wiljcitecheckmanual_2015

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Wisconsin International Law Journal

2015-2016

Cite Checking Manual

Senior Managing Editors

Caitlin Fish

Corydon Fish

ChristoperSchuele

Last updated October 8, 2015


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

I.

OVERVIEW OF THE CITE-CHECKING PROCESS ................................................................................. 2

II. LOCATING ORIGINAL SOURCES ............................................................................................................ 3

III. SUBSTANTIATION GENERALLY ............................................................................................................ 7

IV. THE ELECTRONIC SUBSTANTIATION PROCESS ................................................................................ 9

V.

BLUEBOOKING ......................................................................................................................................... 11

VI. WILJ ASSIGNMENTS ................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

I. OVERVIEW OF THE CITE-CHECKING PROCESS

A. Introduction

a. Before the articles even get to the cite-checking phase, the Senior Articles Editors, with the help ofthe Articles Editors, select the articles that will be published. The SAEs and AEs then edit the maintext of the articles according to the Chicago Manual of Style. At the cite-checking phase, the SeniorManaging Editors, with the help of the Managing Editors and Staff, ensure that the cited sourcesactually substantiate the author’s assertions, and the footnotes are in proper Bluebook format.

B. Responsibilities of the cite-checking teama. Staff: Responsible for the first cite check.

i. You and other WILJ Staff members (working in pairs) locate the cited sources, verify that thesource substantiates the author’s claim, and Bluebook the footnotes.

ii.

Staff cite checkers will complete two forms to document their work on each packet:1.

The Unavailable Sources (UAS / ILL) form is a list of sources that requireadditional research beyond what is available (for example, a book that is onlyavailable in Poland.)

2.

The Corrections & Problems (C&P) form documents the substantiation processand the correct Bluebook footnote format.

b. Assistant Managing Editor (AME): Responsible for ILLs and other tasks.i. AMEs are specially-appointed WILJ Staff member who works closely with the SMEs to

coordinate Inter-Library Loans (ILLs), and other tasks as needed. (See Section I.G.)ii. Any Staff member may apply to be an AME.

c. Managing Editor (ME): Responsible for second cite check. i. MEs receive the Staff-completed packets, review each, meet their assigned WILJ Staff pairs,

make necessary corrections (including asking Staff to follow up on certain tasks), and submitcombined packets to their supervisor (an SME).

ii. Your ME is your direct supervisor and your first go-to person (besides other Staff members).Your ME will assist you with questions you encounter and then verify your work.

iii.

If Staff work is complete and accurate, the ME will upload the C&P to the appropriate folderon the Lexis web course (and notify the SME via email) for a final review before submissionto the Editor-in-Chief. If a cite-checking packet is incomplete or inadequate, your ME willreturn the packet to you to finish. Poor work can affect WILJ membership.

d. Senior Managing Editor (SME): Responsible for the final footnote edit. i. SMEs receive the combined packets from the MEs, review them, make necessary

corrections, and submit the article with corrected footnotes to the author forreview.

e. Editor-in-Chief: Responsible for final article edit before publication.


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C. Timing of cite-checking packetsa.

Three cite-checking packets will be distributed over the course of the academic year — one in thefall semester and two in the spring semester. In general, the Staff ’s involvement in each cite-checking packet will span three to four weeks, with most of the work falling in the first two weeks.

i. Week 1 – Locate, print and/or copy all sources; report any problem sources on the UAS formii.

Week 2 – Bluebook and substantiate cites; complete C&P formiii. Week 3 – MEs meet with Staff to review the C&P forms

D.

The steps of a cite-checking packeta. Here is an overview of a cite-checking cycle so that you can see the entire process without

getting lost in the details. Later in this guide, you will find more detail and helpful hints:i.

Download the article, assignment list, and the UAS and C&P forms from your email..ii. Skim the article to familiarize yourself with the context and the author’s argument.

iii. Copy each cited source into the C&P form. (Note, often this will require a FN 23a, FN 23b,etc. designation where one footnote contains multiple cites.)

iv.

Make a list of the sources you will need to locate. Collaborate with your cite-checking partner to split up the work of locating the sources.

v. Locate your sources. Sources must be either: (1) the original hardcopy document, or (2) anappropriate electronic version. (See Section II.)

vi.

For hardcopy sources, scan all necessary pages from each source. (See Section II.)vii. By the UAS deadline, exchange the sources you located with your partner, list the sources

that are not available electronically on the UAS form, upload the UAS form to theappropriate folder on the Lexis web course, and notify your ME via email.

viii. Substantiate the content. Highlight the substantiation information on your scanned copy ofthe source. Document your work on the C&P form. (See Section III.)

ix. Highlight the citation information on your scanned copy of the source (i.e. the informationthat makes up the citation components). (See Section IV.) Bluebook each footnote. (See Section V.)

x. Type the corrected footnote (or “no change”) onto your C&P. List each relevant rule. Highlight any changes you make to the footnote.

xi.

Write any comments about decisions / judgment calls / problems you encountered, and initialall comments.

xii.

Upload the completed C&P sheet and substantiated sources to the appropriate folder on theLexis web course. (See Section Error! Reference source not found..)

II. LOCATING ORIGINAL SOURCES

A. A hardcopy, or scan of the original hardcopy, of every source in each footnote must be found. All

relevant pages must be scanned.

B.

Identify Each Source’s Type a. Identify what the source is – an article, book, website, UN document, etc. Sometimes this is

unclear from the author’s citation. Once you know a source’s type, you can determine whichBluebook rule to use, and what information needs to be copied.

b.

If you are unsure what the source is, search the Internet. Try the author’s name or a quotation.An Internet search can help you glean information that will allow you to find the hard copy.Google, Lexis, and Westlaw are good places to start.

i. Google Books is very helpful as a searchable database of many books.ii.

Academic authors often put their CV online. Magazines, journals, and websites oftenhave archived articles.


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c. Consecutively Paginated Journal vs. Non-consecutively Paginated Journal (Rule 16)i. Most journals will publish more than one issue a year. Consecutively paginated journals

will begin each issue with the next page number following the prior journal. Non-consecutively paginated journals begin each issue with page 1.

ii. Each type of journal has its own citation format (see Rule 16.1)iii. In order to determine that you have used the correct format, you must also scan a page

from the table of contents from of a different issue of the same journal in the same publishing year (That is, if your article is in Issue 1; print the TOC for Issue 1 and Issue 2

of that same year.)d.

Books vs. Shorter Works in Collection (see Rule 15.5.1)i. An editor may compile essays and articles from various authors into a single book.

Therefore, whenever you have any book source, you must also copy the table ofcontents in order to determine whether the book is a collection of essays.

C. Locating sources a.

Once you have identified the source, check the UW Library Catalog, MadCat, athttp://madcat.library.wisc.edu. (See also locating and using online sources, Section II.D.)

b. Often, several cite checkers will be checking material from the same sources. Sources that areheavily cited may be available on reserve at the circulation desk. Use email to communicate between fellow staff members and your ME.

i.

Do NOT check books out of the library. Other Staff members working on thesame article will need them.

c. Ask Reference Librarians to help you locate tricky sources. Sunil Rao is a reference librarianwhom deals with International Sources - but, anyone will be happy to help!

D. Locating and using online sources and PDFs.a. In general, hardcopies of sources are preferred over dynamic Internet printouts. This is because

webpages and uploaded files can be modified, and some webpages disappear completely or areredesigned. There are some instances however, where Internet printouts must or may be used.

i. Direct Cites to Internet Webpages (non-newspaper articles, non-PDF files) – Cite theseusing Rule 18.2.2

(i) For example: Documents, U NITED NATIONS, http://www.un.org/en/documents/(last visited Aug. 1, 2014).

b. PDF Downloads – PDF downloads may be used:i. PDF File Replicates a Paper Source – In this case, use Rules 18.2.1(b) or (c) and

18.2.3 (they basically say the same thing). Under these rules, cite as if to the original printed source, but append an “available at ” parallel citation. This requires the pagination of the paper source to be preserved in the PDF file.

(i) For example, Rule 15 (Books and non-periodical material) was used for thiscite, and a parallel citation to the Internet was appended: MULTILATERALI NV. GUARANTEE AGENCY, WORLD BANK GRP., 2009 A NNUAL R EPORT 5 (2009), available at http://www.miga.org/documents/09ar_highlights.pdf .

(ii) This rule is generally for sources that are not readily available in print. If the

source is readily available in print, the URL is not necessary.(iii) Some journals also have scanned PDFs available at their website. If the PDF preserves the original pagination, you can use this PDF.

(iv)

HeinOnline has scanned PDFs for many sources on their website. It isavailable on the UW Law Library webpage under “Databases.”

(v)

When you provide the parallel cite to the Internet, make certain that accessdoes not require any special login account. For example, articles onHeinOnline are not available to the general public.

ii. Paper source is essentially unavailable, or existence of paper source can’t be determined – In this case, use Rule 18.2.2.

http://law.wisc.edu/profiles/[email protected]://law.wisc.edu/profiles/[email protected]://law.wisc.edu/profiles/[email protected]://www.un.org/en/documents/http://www.un.org/en/documents/http://www.miga.org/documents/09ar_highlights.pdfhttp://www.miga.org/documents/09ar_highlights.pdfhttp://www.miga.org/documents/09ar_highlights.pdfhttp://home.heinonline.org.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/content/list-of-libraries/http://home.heinonline.org.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/content/list-of-libraries/http://library.law.wisc.edu/http://library.law.wisc.edu/http://library.law.wisc.edu/http://library.law.wisc.edu/http://home.heinonline.org.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/content/list-of-libraries/http://www.miga.org/documents/09ar_highlights.pdfhttp://www.miga.org/documents/09ar_highlights.pdfhttp://www.un.org/en/documents/http://law.wisc.edu/profiles/[email protected]


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(i) For example: Elizabeth McNichol & Iris J. Lav, New Fiscal Year Brings No Relief from Unprecedented State Budget Problems, CENTER ON BUDGET & POL'Y PRIORITIES 1 (Sept. 3, 2009), http://www.cbpp.org/9-8-08sfp.pdf .

c. Online Books – Some books are published online in PDF format. Cite to these using Rule15 with a parallel cite to the Internet.

i. For example: I NT’L E NERGY AGENCY, WORLD E NERGY OUTLOOK 2009, at 128(2009), available at http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/weo2009.pdf .

d.

Special Rules for Newspapersi.

Some newspapers publish online versions. If you are unable to locate a paper copy of anarticle, but can locate its online version, cite using the special rule for Internet and onlinenewspapers, Rule 16.6(f).

e. Additional Resourcesi.

University of Wisconsin Resources(i) UW Law Library: http://library.law.wisc.edu

UW Library: http://www.library.wisc.edu (ii) database search: http://www.library.wisc.edu/#databases (iii)

law database: http://xerxes.library.wisconsin.edu/wisc/databases/subject/law (iv) journal search: http://www.library.wisc.edu/#journals (v) catalog search: http://search.library.wisc.edu (vi) article search: http://www.library.wisc.edu/#articles

(vii)

Newspaper database: http://researchguides.library.wisc.edu/newspapers (viii)

MadCat: http://madcat.library.wisc.edu orhttp://www.library.wisc.edu/find/madcat/

(ix)

WorldCat: http://www.library.wisc.edu/#worldcat (x) Ask a librarian: http://www.library.wisc.edu/help/ask/

ii. United Nations Resources(i) homepage – http://www.un.org/english/(ii)

documents – http://www.un.org/en/documents/ (iii)

Security Council – http://www.un.org/docs/sc/ (iv) General Assembly – http://www.un.org/ga/ (v) UN Charter – http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/ (vi) International Law Commission – http://www.un.org/law/ilc/index.htm (vii)

ILC Conventions and Other Texts – http://www.un.org/law/ilc/convents.htm (viii) ICTY homepage – http://www.un.org/icty/ (ix) UN Information Center – http://www.unic.org.in/ (x) UN News Center – http://www.un.org/News/

iii. International Court of Justice Resources(i)

ICJ homepage – http://www.icj-cij.org/ iv.

International Criminal Court Resources(i) ICC homepage – http://www.icc-cpi.int/php/show.php?id=home(ii) Coalition of International Criminal Court – http://www.iccnow.org/

v. Miscellaneous Resources(i)

AMICC – http://amicc.org/

(ii)

University of Chicago page on international law resources – http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/~llou/forintlaw.html (iii) Federal News Service – http://www.fnsg.com/ (iv) Asian Human Rights Commission, Religious Groups for Human Rights –

http://www.rghr.net

E. Locating Pinpoint citations:a.

In some cases, authors do not include a pinpoint cite. This is only acceptable in the final publication when the author is citing an entire document for a general proposition. Even then, ifthe material cited is specific but appears over many pages, use of “ passim” might be better. See Bluebook Rule 3.2(a).

http://www.cbpp.org/9-8-08sfp.pdfhttp://www.cbpp.org/9-8-08sfp.pdfhttp://www.cbpp.org/9-8-08sfp.pdfhttp://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/weo2009.pdfhttp://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/weo2009.pdfhttp://library.law.wisc.edu/http://library.law.wisc.edu/http://library.law.wisc.edu/http://www.library.wisc.edu/http://www.library.wisc.edu/http://www.library.wisc.edu/http://www.library.wisc.edu/#databaseshttp://www.library.wisc.edu/#databaseshttp://www.library.wisc.edu/#databaseshttp://xerxes.library.wisconsin.edu/wisc/databases/subject/lawhttp://xerxes.library.wisconsin.edu/wisc/databases/subject/lawhttp://xerxes.library.wisconsin.edu/wisc/databases/subject/lawhttp://www.library.wisc.edu/#journalshttp://www.library.wisc.edu/#journalshttp://www.library.wisc.edu/#journalshttp://search.library.wisc.edu/http://search.library.wisc.edu/http://search.library.wisc.edu/http://www.library.wisc.edu/#articleshttp://www.library.wisc.edu/#articleshttp://www.library.wisc.edu/#articleshttp://researchguides.library.wisc.edu/newspapershttp://researchguides.library.wisc.edu/newspapershttp://researchguides.library.wisc.edu/newspapershttp://madcat.library.wisc.edu/http://madcat.library.wisc.edu/http://www.library.wisc.edu/find/madcat/http://www.library.wisc.edu/#worldcathttp://www.library.wisc.edu/#worldcathttp://www.library.wisc.edu/#worldcathttp://www.library.wisc.edu/help/ask/http://www.library.wisc.edu/help/ask/http://www.library.wisc.edu/help/ask/http://www.un.org/english/http://www.un.org/english/http://www.un.org/en/documents/http://www.un.org/en/documents/http://www.un.org/en/documents/http://www.un.org/docs/sc/http://www.un.org/docs/sc/http://www.un.org/docs/sc/http://www.un.org/ga/http://www.un.org/ga/http://www.un.org/ga/http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/http://www.un.org/law/ilc/index.htmhttp://www.un.org/law/ilc/index.htmhttp://www.un.org/law/ilc/index.htmhttp://www.un.org/law/ilc/convents.htmhttp://www.un.org/law/ilc/convents.htmhttp://www.un.org/law/ilc/convents.htmhttp://www.un.org/icty/http://www.un.org/icty/http://www.un.org/icty/http://www.unic.org.in/http://www.unic.org.in/http://www.unic.org.in/http://www.un.org/News/http://www.un.org/News/http://www.un.org/News/http://www.icj-cij.org/http://www.icj-cij.org/http://www.icj-cij.org/http://www.icc-cpi.int/php/show.phphttp://www.icc-cpi.int/php/show.phphttp://www.iccnow.org/http://www.iccnow.org/http://amicc.org/http://amicc.org/http://amicc.org/http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/~llou/forintlaw.htmlhttp://www.lib.uchicago.edu/~llou/forintlaw.htmlhttp://www.fnsg.com/http://www.fnsg.com/http://www.fnsg.com/http://www.rghr.net/http://www.rghr.net/http://www.rghr.net/http://www.rghr.net/http://www.fnsg.com/http://www.fnsg.com/http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/~llou/forintlaw.htmlhttp://www.lib.uchicago.edu/~llou/forintlaw.htmlhttp://amicc.org/http://amicc.org/http://www.iccnow.org/http://www.icc-cpi.int/php/show.phphttp://www.icc-cpi.int/php/show.phphttp://www.icj-cij.org/http://www.icj-cij.org/http://www.un.org/News/http://www.un.org/News/http://www.unic.org.in/http://www.unic.org.in/http://www.un.org/icty/http://www.un.org/icty/http://www.un.org/law/ilc/convents.htmhttp://www.un.org/law/ilc/convents.htmhttp://www.un.org/law/ilc/index.htmhttp://www.un.org/law/ilc/index.htmhttp://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/http://www.un.org/ga/http://www.un.org/docs/sc/http://www.un.org/docs/sc/http://www.un.org/en/documents/http://www.un.org/english/http://www.un.org/english/http://www.library.wisc.edu/help/ask/http://www.library.wisc.edu/#worldcathttp://www.library.wisc.edu/find/madcat/http://madcat.library.wisc.edu/http://researchguides.library.wisc.edu/newspapershttp://www.library.wisc.edu/#articleshttp://search.library.wisc.edu/http://www.library.wisc.edu/#journalshttp://xerxes.library.wisconsin.edu/wisc/databases/subject/lawhttp://www.library.wisc.edu/#databaseshttp://www.library.wisc.edu/http://library.law.wisc.edu/http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/weo2009.pdfhttp://www.cbpp.org/9-8-08sfp.pdf


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b. If there is no pinpoint and the material is not cited for a general proposition, you MUST find the pinpoint. This can seem a daunting task if faced with a 200+ page book. Here are some tips:

i. Look for an electronic version that you can search for words and phrases. (See the tipsunder Section II.B. above.)

ii. If you can get an electronic version, search for key words, then copy and highlight thehard copy.

iii. If no electronic version is available, first look at the table of contents or index.iv. Look for key words in the text that reference the source. This should allow you to narrow

it down to a chapter – then skim for key words in subsections.v.

Google Books can be helpful for locating a pinpoint cite if the book’s index or table ofcontents are not helpful.

c. If you have exhausted all efforts but find that the author’s assertion isn’t substantiated anywhere,

talk to your ME as soon as possible.e.

***MEs and SMEs will return cite packages with missing pinpoints.

F. Supra and Infra .a. Supra means the article in the footnote was cited in a previous footnote. Bluebook Rule

4.2(a). You should be able to find the full citation earlier in the article -- if not, this is amistake that needs to be fixed!

i.

When you have a supra, you must make sure that the typeface for the supra reference is

correct, EVEN if the source footnote uses the wrong typeface. For example, if the authorcompleted notes 6 and 137 as follows:

6 CLAUDE BLUMANN, L’Europe des citoyens, 34 R EVUE DU MARCHÉ COMMUN 283 (1991) (Fr.);137 BLUMANN, supra note 6, at 279.

If note 137 was assigned to you in your citation packet, you would need to correct the typeface of“Blumann” to ordinary roman typeface, because note 6 should have used the ordinary romantypeface in order to conform with Bluebook Rule 16.

b. For each footnote in your packet, use “find” (Ctrl F / Command F) to see if the author cited thatsource earlier in the article. If so, your source should be a supra, rather than a full citation.

c. Sometimes authors will cite themselves (i.e. “Supra Part II.B” or “ Infra Part IV”). In thesesituations, verify that the author’s cite is correct by reviewing the relevant sections of thearticle.

d. Supra is usually not used in case citations; cases have their own short forms. See the introduction

to Bluebook Rule 4.2..e.

Always check that the author’s supra reference is to the correct numbered footnote.

G. Unavailable Sources (UAS) – While trying to track down sources, you’re bound to come across

some that are problem sources or some that are not available in Madison or in an acceptable formonline.

a.

Problem Sources – You have a Problem Source on your hands if you’ve Googled the title,author’s name, institutions, etc…, and used all the library resources, including referencelibrarians, to no avail.

b. InterLibrary Loans (ILLs) When sources are not available in UW-Madison and a valid PDFcannot be found online, but a copy exists in WorldCat, we will need to submit an InterLibraryLoan (ILL) request.

c. Fill out a UAS form by the due date (one week after the packet is assigned, unless otherwisestated), upload it to the appropriate folder in on the Lexis web course, and notify your ME viaemail.

i. Do NOT order ILL sources. Those sources become the responsibility of the AME.


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d. Please note that if you incorrectly submit a UAS – i.e. the source is available at UW-Madisonor in an acceptable format online, you may be placed on probation. Please do not burden theMEs and AMEs with unnecessary work.

e. You must still check the Bluebook format for ILL or Problem Sources whencompleting your Corrections & Problems form.

H. Report Problems by E-mail. Clear communication between Staff members and MEs working on anarticle makes everyone’s job easier. For example, if the author's name is misspelled in a footnote that

is later cited as a “ supra”, send a quick message to your ME or directly to other Staff members withthe correct name, so that others can correct their portion of the article. The simple rule is that if itaffects other citations not within your packet, e-mail about it.

III. SUBSTANTIATION GENERALLY

A. Before scanning the document, carefully read the text, the footnote, and the source to make sure that thesource supports the author's claim. By checking substantiation before scanning, you will avoid havingto go back to the original source if there is a problem. Do not always trust that the pages an author citeswill all need to be scanned; check first, then scan the relevant pages. Document substantiation problems

on the C&P sheet. Substantiation must be done independently – NOT with your partner!

a. Substantiation: If the source doesn't substantiate the author's assertion, try to figure out why. Itcould be that the author has cited the wrong part of the material (in which case you should findthe correct pinpoint) or that the footnote was put in the wrong place (read the neighboringsentences – would it make sense to move this footnote?)

b. Simple Substantiation vs. Complex Substantiation:i. With simple substantiation, the author’s citation includes little or no explanatory

information.1. Example text: Even looked at from this angle however, scholars are just as divided

in their opinions as were the judges of the Supreme Court; all nine Justices gaveseparate opinions, totaling 240 pages.2. Footnote: Vishneski, supra note 9, at 373.3.

In this example, direct support for the propositions that (1) scholars are just asdivided as were judges of the Supreme Court, (2) all nine Justices gave separateopinions, and (3) the opinions totaled 240 pages, should be found on page 373 ofthe Vishneski article.

ii. With complex substantiation, the author cites to a source and then uses the source to citeto inferences made in the footnote. Then the author uses her own inferences in thefootnote to support her main text.

1.

Example text: Recently, in Gerardo Ruiz Zambrano v. Office national de l’emploi

the ECJ has once again pushed the boundaries of EU citizenship.2. Footnote: The Court held that Art. 20 TFEU grants a right of residence to a minorchild “on the territory of the Member State of which that child is a national,irrespective (emphasis added) of the previous exercise by him of his right of freemovement in the territory of the Member States” as well as, “in the same

circumstances, of a derived right of residence, to an ascendant relative, a thirdcountry national, upon whom the minor child is dependent.” Case C-34/09,Zambrano v. Office national de l’emploi, […] (Mar. 8, 2011).

3. In this example, the staffer must do two levels of substantiation. First, the staffermust verify that Case C-34/09 supports the court’s holding regarding Article 20.


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Second, the staffer must check that the footnote text supports the proposition thatthe ECJ has once again pushed the boundaries of EU citizenship.

c. Quotations: Verify that quotes from the original source are accurate, word for word. Also, if anauthor omits language from a quote, an ellipses should be used (“a . . . car ”).

d. Shepardize / update key sources: For U.S. and State Statutes, check forsupplements/pocket parts.

e. Document substantiation problems on the C&P sheet. If the source doesn’t substantiate thearticle, the SMEs will have to work with the author to correct the problem. If there are any problems with substantiation, you must describe the problem in the notes section of your C&Pform. In these situations, your comments are incredibly helpful.

i. If the cited material can be construed to support the author’s claim, you may considerthe author’s text substantiated. Explain this in the comments.

ii. If you do not think the material supports the author’s claim, do not simply indicate “No”in the substantiation box; describe the problem in the comments.

iii. If a change to the pincite will substantiate the author’s text, indicate with “Yes, if …” and provide details.

f.

See , Cf., and citing directly. Bluebook Rule 1.2 lists an array of introductory signals thatmay make the difference between substantiated text and unsubstantiated text.

i. Use no introductory signal if the cited authority directly states the author’s proposition.

ii. Use See if the proposition is not directly stated by the cited authority, but obviouslyfollows from it. In this case, there will be an inferential step between the authoritycited and the proposition it supports.

iii. Use Cf. if the cited authority supports a proposition different from the author’s proposition, but is sufficiently analogous to lend some support. Cf. usually requiresadditional explanatory text in the footnote.

B.

In the following examples, assume the cited-to authority is a U.S. Supreme Court opinion whichreads, “The Edwards rule – questioning must cease if the suspect asks for a lawyer – provides a bright line that can be applied by officers in the real world of investigation and interrogation withoutunduly hampering the gathering of information. But if we were to require [officers’] questioning to

cease if a suspect makes a statement that might be a request for an attorney, this clarity and ease ofapplication would be lost.”

Text Footnote Direct Citation

The Edwards rule provides a brightline tool which officers may use duringinterrogations.

Davis, 512 U.S. at 461.

See Rulings like Edwards reduced theamount of subjective discretionofficers must use during

See Davis, 512 U.S. at 461.


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Cf. It is precisely this kind of conjectureand hair-splitting that the SupremeCourt wanted to avoid when itfashioned the bright-line rule in Miranda.

Cf. Davis, 512 U.S. at 461 (noting that, where thesuspect asks for counsel, the benefit of the bright- linerule is the "clarity and ease of application" that "can beapplied by officers in the real world without undulyhampering the gathering of information").

IV. THE ELECTRONIC SUBSTANTIATION PROCESS

Process for Staff

A. Create a folder on your computer that is labeled in the following format:CorrespondingPacketNumber_AuthorName_SMEName_YourLastName

a.

Example for Partner 1: 1_ Muñoz_CoryFish_Freedenberg B. Locate the documents

a. Electronic Sourcesi. Check sources outside of HeinOnline/JStor/EbscoHost/ProQuest if not available

1. Google Scholar

2.

Internet Public Library3. Wikipedia footnotes4. Simple internet search

ii. Download the entire documentiii. Rename the document in the following format:

ArticleAuthor_SourceAuthor_SourceTitle_(Footnote numbers). 1.

Example: Muñoz_Smith_WealthOfNations_(2, 5, 73) 2. Note that there should be no spaces in the document file name.

iv. Save the document in your folder b. Hard Sources

i.

Find all the footnotes that correspond to that source and note the page numbersii. Once you locate the document, take it to the library scanner

iii.

Place it on the flat bed and select “Searchable PDF” iv.

Scan the following documents for the hard sources:1. Journals:

a. Table of contentsi.

NOTE: Be sure to check rule regarding consecutive versus non-consecutive pagination to be sure what needs to be printed.

b. Title page for articlec. Pin-cite pages

2. Booksa. Title page b. Copyright pagec.

Table of contentsd. Pin-cite pages

3. Casesa. Title page of reporter b.

First page of the casec. Pin-cite pages

4. Statutesa.

Title page showing the year of the statute b. Pin-cite page


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5. Periodicalsa.

Title page with date b. Table of contentsc. Name of sourced. Pin-cite page

v.

Save each scan in the following format:ArticleAuthor_SourceAuthor_SourceTitle_ScanDescription_(footnote numbers)

1. Examples: Muñoz_Smith_WealthOfNations_TitlePage_(2, 5, 73);

Muñoz_Smith_WealthOfNations_TableOfContents_(2, 5, 73).vi. Save all of the individuals scans for each hard source in a sub-folder of the main article

sources folder in the following format:ArticleAuthor_SourceAuthor_SourceTitle_(Footnote numbers).

1. Example: Muñoz_Smith_WealthOfNations_(2, 5, 73)C. Fill out the UAS/ILL Form

a. Discuss what sources are unavailable with your partner to fill out the completed UAS/ILL formas directed.

b. Save the UAS as: Author_UAS_YourName_FNX_FNY.doc.

i. Example: Klug_UAS_Smith_109_148.doc.

c. Upload the UAS/ILL form to the proper folder in the Lexis web course.

D.

Share all your sources with your partner at the same time as UAS/ILL form is duea. On your computer, create a zip folder for your sources folder

i. To create a zip folder on a Mac, right click/double tap the folder, click compress.ii.

To create a zip folder ion a PC, open the File Explorer, click on the folder you want tozip, click on Share in the menu bar, click Zip.

b. Be sure the name of the folder complies with Section A of this outline.c. Trade your zip drive with your partnerd. Email your individual ME let them know you traded your sources with your partner and turned

in the UAS form.E. Identify the substantiation

a.

Highlight all the relevant author, article, source information:

i.

Author(s)ii. Titleiii. Page Numberiv. Volumev. Year

vi. Etc. (Anything that is in the Bluebook citation for that footnote) b.

At the top of the first page of each source, create a text box and write the footnote numbers thatcan be found in that source.

c. Locate each portion of the document that the author is using to substantiate the proposition andhighlight it with your computer program's highlight function.

d.

Create a text box next to the portion of the text that corresponds to the author's footnote and

write the footnote number.e. Save the file in the folder you created.F. Complete the C&P form

a. Save the form in the following format:Author'sLastName_C&P_YourLastName_YourFirstFootnote_YourLastFootnote

i. Example: Muñoz_C&P_Baudhuin_1_72 1. Note: This should not be saved in your sources folder.

G. Upload the completed C&P form to the WILJ Lexis web course.a. Under cite checking assignments, locate your ME’s individual folder b. Click on the folder UAS/ILL form for that packet


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c. Upload your files to the appropriate folderd.

Email your individual ME to inform them that you have turned in your C&P form.H. Issues

a. If you can’t find the sources: i. Ask a Librarian – they are excellent resources and fantastic at helping locate foreign

sources. Even if you aren’t sure what the source is, they can help if you bring them thecitation.

ii. Do a general Google search for the article, the author, or certain parts of the text.

iii.

Email your ME.iv. The UAS/ILL form should be your last resort.

b. With the sources after you’ve found them i. If there is a document that is not searchable, you can do one of three things:

1. You can either manually draw in a highlight onto the document and search it asany other source

2. You can draw semi-opaque boxes over the relevant text in your PDF editor3. You can use Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software to convert the

document to a searchable one. The following are a few that work really well andare free (ALWAYS make the output version of the document a PDF):

a. http://www.free-online-ocr.com/

b.

http://www.onlineocr.net/c. http://www.free-ocr.com/

i. Note: If your document is too large for any of these online sources,try splitting them up into smaller files

ii. If a source is still not searchable, you can “draw” on the PDF manually with an electronichighlighter on a tablet using the free app “FoxIt”

V. BLUEBOOKING

A. All Bluebook changes should be noted on your C&P Template, as well as any comments that will

help your ME understand the changes you made. Be sure to list the rules you used to verify orcorrect the citation form. Bluebooking must be done independently – NOT with your partner!

B. Keep track of which rules you use! This is EXTREMELY important for your ME and SME to beable to follow your thought process. Be as specific as possible; if you are using a “supra,” list Rule4.2(b), not just Rule 4. This is especially important for sources which are difficult to Bluebook.Doing so will reduce the chances that you have to re-do your work.

a. List every applicable Bluebook rule, and be as specific as possible. b. If the citation is correct, write “no change.” Do not just leave it blank. c. HIGHLIGHT your changes in your C&P – If you delete something, highlight the space.

C.

Follow all instructions on the C&P template.a.

If a footnote is an ILL/UAS source, indicate this on the C&P form. Don’t just leave the item blank. Check the Bluebook citation format even if the source was reported as an ILL orProblem Source.

D. Footnote with Multiple Parts. If a footnote has multiple parts, make sure you separate it into different parts and label them. For example, if footnote 27 lists 4 sources, you should break it up into 27a, 27b,27c, and 27d.


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E. En Dash vs. Hyphen. We follow the Chicago Manual of Style’s formatting guidelines. That means thatan en dash is used to designated “to” for numbers and sections, rather than a hyphen.

a. Correct: Id . at 685 – 91. b. Incorrect: Id . at 685-91.c. To create an en dash on Mac OS, use [option key] + [-]d.

To create an en dash on MS Windows, use [ctrl] + [-]

F. One Space Between Sentences

a.

Following the Chicago Manual of Style (CM), WILJ has one space between sentences,including sentences in footnotes. Please check for this and make the necessary changesas you are checking footnotes.

G. Bluebook Cheat Sheet (Nineteenth Edition)a. This cheats sheet is obviously not the complete Bluebook. The purpose is provide a few

shortcuts for some of the rules that you will use most often, while also listing some of the rulesyou will only use once in a while. Rather than solely relying on this cheat sheet, please be sureto consult the actual Bluebook rule for more description and examples.

b. Rule 1: Structure and Use of Citations

i.

Parenthetical phrases should begin with a present participle (e.g. arguing, explaining,etc.) and should never begin with a capital letterii.

1.1 Citation Sentences and Clauses in Law Reviews1. text:

a. generally: footnote call numbers are placed after punctuation b. exception: footnote call numbers precede dashes and colons

2. footnotes:a. if footnote text contains an assertion that requires support, then there

must be an appropriate citation after every assertion.iii.

1.2 Introductory Signals1. Always italicize an introductory signal ( see, e.g., etc.)

2.

Exception: do not italicize signals when used as a verbiv.

1.3 Order of Signalsv. 1.4 Order of Authorities Within Each Signal

1. When multiple sources are listed, generally list them in the order in which theyare the most helpful or authoritative

2.

Otherwise, see Rule 1.4 for the list of types of authority and the specific order inwhich they need to appear

vi. 1.5 Parenthetical Information1.

substantive informationa. explanatory (not quoting):

i. Generally: first word must be in the present participle format1. Example: “(arguing …)” or “(illustrating…)”

ii.

Exception: when there is enough context very short explanatory parentheticals

b. quoting:i. a quote that is a full sentence should begin with a capital letter

ii. See Rule 5.2 for guidance on changes or omissions to quotes2. order of parentheticals: multiple parentheticals should be in the following order:

a. (date) [hereinafter short name] (en banc) (Lastname, J., concurring)(plurality opinion) (per curiam) (alteration in original) (emphasis added)(footnote omitted) (citations omitted) (quoting another source) (internal


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quotation marks omitted) (citing another source), available athttp://www.domainname.com (explanatory parenthetical), prior orsubsequent history.

vii. 1.6 Related Authority

c. Rule 2: Typefaces for Law Reviewsi. Citations:

1. Case names: Ordinary roman type. Exception: Italicize the case name when using

the short form.2. Books (and any materials from Rule 15): LARGE A ND SMALL CAPS FOR

AUTHOR A ND TITLE 3.

Periodicals: Italics for article titles; LARGE A ND SMALL CAPS FOR PERIODICAL NAME; Ordinary Roman Type For Author Names

4. Introductory signals: Italicize when they appear within citation sentences orclauses. Exception: do not italicize the signal when used as a verb.

5. Explanatory phrases: Italicize (i.e., cert. denied )6. Punctuation: Italicize punctuation marks only when they are part of the

italicized materiala. the period in “ Id.” is italicized

b.

the first comma in “See, e.g.,” is italicized, but the second comma is notii. Textual material:

1. Case names: When part of a sentence (main text or footnote text), use Italics2.

Punctuation: only italicize punctuation that is part of the text being italicized(example: part of a title), not when it is use as a separator in a citation

d. Rule 3: Subdivisionsi.

Referring to multiple subdivisions:1. Use the en dash “–” to refer to a range of subdivisions, not a hyphen “-” 2. Omit repetitious digits, but retain the last two digits3. Use “§§” or “¶¶” or “nn.” when referring to multiple sections or paragraphs

ii.

Pages:1.

When citing to a page in a source, the page number(s) is generally not preceded by anything such as “p.” or “pp.”; these are used for internal cross-references

2. The page number may be preceded by “at” if the page number might beconfused with another part of the citation

a. Example: “JOHN WU, U.S. HISTORY 1900-2000, at 150 (2014)” insteadof “JOHN WU, U.S. HISTORY 1900-2000 150 (2014)”

iii. Sections:1. Include a space between “§” and the section number.2. Do not use “at” before “§”

iv. Paragraphs:1. Include a space between “ ¶” and the paragraph number

2.

Do not use “at” before “¶”3. Use “¶” if the source uses that symbol; otherwise, use the abbreviation “para.”to refer to a particular paragraph in the source

v. Footnotes/endnotes:1. No space between “n.” and the footnote/endnote number 2. When citing to a footnote, include the page number that the footnote call

number appears on, as in “321 n.113” 3. When citing to an endnote, include the page number where the endnote actually

appears (not where the call number appears)vi.

Internal Cross-reference:1. supra: used to refer to information that appears earlier in the piece


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2. infra: used to refer to information that appears later in the piece3. p. or pp.: authors may use this to refer to a particular page in their piece;

however, page numbers often change throughout the editing process, so use amore precise internal cross-reference, such as “Part” or “note.”

4. Part: this refers to a part of subpart in the text of the piece5. note: this refers to a footnote in the piece

vii. See T16 for more subdivisions, their abbreviations, and rules on spacing

e.

Rule 4: Short Citation Formsi. If you have a “ supra” or a “hereinafter,” always check to make sure the original

footnote is in full correct format, even if it is not in your section!1. hereinafter: use a shortened form that clearly identifies what the source is.

ii. Id.:1. Italicize the period2. Use “ Id.” only when the preceding footnote contains only one source3. Use “at” between “ Id.” and page numbers, but not between section numbers,

and paragraph numbers.

f. Rule 5: Quotations

i.

If you must change a letter from upper to lower case or vice versa, bracket thechanged letter, e.g. “[T]he sky is blue.” ii. Indicate omission or addition of letters with brackets, i.e. “house[]” or “house[s].”

iii. Indicate omission of a word or words by using an ellipsis, with spaces between eachperiod and spaces before and after, i.e. “The man . . . was walking down the street.”

g. Rule 6: Abbreviations, Numerals, and Symbols

i. This is an important rule, especially for case names! It will tell you how many spaces to put depending on which reporter/court the case comes from; e.g. F.3d vs. F. Supp. 2d.

ii. Things that are abbreviated according to Tables T6-T16:1. Case Names2. Case Courts & Jurisdictions3.

Journal / Periodical Names4. Institutional authors of books, internet web pages, etc.

iii. Things that retains their original abbreviations:1.

Titles of Books2.

Titles of Articles

h. Rule 8: Capitalizationi. Stuff that gets capitalized according to Bluebook Rule 8:

1. Internet Pages other than a Website’s Main Page2. Headings3. Titles of Books

4.

Titles of Articlesii.

Stuff that retains its original capitalization:1. Internet Main Pages2. Foreign Titles

i. Rule 10: Casesi.

See rule 20.3 and T2 for foreign casesii. Generally use Ordinary Roman type

iii.

Case Name:1. Typeface: Use Italics for procedural phrases. See Rule 10.2.1


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2. Abbreviations: See Rules 10.2.1 and 10.2.2, and T10 and T63. Comma: immediately after case name.

iv. Reporters:1. Reporter name preceded by volume number, and followed by the first page of the

case2. Abbreviation: Use T13. Comma: none

v. Court/Jurisdiction:

1.

Parenthetically indicate the court, unless obvious from the reporters2.

Abbreviation: First use T1 and T2, but if not found there, then look to T7 and T103. Comma: no comma

vi.

Date/Year:1. Cases published in reporters: include the year2.

Cases published elsewhere: give the exact date3. Cases labeled “unpublished” but still published: treat as a a case published in a

reporter (don’t need to give the exact date, just the year )vii. Parentheticals:

1.

10.6.1 Weight of Authority: when citing a case for something other than themajority’s holding, include a parenthetical indicating this

a. Example: “(Ginsburg, J., dissenting)” or “(dictum)”

2.

10.6.2 Quoting/Citing Parentheticals in Case Citations: follow Rule 1.6 to includea parenthetical that begins with “quoting” or “citing” and is followed by a fullcitation to the source that is quoted or cited in the case

3. 10.6.3 Order of Parentheticals: consult this rule when including multiple parentheticals

viii. Prior/Subsequent history:1. Prior: only provide if relevant2. Subsequent: provide when the case is cited in full

ix. Special citation forms:x. Short forms:

1. Generally: provide the full citation to cases2. Exception: Use short forms (generally one party’s name) when the case is cited in

either the same or the preceding five footnotes3. Case Name:a. Typeface: Italics

4. Volume: include5.

Reporter: include6. First page of case: do not include7.

Pincite: after the reporter, add “at” and follow with the pincite page 8. Year: do not include

j. Rule 11: Constitutionsi.

Name:1. Typeface: small caps2.

Abbreviations: Rule 11 if federal, or T103. Comma: none

ii.

Subdivisions:1. Typeface: Ordinary Roman type2. Abbreviations: T163. Comma: between subdivisions

iii. Date:1. do not include year if in force;2. give year if repealed, amended, etc…

iv. Short form:


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1. “ Id.” or provide full cite v. Use rule 20.4 and T2 for foreign constitutions

k. Rule 12: Statutesi. See the Rules for the different requirements of each different form of statutory authority

1. 12.1 Basic Citation Formsa. Generally use Ordinary Roman type b. See T1 for a specific state’s or region’s statutes

2.

12.2 Choosing the Proper Citation Form3.

12.3 Current Official and Unofficial Codes4. 12.4 Session Laws5.

12.5 Electronic Media and Online Sources6. 12.6 Other Secondary Sources7.

12.7 Invalidation, Repeal, Amendment, and Prior History8. 12.8 Explanatory Parenthetical Phrases

a. see Rule 1.59. 12.9 Special Citation Forms10.

12.10 Short Forms for Statutesii. For foreign statutes, see Rule 20.5 and T2

l.

Rule 13: Legislative Materialsi. See T9 for common abbreviationsii. See the individual rules below for the type of source, but many of these abbreviate

according to T6, T9, and T101. 13.1 Basic Citation Forms2. 13.2 Bills and Resolutions3. 13.3 Hearings4. 13.4 Reports, Documents, and Committee Prints5. 13.5 Debates6. 13.6 Separately Bound Legislative Histories7. 13.7 Electronic Media and Online Sources8. 13.8 Short Forms for Legislative Materials

m. Rule 14: Administrative and Executive Materialsi. T1.2 is helpful

ii. Generally use Ordinary Roman typeiii.

14.1 Basic Citation Formsiv. 14.2 Rules, Regulations, and Other Publicationsv.

14.3 Administrative Adjudications and Arbitrations1. follow Rule 10, except for the few modifications in the rule

vi.

14.4 Short Forms for Regulations

n. Rule 15: Books, Reports, and Other Nonperiodic Materialsi. 15.1 Author

1.

Typeface: small caps2. Abbreviation:

a.

Human author(s): none b. Institutional author: T6 and T10

3. Comma: immediately after4. Multiple authors:

a. Two: separate with an ampersand “&” b. More than two:

i. 1) list only the first author’s name and follow it with “ET AL.”, or


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ii. 2) list all of the author’s names with commas in between, exceptthat the last two author ’s names are separated by an ampersandinstead of a comma

ii. 15.2 Editor or Translator1. indicated in the year parenthetical, immediately preceding the year and separate

by a comma2. Typeface: Ordinary Roman type3. Abbreviation:

a.

Human author(s): none b.

Institutional author: T6 and T10iii. 15.3 Title

1.

Typeface: Small caps2. Abbreviations: none3.

Comma: only if no comma between the title and the pincite would causeconfusion

iv. 15.4 Edition, Publisher, and Date1. Typeface: Ordinary Romany type2.

Editions:a. Only one edition published or citing a first edition: just indicate the

publication year in a parenthetical

i.

Include the year in a parenthetical even if the year is incorporatedin the title b. Multiple editions published:

i. Same publisher as first edition:1. Include the edition number before the year (in the same

parenthetical, and no comma in between)2. See T14 for publishing abbreviations3. Example: (2d ed. 2014)

ii. Different publisher:1. Include the publisher of that edition (abbreviating it the

same way as the institutional author) in the year parenthetical

2.

Include a second parenthetical that states the year of theoriginal publication3. Example: (Oxford Univ. Press 2014) (2012)

v. 15.5 Shorter Works in Collection1.

Authora. For collections with pieces by various authors:

i.

Typeface: Ordinary Roman typeii. Comma: after author

b.

For collections with pieces by the same authori. Typeface: Small caps

ii.

Comma: after author2. Title of the author’s piece

a.

Typeface: Italics b. Comma: after title (comma not italicized)c.

After the comma: include the italicized word “in”3. Title of the collection

a. Typeface: Small caps b. Comma: only include a comma if no comma between the title and start

page would cause confusion4. Page: include the start page for the piece; add a comma after the start page if

including a pincite5. Year parenthetical:


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a. Editor: always include the editor when citing to a shorter work in acollection of various authors (but not the same author)

b. Year: include publication year (not month or day)vi. 15.6 Prefaces, Forewords, Introductions, and Epilogues

vii. 15.7 Serial Number1. If citing to one publication in a series, put the series number between the author

and the title, separated by commas, and in small caps2. Abbreviation: T16

viii.

15.8 Special Citation Formsix.

15.9 Electronic Media and Online Sourcesx. 15.10 Short Citation Forms for Shorter Works in a Collection

1. If citing the same piece already fully cited, follow Rule 4 regarding “ supra” and

“ Id.” 2.

If citing the entire collection, you may use “ supra” but use the title of thecollection rather than the author’s name

o. Rule 16: Periodical Materialsi. Author:

1. Typeface: Ordinary Roman type2. Abbreviation: If institutional author, use T6 and T10 (don’t abbreviate human

authors)3.

Comma: immediately after author’s name ii. Title:

1. Typeface: Italicized2. Abbreviation: Do not abbreviate3. Capitalization: If in English, use Rule 8; if not in English, refer to rule 20.2.2(b))4. Comma: immediately after the title; comma is NOT italicized

iii. Consecutively paginated journals:1.

Reminder: the page numbers continue from where they left off from issue to issuein the same publication year

2.

Author & Title: same as above3. Volume number: if no volume number listed, use the year as the volume number

and omit the year parenthetical

4.

Periodical name:a.

Type face: SMALL CAPS; b. Abbreviation: according to T13 and T10c. Comma: none

5.

First page of the work: always include the first page of the work; if including a pincite, put a comma after the first page of the work

6. Pincite: include a pincite when referring to something particular in the piece,rather than the entire work generally; include even if the pincite is also the same page as the first page of the work, as in “154, 154”

7. Year: enclose in parentheses, as in “(2014)”iv. Nonconsecutively paginated journals and Magazines:

1. Reminder: the page numbers start over in each issue in the same publication year2. Author & Title: same as above

3.

Volume number:a. Generally: do NOT include a volume number b.

Exception: if there is no date of issue available, include the volumenumber and issue number, and look on the copyright page and include themonth and year of the copyright (as indicated below)

4. Periodical name:a. Type face: SMALL CAPS b. Abbreviation: according to T13 and T10c. Comma: include a comma after the name

5.

Date of issue: however it appears on the covera. Typeface: Ordinary Roman type


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b. Abbreviation: according to T12c.

Comma: after the date of issued. If none listed: if there is no date of issue available, include the volume

number and issue number, and look on the copyright page and include themonth and year of the copyright (as indicated above)

6. First page of work: include “at” followed by the first page number 7. Pincite: insert a comma after the first page of the work, then include the page

number of the pincitev. Newspapers: cited the same way as nonconsecutively paginated journals, except

1.

Designation: include the designation of the piece given by the periodical betweenthe author and title, separated by commas, and in Ordinary Roman type(“Editorial”, “Letter to Editor”, etc…)

2. Place of publication: include this parenthetically after the name of the newspaper,if not obvious from the name, and in Ordinary Roman Type

a. Example: “London Times” or “Times of London” would be cited as“TIMES (London)”

3. Pages: include the first piece of the work, but NOT a pincitevi.

Special citation forms:1. Student-written law review pieces

a.

Signed articles: cite the same way as any other article in a journal, exceptinclude the designation given by the periodical (e.g., Comment, Note,etc…) between the author and title, and in ordinary Roman type

i.

Example: “Heinz Klug, Comment, The United Nations in South Africa,” b. Unsigned articles: cite in the same manner as above, except omit the

author (since there is no author listed)i.

Example: “Comment, The United Nations in South Africa,”

p. Rule 17: Unpublished and Forthcoming Sourcesi. Unpublished: pieces not scheduled for publication;

1. Typeface: Ordinary Roman type2. Information to include: Author, Title/Description Page/Pincite, (Date) (location

where piece can be found)ii. Forthcoming: schedule for publication, but not yet published

1. Cite the same way the published piece would be cited, except:a.

Do not include a pincite b. Include “forthcoming” in the date parenthetical c.

Add month of publication to date parenthetical, if availableiii. Working Papers:

1. Author:a. Typeface: Ordinary Roman type b. Abbreviation: If institutional author, use T6 and T10c. Comma: after author

2. Title:a.

Typeface: Italicized b. Comma: none

3.

Pincite: include if necessary

4.

Parenthetical: use Ordinary Roman typea.

Name of the sponsoring organizations:i. abbreviate according to T6 and T10

ii. comma after organization b. Working paper designation and number: comma after the numberc. Year: no month or day, just the yeard. Example: (Nat’l Inst. of Econ. Research, Working Paper No. 791, 2011)

5. Parallel citation: working papers are often available on the sponsoringorganization’s website; include a comma after the working paper parenthetical,add “available at ” followed by the url.

q. Rule 18: The Internet, Electronic Media, and Other Nonprint Resources


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i. The manner in which the Bluebook lays out Rule 18.2.2 for Direct Citations to theInternet can be a bit confusing. You can use these rules to get you through mostinternet cites (but Rule 18 has more detailed requirements to which you should also pay attention.) These rules are NOT for cites which list an internet URL as a parallel “available at ” citation (See Bluebook Rule 18.2.3). Basically, directcitations to the internet have five components:

ii. 1. Author – a. Only include an author if:

i.

There is a “human” author for the article (e.g., “Eric Posner”) ii.

There is an institutional author for the article that is different from thedomain owner

iii. The domain owner IS the institutional author for the article, butdomain ownership is NOT clear from the Main Page Title.

1. For example, the Main Page forhttp://www.adb.org/about/overview is http://www.adb.org/.The Main Page Title is “Asian Development Bank.” Because

“Asian Development Bank” is also the domain owner (and the institutional author), you should omit Asian DevelopmentBank from the “Author” portion of the citation.

b. Abbreviation - If author is an institutional author (or the domain owner), thenabbreviate the author’s name using Bluebook Tables T6 and T10.

c. Typeface - Ordinary Roman Typed.

Capitalization - Use original capitalizatione. Comma – End the author’s name with a comma

iii.

Webpage Title – This is the title of the page cited either. Usually this will be takenfrom the “title bar” at the top of the browser or from any clearly announced headingidentifying the page. This may also be the title of the article cited to.

a. For example, the Webpage Title for http://www.adb.org/about/overview is“Overview”

b. Abbreviation – Use original abbreviationsc. Typeface – Italics

d.

Capitalization – Capitalize according to Bluebook Rule 8e. Comma - End the webpage title with a commaiv. Main Page Title – This is the title of the main page. Usually this will be the same as

the domain owner.a. For example, the Main Page Title for http://www.adb.org/about/overview is

“ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK ” b. Abbreviation – Abbreviate the Main Page Title according to Bluebook Table

T13 (and T10). (i.e., “ASIAN DEV. BANK ”) c. Typeface – Small Capsd. Capitalization – Use original capitalizatione. Comma – For comma usage, see date component

v. Date – a.

If the website provides a date (and time) that clearly refers to the materialcited (i.e., NOT a copyright date) then use that date and time, and enclose in parenthesis

i. For example, “(Feb. 26, 2009, 9:40 AM)”

ii. Comma – place a comma after the date; omit the comma after the MainPage Title

b.

If the website does NOT provide a date, then use a “last modified” or “lastvisited date”

i. For example, “(last visited Dec. 15, 2004)” ii. Move this date to the END of the cite (after the URL)

http://www.adb.org/about/overviewhttp://www.adb.org/about/overviewhttp://www.adb.org/http://www.adb.org/http://www.adb.org/http://www.adb.org/about/overviewhttp://www.adb.org/about/overviewhttp://www.adb.org/about/overviewhttp://www.adb.org/about/overviewhttp://www.adb.org/about/overviewhttp://www.adb.org/about/overviewhttp://www.adb.org/about/overviewhttp://www.adb.org/about/overviewhttp://www.adb.org/about/overviewhttp://www.adb.org/about/overviewhttp://www.adb.org/http://www.adb.org/http://www.adb.org/about/overviewhttp://www.adb.org/about/overview


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iii. Comma – the date gets no comma; include a comma after the Main PageTitle

c. Abbreviation – Abbreviate the month using Bluebook Table T12d.

Typeface – Ordinary Roman Typee. Capitalization – n/a

vi. URLa. Enter the entire URL (including the “http://”) just as it appears in the address

bar.

r. Rule 20: Foreign Materials

i. Non-US sources: include a parenthetical that indicates the issuing jurisdiction(country/region), unless otherwise clearly indicated in the citation; abbreviate accordingto T10

ii. Non-English-Language sources:1.

Sources in multiple languages:a. Generally: cite to the English-language source, b. Exception: the source indicates that the non-English-language version is

more authoritative2. Source titles/names:

a.

Always give the full name in the original language b. Optionally include a translation in brackets after the original title/name (nocomma in between)

3. Abbreviations:a. Give the full form of the name/title of the source the first time it is cited,

followed by the appropriate abbreviation from T2 in brackets b.

The abbreviation can be used in later citations without a cross-reference,such as “ supra”

4. Non-Roman-alphabet language sources:a. Transcribe all cited words into the Roman alphabet using a standard

transliteration system, such as the ALA-LC Romanization Tables, whichcan be found at http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.html or follow therules for each country in T2

5.

Citing to a translation of a source:a. Cite to the original source, referring to Rules 20 or 21, and provide a

parallel citation to the translated version, taking the form “(CompleteCitation for Original Source), translated in (Complete Citation forTranslation of Original Source)”

iii. Foreign Cases:1. Same form as Rule 10, except

a. Common Law Cases:i. Parenthetically indicate the court, according to T2, at the end of the

citation b.

Civil Law/Other Non-Common-Law Cases:i. Cite cases according to T2

ii. Also include the name of the court, according to Rule 20.1,optionally including a bracketed translation

iii.

Source abbreviation according to T2 and Rule 20.2.3iv. Parenthetically indicate the court, according to T2 and T10, at the

end of the citationiv.

Foreign Constitutions:1. Cite by name

http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.htmlhttp://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.htmlhttp://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.htmlhttp://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.html


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2. Unless clear from the contexta.

include “[CONSTITUTION]” after the name/abbreviation b. include a country parenthetical, abbreviated according to T10 and T2

v. Foreign Statutes:1. Common Law Systems:

a.

If codified/compiled, cite according to Rule 12 b. Otherwise cite like UK statutes in T2.42 and parenthetically indicate the

jurisdiction at the end according to T10 and T2

2.

Civil Law and Other Non-Common-Law Systems:a. Use T2 b. Indicate the year of the code if still in forcec. Follow Rule 20.2.3 to include the full name and include a bracketed

abbreviationvi. Foreign Language/Non-English-Language Periodicals:

1. Cite according to Rule 162. Include bracketed translations to titles or periodical names immediately after the

original name, according to Rule 203. Parenthetically indicated the abbreviated name of the country, according to T10

and T2, after the year for most sources, but after the periodical name for

newspapers

s. Rule 21: International Materialsi.

Non-English Language: see aboveii. Jurisdiction: parenthetically indicate jurisdiction issuing the source, abbreviated

according to T3 and T10iii. Treaties/International Agreements:

1. Name of Agreement: Cite the full name, but include a “hereinafter” if the name islong and the author refers to the agreement more than once

a. Typeface: Ordinary Roman Type b.

Comma: immediately after

2.

Parties to Agreement:a. Abbreviate party names according to T10 b. If the United States is a party, list U.S. firstc. If two parties, list both, separated by a dash with no spaces in betweend. If more than two parties, you may list all, following the format above,

listing parties in alphabetical order3.

Subdivisions:a. Between the party name(s) and the date of signing, separated by commas b. Article, section, paragraph is sufficient

4.

Date of Signing:a.

Give the month, day, and year, in that order

b.

Abbreviate month according to T125. Treaty Source(s):a.

Use T4 and T2 b. If U.S. is a party:

i. Bilateral:1. Must cite to one of the following source, in this order of

preference:a. U.S.T. (or Stat.); b. T.I.A.S. (or T.S., or E.A.S.);c. U.N.T.S.;


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d. Senate Treaty Documents or Senate ExecutiveDocuments;

e. the Department of State Dispatch;f. Department of State Press Releases.

ii. Multilateral:1.

Cite to one of the sources above, and2. Optionally cite to a treaty source from an international

organization (no particular order): (e.g., U.N.T.S.,

L.N.T.S., O.A.S.T.S., Pan-Am. T.S., O.J., E.T.S., orC.E.T.S.)

c. If U.S. is not a party:i. Cite to a treaty source from an international organization (no

particular order): (e.g., U.N.T.S., L.N.T.S., O.A.S.T.S., Pan-Am.T.S., O.J., E.T.S., or C.E.T.S.)

d. Unofficial treaty sources:i. cite to International Legal Materials (I.L.M.)

6. International Law Cases:a. Cite according to Rule 10 (or Rule 20.2 if no English-language

authoritative source), but modify according to the Bluebook rules for that

particular courti. 21.5.1 The International Court of Justice and the Permanent Court

of International Justice (The World Court)ii.

21.5.2 European Union Courtsiii. 21.5.3 European Court of Human Rightsiv. 21.5.4 Inter-American Commission on Human Rightsv. 21.5.5 Inter-American Court of Human Rights

vi. 21.5.6 International Tribunal for the Law of the Seavii. 21.5.7 International Criminal Tribunals

viii. 21.5.8 Other Multinational Courtsix.

21.5.9 International Cases in National Courts

7.

International Arbitrations and Claims Commissions:a. Analogize to rule 21.5, and use T58. United Nations Sources:

a. Most citations to U.N. sources will include a document number (“U.N.Doc.” followed by numbers, letters, or a combination) that lets you find

the document on the U.N. website http://www.un.org/en/documents/ b.

See the rule for the type of document for examples of the format:i. 21.7.1 Verbatim and Summary Records

ii. 21.7.2 Resolutions and Decisionsiii.

21.7.3 U.N. Reportsiv.

21.7.4 Masthead Documents

v.

21.7.5 U.N. Press Releases and Memorandavi. 21.7.6 Adjudicatory Bodies Established by the United Nationsvii.

21.7.7 Sales Publicationsviii. 21.7.8 Yearbooks and Periodicals

ix. 21.7.9 Regional Organization Documentsx. 21.7.10 U.N. Charter

xi. 21.7.11 U.N. Internet Materials9. League of Nations:10. European Union and European Community:11. Council of Europe:

http://www.un.org/en/documents/http://www.un.org/en/documents/http://www.un.org/en/documents/http://www.un.org/en/documents/


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12. World Trade Organization:13.

Other Intergovernmental Organizations:14. International Committee of the Red Cross:15. Yearbooks:16. Digests:

H. Sources with no directly applicable Bluebook rule:a. When there is no Bluebook rule directly on point, analogize as best you can depending on what

type of source it is. Explain your thought process on your C&P sheet. If you are really stuck,ask your ME or SME for help.

VI. WILJ ASSIGNMENTS

A. Turning Assignments In

a. One Week From Packet Release

i. UAS Form Submission: Title the UAS form using the following format:Author_UAS_YourName_FNX_FNY.doc (For example,

Klug_UAS_Smith_109_148.doc). You will upload the completed UAS form to theWILJ Lexis Web Course. After signing in to the WILJ Lexis Web Course, click ‘CiteChecking Assignments’ located on the left-hand column of the home screen. Submityour completed UAS form to the UAS assignment folder by the appropriate deadline.

ii. Trade Blank Sources With Your Partner: You and your partner are encouraged tosplit up your assigned sources when the packet is released. You are required to findPDF’s of your share of your team’s assigned sources one week after the packet is

released and share them with your partner. You may share PDF’s using Dr opbox,Google Drive, or over e-mail. It’s up to you . Remember, while you may split upfinding your assigned sources, you and your partner may not split up thesubstantiation of those sources. Each partner will substantiate each source on theirown.

b. Two weeks form packet release:

i. C&P Form Submission: Title the C&P form using the following format:

Author_C&P_YourName_FNX_FNY.doc (For example,Klug_C&P_Smith_109_148.doc). You will upload the completed C&P form to theWILJ Lexis Web Course. After signing in to the WILJ Lexis Web Course, click ‘CiteChecking Assignments’ located on the left-hand column of the home screen.. Submityour completed C&P form to the C&P assignment folder by the appropriate deadline.

ii. Substantiated Source Submission: Submit the zip folder (explained supra IV. D)containing your substantiated sources to the Lexis Web Course. After signing in to theWILJ Lexis Web Course, click ‘Cite Checking Assignments’ located on the left-handcolumn of the home screen. Submit your zip folder to the substantiated sources folder by the appropriate deadline.

c. Upload the UAS form (if you have any unavailable sources) to the appropriate folder in theLexis web course and notify your ME via email by the deadline. By this deadline, you shouldalso upload a zip folder of blank PDFs of your sources so your partner can access them.


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d. Name your C&P using the following form: Author_C&P_YourName_Footnotes.doc. (Forexample, Klug_C&P_Smith_109_148.doc.).

e. Name the zip folder for your sources in the following form:CorrespondingPacketNumber_AuthorName_SMELastName_YourLastName (For example,1_Smith_Baudhuin_Freedenberg)

f. Upload the C&P form and zip folder containing the highlighted PDFs of your sources to the

appropriate folder in the Lexis web course, and notify your ME via email by the deadline. Thedue date is usually two weeks after the packet has been assigned.

g.

Late assignments will be treated according to the discipline policy. To request an extension,you must send your request to [email protected] to be approved by the SMEs. MEs cannotapprove extensions.

B. Feedback from your MEa. Sometime during the week after you turn in your assignment, you will meet with you partner and

ME to go over the substantiation and Bluebooking of your assigned notes.

b.

Next, MEs will review your work, and make comments and changes on the C&P. You will becopied on the C&P sheets the ME sends to the SME, and on the C&P sheets when they arecomplete. You are responsible for reviewing the C&P sheets to help you learn and developyour cite-checking skills. If you have questions or concerns, contact your ME.

c. Please note that if your ME finds your work unacceptable or incomplete, he or she will

return it to you, and you will have only 24 hours to make necessary corrections.

Repeated failure to satisfactorily complete cite check packets may affect your WILJ

membership.

C.

Billable Hoursa.

Writing program members must complete 120 total hours of work EACH semester. The hourrequirement primarily involves cite-checking articles and writing your own article forsubmission for publication over the academic year. Each member is responsible for tracking theirown hours. Academic credit for WILJ is contingent upon the acceptable completion of thesehours. See the sample table below for an example of how to log your time. This is NOT anestimate of how much time any particular packet will take; how much time you log for a packetmay vary.

b. Please remember that the Managing Editors, the Senior Managing Editors, and the Editor-in-Chief rely heavily on the work done in citation checks. Therefore, inadequate or incompletework is not acceptable and does not fulfill the requirements for membership.

SAMPLE HOURS IN FIRST CITE CHECK PACKET Task Time

Reviewed article for mistakes and missing footnotes 1 hourDivided up sources with partner .5 hourLocated and scanned/downloaded sources 5 hoursCopied footnotes into C&P and corrected Bluebook form 4 hoursHighlighted text that substantiates author ’s statement, filled out substantiation portion ofC&P

3.5 hours

Corrected footnote Bluebook format in C&P form 3 hours

mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Uploaded sources and C&P to Lexis webcourse, and emailed ME .5 hoursMeet with ME 1 hourTOTAL 18.5 hours