wildlife of india-1

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Wildlife of India

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Wildlife ofIndia

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Wildlife_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Wildlife_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Wildlife_of_India&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elephants-OregonZoo.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Wildlife_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Wildlife_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Wildlife_of_India&action=edit


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The most endangeredIndiantop predator of 2010, thedholeis on edge ofextinction.Less than 2500 memers of the species remain in the !orld.

The !ildlife in India is a mix "tiof species of different types of organisms. #1$#clarification needed$%part from a

handf"l of the ma&or famed animals s"ch as co!s, "ffaloes, goats, po"ltry and sheep, India has an

ama'ingly !ide (ariety of animals nati(e to the co"ntry. It is home tolions,tigers, leopards, sno!

leopards,lack

panthers,cheetahs, !ol(es,foxes,ears,crocodiles,rhinoceroses,camels,dogs,monkeys, snakes,a

ntelopespecies,deerspecies, (arieties of ison and not to mention the mighty%sian elephant. The

region)s rich and di(erse !ildlife is preser(ed in *+ national parks, 1 -io reser(es and 00/ !ildlife

sanct"aries across the co"ntry. #2$ince India is home to a n"mer of rare and threatened animal

species, !ildlife management in the co"ntry is essential to preser(e these species. #$%ccording to one

st"dy, India along !ith 1 mega di(erse co"ntries is home to ao"t 0304 of the !orld)s iodi(ersity.

#$

India, lying !ithin the Indomalaya eco'one, is home to ao"t .4 of all mammalian, 12.4 ofa(ian,

.24 of reptilian, and .04 of flo!ering plantspecies.#5$anyecoregions, s"ch as thesholaforests,

also exhiit extremely high rates of endemism6 o(erall, 4 of Indian plant species are endemic.#$

#$India)s forest co(er ranges from the tropical rainforestof the%ndaman Islands,Western 7hats,

and8ortheast Indiato theconifero"s forestof the 9imalaya. -et!een these extremes lie the sal3

dominated moist decid"o"sforest of eastern India6teak3dominated dry decid"o"sforest of central and

so"thern India6 and the a"l3dominatedthorn forestof the central :eccan and !estern 7angetic

plain.#*$Important Indian trees incl"de the medicinal neem, !idely "sed in r"ral Indianheralremedies.

The pipalfigtree, sho!n on the seals ofohen&o3daro, shaded the7a"tama -"ddhaas he so"ght

enlightenment.

any Indian species are descendants of taxaoriginating in 7ond!ana, to !hich India originally

elonged.;enins"lar India)s s"se


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the La"rasianlandmass set off a mass exchange of species. 9o!e(er, (olcanismand climatic change

20 million years ago ca"sed theextinctionof many endemic Indian forms. #+$oon thereafter, mammals

entered India from %sia thro"gh t!o'oogeographicalpasses on either side of the emerging 9imalaya.

#*$%s a res"lt, among Indian species, only 12.4 of mammals and .54 of irds are endemic,

contrasting !ith 5.*4 of reptiles and 55.*4 of amphiians. #5$8otale endemics are the8ilgiri leaf

monkeyand the ro!n and carmine -eddome)s toadof the Western 7hats. India contains 12, or

2.+4, ofI=>83designated threatened species.#10$These incl"de the%siatic lion, the-engal tiger, and

the Indian !hite3r"mped ("lt"re, !hich s"ffered a near3extinction from ingesting the carrion

ofdiclofenac3treated cattle.

In recent decades, h"man encroachment has posed a threat to India)s !ildlife6 in response, the system

ofnational parksand protected areas, first estalished in 1+5, !as s"stantially expanded. In 1+2,

India enacted theWildlife ;rotection %ctand ;ro&ect Tigerto safeg"ard cr"cial haitat6 f"rther federal

protections !ere prom"lgated in the 1+*0s. %long !itho(er 500 !ildlife sanct"aries, India no!

hosts15 iosphere reser(es,fo"r of !hich are part of the World 8et!ork of -iosphere ?eser(es625

!etlandsare registered "nder the?amsar >on(ention.

The (aried and rich !ildlife of India has had a profo"nd impact on the region)s pop"lar c"lt"re. The

common name for !ilderness in India is@"ngle,!hich !as adopted into the Anglish lang"age. The

!ord has een also made famo"s inThe Jungle Booky ?"dyard Bipling. India)s !ildlife has een the

s"&ect of n"mero"s other tales and fales s"ch as the Panchatantraand theJataka tales.

Contents

[hide]

1 Fauna

o 1.1 Conservation

o 1.2 Recent extinc tions

2 Fungi of India

F!ora of India

" #ationa! s$%&o!s of India

' (ios)here reserves

* +ee a!so

, References

- Externa ! !ins

[edit]Fauna

Main article: Fauna of India
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Trapshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Trapshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoogeographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoogeographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-tritsch-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-unep-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_Langurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_Langurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_Langurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_Langurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufo_beddomiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_lionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_White-rumped_Vulturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diclofenachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diclofenachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_parks_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_parks_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Protection_Act_of_1972http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Protection_Act_of_1972http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_sanctuaries_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_sanctuaries_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_Sites_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_Sites_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_Sites_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_Sites_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar_Conventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar_Conventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Bookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Bookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kiplinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchatantrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchatantrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jataka_taleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jataka_taleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jataka_taleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#Faunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#Conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#Recent_extinctionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#Fungi_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#Flora_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#National_symbols_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#Biosphere_reserveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_India&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_India&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_India&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Trapshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoogeographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-tritsch-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-unep-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_Langurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_Langurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufo_beddomiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_lionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_White-rumped_Vulturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diclofenachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_parks_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Protection_Act_of_1972http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_sanctuaries_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_Sites_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_Sites_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar_Conventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Bookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kiplinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchatantrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jataka_taleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#Faunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#Conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#Recent_extinctionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#Fungi_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#Flora_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#National_symbols_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#Biosphere_reserveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_India&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_of_India


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The endangered-lack "ckat the7"indy 8ational ;ark!ithin the >hennaimetropolis

India is home to se(eral !ell kno!n large mammals incl"ding the%sian Alephant, -engal Tiger,%siatic

Lion,Leopard,loth -earandIndian ?hinoceros, often engrained c"lt"rally and religio"sly often eing

associated !ith deities. Cther !ell kno!n large Indian mammals incl"de "ng"lates s"ch as the

rareWild %sian Water "ffalo, common :omestic %sian Water "ffalo,8ilgai,7a"r, and se(eral

species of deer and antelope. ome memers of the dog family, s"ch as theIndian Wolf, -engal

Foxand 7olden @ackal,and the :holeor Wild :ogs are also !idely distri"ted. 9o!e(er,

the dhole,also kno!n as the whistling hunter,is the most endangered top Indian carni(ore, and

the 9imalayan Wolfis no! acritically endangeredspecies endemic toIndia.#citation needed$It is also home

to thetriped 9yena,aca


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India to protect and impro(e the nat"ral en(ironment incl"ding forests, lakes, ri(ers, and !ildlife and to

ha(e compassion for li(ing creat"res.D#11$

Large and charismatic mammals are important for !ildlife to"rism in India and se(eral national parks

and !ildlife sanct"aries cater to these needs.;ro&ect Tigerstarted in 1+2 is a ma&or effort to conser(e

the tigerand its haitats.#12$%t the t"rn of the 20th cent"ry, one estimate of the tigerpop"lationin India

placed the fig"re at 0,000, yet an Indian tiger cens"s cond"cted in 200* re(ealed the existence of

only 1,11 tigers. The passing of the Forest ?ights %cty the Indian go(ernment in 200* has een the

final nail in the coffin and has p"shed the Indian tiger on the (erge of extinction. Eario"s press"res in

the later part of the 20th cent"ry led to the progressi(e decline of!ildernessres"lting in the

dist"rance of (iale tiger haitats.%t the International =nion for the >onser(ation of 8at"re and

8at"ral ?eso"rcesI=>8G 7eneral %ssemly meeting in:elhiin 1++, serio"s concern !as (oiced

ao"t the threat to se(eral speciesof!ildlifeand the shrinkage of !ilderness in India. In 1+0, a

national an on tiger h"nting!as imposed, and in 1+2 theWildlife ;rotection %ctcame into force. The

frame!ork !as then set "p to form"late a pro&ect for tiger conser(ation !ith an ecologicalapproach.

La"nched on %pril 1, 1+, ;ro&ect Tiger has ecome one of the most s"ccessf"l conser(ation

(ent"res in modern history. The pro&ect aims at tiger conser(ation in specially constit"ted )tiger

reser(es) !hich are representati(e of (ario"s io3geographical regions falling !ithin India. It stri(es to

maintain a (iale tiger pop"lation in their nat"ral en(ironment. Today, there are + ;ro&ect

Tiger!ildlife reser(esin India co(ering an area more than of ,1 kmH.

;ro&ect Alephant, tho"gh less kno!n, started in 1++2 and !orks for elephant protection in India.

#1$ost of India)s rhinos today s"r(i(e in theBa'iranga 8ational ;ark.

%siatic Lion
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Rights_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildernesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildernesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_huntinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Protection_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Protection_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaziranga_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaziranga_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Lionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brahminy_kite2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panthera_leo_persica_male.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Rights_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildernesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_huntinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Protection_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaziranga_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Lion


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-rahminy Bite

-ro!n Fish3o!l

?ed ;anda

Indian >ora

Indian 7a'elle
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahminy_Kitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Fish-owlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_pandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Cobrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Gazellehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinkara.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indiancobra.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_Panda.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brown_Fish_Owl;_Ketupa_zelolensis.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahminy_Kitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Fish-owlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_pandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Cobrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Gazelle


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Indian ;eafo!l

Indian ?hinoceros

Indian Wild :og

Lion3tailed aca


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;ariah Bite

?ing3necked ;arakeet

?oyal -engal Tiger

hikra

[edit]Recent extinctions
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Kitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose-ringed_Parakeethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bengal_Tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_India&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_India&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_India&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shikra1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panthera_tigris7.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rose-Ringed_Parakeet_.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Kite_(Milvus_migrans)_in_Hyderabad,_AP_W_IMG_9784.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Kitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose-ringed_Parakeethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bengal_Tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_India&action=edit&section=3


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Ill"stration of a9imalayan "ailfrom%. C. 9"me)s !ork. Last seen in 1*

The exploitation of land and forest reso"rces y h"mans along !ith h"nting and trapping for food and

sport has led to the extinction of many species in India in recent times. These species incl"de

mammals s"ch as the IndianJ%siatic >heetah,Wild Ke",@a(an ?hinoceros, and"matran

?hinoceros.#1$While some of these large mammal species are confirmed extinct, there ha(e een

many smaller animal and plant species !hose stat"s is harder to determine. any species ha(e not

een seen since their description.

Hubbardia heptaneuron, a species of grass that gre! in the spray 'one of the@og Fallsprior to the

constr"ction of the Linganamakki reser(oir, !as tho"ght to e extinct, "t a fe! !ere redisco(ered

near Bolhap"r.#15$

ome species of irds ha(e gone extinct in recent times, incl"ding the;ink3headed

:"ckRhodonessa carophllaceaG and the9imalayan "ail!phrsia superciliosaG. % species of

!arler,"crocephalus orinus, kno!n earlier from a single specimen collected y%llan Ccta(ian

9"mefrom near ?amp"r in 9imachal ;radesh, !as redisco(ered after 1+ years in Thailand. #1$#1$

[edit]Fungi of India

The di(ersity of f"ngi#1*$and their nat"ral ea"ty occ"py a prime place in the iological !orld and India

has een a cradle for s"ch organisms. Cnly a fraction of the total f"ngal !ealth of India has een

s"&ected to scientific scr"tiny and mycologists ha(e to "nra(el this "nexplored and hidden !ealth.

Cne3third of f"ngal di(ersity of the gloe exists in India. The co"ntry has an array of 10 di(erse iomes

incl"ding Trans39imalayan 'one, 9imalaya, :esert, emi3%rid 'one, Western 7hats, :eccan

;enins"la, 7angetic ;lain, 8orth3Aastern India, >oasts and Islands !here (aried dominating regimes

manifest. This enales the s"r(i(al of manifold f"ngal flora in these regions !hich incl"de hot spot

areas like the 9imalayan ranges, Western 7hats, hill stations, mangro(es, sea coasts, fresh !ater

odies etc. any f"ngi ha(e een recorded from these regions and from the co"ntry in general

comprising thermophiles, psychrophiles, mesophiles, a


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Bingdom#1+$F"ngi !hich has fo"r phyla, 10 orders, * families and ++ genera. %o"t 205 ne!

genera ha(e een descried from India, of !hich 24 !ere disco(ered y >. E. "ramanian of the

=ni(ersity of adras#20$#21$. These feat"res indicate a ten3fold increase in the last 0 years.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-20


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National wildlife conservation projects

NATIONAL WILDLIF CON!R"ATION PRO#CT!

PRO#CT TI$R

Pro/ect Tiger is a wi!d!ife conservation )ro/ect initiated in India in 10,2 to )rotect the (enTigers. It was !aunched on )ri! 1 10, and has &eco%e one of the %ost successfu! wi!dconservation ventures. The )ro/ect ai%s at tiger conservation in s)ecia!!$ constituted tiger reservre)resentative of various &io3geogra)hica! regions throughout India. It strives to %aintain a via&!e tig)o)u!ation in their natura! environ%ent. In 244, there were 2- Pro/ect Tiger wi!d!ife reserves coverian area of ,,*1 %5. Pro/ect Tiger he!)ed increased the )o)u!ation of these tigers fro% 1244 in 10,4s to '44 in 1004s.

t the turn of the 24th centur$ one esti%ate of the tiger )o)u!ation in India )!aced the figure"4444. The first ever a!!3India tiger census was conducted in 10,2 which revea!ed the existenceon!$ 1-2, tigers. Various )ressures in the second ha!f of the 24th centur$ !ed to the )rogressive dec!

of wi!derness resu!ting in the distur&ance of via&!e tiger ha&itats. t the Internationa! 6nion Conservation of #ature and #atura! Resources 7I6C#8 9enera! sse%&!$ %eeting in :e!hi in 10*serious concern was voiced a&out the threat to severa! s)ecies of wi!d!ife and the shrinagewi!derness in India. In 10,4 a nationa! &an on tiger hunting was i%)osed and in 10,2 the ;i!d!Protection ct ca%e into force. tas force was then set u) to for%u!ate a )ro/ect for ticonservation with an eco!ogica! a))roach.

The )ro/ect was !aunched in 10, and various tiger reserves were created in the countr$ &aseda


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+tates have given u) forestr$ o)erations in the reserves !eading to a !oss of revenue. Pro/ect Tiger wa)et )ro/ect of Indira 9andhi the then Pri%e =inister of India.

Re)orts of wides)read )oaching of tigers in two of the )re%ier Tiger Reserves of #orth Indi

+arisa and Rantha%&ore have )ro%)ted a high !eve! inBuir$ &$ C(I and a!so the constitution o#ationa! !eve! su)ervisor$ co%%ittee to su)ervise the i%)!e%entation of the )ro/ect. +enior wi!dscientists and conservationists have &een chosen for this co%%ittee to &e headed &$ the Pri%e =inishi%se!f.

The %ain achieve%ents of this )ro/ect are exce!!ent recover$ of the ha&itat and conseBuincrease in the tiger )o)u!ation in the reserve areas fro% a %ere 2*- in 0 reserves in 10,2 to a&ove othousand in 2- reserves in 244*. Tigers &eing at the a)ex of the food chain can &e considered as tindicator of the sta&i!it$ of the ecos$ste%. For a via&!e tiger )o)u!ation a ha&itat shou!d )ossess a go)re$ &ase which in turn wi!! de)end on an undistur&ed forest vegetation. Thus


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3 Veterinar$ care

PRO#CT %AN$&L

The Aash%ir stag 7Cervus affinis hanglu8 a!so ca!!ed Hangu! is a su&s)ecies of Centra! sRed :eer native to northern India. This deer !ives in grou)s of two to 1- individua!s in dense riverforests high va!!e$s and %ountains of the Aash%ir va!!e$ and northern Cha%&a in Hi%acha! PradeIn Aash%ir it


14/30

PROTCTD ARA NTWOR'

Protected rea networ has increased fro% 1. !ah sB. %. to 1.'* !ah sB. %. addinga&out 2402 sB. %. The Protected .rea networ now co%)rises '-* Protected reas 7-0#ationa! Pars and "0, sanctuaries8 as against "2* Protected reas 7* #ationa! Pars and *sanctuaries8 in 100, to. The )resent P.. networ re)resents a&out ".'K of tota! geogra)hica!area of the countr$. It a!so inc!udes " additiona! Tiger Reserves under Pro/ect Tiger. #ationa!Pars and sanctuaries have &een )rovided grants under the sche%e of J:eve!o)%ent of #ationa!Pars and +anctuariesL. 6nder this sche%e a tota! of Rs.,2.2- crores have &een )rovided to the+tates during IM P!an )eriod. For %ore than 244 Protected reas scientific %anage%ent )!anshave &een )re)ared which )rovide the &asis for financia! assistance. This sche%e )rovides 144)ercent Centra! assistance to +tates for non3recurring ite%s of wor. However for se!ected ite%sof recurring nature '4 )ercent assistance is a!so )rovided in case of #ationa! Pars on!$. The

funding )attern under the sche%e of :eve!o)%ent of #ationa! Pars and +anctuaries has &eenu)graded during 244432441 and a )rovision has &een %ade for rei%&urse%ent of &oth the ca)ita!cost and recurring cost inc!uding sa!ar$ of incre%enta! staff in res)ect of the Protected reas incoasta! areas deserts and high %ountain regions su))orting endangered s)ecies. There has &eenan increase in the ca)acit$ of the #ationa! Pars and sanctuaries for carr$ing out variousdeve!o)%enta! wors and an a%ount of Rs. -.44 crores has &een s)ent during the IMth P!an asagainst an a%ount of Rs. "0.'4 crores during the VIIIth P!an. nother striing feature has &eenthe deve!o)%enta! activities in the #orth3Eastern +tates. :uring the VIIIth P!an tota! ex)enditurein #orth3Eastern +tates was Rs. .44 Crores which has gone u) to Rs.1.44 crores during theIMth P!an .

nother i%)ortant ste) taen during this )eriod has &een to i%)rove hu%an interface introducing sche%e of Eco3deve!o)%ent in and around the #ationa! Pars and sanctuaries. Rs."1 crowere )rovided for this )ur)ose. In addition a ;or!d (an3funded India Ecodeve!o)%ent Pro/ect ha!so &een i%)!e%ented in , )rotected areas in , +tates with a tota! out!a$ of Rs.20".0 crores outwhich Rs.1" crores were )rovided during the IMth P!an )eriod. tota! of 1- vi!!ages were shifoutside the Protected reas during this )eriod invo!ving 044 fa%i!ies.

$OI ( &NDP !A T&RTL PRO#CT

significant )ro)ortion of wor!dLs @!ive Rid!e$ Turt!e )o)u!ation %igrates ever$ winterIndian coasta! waters for nesting %ain!$ at eastern coast. ;ith the o&/ective of conservation of o!rid!e$ turt!es and other endangered %arine turt!es. =inistr$ of Environ%ent Forests initiated the +Turt!e Conservation Pro/ect in co!!a&oration of 6#:P in #ove%&er 1000 with ;i!d!ife InstituteIndia :ehradun as the I%)!e%enting genc$. The )ro/ect is &eing i%)!e%ented in 14 coasta! +tatesthe countr$ with s)ecia! e%)hasis in +tate of @rissa. Tota! financia! a!!ocation for the )ro/ect is Rs.1crores. The )ro/ect has he!)ed in )re)aration of inventor$ %a) of &reeding sites of +ea Turt!identification of nesting and &reeding ha&itats a!ong the shore !ine and %igrator$ routes taen &$ +


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Turt!es deve!o)%ent of guide!ines to safeguard and %ini%i?e turt!e %orta!it$ deve!o)%ent of natioand internationa! coo)erative and co!!a&orative action for +ea Turt!e Conservation deve!o)guide!ine )!ans for touris% in sea turt!e areas and deve!o)ing infrastructure and hu%an resources +ea Turt!e Conservation. @ne of the i%)ortant achieve%ents have &een de%onstration of use

+ate!!ite Te!e%etr$ to !ocate the %igrator$ route of @!ive Rid!e$ Turt!es in the sea and sensiti?ing fisher%en and +tate 9overn%ent for the use of Turt!e Exc!usion :evice 7TE:8 in fishing traw!erschec turt!e %orta!it$ in fishing net.

$OI)&NDP WILDLIF PROTCTD ARA *ANA$*NT IN #ALDAPAR

!ANCT&AR+, W!T BN$AL

=inistr$ a!so initiated another s%a!! )ro/ect in co!!a&oration with 6#:P entit!ed ;i!d!Protected rea =anage%ent in a!da)ara +anctuar$ ;est (enga! with the tota! financia! out!a$

Rs.-* !ahs. The o&/ectives of the )ro/ect are u)dating and i%)!e%enting an integrated %anage%and ecodeve!o)%ent )!ans enhancing ca)acit$ of +tate wi!d!ife authorities to integrate and i%)!e%%anage%ent and ecodeve!o)%nt )!an a!ong with strengthening and su))orting the conservat%easures taen &$ +tates &$ invo!ving )eo)!e. This )rogra%%e has successfu!!$ i%)!e%ented and hcontri&uted in ca)acit$ &ui!ding of wi!d!ife staff as we!! as training of co%%unit$ re)resentativinc!uding wo%en. It has a!so he!)ed in )re)aration of %icro3)!ans for - vi!!ages in the )rotected areand initiating the sa%e in other 24 vi!!ages. It has &rought genera! awareness a%ong the )eo)!e for wi!d!ife conservation and have sensiti?ed the% for the wi!d!ife conservation. Har%onious re!ations&etween the wi!d!ife staff and !oca! )eo)!e wou!d ensure !ong ter% conservation of &iodiversit$. @nsuccessfu!!$ i%)!e%ented it cou!d &e re)!icated in other )rotected areas a!so.

ACTION PLAN FOR "&LT&R CON!R"ATION IN INDIA

India has nine s)ecies of vu!tures in the wi!d. These are the @rienta! ;hite3&aced Vu!tu7Gyps #engalensis8 +!ender &i!!ed Vu!ture 7Gyps tenuirostris8 Nong &i!!ed Vu!ture 7Gyps indicuEg$)tian Vu!ture 7%eophron percnopterus8 Red Headed Vu!ture 7!arcogyps calvus8 Indian 9rifVu!ture 7Gyps fulvus8 Hi%a!a$an 9riffon 7Gyps himalayensis8 Cinereous Vu!ture 7&egypmonachus8 and (earded Vu!ture or Na%%ergeier 7Gypaetus #ar#atus8. The )o)u!ation of three s)eci.e. ;hite3&aced Vu!ture +!ender &i!!ed Vu!ture and Nong &i!!ed Vu!ture in the wi!d has dec!indrastica!!$ over the )ast decade. The dec!ine of 9$)s genus in India has &een )ut at 0,K &$ 244'.

The )heno%enon of O#ec droo)ingL where &irds wou!d exhi&it this &ehaviour for )rotrac)eriods over severa! wees &efore co!!a)sing and fa!!ing out of trees is the on!$ o&vious &ehaviouindication that &irds are i!!. Ex)eri%ents showed that ca)tive vu!tures are high!$ susce)ti&!e:ic!ofenac and are i!!ed &$ idne$ fai!ure !eading to gout within a short ti%e of feeding on tcarcass of an ani%a! treated with the nor%a! veterinar$ dose.

The eco!ogica! socia! and cu!tura! significance of vu!tures in India %a$ &e su%%ed u)


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scavenging on ani%a! carcasses of ani%a!s and there&$ he!)ing ee) the environ%ent c!eanG and dis)osa! of dead &odies as )er the re!igious )ractices of the Parsi co%%unit$. In so%e areas )o)u!ation of fera! dogs &eing the %ain scavenging s)ecies in the a&sence of vu!tures has &eo&served to have increased. (oth increases in )utref$ing carcasses and changes in the scaveng

)o)u!ations have associated disease riss for wi!d!ife !ivestoc and hu%ans.

(ecause of the evidence of wides)read and ra)id )o)u!ation dec!ine a!! three vu!ture s)ecwere !isted &$ I6C# the ;or!d Conservation 6nion in 2444 as OCritica!!$ Endangere6nfortunate!$ the current ca)tive )o)u!ations in India are a!so not via&!e for an$ of the s)ecies antherefore co%)!ete extinction is !ie!$ to occur if no action is taen i%%ediate!$. India a!so %oveI6C# %otion in 244" for vu!ture conservation which was acce)ted in the for% of the I6Creso!ution which ca!!ed u)on 9$)s vu!ture Range countries to &egin action to )revent a!! usesdic!ofenac in veterinar$ a))!ications that a!!ow dic!ofenac to &e )resent in carcasses of do%es!ivestoc avai!a&!e as food for vu!turesG esta&!ish%ent of I6C# +outh sian Tas Force under taus)ices of the I6C#G Range countries to deve!o) and i%)!e%ent nationa! vu!ture recover$ )!a

inc!uding conservation &reeding and re!ease.Q

The worsho) to )re)are an sian Vu!ture Recover$ P!an he!d at Parwanoo in Hi%achPradesh India in Fe&ruar$ 244" reco%%ended the esta&!ish%ent of ca)tive ho!ding and ca)t&reeding faci!ities for three s)ecies of 9$)s vu!tures at six different )!aces in +outh sia &esii%)!e%enting a &an on veterinar$ use of :ic!ofenac. These centres wou!d serve as source reintroduction of the &irds after re%ova! of the cause of %orta!it$ fro% the environ%ent.

INDO)R&!!IAN COOPRATION

=inistr$ has a!so signed a )rotoco! with Russian counter)art for conservation of %igrator$ &s)ecies &etween the two countries. It has &een agreed to deve!o) /oint )ro/ects of %utua! interest%igration and nesting &ehaviour of +i&erian Cranes and co%%on cranes and a!so to exchange scientand officia! infor%ation on issues re!ating to wet!and %anage%ent conservation of avi3fauna etc.


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BANDHA!ARH NA"I#NA$ %AR&

$ocation' =maria, adhya ;radesh

%ar( Area' * s< km.

Fa)ous For' The density of tiger pop"lation is among the highest in India.

Best "i)e "o isit' 8o(emer to @"ne.

*+% !uide

Cnce part of the old ?e!a state, -andha(garh national park is set amidst the Eindhya ranges !ith a series of ridges r"nning thro"gh it. Initially this park !as the

royal h"nting gro"nd for the r"lers of ?e!a. -"t in 1+* it !as declared a park !ith an area of only 105. s


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$ocation of Cor-ett' 3km o"th!est Cf 8anital, =ttranchal

.sta-lis,ed B/' @im >orett

0pecialt/' ;ro&ect Tiger Was La"nched 9ere in 1+

*ain 0pecies' Tigers, Alephant

1ttaranc,al !uide

The >orett Tiger reser(e has orett Tiger reser(e has orett, the famo"s slayer of man eaters in the s" 9imalayan forests,

"t also in recognition of his ser(ices in determining the location and limits of the proposed national park efore it !as set "p he had een cons"lted o(er this as

an expert. @im >orett3 h"nter of man3eating Tigers, photographer, conser(ationist and a"thor !as orn in 8ainital of Anglish and Irish parentage. % childhood

spent aro"nd the >orett !inter home of Baladh"ngi ro"ght yo"ng @im >orett into close comm"nion !ith nat"re, and to an instincti(e "nderstanding of &"ngle

!ays. %fter !orking on the rail!ays, he &oined the Indian army in 1+1 at the age of forty6 he rose to the rank of Lie"tenant >olonel, and sa! action in Flanders at

the head of the 0th B"maon >ompany.

",e 0avior 2 3i) Cor-ett

Bno!n locally as D>arpet ahiD, a mispron"nciation of his name, @im >orett !as called "pon time and time again to rid the hills of B"maon of man eating Tigers

and Leopards. 8ormally shy of h"man contact, s"ch animals ecome man eaters !hen infirmity ro"ght "pon y old age or !o"nds renders them "nale to h"nt

their "s"al prey many of those killed y @im >orett !ere fo"nd to ha(e s"pp"rating !o"nds ca"sed y ;orc"pine ho!garh Tigress, the Talla :es and the ohan man

eaters.

@im >orett descried his ad(ent"res in ooks s"ch as my India, @"ngle Lore and an Aaters of B"maon6 artin -ooth)s >arpet ahi is an excellent iography of

a remarkale man. %!arded the order of the -ritish Ampire in recognition of his lifelong !ork !ith nat"re, @im >orett !as "nhappy in post Independence India,

and left to settle in Aast %frica.

%roject "iger 2 3i) Cor-ett %ar(

Cn %pril 1, 1+, ;ro&ect Tiger !as ina"g"rated here. This amitio"s pro&ect aims at sa(ing and re(i(ing the alarmingly d!indled Indian Tiger ;anthera Tigris

TigrisG y setting "p specially selected reser(es of adeorett Tiger ?eser(e !as the first of these.

%s in all other reser(es of the pro&ect, here too the main part is constit"ted into a core area meant excl"si(ely for the !ild fa"na and flora, !here there is no h"man

dist"rance and aro"nd this core is the ins"lating "ffer 'one, in !hich a part is allotted to to"rism. ;rior to 1+ :hikala had een de(eloped to pro(ide

accommodation and facilities to see the !ildlife, to (isitors to the 8ational ;ark6 it is still the main centre of to"rism.
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",e $argest .art, Da) #f Asia

In recent years the ?amganga m"lti p"rpose 9ydroelectric ;ro&ect)s :am at Balagarh and the reser(oir of this dam ha(e had a marked infl"ence on the >orett

national reser(e. When the reser(oir is filled to capacity, one tenth of the reser(e is s"merged, and !hile the area of the reser(e so in"ndated nat"rally fl"ct"ates

!ith the seasons, the s"mersion is sti ll there and has res"l ted in percept i le changes in the f lora and fa"na.

To some extent this is a depleti(e infl"ence, for it is the lo! lying past"re land that has een s"merged, "t this depletion is more than offset y the (ariety of

plants and animals that the !ater spread has added to the original !ildlife of the reser(e, partic"larly in the s"dden infl"x of (ast n"mers of !ater irds and the

raptorial irds that follo! in the !ake of migratory !aterfo!l.


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0ARI0&A 4I$D$IF. 0ANC"1AR5

$ocation'21 km From %l!ar, ?a&asthan.

Area'5.*0 sho!singha) fo"r horned antelopeG is commonly fo"nd at ariska6 excl"si(ely Indian, it is the !orld)s only !ild creat"re, !hich has t!o pairs of horns. The

;ark)s terrain is also congenial to the >hinkara Indian 7a'elleG and 8ilgai.

?emarkale for their lack of timidity are the ?hes"s and Lang"r, !hich, at ariska tolerate h"man closeness !ith astonishing e


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01ND.RBAN 4I$D$IF.6 CA$C1""A

$ocation 'Aast Cf India

Capital ' >alc"tta

"ourist Attractions 'Fort William, Eictoria emorial, ?a& -ha(an

Best "i)e "o isit ' Thro"gho"t the year.

Towards the south of Ca!cutta the rivers 9angaand Hoog!$ divide itse!f into %an$ disti&utaries.The s)eed of water is reduced and the riverde)osits its si!t /ust as it is a&out to %erge into thesea. In due course the accu%u!ated si!t taes thesha)e of is!ands on the %outh of the rivers. Theseare the fa%ous 9angetic de!tas. The$ )rovide anidea! at%os)here and environ%ent for the +undaritrees to grow. +)read over an area of a!%ost 14444 sB %s 7now shared &$ (ang!adesh

and India8 the +under&ans are ho%e to %an$ exBuisite ani%a!s and &irds. The Indian9overn%ent has dec!ared this 14 sB %s of area as a nationa! )ar.

The )ristine &eaut$ of nature is %ade a!ive &$ the variet$ of the f!ora and fauna. TheF!e%ing Red f!owers of 9enwa the cra& !ie red f!ower of Aha!si add to the da??!ingdis)!a$ of nature. This


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are regu!ar &us services fro% Ca!cutta to this )!ace. (ut the %ain areas of the sanctuar$can on!$ &e accessed on!$ &$ riverine waterwa$s. The &est and the safest wa$ to visit+under&ans is on conducted tours. @ne can a!so avai! the services of the )rivate vesse!sfro% Canning 9osa&a or (asanti. cco%%odation in the sanctuar$ is avai!a&!e in theco%forta&!e tourist !odges. +a/neah!i has a *4 &ed tourist !odge. @vernight faci!ities are

a!so avai!a&!e at (aha!i and Pi$a!i. 0earch


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AN3A$ 4I$D A00 0ANC"1AR5

$ocation 'Little ?ann Cf Bachchh, 7"&arat.

Area '+5 < Bms.

"o Conserve 'Wild %sses.

Best 0eason 'Cctoer To arch.

!ujarat !uide

7"&aratis as famo"s for its large !ild ass herds as it is for its lions. To protect these rare animals, a sanct"ary co(ering an area of o(er ,+5 s


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&A7IRAN!A NA"I#NA$ %AR&

$ocation '213km Aast Cf 7"!ahati, %ssam

*ain Attractions 'Alephant afari M Cne39orned ?hino

Best "i)e "o isit 'id38o(emer To Aarly %prile year

Assa) !uide

ost of %ssam)s magnificent !ildlife reser(es are in the -rahmap"tra (alley, !here the large tracts of grasslands on the flood plains are home to the Indian one3

horned ?hino and other easts. Cn s"ch terrain, as opposed to the thick &"ngle co(er of most other Indian ;arks, sightings of animals are all "t ass"red.

",e !reat R,inoland

Ba'iranga, the greatest park of all, is reno!ned for its elephant grass and ?hino, "t also incorporates some forest areas. >o(ering an area of 03sentre of Bohora.

The rich ird life incl"des Agrets, 9erons, torks, Fish3Aating Aagles and a 7rey ;elican colony settled among the red cotton trees. Fe! tracks penetrate this sea

of grass, ho!e(er, and the Wild Alephants seldom (ent"re into it, preferring to remain in the forested 9ighlands, !hile Tigers are incredily el"si(e.

With the grasslands ordering onto c"lti(ated fields and domestic cattle encroaching "pon the sanct"ary and introd"cing epidemics, the !ild animals are "nder

increasing threat. ;oaching is rife, !ith rhino horns fetching astronomical prices as aphrodisiacs.

&a8iranga9s #ne2Horned R,ino

With a pop"lation of o(er a tho"sand, the one3horned ?hino)s are the largest concentration in the s"continent and are est seen from the ack of an elephant,

early on a !inter)s morning. These Alephant rides last aro"nd one ho"r, and sho"ld e ooked the pre(io"s e(ening at the park offices in Bohora.

%ltho"gh the elephants do not penetrate far into the sanct"ary, merely tra(elling in a three or fo"r kilometre circle, it is incredile ho! m"ch !ildlife can e seen in

this small area6 the da!n ride is the est 3 if one can get "p that early. The rhinos seem oli(io"s to camera3clicking to"rists, altho"gh like the "npredictale !ild

"ffalo, they are e


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!IR NA"I#NA$ %AR& 2 "H. A0IA"IC $I#N HABI"A"

$ocation' 7"&arat.

Flora' Teak, Bhair, adad, Timr", -a"l, %mla, oledi, :ha(do, Badayo M -ahedo Trees.

Best "i)e "o isit' Cctoer To arch

!ujarat !uide

pent a night atop the !atchto!er near the Bamlesh!ar dam !here the ho!l of the &ackals signals the eginning of the dark phase.

The >hital)s p"nct"ate the silence of the night !ith inn"merale alarm calls. The !ater in the lake makes rippling so"nds, of crocodiles on the pro!l. The first rays

of the s"n are greeted !ith the deep roar of a male Lion some distance a!ay. Welcome to 7ir, the nat"ral treas"re of the state of 7"&arat.

"opograp,ic ariations

7ir exhiits great (ariation in topography, incl"ding flat, gently "nd"lating to hilly tracts6 and ele(ation ranges et!een 152m at Easadhol to 50m ao(e the sea

le(el at 8andi(ela hills.

The 7ir forest area is extremely r"gged and hilly. lopes are generally moderate, hills are of (olcanic origin and the soil (aries from one area to another. While

most of the soil is generally lack, the other types one may come across !ill e red, yello!ish, !hite clay and sandy. Aach soil type s"pports a different kind of

plant life and hence the !ildlife too differs ased on (egetation types.

Cli)ate

C"t of the three prominent seasons of s"mmer, !inter and monsoon, the longest stretching is the s"mmer, in !hich the a(erage minim"m and maxim"m

temperat"re ranges et!een 10N> to nearly 5N>. %pril and ay are the hottest months. The erratic monsoon is eagerly a!aited, !ith its acti(e period et!een

middle of @"ne and eptemer. The maxim"m rainfall in the area is recorded aro"nd 1,* mm and the minim"m recorded eing 1++mm.

The !ater al!ays remains a critical factor in the !ell eing of the forest. %t times the !aterholes are rehasa hillocks and Badi Eadli hillocks and crosses 7ir near -"ntel, >hhoda(adi, @am!ala and Bansaria38o38ess. It meets the

%raian ea near Bodinar. The :ataedi ri(er passes close to the @am!ala ness to meet at @am!al, !hile the ri(er ?a(al originates from :h"ndhia hills of 7ir,

goes to =na and near anekpor, meets the %raian ea.

!ir egetation
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Eegetation in 7ir can e looked at in fo"r !ays. The first is the Teak forest and nearly half of the protected area has this kind

of a haitat. The main tree species that occ"py this haitat are Bhair, adad, Timr", -a"l, %mla, oledi, :ha(do, Badayo

and -ahedo.

The non3Teak forests, !hich comprise the remaining forest consists of tree species like the Bhair, :ha(do, adad, Timr",

%mla, oledi, Badayo, alai, imal, Bhakhro, -er and %s"ndro.

% distinct elt of (egetation is fo"nd along the main ri(ers and streams. pecies like the @am", Baran&, =mro, Ead, Balam,

>haral, ir"s and %mli are fo"nd here. These trees are mostly road lea(ed and e(ergreen, gi(ing the area a cool shade and

the moist"re content. Finally, ;rosopis and >as"arina ha(e een planted in the coastal order as part of the aforestation

plan.

odad, Bakad, Balam, 7armalo, Limdo, %pto, :"dhlo, iras, and :hraman are trees that form the top part of the forest. The "nderstory is formed y indhol,

-ordi, Banthar, 9ingori, Baramda and %ntedi. 7ro"nd co(er has heraceo"s gro!th of :esmodi"m, Tephrosia, Indigofera and Eernonia.

7rasses mostly incl"de -hagor", ?atad, Kin&a(o, aniyar and Bagadiy". Important )Lianas) !oody climersG incl"de Bher(elio -a(al, and al(elo. %ro"nd 7ir

there are some grasslands, locally kno!n as )Eidis). ?eser(e Eidis ha(e etter palatale grass species and are !ell protected.

The moist, shady ri(erine haitats sho! presence of more e(ergreen type of trees like Balam, a&ad, Baran&, @am", %mli, =mro, to name a fe!.


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*ANA0 NA"I#NA$ %AR&

$ocation '13km From 7"!ahati, %ssam

Coverage Area ' +1 sormorants and :"cks like the ?"ddy hell3:"ck. There are reg"lar !oodland irds like the Indian 9ornill and

;ied 9ornill also fo"nd o(er here.

-"tterflies and reptiles are also fo"nd aplenty in anas. In the ri(er !ater, yo" can en&oy oating and fishing as !ell. >olo"red peles of the anas ?i(er are an

added attraction not to e missed.

Facilites 4it,in ",e 0anctuar/

%rrangements are there in anas to (ie! animals from elephant)s ack. From athang"ri in the morning, elephants go o"t !ith to"rists for hrs ride. %long !ith

entry fee, camera is also chargeale according to its standard. >oncession is pro(ided to the st"dents (isiting the park.

#"H.R A""RAC"I#N0
http://www.indiainfoweb.com/assam/guide.htmlhttp://www.indiainfoweb.com/assam/guide.html


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&ANHA NA"I#NA$ %AR&

$ocation' andla, adhya ;radesh

%ar( Area' 1+0 s< km

Fa)ous As' Cne of the ost cenic and -ea"tif"l Wildlife ?eser(es in %sia.

Best "i)e "o isit' Fer"ary %nd %pril.

*+% !uide

This is the place that has een descried y ?"dyard Bipling in his great ook DThe @"ngle -ookD. ;ict"re this thick sal forests, long amoos, s!aying grasslands

and meandering ri(ers. This is !hat Banha is all ao"t. Located in the andla district of adhya ;radesh, Banha national park is a tiger reser(e that extends o(er

an area of o(er 1+0 s< km. % horse3shoe shaped (alley o"nded y the sp"rs of the ekal presents an interesting topography. teep rocky escarpments along

the edges offer reathtaking (ie!s of the (alley.?eali'ing the danger on the Tiger pop"lation in the co"ntry, the 7o(ernment started the D;ro&ect TigerD at Banha

and in 1+ the area !as declared a Tiger reser(e. The park is also the hai ta t of the h igh gro"nd -arasingha.

The park !as created in 1+55 y a special la! and since then it has dedicated itself in preser(ing a (ariety of animal species. any endangered species ha(e

indeed een sa(ed here. Today Banha is among the fe! most scenic and ea"tif"l !ildlife reser(es in %sia.. This )Tiger >o"ntry) is the ideal home for oth

predator and prey.

%ar( %opulation

It !as at the Banha national park that the first e(er scientific st"dy of the tiger !as "ndertaken y the eminent 'oologist 7eorge challer. %nother landmark atBanha is the preser(ation of the hard gro"nd -arasingha .This !as achie(ed y extending the grasslands, relocating (illages and y increasing haitat.There are

22 species of mammals in the park. These are the three3stripe s


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B,aratpur Bird 0anctuar/ :&eoladeo !,ana National %ar(;$ocation ' -haratp"r, ?a&asthan

Nearest Access ' -haratp"r

*ain 4ildlife Found ' amar, >hital, 8ilgai, -oar, igratory -irds

Coverage Area ' 2+3s


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%eri/ar 4ildlife 0anctuar/$ocation ' B"mily, Berala

Nearest Access ' B"mily 3kmsG

*ain 4ildlife Found ' Alephants, Tiger, 8ilgiri Tahr, 8ilgiri Lang"r

Coverage Area ' 3so"ntry, Berala, is the ;eriyar 8ational ;ark and Tiger ?eser(e. ;eriyar !ildlife sanct"ary has apict"resora.

In the lap of the mo"ntains, the ;eriyar !ildlife sanct"ary)s en(iron is like a can(as of many shades. The fresh air of the moist decid"o"s forest gi(es one a chanceto experience the peace and serenity and long to ret"rn for more.

Boo(ing Infor)ation

wildlife of india-1

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