wildlife initial care
TRANSCRIPT
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Wildlife Initial Care
Helene Van Doninck DVM
Cobequid Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre
Sept 24, 2015
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COBEQUID WILDLIFE
REHABILITATION CENTRE
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Cobequid Wildlife Rehab Centre
• Located in Nova Scotia, Canada
• Non-profit reg charitable organization
• Volunteer-operated organization
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Variety of Species
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Rehabilitation Details
• Rehabilitation Permits
• ~300 animals rehabilitated each year
• 90% birds.
• Special interest in raptors, seabirds, oiled wildlife, lead poisoning in wildlife
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Mission Statement
• To provide veterinary
care and rehabilitation
to injured, orphaned
and sick wildlife
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Mission Statement
• To release
rehabilitated wildlife
into suitable habitat
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Mission Statement
• Through education, to
increase public
awareness and concern
for wildlife and the
environment
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Our Policies
• Minimal Human Contact
• Education and Advocacy
• High Quality Veterinary Care
• Sharing of Data/Collaboration
– NA Database
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Why Do Animals Come to Us?
Most Due to Human Interaction
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Most Common Reasons For
Admission
• Hit by car
• Caught by cat
• Hit Window
• Poisoned ( LEAD)
• Orphaned
• Assumed Orphaned
• Starvation
• Intolerance of
homeowner
• Oil Contamination
• Unknown Injury
• Shot
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History
• Where/when was it found?
• Major clues to etiology
• Names of people in contact
• Care given?
• How was it captured (myopathy)?
• Medical care?
• Fed, watered?
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Know your Species
• Is this a species at risk
( SAR)?
• Look it up
• Take photos
• Connect with wildlife
officials, birders, etc.
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Species at Risk
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Safety
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Safety
• Use your PPE
• Gloves
• Eye Protection
• Exposed skin covered
if necessary
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Capture
• Species specific
• Protect yourself
• Protect the patient, do no harm
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Capture of Birds
• Drop towel over and scoop
• Secure feet if those are of concern
• Locate head through towel and secure
• Body grip, maintain control of head
• Secure wings
• Keep head covered
• Anticipate struggle, be ready for it
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Try not to Damage Feathers!
Flight and tail feathers in particular
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Birds of Prey
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Birds of Prey - Safety
• Good gloves and a blanket/towel/net
• Drop blanket over bird and find feet first
• Must get out of net – can be hard
• Eagles- Face/eye protection and heavy
clothes
• All will flip on their back and present talons
when cornered
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Birds of Prey - Safety
• Feet usually primary
concern
• Many will bite – Eagle
• Talon release
mechanism
• Need to straighten leg
to make let go!
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Getting a Raptor out of a Box
• Containers that open from the top are best
• Slowly open top and drop blanket over
• Secure FEET first
• Secure wings with arms
• Cover head
• Front open boxes, secure feet first
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Restraint - Birds
• Use towels/blankets
• Remember they have no diaphragm, no
death grips
• Invest in good gloves, don’t be a hero
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Safety
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Carry in Normal Position
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Restraint
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Never Tape or Cork Beak
• Use good head control
instead
• Grip at base of jaw
• Interferes with resp
• May Regurg
• Some seabirds have
minimal external nares
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Mammals
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Mammals - Small
• Nets, twist to secure
• Towels
• Good gloves
• Locate and secure head if you can
• Many wild mammals don’t have much of a
scruff
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Initial Assessment
• Emergency ABCs apply to wildlife too.
• Full physical exam immediately might not
be in the animal’s best interest if it is
severely stressed.
• Deal with life threatening conditions first
• May need some warm/dark/quiet before
exam
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The Big Picture
• Is this animal releaseable?
• If not releaseable, are there other options?
• Full physical exam, don’t get distracted by
the obvious
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Physical Exam
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Physical Examination
• Assess TPR
• Bird Normal Temp 40C ( 104F)
• Mammals – depends on size 37.8-39.5
• Assess Hydration
• Assess Physical Condition
• Head to Toe Exam
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Assessing Hydration - Birds
• Dry or no droppings
• Eye Appearance
• PCV
• Birds- Check skin over breast muscle
• Wrinkled abdomen skin
• Ropey saliva
• Babies may not gape
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Assessing Hydration
• Assume any animal down for a few days is
dehydrated
• If in doubt, treat for dehydration
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Assessing Hydration - Mammals
• Same as domestics
• Skin not as loose
• Skin tent
• Tacky mucous
membranes
• Sunken eyes
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Assess Hydration
• Sunken eyes
• Excessive skin
wrinkles
• Turtles float/unable to
submerge themselves
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Cloacal Temperature
• Cloaca is very shallow
• Do not advance
thermometer in too far
• Normal 40C or 104F
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Weight and BCS
• Average weights depend on geography, age
and season
• Look up average weight
• BCS – Body Condition Scoring
• Consider overall health of the animal
• Feel through fur for ribs and spine of
mammals, know normals
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How can you assess body condition in birds?
• Need to actually handle the bird to assess
breast muscle condition
• Regional weight charts can be a general
guide but must be coupled with breast
muscle assessment
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Weight and BCS - Birds
• Breast Muscle Evaluation
• Can’t assess BCS without hands on exam
• Know species differences - i.e. diving birds
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Body Condition Scoring
• Do with every animal
• Scale of 1-5, 5 is good condition, not obese
• Prognostic indicator, birds in particular who
have lost 30% or more of body weight are
hard to save
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Assessment of Breast Muscle
• Normal breast tissue in
birds should be plump
and the keel bone
should not be prominent
• Some species variation
in loons and diving
birds, more
aerodynamic
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Body Condition
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Emaciation
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Examine Mouth
• Look for signs of
trauma
• Parasites
• Fish hooks
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Check Reflexes
• Most are the same as
domestic animals but
might not be as
obvious
• No consensual PLR in
birds
• Birds have voluntary
control over iris
muscles
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Fundic Exam
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Examine Ears
• Useful to examine the
caudal surface of the
eyes
• Visualize bruising,
fractures, hemorrhage
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Parasites
• Parasites are common
• More numerous on
immunocompromised
animals
• Some are species
specific, some are not
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External Parasite Control
• Lice are most common ( anemia and ick
factor)
– Pyrethrin spray 0.2% ( spray gauze and apply
strip down back, front, axillas, groin
– Ivermectin
• Hippoboscids ( flat flies)
– Pyrethrin spray
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External Parasite Control
• Fleas
– Many commercial products
– Revolution on mammals
• Ticks
• Mites
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Maggots
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Maggots
• Capstar- Nitenpyram
• Can be devastating to wounds and lead to
septic shock
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Internal Parasites
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Palpate Crop
• Stasis is not
uncommon
• Window strikes and
other trauma can have
ruptured crop
• Crop is not hard to
repair, find a vet who
will do this.
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Assess Legs and Wings
• Assess on exam
• Observe remotely
• Drooping may not be
apparent
• Balance issue
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Observe for Symmetry
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Birds Bruise Green
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Uropygial Gland
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Always Check The Feet
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Examples of Criteria for Euthanasia
• Loss of use of one foot in a bird
• Fractures involving a joint
• Dead exposed bone
• Loss of any complete part of a wing bone in
birds
– Connect with officials on placement
possibilities, especially if SAR
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Placement may be an option for some
animals
Contact wildlife officials
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Categories
Recently injured but healthy
otherwise
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Categories
Acute injury with Shock
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Acute Injury
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Categories
Chronic illness/injury leading to
starvation, dehydration, shock
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Barred Owl
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Shock
• Response of the body to insufficient
oxygenated blood to all regions of the body
• Triggers fight or flight
• Pools blood/resources to core and neglects
extremities
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Shock
• Happens for most of the same reasons seen
in domestics
• Treated similarly for the most part
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Signs of Shock
• Non-responsive/unafraid/flat
• Pale gums
• Cold extremities
• Altered mentation (neuro)
• Severe emaciation /dehydration
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Signs of Shock - Birds
• Same as in domestic animals
• Apparent lack of fear ( unless young)
• No struggling
• Fluffed feathers
• Head tucked under feathers for extended
periods
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Great Horned Owl
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Slowing the progress of shock
• Heat, #1 first aid recommendation
– Bird normal body temp is 40C or 104 F, don’t
be afraid to put the heat to them
• Fluids – route variable depending on
condition, IV generally the best
• Keep stress to a minimum
– Calm quiet transport and handling
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Slowing the progress of shock
• Analgesics
• Oxygen
• Stop bleeding or other causes
• Covered transport to medical care ASAP
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Analgesia
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Analgesia
• Meloxicam
– Must be well hydrated
– Used in wide variety of species
• Buprenorphine
• Opioids
• Gabapentin
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Analgesia
• Discuss protocols with your vet
• You will need a good relationship with your
vet to get analgesics, this takes time
• Analgesia is basic and necessary
• If it’s a condition that hurts you, it hurts
them
• Withholding pain meds to keep them from
“moving too much” is old school and
inhumane
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Stress
• All wildlife are highly susceptible
• Quiet dim room, minimal talking, no direct
eye contact
• Cover head for procedures, use GA when
necessary
• Keep away from high traffic areas if
possible
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Emergency Care
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Emergency Care
• ABCs as with any other patient
• Heat
• Fluids ( IV preferably, SQ second)
• Emergency drugs
– Pain Meds ( metacam, buprenorphine)
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Fluid Administration
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Think Butterfly Catheters
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IV Fluid Therapy
• Butterflies are wonderful for fluid admin
• Often a repeated bolus, most won’t tolerate
a catheter
• 50-90 ml/kg/d total, divided into 2-3
boluses
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Basilic or Wing Vein
• Best Spot for Fluid
admin in most birds
• Follow up closer to
axilla
• Use a butterfly
• Calc 50-100 ml/kg
• Give 1/3 of this as a
bolus, SLOWLY
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Median Metatarsal Vein
• Most prominent in
waterfowl and
seabirds
• Hold in normal
sternal position with
head covered
![Page 97: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Venipuncture with Less Stress
![Page 98: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Venipuncture with Less Stress
![Page 99: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Subcutaneous Fluids - Birds
• Groin, can use both
• 50 ml/kg ( 25ml/kg in each groin pocket)
• Beware of air sacs, don’t go too deep
• Never over scapulae in birds
![Page 100: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Subcutaneous Fluids - Mammals
• Typically loose skin between shoulder
blades on the back
• Guidelines for amounts, but skin shouldn’t
feel tight
![Page 101: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Oral Fluids
• Must be able to hold head upright
• Generally placing fluids into crop or
proventriculus
• Watch for swallow motion on admin
• Kink tube on withdrawal
• Watch for double back of tube
• Typical volume is 3-5% BW for birds
![Page 102: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Crop Tubing
![Page 103: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Crop Tubes
![Page 104: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Owls Do Not have a Crop
![Page 105: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Never tape or cork beak…EVER
![Page 106: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Never Tape or Cork Beak
• Use good head control
instead
• Grip at base of jaw
• Interferes with resp
• May Regurg
• Some seabirds have
minimal external nares
![Page 107: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Initial Nutrition
• Animals will be admitted in various states
– Clinically normal
– Acutely injured but otherwise healthy
– Chronic injury
– Chronic injury/issue with starvation or
emaciation
• All have different nutrition requirements
![Page 108: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Initial Nutrition
• Must be species specific
• Many animals won’t be fed in the first 24
hours until hydration status is corrected and
medical issues/shock are treated
• Emaciation?
![Page 109: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Species Specific Nutrition
• Look up what they normally eat
• There is no “generic” bird diet
• Best to have a variety of items on hand if
you see wildlife regularly
• May need to go shopping
![Page 110: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Trophic Categories
• Carnivore
• Granivore
• Omnivore
• Insectivore
• Piscivore
• Frugivore
• Aerial Insectivore
![Page 111: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
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Nutrition in Clinic
• Think of how they normally eat
• Will often not eat in your presence
• Unless you are set up to house properly
after medical needs are addressed, best to
transfer
![Page 134: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
General Considerations
• Species
• Time of year ( GI bact will be different)
• Body condition/emaciation
![Page 135: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
Caloric Requirements
• Formula
• Kcal/24 hours = Taxonomic constant x (wt
in Kg)0.75 x 1.5 x Physiologic factors
• Should work this out especially for animals
not gaining weight
• Weigh regularly
![Page 136: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
Calculating Kcal/24 hours
• Taxonomic constant x (wt in Kg)0.75 x 1.5 x
Physiologic factors
• This formula is more easily understood
broken down into steps
![Page 137: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
Formula Breakdown
• Taxonomic constant x (wt in Kg)0.75 • BMR ( Basal metabolic Rate)
• BMR x 1.5 • MMR (Maintenance Metabolic Rate)
• Kcal/24 hr = MMR x physiologic factors
![Page 138: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
Taxonomic Constants
• Non-passerine birds 78
– eagles, grouse, gulls, usually over 100g
• Passerines 129
– Songbirds etc under 100g
![Page 139: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
Formula Breakdown
• Taxonomic constant x (wt in Kg)0.75 • BMR ( Basal metabolic Rate)
• BMR x 1.5 • MMR (Maintenance Metabolic Rate)
• Kcal/24 hr = MMR x physiologic factors
![Page 140: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
Physiologic Factors
• Physical inactivity – 0.7-0.9
• Growth – 1.5-3.0
• Starvation – 0.5-0.7
• Sepsis, burns, bact infection – 1.2-2
• Mild trauma, elective Sx – 1.0-1.2
• Severe Trauma – 1.1-2.0
• Head injuries – 1.0-2.0
![Page 141: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
Caloric Requirements
• Formula
• Taxonomic constant x (wt in Kg)0.75 x 1.5 x
Physiologic factors = Kcal/24 hours
![Page 142: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
Handfeeding/Force Feeding
• May be necessary after stabilization
• Can be done easily with whole fish, mouse
pieces etc
• Use forceps unless you are very
comfortable around beaks
![Page 143: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
Presentation Matters
• Fish in water?
• Whole fish ( head on and not gutted)
• Whole bodies ( think mice not steak)
• Mealworms
• Berries on branches
• Leaf Litter
![Page 144: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
Temporary Nutrition
• Most songbirds classified as seed or insect eaters
• All nestlings eat insects initially so protein important
• ***Tip for small animal vet clinics***A/D or Kitten Growth Formulas can be used for a temporary diet(add 900 mg Ca carbonate to A/D)
• All meat diets are seriously deficient for any species
• Proper calcium :phosphorus ratios important, especially during growth phase.(2:1)
![Page 145: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
Nutrition
• Species specific
• Most animals won’t be fed in the first 24
hours until hydration status is corrected and
shock is treated
![Page 146: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
Emaciation
Extreme weight loss and thinness due
to loss of subcutaneous fat and
muscle throughout the body
![Page 147: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
Emaciation/ Severe Dehydration
Do not feed!
![Page 148: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
How can you Assess Emaciation?
• Mammals – often obvious by rib and spine
exposure, often need to feel through coat
• Birds
– Very difficult without detailed hands on
assessment
– Normal weight comparison not trustworthy
![Page 149: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
Emaciation Protocols
• Feeding an emaciated animal too soon will
kill it, plain and simple.
• Emaciation protocols are especially vital to
save thin and weakened birds
![Page 150: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
Emaciation Protocols
• Rehydration first, IV if possible
• Oral fluids
• Elemental diet like Lafeber Emeraid
• A/d or other species specific highly
digestible tube or oral feeding slurry
![Page 151: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
Tube Feeding Formulas
![Page 152: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
Emaciation Protocols
• Muscle meat
• Chopped whole Diet
• Whole diet small amounts
• May take days before solid food is
introduced
• Watch hydration and thermoregulation
![Page 153: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
Emeraid
• Omnivore
• Herbivore
• Carnivore
• Piscivore
![Page 154: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
Other Tube Feeding Formulas
• Kaytee Exact
• A/d
• Recovery Diet – Royal Canin
• Oxbow
• Custom species specific mixes
– Contact a vet with wildlife experience, rehab
centre or zoo
![Page 155: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
Emaciation Protocols - Raptors
• Rehydration
• Oral fluids
• Elemental diet i.e. Emeraid
• Muscle meat
• Chopped whole Diet
• Whole diet small amounts
• May take days before solid food is
introduced
• Watch hydration and thermoregulation
![Page 156: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
Emaciation Protocols – Other Species
• Rehydration
• Oral fluids
• Elemental diet i.e. Emeraid
• Highly digestible species appropriate
portions of regular diet
• Chopped whole diet small freq amounts
• Whole diet
![Page 157: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
When to progress to the next level?
• Monitor fecal output, weight, hydration
• First 10% weight gain is rehydration
• Do the feces look exactly like the food?
• Odour?
• Starting to look like feces?
• Once processing current diet, take it to the
next level.
![Page 158: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
Avian Anesthesia
![Page 159: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/159.jpg)
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Avian Anesthesia
• Inhalant is safest for most procedures
• Premed for painful procedures
• It’s not that hard, REALLY!
• Place non-cuffed ET tube but watch closely
post tubing
• May just have to mask some birds
![Page 161: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/161.jpg)
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Anesthetic Recovery
• Hold them until they
can stand if possible
• Keep warm
• Provide U-towel if
you can’t stay with
them
• Place in sternal
recumbency
![Page 165: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/165.jpg)
Avian Radiography
• Preferably under anesthesia
• May be possible to do quick survey rads on
a moribund bird for prognostic purposes
• Multiple view very important
![Page 166: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/166.jpg)
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Avian Fracture Healing Considerations
• Birds heal much faster than mammals
• Often hardware out in 3-4weeks
• Prolonged immobilization can result in
permanent damage
![Page 171: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/171.jpg)
Avian Bandaging
• Fracture stabilization
• Wound care/protection
• Feather care/protection ( tail sheath)
![Page 172: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/172.jpg)
Avian Bandaging
• Many should be done under anesthetic
• Remember pain control
• Birds are not feathered dogs or cats
– Think healing time and patagium
![Page 173: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/173.jpg)
Try not to Damage Feathers!
Flight and tail feathers in particular
![Page 174: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/174.jpg)
Avian Fracture Healing Considerations
• Birds heal much faster than mammals
• Often mostly healed in 3 weeks
• Prolonged immobilization can result in
permanent damage
![Page 175: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/175.jpg)
Temporary Fracture Immobilization
• Must immobilize the joint above and
below the fracture
• Should prevent a closed Fx from becoming
and open Fx
• Should decrease pain
• Should decrease contamination risk
![Page 176: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/176.jpg)
Wing Wraps/Body Wraps
• Should be done under anesthesia
• Not too tight, approximate normal position
• Suitable to rest wing for soft tissue healing,
non-displaced radius OR ulna fractures,
coracoid and scapula fractures
• Patagium function must be preserved
• Physio at least Q3d, under GA initially
![Page 177: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/177.jpg)
The Patagium
![Page 178: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/178.jpg)
The Patagium
![Page 179: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/179.jpg)
Avian Wound Care
• Very thin skin and sparse soft tissue
• Don’t bandage easily
• Keep moist and clean, lavage is great
• Tegaderm rules!
• Wound gels, honey, sugar
• C+S like anything else
• Wet-dry bandages with boot lace sutures
![Page 180: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/180.jpg)
Wing Wrap
![Page 181: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/181.jpg)
Body Wrap
![Page 182: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/182.jpg)
Foot Ball Bandage
![Page 183: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/183.jpg)
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Masking Tape Splint
![Page 188: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/188.jpg)
![Page 189: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/189.jpg)
Toe Splint
![Page 190: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/190.jpg)
Masking Tape Splint
![Page 191: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/191.jpg)
Altman Splint
![Page 192: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/192.jpg)
Altman Splint
![Page 193: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/193.jpg)
Waterfowl “socks”
![Page 194: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/194.jpg)
Bumblefoot
![Page 195: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/195.jpg)
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Selected Topics
![Page 200: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/200.jpg)
Window Strikes
![Page 201: Wildlife Initial Care](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012010/613ca037f046235e845cd812/html5/thumbnails/201.jpg)
Window Strikes
• Very common
• Have seen some with no deep pain response
turn around in 24 hours
• Heat, quiet, subdued light, meloxicam,
fluids, postural support
• www.flap.org
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Peregrine Falcon – Window Strike
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Husbandry of Seabirds
• Maintaining waterproofing imperative
• Foot care
• Feather care, prevent soiling
• Stress
• Aspegillosis
• Feeding behaviour
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Overflow Pools
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Bumblefoot
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Oiled Wildlife
• This is a 1-2 day course normally
• Multi-factorial involvement in oiled wildlife
management
• Don’t worry about getting oil off initially
• Stabilization most important
• Heat, IV Fluids, GI protectant, food
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Zoonotic Disease
• Aspergillosis
– Eagles, falcons, loons, waterfowl, seabirds
– Bedding major issue
– Prophylactic meds may be indicated
• Rabies
• Psittacosis
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Imprinting
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Eyes not open?
• Beware of imprinting
• Transfer ASAP
• Shouldn’t see human
faces as first visual
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Avoiding Imprinting
Puppets Mirrors
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Upside Down Heads - Torticollis
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Boreal Owl - Anisocoria
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Avian Wound Care
• Very thin skin and sparse soft tissue
• Don’t bandage easily
• Keep moist and clean, lavage is great
• Tegaderm rules!
• Wound gels, honey, sugar
• C+S like anything else
• Wet-dry bandages with boot lace sutures
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Subcutaneous Emphysema
• Common in birds that have had trauma
• Can be puncture, air sac rupture, or fracture
• Often self limiting unless up around neck
and acting like a pneumothorax
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Subcutaneous Emphysema
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Lessons Learned
• Deciding when to switch to oral liquids
• Oiled wildlife wash timing
• Not feeding emaciated wildlife
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Brood Patch
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Husbandry
• Species specific and aimed at decreasing
stress
• Minimum standards documents
• Main part of veterinary hospitals are not a
great place for long term rehab unless
species specific housing can be designed
• Best to do medical stabilization and transfer
if possible to rehabilitation centre
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Husbandry
• Cleanliness imperative
• Never use shavings, straw, wood fibre with
birds
• Appropriate perching/nutrition to prevent
bumblefoot
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Semipalmated Plover
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Orphaned Waterfowl
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Orphaned Waterfowl
• Give a mirror
• Get with conspecifics ASAP
• Taxidermy mount?
• Shallow dish of water
• Mealworms to encourage eating
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Cat Predation
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Cat Predation
• Vigorous flushing helps
• Antibiotics are indicated if in a cat mouth,
punctures are hard to find
• Analgesia
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Lead Poisoning
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Lead Poisoning
• Any scavenging species
• Most common in eagles, loons, waterfowl,
ravens, crows
• All eagles in particular should be tested,
xrays not diagnostic
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Radiographs not Diagnostic for Lead
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Birds that Strand on Dry Land
• Loons
• Cormorants
• Pelagic seabirds
– Alcids (Murres, Dovekies)
– Petrels
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Loons Out of Water Need Help
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Release
• Self feeding
• Waterproof
• Acclimatized to temperatures
• Fully recovered
• Adult – near where it was found
• Young – Able to forage for approp diet
• Mouse school?
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Release
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Is this animal releaseable?
If you aren’t sure, connect with
someone who can help
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Top 10 Reasons to Work with Wildlife
10. They are awesome
9. Education/Learning Opportunity
8. Public Relations
7. They matter!
6. Species Preservation/Conservation
- Common species?
- SAR ( each one can matter)
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Top 10 Reasons to Work with Wildlife
5. They have few options for care, you may be
the only chance they have
4. 95% + are brought in due to human
interaction
3. People want something done
2. You get to do what is needed, your choice
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Top 10 Reasons to Work With Wildlife
#1 NO OWNERS
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Questions?
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Questions?
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