wind energy i. lesson 6. wind turbines in general p2
TRANSCRIPT
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Jarek Puczylowski - AG TWiSt / ForWind
Wind Energy lecture 02.12.2010 1
Jarek
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Wind Energy lecture 02.12.2010 2
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Outline
- variety of wind turbines / classification
- drag coefficient and drag force (example: Persian Windmill)
- aerodynamics of an airfoil
- lift coefficient and lift force (example: Darrieus Rotor)
- history of wind turbines
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variety of wind turbines
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Wind Energy lecture 02.12.2010
Jarek Puczylowski - AG TWiSt / ForWind
different kinds of WECs
5
wind turbine
horizontal axiswind turbine
vertical axiswind turbine
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Wind Energy lecture 02.12.2010
Jarek Puczylowski - AG TWiSt / ForWind
different kinds of WECs
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wind turbine
“drag” based wind turbines
“lift” based wind turbines
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drag force based wind turbines
What is drag?
wind velocity v
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Jarek Puczylowski - AG TWiSt / ForWind
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drag force based wind turbines
What is drag?
wind velocity v
power of the wind
force acting on the body?
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Wind Energy lecture 02.12.2010
Jarek Puczylowski - AG TWiSt / ForWind
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drag force based wind turbines
What is drag?
wind velocity v
power of the wind
force acting on the body?
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Wind Energy lecture 02.12.2010
Jarek Puczylowski - AG TWiSt / ForWind
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drag force based wind turbines
What is drag?
wind velocity v
power of the wind
force acting on the body?
different shapes have different air resistances, i.e. different
drag coefficients cdcd = 0,34
cd = 1,33
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sphere
cd is dependent on shape and Re
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drag force based wind turbines
Persian windmill year 500-900 a.d.
How can we estimate the maximum power?
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drag force based wind turbines
v = const
cd = 1.1
power estimation of a persian windmill
tip speed ratio
cp
tip speed ratio
cp,max =0,16
tip speed ratio for drag force based wind turbines < 1
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drag force based wind turbines
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lift force based wind turbines
airfoil design
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lift force based wind turbines
How does lift occur?
vup
vdown
FL
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Jarek Puczylowski - AG TWiSt / ForWind
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lift force based wind turbines
How does lift occur?
vup
vdown
Bernoulli Equation(strong simplification of Navier-Stokes-Eq.,
i.e. no viscosity, stationary, novorticity)
1
2!u2
+ p = const
negative
FL
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Wind Energy lecture 02.12.2010
Jarek Puczylowski - AG TWiSt / ForWind
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lift force based wind turbines
How does lift occur?Bernoulli Equation
(strong simplification of Navier-Stokes-Eq., i.e. no viscosity, stationary, novorticity)
1
2!u2
+ p = const
negative
Pup
Pdown
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Why is vup larger than vdown?
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Why is vup larger than vdown?
vup
vdown
starting vortex
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Wind Energy lecture 02.12.2010
Jarek Puczylowski - AG TWiSt / ForWind
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Why is vup larger than vdown?
vup
vdown
starting vortex
angular momentumconservation
starting vortex
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Wind Energy lecture 02.12.2010
Jarek Puczylowski - AG TWiSt / ForWind
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Why is vup larger than vdown?
vup
vdown
starting vortex
angular momentumconservation
starting vortex
wind velocity circulating vortex vup > vdown
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Forces acting on an airfoil
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Forces acting on an airfoil
FL = cL(Re,!) · 12"Au2
FD = cD(Re,!) · 12"Au2
Flift
Fdrag
F
cL = Lift coefficient
wind velocity v
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measuring lift (and drag) coefficients of airfoils
2 force sensors measure FL and FD
80 pressure sensors measure pressure distribution along the wall
wind velocity v
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Jarek Puczylowski - AG TWiSt / ForWind
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measuring lift coefficients of airfoils
FL = cL(Re,!) · 12"Au2
2 force sensors measure FL and FD
80 pressure sensors measure pressure distribution along the wall
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measuring lift coefficients of airfoils
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Lift force based wind turbines
example:
Darrieus wind turbine
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wind velocity v
velocity due to rotation u
total velocity
FL
FD
tip speed ratio for Darrieus rotors > 3
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wind velocity v
velocity due to rotation u
total velocity
FL
FD
FD
FL
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wind velocity v
velocity due to rotation u
total velocity
FL
FD
FD
FL
FD
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wind velocity v
velocity due to rotation u
total velocity
FL
FD
FD
FL
FD
FD
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wind velocity v
FL
FD
FD
FL
FD
FD
0° assist rotation
180° assist rotation
90°oppose rotation
270°oppose rotation
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History of wind turbines
Denmark 1891
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History of wind turbines
Russia 1931
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History of wind turbines
USA 1942 - 50kW
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History of wind turbines
Germany 1942
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History of wind turbines
USA 1943 - 70kW
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History of wind turbines
UK 1956 - 100kW
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History of wind turbines
Denmark 1957 -200kW
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History of wind turbines
France 1958 - 800kW
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History of wind turbines
Germany 1982 - 3000kW