend master plan to add wind policy statements.Include in descriptions of Future Land Uses where desired.Where excluded, provide reasons.Add or update zoning definitions.Definitions will create categories.Differ by use, height or capacity.Expect to change with technology.

System TypesSystem Typesfor siting contextfor siting context

Wind facilities are usually characterized as either:− Commercial (power for sale)

or − Personal (power used on-site)

Siting issues surround both types of installations.

Michigan Siting Guidelines for Wind Energy Systems.• Developed by the MI Department of Energy, Labor and

Economic Growth (DELEG) Energy Office.• Rewritten by MSUE for ease when amending zoning, as:Sample Zoning for Wind Energy Systems.• Follows standard system of codification for local zoning

ordinances.• Sample zoning offers local leaders the phrasing to handle

several important issues, in particular: setbacks, noise, tower integrity and system safety.

Michigan Siting GuidelinesMichigan Siting Guidelines

Michigan DELEG Guidelines are intended as a starting point for communities. The new guidelines suggest that local governments should adopt different requirements for: – On-Site Use (accessory use - with towers typically

20 meters high or less). – Utility Grid Systems (principle use - with towers

typically 90 meters high).

Michigan GuidelinesMichigan Guidelines

Additional ResourcesAdditional Resources

Michigan Land Use Guidelines for Siting Wind Energy Systemswww.emdc.msue.msu.edu/Bulletin/PDF/WO1053.pdf

MSU Extension Bulletin WO-1053

Web address to download report:

www.landpolicy.msu.eduwww.landpolicy.msu.edu

Potential Application Potential Application of Renewable Energy of Renewable Energy on Brownfield Siteson Brownfield Sites

A Case Study of Michigan

Additional ResourcesAdditional Resources

Michigan Siting Guidelines for Wind Energy Systems. DELEG, 2007:– http://www.michigan.gov/cis

Sample Zoning for Wind Energy Systems. DELEG, 2008:– http://web5.msue.msu.edu/lu/pamphlet/WindEnergySampleZoning

.pdfMSU website on wind:– http://web1.msue.msu.edu/wind/

Land Policy Institute - Wind Prospecting Tool:– www.landpolicy.msu.edu/wpt/ - Utility-scale and Community-scale

toolsMichigan Citizen Planner program:– www.citizenplanner.msu.edu

Report of the Michigan Great Lakes Wind Council, 2009.– www.michiganglowcouncil.org/

Thank YouThank YouWayne R. Beyea, J.D.Wayne R. Beyea, J.D.MSU Land Policy InstituteMSU Land Policy Institute

Associate Director of Citizen EducationStatewide Coordinator of Michigan Citizen Planner

517.432.7600beyea@msu.edu