why should we care about health disparities in infant ...why should we care about health disparities...
TRANSCRIPT
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Why Should We Care About Health Disparities
in Infant Mortality?
Virginia A. Caine, M.D. Director, Marion County
Public Health Department
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Indiana Infant Mortality by Race
Year 2006 2010 2011
Overall 7.9 7.5 7.7
RACE ETHNICITY
White/Non Latino
6.4 6.0 6.9
Black/Non Latino
18.1 14.7 12.3
Latino 5.2 8.6 6.5
Other Race/Ethnicity
8.1 7.4 7.8
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*Sudden infant death syndrome (R95) Source: Indiana State Department of Health, PHPC, ERC, Data Analysis Team
56.3 61.5
44.6 49.6
72.0
42.9
60.9
55.7 58.4
42.8
48.5
64.2
30.1
53.4
71.3
86.6
58.2 57.2
127.3
119.4
111.0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Indiana
White
Black
RA
TE P
ER
10
0,0
00
LIV
E B
IR
TH
S
YEAR
Rate of SIDS* by Race, Indiana, 2005-2011
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*Accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed (W75) Source: Indiana State Department of Health, PHPC, ERC, Data Analysis Team
20.7 23.5
29.0 33.8
31.3
22.7 22.7
14.6 15.6
22.0
29.6
22.3
15.7 17.3
61.1
67.3 67.9
76.2
98.0
59.7 60.6
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Indiana
White
Black
RA
TE P
ER 1
00
,00
0 L
IVE
BIR
THS
YEAR
Rate of Suffocation Deaths* by Race, Indiana, 2005-2011
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6,000 African-American infant deaths a
year could be prevented if the IMR of African-Americans was lowered to the level of Whites.
It generally takes the B-IMR 20 years to
“catch up” to the W-IMR. 20 years x 6,000 “excess deaths”/year =
120,000 “excess deaths”
Black:White Infant Mortality
“Excess Deaths”
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Black and White Infant Mortality for College Educated Parents
Black White O.R./R.R
Mortality 10.2 5.4 1.82
LBW ( <2500g) 7% 3% 2.12
VLBW(<1500g) l.5% 0.52% 3.13
>2500g 92.9% 96.9% 0.96
Schoendorf. NEJM 1992:326:1522-6
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Disparities in Perinatal Risk Factors
Live Births with Reported Outcomes (Percent
Total White Black Non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Smoked During Pregnancy
16.6 17.9 13.3 17.8 5.1
Unmarried Parents 42.7 37.8 79.9 42.0 48.6
Mothers under 20 years old
9.6 8.8 15.9 9.4 10.9
Breastfeeding upon Discharge
74.0 76.0 57.8 73.5 80.0
Data Source: Indiana State Department of Health, Epidemiology Resource Center, Data Analysis Team.
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Disparities in Perinatal Risk Factors
Live Births with Reported Outcomes (Percent)
Total White Black Non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Low Birthweight 8.1 7.4 13.3 8.1 8.1
Very Low Birthweight
1.5 1.3 3.0 1.4 1.9
Preterm* 10.0 9.6 13.5 9.9 10.5
PNC** First Trimester
68.1 70.3 56.1 69.3 57.3
*Preterm: Less than 37 weeks gestation **PNC: Prenatal Care
Data Source: Indiana State Department of Health, Epidemiology Resource Center, Data Analysis Team.
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Factors Increasing Vulnerability of Black Women to Prematurity
Biology, Genetics
Social
Economic
Behavioral
Environmental
Medical
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Causes of Health Disparities
Inequities in income, housing, safety, education and job opportunities Health care – system level, patient level and provider level factors
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Preterm PROM So what’s the problem?
Incidence 2-3% of all pregnancies
◦ 20% of all perinatal deaths
120,000 pregnancies in the US per year
30-40% of all preterm neonates are result of PPROM
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Specific Hypotheses on Stress and Prematurity
Preterm birth will occur more commonly in women with perceived stress, who have biological markers of stress and of altered inflammation
These women will more commonly be African American and will more commonly have pro-inflammatory polymorphisms
African American women w/PTD will have evidence of stress & altered inflammation
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Stress and Immune Function
Chronic Stress has been shown to: susceptibility / severity of
infections Decrease response to vaccines Alter wound healing Increase reactivation of
herpesviruses Alter # & function of WBC’s Increase IL-6 & decrease IL-10 Associated with BV in pregnancy
Source: Glaser R, Kiecolt-Glaser J. Stress-induced immune dysfunction:
implications for health. Nature Reviews/Immunology 2005;5:243-51.
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Factors Accounting for Prematurity Differences in Low Risk Whites and Blacks
Current health status Childhood and adolescent health
history Stresses Nutrition Parents and/or grandparents
socioeconomic status Quality of medical care during
pregnancy
Source: Kleinman JEM 317;749;1987
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Cultural changes across generations?
Lifestyle and nutritional changes across generations?
Familial and social support systems across generations?
Chronic and acute stressors across generations?
Bacterial infections across generations?
Environmental exposures across generations?
Unanswered Research Questions (US-born Female Descendants of African-born Women)