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Surviving Piracy and Armed Robbery(SPAR)

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Piracy has a hardwarecentric view?

Prevention is better than cure

Counter piracy focus has been largely on the physical aspects of security

Avoidance

Company Procedures

Crisis management

Hard security measures

Insurance

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Out of sight out of mind?

But what happens when the hardware does not prevent a hijacking?

Seafarers have thick skins. but are often reluctant to seek help post-trauma

Because of the diverse nature of seafarers, figures for Post Traumatic StressDisorder are hard to come by. BUT.

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Prevelence of PTSD

The prevalence of PTSD in the first year after human-made/

technological disasters has been documented to range betweenapproximately 25 percent and 75 percent. For example, the prevalenceof PTSD was 29 percent among persons exposed to the mass shootingepisode in Killeen, Texas, in 1991 .. At the otherextreme, the prevalence of PTSD was 73 percent among survivors of

the Piper Alpha oil rig disaster in 1988, where a gas leak induced anexplosion and fire took the lives of 167 men. All . of theseassessments were carried out during the first 3 months after thedisaster in question. Most studies of adult survivors of disaster havefound a PTSD prevalence of 3060 percent after a disaster

The Epidemiology of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder after DisastersSandro Galea, Arijit Nandi and David Vlahov

Oxford JournalsEpidemiologic ReviewsVolume 27, Number 1 2005

Pp. 78-91

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..those identified as suffering from PTSD are

generally stigmatized and rejected by their peers

... Members with symptoms of PTSD arereluctant to seek help because of the stigma

associated with the disorder and the fear that, if

they are identified as having PTSD, they will be

pushed toward release (CF Report)

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A stiff upper lip does not help when it comes to PTSD

Analysing how many service personnel and veterans suffer from mental disorders isdifficult. Ian Palmer, a former lieutenant-colonel recently admitted: We have noidea of the size or scale of the problem. Many servicemen and women often onlysee a doctor years after the originating cause. The military stiff-upper-lip culturedoes not help.

Every year 4,000 new mental disorders are diagnosed within the Armed Forces(based on 2007 data), which may or may not be service-related. However, what isknown is that 180 service personnel develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)every year - a condition with proven links to experience on the battlefield.American studies, based on 2006 data, found that up to 19 per cent of US troopsreturning from Iraq and Afghanistan had symptoms of PTSD..

Anecdotal evidence suggests that more veterans are seeking help. Charities suchas Combat Stress are swamped with new referrals. Whatever the exact numbers,health professionals agree that demand for mental healthcare is outpacing supply.

Alexi Mostrous: Analysis, The Times March 28, 2009

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Best Practice as defined by the IMO MSC 86/ 18/ 8

The specific areas of concern that need to be addressed are:

Guidance that puts the seafarer at risk;

Additional protection for operational areas;

Advice to seafarers on how to handle the hostage situation and to masters on how

to minimize the stress on crew or confrontation with the pirates;

Information and support for families in a hostage situation; Access to counselling or ongoing support;

The merits of some form of kidnap and ransom insurance when entering a high

risk area; and

Learning lessons from the debriefing of the crews.

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Best Practice as defined by the IMO 2 MSC.1/ Circ. 1334

The shipowner should be aware that the seafarer may suffer from trauma or similarcondition after being victimized under an attack from pirates or armed robbers. Theshipowner should offer advice from professionals if the seafarer wishes such

assistance. An important first step in reducing the risk from trauma is for masters todebrief crew immediately after the attack or release of a vessel in order to get crew toconfront their experiences. An important second step is for counselling professionalsto debrief crew as soon as possible after the attack or release of the vessel in order toassist the crew to manage their experiences. (para 94)

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What is SPAR?

SPAR is an intensive three day course

for seafarers who are working in ortransiting waters with a potentialsecurity risk such as:

Horn of Africa/Gulf of Aden

West AfricaSouth America

South China Sea/Malacca Straits

South America

Anywhere there is a risk ofpiracy, hostage taking or threat

of physical violence

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Why SPAR?

Developed as Advanced SecurityTraining (AST) for Maersk crewsoperating in Nigeria and now coverscrews transiting troubled waters.

AST introduced 4 years ago and trainedapprox 300 Maersk seafarers from allover the world.

Is an aid to management to regain controlof the ship using onboard assets

Assists seafarers in dealing correctlywith an incident

Enables crew to help themselves whenhelp is at a premium

Lessens the long term effects ofPostTraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

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Target Group

Owners, Masters, officers and senior

seafarers

Senior Offshore staff

Key shore staff such as CompanySecurity Officers (CSOs)

Personnel who regularly visitvessels such as Inspectors,Surveyors and Auditors

Company Crisis Team members

Delivery can be worldwide and tomixed cultures

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SPAR CONTENT

Course is divided into 2 elements

which progress concurrently:

Survival

Psychological First Aid

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Aim

To enhance the prospects of survival by acting appropriately

Own behaviours during attack, in hostage and kidnapping situations

Introduce crisis and catastrophe psychology to deal with an acutecritical situation

To recognize the symptoms of psychological traumaProvide basic Psychological First Aid to colleagues

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SPAR Survival

Behaviour and reactions to an armed

attack, group, hostage-taker andindividual behaviours

Survival in captivity from minutes, tomonths

Organizing captivity, time and leadershipchallenges

Communicating with hostage-takers

Negotiation

The ins and outs of escape

Hostage rescue

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SPAR - Psychological First Aid (PFA)

Aspects and characteristics of the

acute critical situation

Immediate and post event physicaland psychological reactions on anindividual and group level

Mental First Aid on a buddy level,psychological debriefing andprofessional intervention

Psychological aspects of piracy andarmed robbery

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SPAR Trainers

Training is delivered by and MTC Security Instructor and one (of two psychologists)

Lead Security Instructor Jon Davies MA, BA(Hons)Over 24 years in the Royal Navy and over 10 years experience at sea

Extensive worldwide operational experience at sea and in military intelligence, includingwar, peace support operations, counter piracy/narcotics/terrorism

Lead security instructor on ISPS, survival and crisis management

Psychologist Michael Linde Cand.psych., Aut.

Institute for Military Psychology (training, selection)

University of Copenhagen (teaching and training)

Falck Health Care A/S (ERT, crisis response & intervention)

SOS International A/S (CRT, consultancy)

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark (teaching, ERT)

Psychologist Ivan Doulgerof Cand.psych., AutInstitute for Military Psychology (consultancy)

Special School of the Army (consultancy, training)

High Command of The Danish Defence (training)

Reserve Army Officer

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SPAR is available as:

Closed courses for companies

Several companies have adopted SPAR into their training matrixes

Optimum course size is 12 (minimum 6 maximum is 16 attendees)

Discounts available for multiple courses

Can be delivered worldwide

Open courses for individuals

In Denmark and the UK

Subject to (minimum 6 maximum 16 attendees)

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SPAR CD-Rom

SPAR is also a Computer Based

training programme to supportSPAR Course graduates

Used for training Ships crew inbasic Survival and PsychologicalFirst Aid

Comprises 40 interactive scenariosand supporting library of material

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?

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