wiki environmentalism

8/4/2019 Wiki Environmentalism

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism

Environmentalism is a broad philosophy, ideology[1][2][3]

andsocial movementregarding

concerns for environmentalconservationand improvement of the health of theenvironment,

particularly as the measure for this health seeks to incorporate the concerns of non-human

elements. Environmentalism advocates the preservation, restoration and/or improvement ofthe natural environment, and may be referred to as a movement to controlpollution.

[4]For

this reason, concepts such as aLand Ethic,Environmental Ethics,Biodiversity,Ecologyand

theBiophilia hypothesisfigure predominantly. At its crux, environmentalism is an attempt to

balance relations between humanity and their broader organismic and biogeochemical milieu

in such a way that all the components are accorded a proper degree of respect. The exact

nature of this balance is controversial and there are many different ways for environmental

concerns to be expressed in practice. Environmentalism and environmental concerns are often

represented by the colorgreen[5]

, but this association has been appropriated by the marketing

industries and is a key tactic in the art ofGreenwashing.

Contents

[hide]

1 Environmentalism as a social movement 2 History

o 2.1 Origins of the modern environmental movement 3 Environmental movement 4 Free market environmentalism 5 Evangelical environmentalism 6 Preservation and conservation 7 Environmental organizations and conferences 8 Usage in popular culture 9 Reception 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links

[edit] Environmentalism as a social movement
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Earth Day2007 at City College, San Diego

Environmentalism denominates asocial movementthat seeks to influence the political

process by lobbying, activism, and education in order to protect natural resources and

ecosystems. Anenvironmentalistis a person who may speak out about our natural

environment and the sustainable management of its resources through changes in publicpolicy or individual behavior by supporting practices such as informed consumption,

conservation initiatives, investment inrenewable energy, improved efficiencies in the

materials economy, transitioning to new accounting paradigms such asEcological economics

and renewing and revitalising our connections with non-human life. In various ways (for

example, grassroots activism and protests), environmentalists andenvironmental

organizationsseek to give the natural world a stronger voice in human affairs.[6]

[edit] History

Main article:Timeline of history of environmentalism

A concern for environmental protection has recurred in diverse forms, in different parts of the

world, throughout history. For example, in the Middle East, the earliest known writings

concerned with environmental pollution wereArabic medical treatiseswritten during the

"Arab Agricultural Revolution", by writers such asAlkindus,Costa ben Luca,Rhazes,Ibn

Al-Jazzar,al-Tamimi,al-Masihi,Avicenna,Ali ibn Ridwan,Isaac Israeli ben Solomon,Abd-

el-latif, and Ibn al-Nafis. They were concerned withair contamination,water contamination,

soil contamination,solid wastemishandling, andenvironmental assessmentsof certain

localities.[7][8][verification needed]

In Europe,King Edward Iof England banned the burning ofsea-coalby proclamation inLondonin 1272, after its smoke had become a problem.

[9][10]The fuel was so common in

England that this earliest of names for it was acquired because it could be carted away from

some shores by the wheelbarrow. Air pollution would continue to be a problem in England,

especially later during theIndustrial Revolution, and extending into the recent past with the

Great Smog of 1952.

[edit] Origins of the modern environmental movement
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InEurope, theIndustrial Revolutiongave rise to modern environmental pollution as it is

generally understood today. The emergence of great factories and consumption of immense

quantities ofcoaland otherfossil fuelsgave rise to unprecedentedair pollutionand the large

volume of industrialchemicaldischarges added to the growing load of untreated human

waste.[11]

The first large-scale, modern environmental laws came in the form of theBritish

Alkali Acts, passed in 1863, to regulate the deleterious air pollution (gaseoushydrochloric

acid) given off by theLeblanc process, used to producesoda ash. Environmentalism grew out

of the amenity movement, which was a reaction toindustrialization, the growth of cities, and

worsening air andwater pollution.

In Victorian Britain, an early "Back-to-Nature" movement that anticipated modernenvironmentalism was advocated by intellectuals such asJohn Ruskin,William Morrisand

Edward Carpenter, who were all againstconsumerism,pollutionand other activities that were

harmful to the natural world.[12]

Their ideas also inspired various proto-environmental groups

in the UK, such as theCommons Preservation Society, theKyrle Society, theRoyal Society

for the Protection of Birdsand theGarden city movement, as well as encouraging the

Socialist LeagueandThe Clarionmovement to advocate measures ofnature conservation.[13]

In theUnited States, the beginnings of an environmental movement can be traced as far back

as 1739, though it was not called environmentalism and was still considered conservation

until the 1950s.Benjamin Franklinand otherPhiladelphiaresidents, citing "public rights,"

petitioned the Pennsylvania Assembly to stop waste dumping and removetanneriesfromPhiladelphia's commercial district. The US movement expanded in the 1800s, out of concerns

for protecting the natural resources of the West, with individuals such asJohn Muirand

Henry David Thoreaumaking key philosophical contributions. Thoreau was interested in

peoples' relationship with nature and studied this by living close to nature in a simple life. He

published his experiences in the bookWalden, which argues that people should become

intimately close with nature. Muir came to believe in nature's inherent right, especially after

spending time hiking inYosemite Valleyand studying both the ecology and geology. He

successfully lobbied congress to formYosemite National Parkand went on to set up the

Sierra Club. The conservationist principles as well as the belief in an inherent right of nature

were to become the bedrock of modern environmentalism.
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alleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosemite_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosemite_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosemite_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kellyposter1970.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosemite_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosemite_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Muirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannerieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clarionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_League_%28UK,_1885%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_city_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birdshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birdshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrle_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commons_Preservation_Society&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumerismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Carpenterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morrishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrializationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soda_ashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leblanc_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaseoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_Actshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism#cite_note-Donora-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe


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In the 20th century, environmental ideas continued to grow in popularity and recognition.

Efforts were starting to be made to save some wildlife, particularly theAmerican Bison. The

death of the lastPassenger Pigeonas well as the endangerment of the American Bison helped

to focus the minds of conservationists and popularize their concerns. In 1916 theNational

Park Servicewas founded by US PresidentWoodrow Wilson.

The Nazis had elements which were supportive of animal rights, zoos and wildlife,[14]

and

took several measures to ensure their protection.[15]

In 1933 the government enacted a

stringent animal-protection law.[16][17]

Lab animals giving theNazi salutetoHermann Gringfor his order to banvivisection. Caricature

fromKladderadatsch, a satirical journal, September 1933. Gring prohibited vivisection and said that

those who "still think they can continue to treat animals as inanimate property" will be sent to

concentration camps.[18]

ManyNSDAP leadersincludingAdolf HitlerandHermann Gringwere supporters of animal

protection. Several Nazis wereenvironmentalists(notablyRudolf Hess), and speciesprotection andanimal welfarewere significant issues in the regime.[19]

Heinrich Himmler

made efforts to ban the hunting of animals.[20]

Gring was an animal lover and

conservationist.[21]

The current animal welfare laws inGermanyare more or less modification

of the laws introduced by the National Socialist regime.[22]

In 1935, the regime enacted the "Reich Nature Protection Act". The concept of the

Dauerwald(best translated as the "perpetual forest") which included concepts such asforest

managementand protection was promoted and efforts were also made to curbair

pollution.[23][24]
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servation_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism#cite_note-HMG278-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism#cite_note-NWC5-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_welfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Hesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalistshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism#cite_note-RA133-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_campshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kladderadatschhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivisectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_salutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism#cite_note-RA132-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism#cite_note-BHTFSN153-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_Pigeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bison


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In 1949,A Sand County AlmanacbyAldo Leopoldwas published. It explained Leopolds

belief that humankind should have moral respect for the environment and that it is unethical

to harm it. The book is sometimes called the most influential book on conservation.

Throughout the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s and beyond, photography was used to enhance public

awareness of the need for protecting land and recruiting members to environmentalorganizations.David Brower,Ansel AdamsandNancy Newhallcreated the Sierra Club

Exhibit Format Series, which helped raise public environmental awareness and brought a

rapidly increasing flood of new members to the Sierra Club and to the environmental

movement in general. "This Is Dinosaur" edited byWallace Stegnerwith photographs by

Martin LittonandPhilip Hydeprevented the building of dams withinDinosaur National

Monumentby becoming part of a new kind of activism called environmentalism that

combined the conservationist ideals of Thoreau, Leopold and Muir with hard-hitting

advertising, lobbying, book distribution, letter writing campaigns, and more. The powerful

use of photography in addition to the written word for conservation dated back to the creation

ofYosemite National Park, when photographs convinced Abraham Lincoln to preserve the

beautiful glacier carved landscape for all time. The Sierra Club Exhibit Format Seriesgalvanized public opposition to building dams in theGrand Canyonand protected many other

national treasures. The Sierra Club often led a coalition of many environmental groups

including theWilderness Societyand many others. After a focus on preserving wilderness in

the 1950s and 1960s, the Sierra Club and other groups broadened their focus to include such

issues as air and water pollution, population control, and curbing the exploitation of natural

resources.

In 1962,Silent Springby American biologistRachel Carsonwas published. The book

cataloged the environmental impacts of the indiscriminate spraying ofDDTin the US and

questioned the logic of releasing large amounts of chemicals into the environment without

fully understanding their effects on ecology or human health. The book suggested that DDT

and other pesticides may causecancerand that their agricultural use was a threat to wildlife,

particularly birds.[25]

The resulting public concern led to the creation of theUnited States

Environmental Protection Agencyin 1970 which subsequently banned the agricultural use of

DDT in the US in 1972. The limited use of DDT indisease vectorcontrol continues to this

day in certain parts of the world and remains controversial. The book's legacy was to produce

a far greater awareness of environmental issues and interest into how people affect the

environment. With this new interest in environment came interest in problems such as air

pollution and petroleum spills, and environmental interest grew. New pressure groups

formed, notablyGreenpeaceandFriends of the Earth, as well as notable local organizations

such as theWyoming Outdoor Council, which was founded in 1967.

In the 1970s, theChipko movementwas formed in India; influenced byMohandas Gandhi,

they set up peaceful resistance todeforestationby literally hugging trees (leading to the term

"tree huggers"). Their peaceful methods of protest and slogan "ecology is permanent

economy" were very influential.

By the mid-1970s, many felt that people were on the edge of environmental catastrophe. The

Back-to-the-land movementstarted to form and ideas of environmental ethics joined with

anti-Vietnam Warsentiments and other political issues. These individuals lived outside

normal society and started to take on some of the more radical environmental theories such as

deep ecology. Around this time more mainstream environmentalism was starting to show
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nited_States%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosemite_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur_National_Monumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur_National_Monumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Hyde_%28photographer%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Litton_%28environmentalist%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Stegnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Newhallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansel_Adamshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Browerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Leopoldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Sand_County_Almanac


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force with the signing of theEndangered Species Actin 1973 and the formation ofCITESin

1975.

In 1979,James Lovelock, a formerNASAscientist, published Gaia: A new look at life on

Earth, which put forth theGaia Hypothesis; it proposes that life onEarthcan be understood

as a single organism. This became an important part of theDeep Greenideology. Throughoutthe rest of the history of environmentalism there has been debate and argument between more

radical followers of this Deep Green ideology and more mainstream environmentalists.

Environmentalism has also changed to deal with new issues such asglobal warmingand

genetic engineering.

[edit] Environmental movement

Main article:Environmental movement

Beforeflue gas desulfurizationwas installed, theair-pollutingemissions from this power plant in

New Mexicocontained excessive amounts ofsulfur dioxide.

Theenvironmental movement(a term that sometimes includes theconservationandgreen

movements) is a diverse scientific,social, andpolitical movement. In general terms,

environmentalists advocate thesustainablemanagement of resources, and the protection (and

restoration, when necessary) of thenatural environmentthrough changes in public policy and

individual behavior. In its recognition of humanity as a participant in ecosystems, the

movement is centered aroundecology,health, andhuman rights. Though the movement is

represented by a range of organizations, because of the inclusion of environmentalism in theclassroom curriculum,[26][27]

the environmental movement has a younger demographic than is

common in other social movements (seegreen seniors).

Environmentalism as a movement covers broad areas of institutional oppression. Examples of

these oppressions are: consumption of ecosystems and natural resources into waste, dumping

waste into disadvantaged communities, air pollution, water pollution, weak infrastructure,

exposure of organic life to toxins, mono culture, anti-polythene drive (jhola movement) and

various other focuses. Because of these divisions, the environmental movement can be

categorized into these primary focuses: Environmental Science, Environmental Activism,

Environmental Advocacy, and Environmental Justice.
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[edit] Free market environmentalism

Main article:Free-market environmentalism

Free market environmentalism is a theory that argues that thefree market,property rights,andtortlaw provide the best tools to preserve the health andsustainabilityof the

environment. It considers environmental stewardship to be natural, as well as the expulsion of

polluters and other aggressors through individual andclass action.

[edit] Evangelical environmentalism

Main article:Evangelical environmentalism

Evangelical environmentalism is an environmental movement in the United States in which

some Evangelicals have emphasized biblical mandates concerning humanity's role as steward

and subsequent responsibility for the caretaking of Creation. While the movement has

focused on different environmental issues, it is best known for its focus of addressing climate

action from a biblically grounded theological perspective. The Evangelical Climate Initiative

argues that human-induced climate change will have severe consequences and impact the

poor the hardest, and that God's mandate to Adam to care for the Garden of Eden also applies

to evangelicals today, and that it is therefore a moral obligation to work to mitigate climate

impacts and support communities in adapting to change.[28]

[edit] Preservation and conservation

Environmental preservation in the United States and other parts of the world, includingAustralia, is viewed as the setting aside of natural resources to prevent damage caused by

contact with humans or by certain human activities, such as logging, mining, hunting, and

fishing, often to replace them with new human activities such as tourism and recreation.[29]

Regulations and laws may be enacted for the preservation of natural resources.

[edit] Environmental organizations and conferences

Main article:List of environmental organizations

Reef doctor work station in Ifaty, Madagascar
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Environmental organizations can be global, regional, national or local; they can be

government-run or private (NGO). Environmentalist activity exists in almost every country.

Moreover, groups dedicated to community development and social justice also focus on

environmental concerns.

There are some volunteer organizations. For exampleEcoworldandParyawaran SachetakSamitiwhich is about the environment and is based in team work and volunteer work. Some

US environmental organizations, among them theNatural Resources Defense Counciland the

Environmental Defense Fund, specialize in bringing lawsuits (a tactic seen as particularly

useful in that country). Other groups, such as the US-basedNational Wildlife Federation,the

Nature Conservancy, andThe Wilderness Society, and global groups like theWorld Wide

Fund for NatureandFriends of the Earth, disseminate information, participate in public

hearings, lobby, stage demonstrations, and may purchase land for preservation. Statewide

nonprofit organizations such as theWyoming Outdoor Counciloften collaborate with these

national organizations and employ similar strategies. Smaller groups, includingWildlife

Conservation International, conduct research on endangered species and ecosystems. More

radical organizations, such asGreenpeace,Earth First!, and theEarth Liberation Front, havemore directly opposed actions they regard as environmentally harmful. WhileGreenpeaceis

devoted to nonviolent confrontation as a means of bearing witness to environmental wrongs

and bringing issues into the public realm for debate, the underground Earth Liberation Front

engages in the clandestine destruction of property, the release of caged or penned animals,

and other criminal acts. Such tactics are regarded as unusual within the movement, however.

On an international level, concern for the environment was the subject of a UN conference in

Stockholm in 1972, attended by 114 nations. Out of this meeting developedUNEP(United

Nations Environment Programme) and the follow-upUnited Nations Conference on

Environment and Developmentin 1992. Other international organizations in support of

environmental policies development include theCommission for Environmental Cooperation

(NAFTA), theEuropean Environment Agency(EEA), and theIntergovernmental Panel on

Climate Change(IPCC
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