why study the insect thorax? - purdue university · 2018-07-31 · leg modifications 1. walking -...
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Why Study the Insect Thorax?
• Structure determines how an insect moves
through its habitat.
• Wings determine flight capability
• Legs determine how it moves and digs on
land
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Insect Thorax
Spiracle
Tergum
Pleuron
sternum
Prothorax Mesothorax Metathorax
http://www.cals.ncsu.edu:8050/course/ent425/tutorial/thorax.html
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pronotum
coxa
trochanter
femur
tibia
tarsus
spiracle
mesopleuron
metapleuron
Front leg
Hind leg
Mid leg
Intact Thorax
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Leg parts to know
• Coxa
• Trochanter
• Femur (thigh)
• Tibia (shin)
• Tarsus (foot)
• Pre-tarsus (claw)
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Do legs resemble antennae?
Scape
Flagellum
Pedicel
CoxaTrochanter
femur tibia
tarsus
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Leg Modifications
1. Walking - basic model (cockroach or aphid)
2. Jumping -leg with enlarged femur (grasshopper, or
leaf hopper)
3. Grasping – leg armed with opposing spines on femur
and tibia (Mantid, or Ambush bug foreleg)
4. Clasping- leg with tibia and tarsus formed into a pincer
like structure (head and pubic lice)
5. Swimming – leg with some part of tibia or femur
flattened into a paddle like organ (water boatman)
6. Digging – leg with tibia or tarsus modified into scraper
like organ (mole cricket, or Japanese beetle grub)
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Insect Leg Tutorial
http://www.cals.ncsu.edu:8050/course/ent425/tutorial/legs.html
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Walking adaptation (cursorial)
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Jumping (saltatorial)
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Grasping adaptation (raptorial)
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Clasping adaptation (pubic louse)
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Digging Adaptation
(fossorial)
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Swimming leg(natatorial)
Whirlygig beetle
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The Insect Wing
• Forewing attached to mesothorax, hindwing to
metathorax
• Veins serve as support struts
• Meso and metathoracic segments are reinforced
to help support wing muscles during flight
• Wings useful identifying insects
– Many order names are based on wing characteristics
» Diptera – flies - two wings
» Lepidoptera- moths and butterflies scaly wings.
» Thysanaptera (thrips= fringed wings)
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Fore and Hind Wings
Fore wing
Hind wing
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Wing Adaptations to know
• Elytra
• Hemelytra
• Tegmina
• Halteres
• Fringed wings
• Scaly wings
tutorial
http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/tutorial/wings.html
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Tegmina= Leather forewing of
grasshopper
Forewing
Hind wing
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Elytra
Leathery forewings of beetles
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Scaled wings of butterfly
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Hemelytra= half membranous
forewing of true bugs
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Haltere= reduced hind wing of fly
R Bessin U KY
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Fringed wings of Thrips
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Insect Abdomen
tergum
sternum
Pleural
membrane
spiracles
cercus
paraproct
epiproct
Anus= paraproct+
epiproct
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Abdominal Structures to Know
• Spiracle – respiration
• Cercus – hind sensor
• Anus = paraproct + epiproct
• Claspers – Male reproductive structure
• Ovipositor – Female egg laying can be
modified into stinger in some wasps and
bees
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Posterior Male Anatomy
clasper
Aeadegus (penis) is internal and retractable
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Posterior Female Anatomy
ovipositor
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Ovipositors
Katydid Sawfly
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Stinger on abdomen of female
cicada killer wasp
J. Baker NC State
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Ovipositor places egg inside
caterpillar
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Pair of Cerci on earwig abdomen
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Other Abdominal Facts
• Store fat
• House internal reproductive structures
• Lack true legs (immature stages)
– The false legs that protrude from the
abdomen of caterpillars and some wasps are
called prolegs
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Jointed True legs on thoraxProlegs on abdomen
Prolegs vs True legs
MJ Raupp
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abdominal tergites
abdominal sternites
cercus
spiracles
Abdominal Tutorial
http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/tutorial/abdomen.html
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Lubber Grasshopper
http://www.ento.vt.edu/~sharov/3d/virtual.html