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(slightly more than..) 25 years of marine geochemistry Why the geochemical approach essen2al in oceanography Catherine Jeandel CNRS, LEGOS, Toulouse

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Page 1: Why$the$geochemical$approach$ essen2al$in$oceanography$ · Major#ques6ons#in#oceanography# • Quan:fying)the)circulaon) • Quan:fying)the)flux)and)fate)of)the)elements: sources,)sink)and)internal)cycling)

(slightly  more  than..)    25  years  of  marine  geochemistry  

Why  the  geochemical  approach  essen2al  in  oceanography  

Catherine  Jeandel  CNRS,  LEGOS,  Toulouse  

Page 2: Why$the$geochemical$approach$ essen2al$in$oceanography$ · Major#ques6ons#in#oceanography# • Quan:fying)the)circulaon) • Quan:fying)the)flux)and)fate)of)the)elements: sources,)sink)and)internal)cycling)

Major  ques6ons  in  oceanography  

•  Quan:fying  the  circula:on  

•  Quan:fying  the  flux  and  fate  of  the  elements:  sources,  sink  and  internal  cycling  

    Fate  of  the  chemical  species?  

Which  tracer  for  what?    

Page 3: Why$the$geochemical$approach$ essen2al$in$oceanography$ · Major#ques6ons#in#oceanography# • Quan:fying)the)circulaon) • Quan:fying)the)flux)and)fate)of)the)elements: sources,)sink)and)internal)cycling)

Outline  

•  4  tracers  across  4  main  temporal  steps  

GEOSECS  legacy  

70s-­‐80s  

Clean  lab,  mass  spect.  

WOCE&JGOFS  

90s      2000-­‐20s  

Futurs  

….s  

•  The  4  temporal  steps  

Ø  14C  :  the  mixing  rate  of  the  oceans  Ø  234U/230Th:  D-­‐P  exchange  &  sePling  veloci:es  of  the  par:cles  Ø Nd  isotopes  :  D-­‐P  exchange,  origin  of  waters  &  elements  Ø  Fe  and  isotopes:  specia:on  and  quan:fica:on  of  the  sources  

 

«  and  the  winners..»  are    

Page 4: Why$the$geochemical$approach$ essen2al$in$oceanography$ · Major#ques6ons#in#oceanography# • Quan:fying)the)circulaon) • Quan:fying)the)flux)and)fate)of)the)elements: sources,)sink)and)internal)cycling)

First  box  model  to  calculate  deep  water  residence  6me  (Broecker  et  al.  1960)  

Atmosphere  

Pacific  +Indian  

Atlan:c    

14C  (radioac6ve,  T1/2=  5700  y)  •  Chronometer  of  the  deep  waters  •  Beta  coun:ng:  more  than  400l,  long  coun:ng  :mes  •  First  deep  water  residence  :me  and  ven:la:on  rates  

GEOSECS  legacy  

70s-­‐80s  

Pacific  advec6on-­‐diffusion  14C  model  (Craig  et  al,  1969)  

W=3  to  6  m/y  τ = 800 y  

Page 5: Why$the$geochemical$approach$ essen2al$in$oceanography$ · Major#ques6ons#in#oceanography# • Quan:fying)the)circulaon) • Quan:fying)the)flux)and)fate)of)the)elements: sources,)sink)and)internal)cycling)

•  Change  of  scale:  mass  spec,  few  liters,  high  resolu:on    •  WOCE  :  sec:ons  and  maps,  ages  of  all  water  masses  

14C  

Schlosser  et  al,  2001  

2250  y  

Beau6ful  tracer  for  circula6on  quan6fica6on  

Page 6: Why$the$geochemical$approach$ essen2al$in$oceanography$ · Major#ques6ons#in#oceanography# • Quan:fying)the)circulaon) • Quan:fying)the)flux)and)fate)of)the)elements: sources,)sink)and)internal)cycling)

14C  

•  Ancillary  parameter  •  Highly  recommended  

Page 7: Why$the$geochemical$approach$ essen2al$in$oceanography$ · Major#ques6ons#in#oceanography# • Quan:fying)the)circulaon) • Quan:fying)the)flux)and)fate)of)the)elements: sources,)sink)and)internal)cycling)

U/Th  story:  first  profiles  

•  Developed  and  measured  during  GEOSECS  •  Tons  of  water,  first  in  situ  pumps  

Krishnaswami  et  al,  1976   Nozaki  et  al,  1981  

GEOSECS  legacy  

70s-­‐80s  

Par6culate  (dpm/104  kg)  

Depth  (m

)  

D-­‐230Th  

Page 8: Why$the$geochemical$approach$ essen2al$in$oceanography$ · Major#ques6ons#in#oceanography# • Quan:fying)the)circulaon) • Quan:fying)the)flux)and)fate)of)the)elements: sources,)sink)and)internal)cycling)

U soluble

U/Th:  the  mechanism  

230Th, T1/2 75 000y: deep processes

Particles Solution

Th insoluble

GEOSECS  legacy  

70s-­‐80s  

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234U 230Th

A230>A234

230Th

230Th

230Th

230Th

230Th

230Th

230Th

230Th

230Th 230Th 230Th

230Th 230Th 230Th 234U

234U

234U

234U

230Th 230Th 230Th 230Th

Sinking Particles

Carry 230Th

Downward

230Th 230Th 230Th 230Th 230Th

kads kdes

What  is  observed  and  hypothesized?   GEOSECS  legacy  

70s-­‐80s  

Courtesy  of  Bob  Anderson  

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Low  Flux  

High  Flux  

Diss.  230Th  (fg/kg)  K = kads/kdes

Linearity  of  solid  and  dissolved  230Th    Reversible  scavenging  

GEOSECS  legacy  

70s-­‐80s  

Courtesy  of  Bob  Anderson  

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SAFe  Aloha  

QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

INOPEX  

Hayes et al., EPSL 2013

INOPEX

SAFe

Aloha

Higher particle flux (K) in NW Pacific lowers 230Th

Concentration. N

PP

(gC

m-2

yr-1

)

Aloha data from Roy-Barman et al., 1996

1D  reversible  scavenging  model  is  working  in  quite  areas  

Beau6ful  tracer:  P-­‐D  processes  and  par6cle  dynamics    

Page 12: Why$the$geochemical$approach$ essen2al$in$oceanography$ · Major#ques6ons#in#oceanography# • Quan:fying)the)circulaon) • Quan:fying)the)flux)and)fate)of)the)elements: sources,)sink)and)internal)cycling)

Depleted dissolved 230Th in the North Atlantic is reflecting enhanced scavenging in the nepheloids

Barely the ventilation

Hayes  &  Anderson,  2015  

GEOTRACES  IDP  2014:    high  resolu6on  230Th  data  

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Nd  isotope  story    

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Nd  isotope  story    

Piepgras  and  Wasserburg,  1987  

?  

GEOSECS  legacy  

70s-­‐80s  

εNd=-­‐13.5  

εNd=-­‐9.5  

-­‐13.5   -­‐5  Off  US  Atlan:c  

Coast  

εNd  =  Thermohaline  circula6on  tracer?  

Page 15: Why$the$geochemical$approach$ essen2al$in$oceanography$ · Major#ques6ons#in#oceanography# • Quan:fying)the)circulaon) • Quan:fying)the)flux)and)fate)of)the)elements: sources,)sink)and)internal)cycling)

Goldstein and Hemming,2003

εNd    varia6ons  imprinted  in  the  sediments  

Page 16: Why$the$geochemical$approach$ essen2al$in$oceanography$ · Major#ques6ons#in#oceanography# • Quan:fying)the)circulaon) • Quan:fying)the)flux)and)fate)of)the)elements: sources,)sink)and)internal)cycling)

Nd  parameters:  Data  from  the  Pacific  

Lacan  &  Jeandel,  2001;  2005  

Nd  isotopic  composi6on  changes    while  Nd  concentra6on  remains  the  same  

Boundary  exchange  

Page 17: Why$the$geochemical$approach$ essen2al$in$oceanography$ · Major#ques6ons#in#oceanography# • Quan:fying)the)circulaon) • Quan:fying)the)flux)and)fate)of)the)elements: sources,)sink)and)internal)cycling)

Jeandel  et  al,  2007  1050 +≤≤− NdεOld  

con6nent  Young    volcanic  

Heterogeneous  distribu6on  of  εNd    

-­‐15  

-­‐11   -­‐8  

-­‐5  

What  is  controlling  the  εNd    gradient  ?  

Page 18: Why$the$geochemical$approach$ essen2al$in$oceanography$ · Major#ques6ons#in#oceanography# • Quan:fying)the)circulaon) • Quan:fying)the)flux)and)fate)of)the)elements: sources,)sink)and)internal)cycling)

800 - 5000 m εNd

Coupling  OGCM  and  Nd  cycle    (Arsouze, 2008; 2009)

FR FA FBE

?

•  BE is THE major source term (>95% of the total : 1.1 1010 g(Nd)/an). •  Dust and dissolved river inputs significant in the Atlantic surface waters.

•  Reversible scavenging: reconciliate the Nd and εNd with depth and along the thermohaline Nd:  a  beau6ful  tracer  of  sources;  Warn  us  on  the  roles  of  the  margins;  

 Boundary  Exchange  quan6fied    

Page 19: Why$the$geochemical$approach$ essen2al$in$oceanography$ · Major#ques6ons#in#oceanography# • Quan:fying)the)circulaon) • Quan:fying)the)flux)and)fate)of)the)elements: sources,)sink)and)internal)cycling)

Iron:  an  essen6al  micro-­‐nutrient  

Varia6ons  of  iron  inputs  to  the  ocean    

Climate  Varia6ons  

Fe  could  limit  primary  produc6on  in  ~1/2  of  the  ocean    (Moore  et  al  2001)  

Ø  Con:nental  crust  :            5.6%  Ø  Surface  of  the  ocean:  0.000  000  005%  

ü  Electron  carrierà  photosynthesis,  respira:on  ü  Enzyme  cofactor  à  Nitrogen  assimila:on  

Page 20: Why$the$geochemical$approach$ essen2al$in$oceanography$ · Major#ques6ons#in#oceanography# • Quan:fying)the)circulaon) • Quan:fying)the)flux)and)fate)of)the)elements: sources,)sink)and)internal)cycling)

Paucity of information about deep Fe distribution limits understanding of upwelling supply and internal cycling.

2003:  Sta6ons  with  Fe  concentra6ons  at  depth    

P. Parekh (MIT)

Page 21: Why$the$geochemical$approach$ essen2al$in$oceanography$ · Major#ques6ons#in#oceanography# • Quan:fying)the)circulaon) • Quan:fying)the)flux)and)fate)of)the)elements: sources,)sink)and)internal)cycling)

Main  DFe  sources?  Early  2000  

Dust?  Jickells  et  al,  2005  

Reducing  Sediments?  

Others?  

Elrod  et  al,  2004  

Page 22: Why$the$geochemical$approach$ essen2al$in$oceanography$ · Major#ques6ons#in#oceanography# • Quan:fying)the)circulaon) • Quan:fying)the)flux)and)fate)of)the)elements: sources,)sink)and)internal)cycling)

hPp://www.egeotraces.org/scenes/Atlan:c_Fe_D_CONC_BOTTLE_large.html  

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Tagliabue  et  al,  2014  

Role  of  the  sediments  confirmed  by  modelling  

On  the  DFe  inventory  

On  the  carbon  export  

Page 24: Why$the$geochemical$approach$ essen2al$in$oceanography$ · Major#ques6ons#in#oceanography# • Quan:fying)the)circulaon) • Quan:fying)the)flux)and)fate)of)the)elements: sources,)sink)and)internal)cycling)

Unexpected  hydrothermal  inputs  (EPZT  GEOTRACES  cruise)  

DFe  

DMn  

DAl  

3He  

Resing  et  al,  Nature  July  2015  

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Futurs  

•  Contrasted  distribu:ons  (ex  dZn&dFe)  •  Land-­‐ocean  exchange  processes  (ex  REE,  Nd&Ra)  

•  Quan:fying  all  the  sources  (SGD;  sediment  release)  

•  Quan:fying  the  internal  cycling&exits  •  Refining  paleo-­‐proxies  

Futurs  

….s  

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What  was  (almost)  not  discussed…  

•  Carbonate  chemistry  

•  Carbon  cycle  and  flux  

•  Par:cles  in  the  Ocean  (except  when  needed…)  

Jeandel,  Lam,  Marchal,  Anderson  Edits  

Page 27: Why$the$geochemical$approach$ essen2al$in$oceanography$ · Major#ques6ons#in#oceanography# • Quan:fying)the)circulaon) • Quan:fying)the)flux)and)fate)of)the)elements: sources,)sink)and)internal)cycling)

Thank  you!  

Page 28: Why$the$geochemical$approach$ essen2al$in$oceanography$ · Major#ques6ons#in#oceanography# • Quan:fying)the)circulaon) • Quan:fying)the)flux)and)fate)of)the)elements: sources,)sink)and)internal)cycling)

Lead  and  lead  isotopes  

Schaule  and  PaPerson  first  profiles  

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Transient  Tracers,  1900-­‐1990  

Page 30: Why$the$geochemical$approach$ essen2al$in$oceanography$ · Major#ques6ons#in#oceanography# • Quan:fying)the)circulaon) • Quan:fying)the)flux)and)fate)of)the)elements: sources,)sink)and)internal)cycling)

Near-­‐Bermuda  Pb  profiles,  1979-­‐2011  

Boyle et al. (2014) Oceanography 27:69

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Distance,  km   Distance,  km  

Depth,  m

 

GEOTRACES GA03: US GT10,11 North Atlantic Transect Pb


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